西方经济学英文缩写名词解释
西方经济学字母含义大全
西方经济学字母含义大全西方经济学是一门研究西方社会经济活动的学科，包含了很多经济学术语和字母符号。
下面是西方经济学中常用的字母含义大全，希望能帮助大家更好地理解和学习经济学知识。
A- AD: Aggregate Demand（总需求）- AR: Average Revenue（平均收益）- AS: Aggregate Supply（总供给）- AVC: Average Variable Cost（平均可变成本）- APL: Average Physical Product（平均生产物）- APR: Annual Percentage Rate（年利率）- ADR: American Depositary Receipt（美国存托凭证）B- BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa（金砖五国）- B2B: Business-to-Business（企业对企业）- B2C: Business-to-Consumer（企业对消费者）- BOP: Balance of Payments（国际收支平衡）- BOE: Bank of England（英格兰银行）- BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics（劳工统计局）- BPM: Business Process Management（业务流程管理）C- CPI: Consumer Price Index（消费者物价指数）- CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate（年复合增长率）- CEO: Chief Executive Officer（首席执行官）- CFO: Chief Financial Officer（首席财务官）- CMO: Chief Marketing Officer（首席营销官）- CDO: Collateralized Debt Obligation（抵押贷款债务证券化）- CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility（企业社会责任）D- DSGE: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium（动态随机一般均衡）- DM: Developed Market（发达市场）- DC: Developing Country（发展中国家）- DCF: Discounted Cash Flow（现金流折现）- DSO: Days Sales Outstanding（应收账款周转天数）- DOL: Degree of Operating Leverage（经营杠杆度）E- GDP: Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值）- GNP: Gross National Product（国民总生产值）- CPI: Consumer Price Index（消费者物价指数）- PPI: Producer Price Index（生产者物价指数）- CPI-U: Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers（城市居民消费者物价指数）- COGS: Cost of Goods Sold（销货成本）- ECOFIN: Economic and Financial Affairs Council（经济金融事务理事会）- EC: European Commission（欧洲委员会）F- FDI: Foreign Direct Investment（外国直接投资）- FOMC: Federal Open Market Committee（联邦公开市场委员会）- FX: Foreign Exchange（外汇）- FRB: Federal Reserve Bank（美联储）- FDI: Flexible Manufacturing System（柔性制造系统）- FIFO: First In, First Out（先进先出）- FOB: Free On Board（离岸价）G- GDP: Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值）- GNP: Gross National Product（国民总生产值）- GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税和贸易总协定）- GL: General Ledger（总分类帐）- GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles（通用会计准则）- GFC: Global Financial Crisis（全球金融危机）H- HDI: Human Development Index（人类发展指数）- HICP: Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices（消费者物价调和指数）- HNP: Human Capital（人力资本）- HRM: Human Resource Management（人力资源管理）- HRT: Human Resource Technology（人力资源技术）- HML: High, Medium, and Low（高、中、低）I- IPO: Initial Public Offering（首次公开募股）- IRR: Internal Rate of Return（内部收益率）- IMF: International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）- ILO: International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）- ICT: Information and Communications Technology（信息和通信技术）- IAC: Import Adjustment Cost（进口调整成本）J- JIT: Just-in-Time（及时生产）- J-curve: J形曲线- JPY: Japanese Yen（日元）K- KPI: Key Performance Indicator（关键绩效指标）- KAM: Key Account Management（重点客户管理）- KPI: Knowledge Process Outsourcing（知识流程外包）L- LDC: Less Developed Country（欠发达国家）- LSE: London Stock Exchange（伦敦证券交易所）- LTV: Loan-to-Value Ratio（贷款价值比率）- LIBOR: London Interbank Offered Rate（伦敦银行同业拆借利率）- LLC: Limited Liability Company（有限责任公司）- LIFO: Last In, First Out（后进先出）- LAB: Labor（劳动）- LWP: Lost Workday Producer Rate（失业产能率）- LME: London Metal Exchange（伦敦金属交易所）M- MNC: Multi-National Corporation（跨国公司）- MOU: Memorandum of Understanding（谅解备忘录）- MBS: Mortgage-Backed Securities（抵押支持证券）- MNC: Multi-National Corporation（跨国公司）- M2: Money Supply M2（货币供应量M2）- MRP: Material Requirements Planning（物料需求计划）- MACD: Moving Average Convergence Divergence（移动平均线收敛背离指标）N- NGO: Non-Governmental Organization（非政府组织）- NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement（北美自由贸易协定）- NBER: National Bureau of Economic Research（美国国家经济研究局）- NPL: Non-Performing Loan（不良贷款）- NCND: Non-Circumvention Non-Disclosure（不规避不泄露）O- OTC: Over-The-Counter（柜台交易）- OPEC: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries （石油输出国组织）- OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织）- OEE: Overall Equipment Efficiency（设备整体效能）- ROI: Return on Investment（投资回报率）P- PPP: Purchasing Power Parity（购买力平价）- PE: Private Equity（私募股权）- PR: Public Relations（公关）- P/E Ratio: Price-to-Earnings Ratio（市盈率）- P/E: Price-to-Earnings Ratio（市盈率）- PAT: Profit-After-Tax（税后利润）- PPI: Producer Price Index（生产者物价指数）- PTA: Preferential Trade Agreement（优惠贸易协定）Q- QoQ: Quarter-on-Quarter（季度同比）- QE: Quantitative Easing（量化宽松政策）- QS: Quantity Surveyor（造价师）R- RF: Risk-Free（无风险）- R&D: Research and Development（研发）- ROA: Return on Assets（总资产回报率）- ROS: Return on Sales（销售利润率）- ROE: Return on Equity（股权回报率）- ROIC: Return on Invested Capital（投资资本回报率）S- SME: Small and Medium-sized Enterprise（中小型企业）- SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）- S&P: Standard & Poor's（标准普尔）- SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission（美国证券交易委员会）- SME: Small and Medium-sized Enterprise（中小型企业）- SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome（严重急性呼吸综合征）- SAP: Systems, Applications, and Products（系统、应用和产品）- SWAT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）T- TFP: Total Factor Productivity（全要素生产率）- TQM: Total Quality Management（全面质量管理）- TCO: Total Cost of Ownership（总拥有成本）- TNC: Transnational Corporation（跨国公司）- TCR: Transaction-Related Cost（交易相关成本）- TES: Technical Efficiency Score（技术效率评分）- TBC: Total Benefit-Cost Ratio（总效益成本比率）U- USA: United States of America（美利坚合众国）- U.K.: United Kingdom（英国）- USP: Unique Selling Proposition（独特卖点）- USB: Universal Serial Bus（通用串行总线）- UCP: Uniform Customs and Practice（统一海关批次）- UCC: Uniform Commercial Code（统一商法典）V- VAT: Value Added Tax（增值税）- VBM: Value-Based Management（价值导向管理）- VEB: Virtual Enterprise Bank（虚拟企业银行）W- WTO: World Trade Organization（世界贸易组织）- WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）- WBA: World Bank Group（世界银行集团）- WACC: Weighted Average Cost of Capital（加权平均资本成本）- WIP: Work-in-Progress（在制品）- WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get（所见即所得）X- X-M: Exports minus Imports（净出口）Y- YOY: Year-on-Year（同比）- YMCA: Young Men's Christian Association（青年基督教会）Z- ZBB: Zero-Based Budgeting（零基预算）- ZLB: Zero Lower Bound（零下限）以上是西方经济学中常用字母的含义，希望能帮助大家更好地理解和学习西方经济学知识。
西方经济学名词英文缩写讲解学习
西方经济学名词英文缩写第2章D Demand 需求S Supply 供给P Price 价格Q Quantity 数量Ed Price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性EM income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性M money 收入EAB Cross price elasticity of demand 需求交叉价格弹性Es Price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性第3章 TU Total utility 总效用 TU=f(Q)MU Marginal utility 边际效用MRSXY Marginal rate of substitution 商品边际替代率第4章 L Labour 劳动K Capital 资本TC total cost 总成本 TC=f(Q) 4.1AC average cost 平均成本MC marginal cost 边际成本FC Fixed cost 不变成本 FC=常量 4.4VC Variable cost 可变成本 VC=f(Q) 4.5TR Total revenue 总收益 TR=f(Q)=P×QAR Average revenue 平均收益MR Marginal revenue 边际收益π利润π＝TR-TC 4.6TP Total product 总产量 TP=f(L) 4.7AP Average product 平均产量MP Marginal product 边际产量MRTSLK Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率STC Short-run total cost 短期总成本 STC=f(Q)=FC+VCSTFC（FC） Short-run total fixed cost 短期总不变成本（固定成本） STFC=常量STVC(VC) Short-run total variable cost 短期总可变成本（可变成本） STVC=f(Q) SAC(ATC) Short-run average cost 短期平均成本SAFC(AFC) Short-run average fixed cost （短期）平均固定成本SAVC(AVC) Short-run average variable cost （短期）平均可变成本SMC Short-run marginal cost 短期边际成本LTC Long-run total cost 长期总成本 LTC=f(Q)LAC Long-run average cost 长期平均成本LMC Long-run marginal cost 长期边际成本第6章 VMP Value of marginal product 边际产品价值MRP Marginal revenue product 边际收益产量W Wage 工资第9章 GDP Gross demestic product 国内生产总值C Consumption 消费 C=f(Y)=C0+bY 9.1I Investment 投资G Government payment 政府购买NX Net export 净出口 NX=X-MX export 出口M import 进口NDP Net domestic product 国内生产净值NI National income 国民收入PI Personal income 个人收入PDI Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入GNP Gross national product 国民生产总值第10章 Y 总量APC Average propensity to consumption 平均消费倾向MPC marginal propensity to consumption 边际消费倾向S Save 储蓄APS Average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向MPS marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向AD Aggregate demand 总需求 AD=C+I+G+XAS Aggregate supply 总供给 AS=C+S+T+MT tax 税收K multiplier 乘数第11章 MEC Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率L Demand for money 货币需求 L=L1(Y)+L2(R)R Rate 利率M Money supply 货币供给第13章 CPI Consumer price index 消费物价指数第14章 KG Government expenditure multiplier 政府购买支出乘数KTR Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数 14.2TR transfer 转移支付KT Tax multiplier 税收乘数KB Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数第15章 Mh Money base 基础货币（高能货币） Mh=M0+RE 15.1 Ke Deposit expansion multiplier 存款乘数Km Money multiplier 货币乘数第16章 M import 进口 M=M0+mYKX Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数第17章 G rate of growth 经济增长率Gt 实际增长率Gw Warranted rate of growth 合意增长率Gn Nature rate of growth 实际增长率。
西方经济学名词解释与英文名称
西方经济学名词解释汇编（1-50）1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。
3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
西方经济学名词解释
微观部分【需求规律】是指商品价格提高,对该商品的需求量减少,反之,商品价格下降,则对该商品的需求量增加,这种需求数量和商品价格成反向变化的关系称需求规律或需求定理.【供给规律】是指商品价格提高，对该商品的供给量增加，反之，商品价格下降，则对该商品的供给量减少，这种供给数量和商品价格呈同向变化的关系称供给规律或供给定理。
【均衡价格】是指一种商品需求价格和供给价格相等，同时需求量和供给量相等的价格，是由需求曲线和供给曲线的交点决定的。
【吉芬品】指需求量与价格呈同方向变动的特殊的低档物品。
【需求价格弹性】是指需求量相对价格变化作出的反应程度，即某商品价格下降或上升百分之一时所引起的对该商品需求量增加或减少的百分比。
【需求收入弹性】是指需求量相对收入变化作出的反应程度，即消费者收入增加或减少百分之一所引起对该商品需求量的增加或减少的百分比。
【需求的交叉弹性】是指相关的两种商品中，一种商品需求量相对另一种商品价格变化作出的反应程度，即商品A价格下降或上升百分之一时，引起对商品B 需求量的增加或减少的百分比。
供给价格弹性是指供给量相对价格变化作出的反应程度，即某种商品价格上升或下降百分之一时，对该商品供给量增加或减少的百分比。
【蛛网理论】是用弹性理论考察价格波动对下一周期生产的影响及由此产生的均衡变动，是一种动态分析。
按照这种理论绘制出来的供求曲线图，形状近似蛛网，故名为“蛛网理论”。
【总效用】是指消费者在一定时间内，消费一种或几种商品所获得的效用总和。
【效用】是指对欲望的满足，是一种主观的概念，同一件物品的效用往往因人因事因地的不同而不同。
【边际效用】是指消费者在一定时间内增加单位商品所引起的总效用的增加量。
【边际替代率】——维持效用水平不变的前提下，消费者增加一单位的某种商品的消费数量时所要放弃的另一种商品的消费数量。
【无差异曲线】是用来表示给消费者带来相同效用水平或相同满足和谐的两种商品不同数量的组合。
kb名词解释西方经济学
kb名词解释西方经济学
《西方经济学》是一本专门介绍西方经济学的著作，其中详细阐述了西方经济学的核心概念和理论。
西方经济学是西方国家智慧的结晶，涵盖了经济学的几个重要分支，包括宏观经济学、微观经济学、国际经济学等。
首先，西方经济学的宏观经济学主要研究整体经济运行的规律。
其中，国民经济总量及其变化是宏观经济学所关注的核心内容。
西方经济学家通过研究经济增长、通货膨胀、失业等宏观经济指标，以及货币政策、财政政策等经济政策的制定与实施，揭示了经济运行的规律和影响经济增长的因素。
其次，西方经济学的微观经济学着眼于个体经济主体的行为和决策，以及市场的运行机制。
西方经济学家通过研究供求关系、价格形成、市场竞争等微观经济现象，揭示了市场交易的基本规律，并提出了许多重要的理论，如供给与需求理论、效用理论等。
这些理论不仅对个体经济主体的决策起到指导作用，也对资源配置和经济增长产生了重要影响。
此外，西方经济学还包括国际经济学这一重要分支。
国际经济学研究国家之间的经济关系，强调经济全球化和国际贸易的重要性。
西方经济学家通过研究国际贸易、国际金融、汇率等问题，揭示了国际间经济交往的规律和影响因素，并提出了一系列国际经济政策的建议。
总的来说，《西方经济学》这本书全面介绍了西方经济学的基本概念和理论体系，系统地总结了西方经济学家的思想成果。
通过学习这本书，读者可以深入了解西方经济学的思维方式和研究方法，拓宽自己的经济视野，更好地理解和应对经济现象和问题。
无论是普通读者还是经济学专业学生和从业者，都可以从中受益匪浅。
西方经济学名词英文缩写
西方经济学名词英文缩写Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT第2章D Demand 需求??S Supply 供给??P Price 价格Q Quantity 数量??Ed Price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性??EM income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性??M money 收入??EAB Cross price elasticity of demand 需求交叉价格弹性?? Es Price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性??第3章 TU Total utility 总效用 TU=f(Q)MU Marginal utility 边际效用??MRSXY Marginal rate of substitution 商品边际替代率?? 第4章 L Labour 劳动??K Capital 资本??TC total cost??总成本 TC=f(Q)AC average cost 平均成本??MC marginal cost 边际成本??FC Fixed cost 不变成本 FC=常量VC Variable cost??可变成本 VC=f(Q)TR Total revenue 总收益 TR=f(Q)=P×QAR Average revenue??平均收益??MR Marginal revenue 边际收益??π??利润π＝TR-TCTP Total product 总产量 TP=f(L)AP Average product 平均产量??MP Marginal product 边际产量??MRTSLK Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率??STC Short-run total cost??短期总成本 STC=f(Q)=FC+VCSTFC（FC） Short-run total fixed cost 短期总不变成本（固定成本） STFC=常量STVC(VC) Short-run total variable cost??短期总可变成本（可变成本） STVC=f(Q) SAC(ATC) Short-run average cost 短期平均成本??SAFC(AFC) Short-run average fixed cost （短期）平均固定成本??SAVC(AVC) Short-run average variable cost （短期）平均可变成本??SMC Short-run marginal cost 短期边际成本??LTC Long-run total cost 长期总成本 LTC=f(Q)LAC Long-run average cost 长期平均成本??LMC Long-run marginal cost 长期边际成本??第6章 VMP Value of marginal product 边际产品价值?? MRP Marginal revenue product 边际收益产量? ?W Wage??工资??第9章 GDP Gross demestic product 国内生产总值??C Consumption 消费 C=f(Y)=C0+bYI Investment 投资??G Government payment 政府购买??NX Net export 净出口 NX=X-MX export 出口??M import 进口??NDP Net domestic product 国内生产净值??NI National income 国民收入??PI Personal income 个人收入??PDI Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入?? GNP Gross national product??国民生产总值??第10章 Y??总量??APC Average propensity to consumption 平均消费倾向??MPC marginal propensity to consumption 边际消费倾向??S Save 储蓄??APS Average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向??MPS marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向??AD Aggregate demand 总需求 AD=C+I+G+XAS Aggregate supply 总供给 AS=C+S+T+MT tax 税收??K multiplier 乘数??第11章 MEC Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率??L Demand for money 货币需求 L=L1(Y)+L2(R)R Rate??利率??M Money supply 货币供给??第13章 CPI Consumer price index 消费物价指数??第14章 KG Government expenditure multiplier 政府购买支出乘数?? KTR Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数? ?TR transfer 转移支付??KT Tax multiplier 税收乘数? ?KB Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数? ?第15章 Mh Money base 基础货币（高能货币） Mh=M0+REKe Deposit expansion multiplier 存款乘数??Km Money multiplier 货币乘数??第16章 M import 进口 M=M0+mYKX Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数?? 第17章 G rate of growth 经济增长率?? Gt??实际增长率??Gw Warranted rate of growth 合意增长率?? Gn Nature rate of growth 实际增长率。
西方经济学名词解释
名词解释1稀缺性:稀缺性（Scarcity）是指经济生活中存在的这样一个基本事实：‘社会拥有的资源是有限的，因而不能生产人们希望所拥有的所有物品和劳务。
’2微观经济学：微观经济学（Microeconomics）研究构成整个经济体系最小的基本决策单位的经济行为，这些单位有：作为消费决策单位的家庭，作为生产决策单位的企业3宏观经济学：宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）研究经济作为一个整体的运行，分析经济总量之间的关系和相互作用，4需求：5低档品：是指商品的需求随着收入的增加而减少，随着收入的减少而增加，那么我们就称这种商品为低档品6替代品：是指可以替代这种商品消费的另外一种商品7互补品：是指必须和该商品一起消费的另外一种商品8供给是指生产者在某种价格水平下愿意并且能够供给市场销售的某种商品或劳务的数量9需求的价格弹性：是指衡量商品需求量对价格变动的反应程度10需求的收入弹性：是指用来测量某种商品的需求量变动变化收入变化的反应程度11需求的交叉弹性：是指用来测量某种商品需求量对相关商品价格变化的反应程度12供给的价格弹性：指的是一种商品或劳务的供给对该商品或劳务的价格变化的反应程度，它等于供给量的相对变化与价格的相对变化之比13恩格尔系数：是指根据恩格尔定律而得出的比例数14边际效用：是指消费者在一定时间内追加一单位某商品的消费所能增加的总效用15边际效用递减规律：某种商品的边际效用随着其数量的增加而不断减少的现象，被称之为边际效用递减规律16消费者剩余：消费者根据其边际效用大小而愿意支付的价格总额与实际支付的价格总额之间就会出现差额，此种差额被称为消费者剩余17无差异曲线：是表示在偏好既定的条件下，消费者获得满足程度相等的商品组合点轨迹18边际效用替代率递减规律：边际替代率变动的趋势是逐渐减少的，这就是边际替代率递减规律19替代效应：由替代品价格相对变化所引起的需求量的变化，叫做替代效应20收入效应：如果其他情况不变特别是消费者的货币收入不变，价格下降意味着消费者的实际收入增加，从而可以增加对该商品的消费。
西方经济学英文缩写名词解释（共2篇）
西方经济学英文缩写名词解释(共2篇)西方经济学英文缩写名词解释1、需求：一种商品的需求是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能过购买的该商品的数量2、供给：一种商品的需求是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能过出售的该商品的数量3、均衡价格：一种商品的均衡价格是指该商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。
4、需求的价格弹性：一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品价格变动的反应程度5、无差异曲线：用来表示消费者偏好相同的两种商品的组合。
或者说它是表示能够给消费者带来相同的效用水平或满足程度的两种商品的所有组合。
6、效用：消费者在消费商品时感受到的满足程度、7、边际效用递减规律：在一定时间内，在其他商品的消数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
8、边际替代率：在维持效用水平不变的前提下，消费者增加一单位某种商品的消费数量时所需要放弃的另一种商品的消费数量。
9、消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的最高总价和实际支付的总价格之间的差额。
10、生产函数：表示在一定时期内，在技术水平不变的情况下，生产中所使用的生产要素的数量与所能生产的最大产量之间的关系。
11、机会成本：一般的，生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。
12、边际技术替代率：在维持产量水平不变的条件下，增加一单位某种生产要素的投入量是所减少的另一种要素的投入量。
13、恩格尔定律：随收入提高，食物支出在全部支出中所占比例减小14、规模报酬：是指在其他条件不变的情况下，企业内部各种生产要素按相同比例变化所带来的产量变化。
15、国内生产总值：是指在经济社会在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值。
16、IS曲线:一条反映利率和收入之间关系的曲线。
西方经济学名词解释
西方经济学名词解释551、Monetary union 货币联盟若干国家采用同一种通用货币作为会计单位和交换媒介的一种制度安排。
欧洲货币联盟计划1999年采用欧元作为通用货币。
552、Money 货币支付手段或交换媒介。
关于货币的构成，请参见货币供应（money supply）。
553、Money demand schedule 货币需求表体现的是货币持有需求和利率水平之间的对应关系。
当利率上升时，债券和其他有价证券的吸引力增大，货币的需求量会降低。
见货币需求（demand for money）。
554、Money funds 货币资金灵活性很强的短期金融工具的简称，其利率是不固定的。
主要形式包括货币市场互助基金和商业银行货币市场活期存款帐户。
555、Money market 货币市场金融术语，指一套处理短期信贷工具（如国库券和商业票据）买卖活动的制度安排。
556、Money supply 货币供应狭义的货币供应（M1）包括铸币、纸币、所有的活期存款或支票存款，称为狭义货币或交易货币。
广义的货币供应（M2）包括M1的所有项目，再加上某些灵活性资产或若干准货币（near －monies），如储蓄存款、货币市场基金和其他类似项目。
557、Money－supply effect 货币供给效应名义货币供应量不变时，价格上升与相应的货币紧缩、总支出下降这二者之间的关系。
558、Money－supply multiplier 货币供给乘数货币供给（或存款）增长与银行准备金增长的比率。
一般说来，货币供给乘数等于法定准备金比率的倒数。
例如，法定准备金比率是0．125，那么货币供给乘数就是8。
559、Money，velocity of 货币周转率见货币周转率（velocity of money）。
560、Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争一种市场结构，其中有许多卖者，他们所提供的产品接近、但不可以完全替代。
西方经济学名词解释与英文名称
西方经济学名词解释汇编（1-50）1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。
3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
西方经济学名词解释汇总
西方经济学名词解释汇总西方经济学是指西方国家和地区在经济学领域中的研究成果和理论体系。
下面是一些常见的西方经济学名词及其解释：1. 供给与需求（Supply and Demand）：供给和需求是指市场上的商品或服务的供给方和需求方之间的关系。
供给是指生产者愿意出售的商品或服务的数量，需求是指消费者愿意购买的商品或服务的数量。
供给和需求的相互关系决定了市场的价格和交易量。
2. 边际效用（Marginal Utility）：边际效用是指增加或减少一单位产品或服务所带来的额外满足感。
它用来解释为什么人们会在满足基本需求后，追求更多的商品和服务。
3. 市场失灵（Market Failure）：市场失灵是指在自由市场机制下，由于外部性、信息不对称、公共产品等原因，市场无法有效分配资源和解决社会问题。
市场失灵需要政府干预来进行矫正。
4. 比较优势（Comparative Advantage）：比较优势是指一个国家在生产某种商品或服务时相对于其他国家具有更低的机会成本。
比较优势是国际贸易的基础，可以实现资源的最优分配。
5. 外汇市场（Foreign Exchange Market）：外汇市场是国际货币的交易市场，用于买卖不同国家货币之间的兑换比率。
外汇市场是全球最大、最活跃的金融市场之一，对于国际贸易和投资起到了重要的作用。
6. 通货膨胀（Inflation）：通货膨胀是指价格总水平的持续上升，导致货币的购买力下降。
通货膨胀通常由货币供应量的增加或需求的增加引起，影响经济增长和个人消费能力。
7. 货币政策（Monetary Policy）：货币政策是由中央银行制定和实施的政策，旨在调控货币供应量和利率水平，以达到控制通货膨胀、促进经济增长和稳定国内货币的目的。
8. 经济周期（Business Cycle）：经济周期是指经济活动在一定时间内波动的周期性变化。
它包括繁荣期、衰退期和复苏期等不同阶段，对经济政策和决策具有重要影响。
XX经济学英文缩写名词解释
XX经济学英文缩写名词解释西方经济学名词解释汇编（1-50）1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分高风险群体。
3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
4、需求的弧弹性（ Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于 -（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
西方经济学英文缩写名词解释
西方经济学英文缩写名词解释第一章略第二章D Demand 需求S Supply 供给P Price 价格Q Quantity 数量Ed Price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性EM income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性M money 收入EAB Cross price elasticity of demand 需求交叉价格弹性Es Price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性第三章TU Total utility 总效用 TU=f(Q)MU Marginal utility 边际效用MRSXY Marginal rate of substitution 商品边际替代率第四章L Labour 劳动K Capital 资本TC total cost 总成本 TC=f(Q) 4.1AC average cost 平均成本MC marginal cost 边际成本FC Fixed cost 不变成本 FC=常量 4.4VC Variable cost 可变成本 VC=f(Q) 4.5TR Total revenue 总收益TR=f(Q)=P×QAR Average revenue 平均收益MR Marginal revenue 边际收益π利润π＝TR-TC 4.6TP Total product 总产量 TP=f(L) 4.7精选文库AP Average product 平均产量MP Marginal product 边际产量MRTSLK Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率STC Short-run total cost 短期总成本 STC=f(Q)=FC+VCSTFC（FC） Short-run total fixed cost 短期总不变成本（固定成本） STFC=常量STVC(VC) Short-run total variable cost 短期总可变成本（可变成本） STVC=f(Q) SAC(ATC) Short-run average cost 短期平均成本SAFC(AFC) Short-run average fixed cost （短期）平均固定成本SAVC(AVC) Short-run average variable cost （短期）平均可变成本SMC Short-run marginal cost 短期边际成本LTC Long-run total cost 长期总成本 LTC=f(Q)LAC Long-run average cost 长期平均成本LMC Long-run marginal cost 长期边际成本第六章VMP Value of marginal product 边际产品价值MRP Marginal revenue product 边际收益产量W Wage 工资第九章GDP Gross demestic product 国内生产总值C Consumption 消费 C=f(Y)=C0+bY 9.1I Investment 投资G Government payment 政府购买NX Net export 净出口 NX=X-MX export 出口M import 进口NDP Net domestic product 国内生产净值NI National income 国民收入PI Personal income 个人收入PDI Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入GNP Gross national product 国民生产总值第十章精选文库Y 总量APC Average propensity to consumption 平均消费倾向MPC marginal propensity to consumption 边际消费倾向S Save 储蓄APS Average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向MPS marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向AD Aggregate demand 总需求 AD=C+I+G+XAS Aggregate supply 总供给 AS=C+S+T+MT tax 税收K multiplier 乘数第十一章MEC Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率L Demand for money 货币需求 L=L1(Y)+L2(R)R Rate 利率M Money supply 货币供给第十三章CPI Consumer price index 消费物价指数第十四章KG Government expenditure multiplier 政府购买支出乘数KTR Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数 14.2TR transfer 转移支付KT Tax multiplier 税收乘数KB Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数第十五章Mh Money base 基础货币（高能货币） Mh=M0+RE 15.1Ke Deposit expansion multiplier 存款乘数Km Money multiplier 货币乘数第十六章M import 进口 M=M0+mYKX Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数第十七章精选文库G rate of growth 经济增长率Gt 实际增长率Gw Warranted rate of growth 合意增长率Gn Nature rate of growth 实际增长率。
西方经济学名词解释大全
西方经济学名词解释汇编全集1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。
3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。
也称为平均总成本。
7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。
8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。
9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。
10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。
对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。
11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。
12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。
西方经济学名词解释
名词解释1.稀缺：指经济资源的稀缺性，是经济学研究的前提。
相对于人类无穷无尽的欲望而言，资源总是稀缺的，这就产生了研究如何合理地配置和利用稀缺资源用于诸多用途以满足人类需要的经济学。
2.自由物品：指人类无需通过努力就能自由取用的物品，如阳光、空气等，其数量是无限的。
3.经济物品：指人类必须付出代价方可得到的物品，即必须借助生产资源通过人类加工出来的物品，其数量是有限的。
4.机会成本：当把一定经济资源用于生产某种产品时所放弃的另一种产品上最大的收益就是这种产品市场上的机会成本。
5.生产可能性边界：表明在既定的经济资源和生产技术条件下所能达到的各种产品最大产量组合的轨迹，又称为生产可能性曲线，表示社会生产在现有条件下的最佳状态。
6.自给经济：即自给自足的自然经济。
其特征是每个家庭或每个村落（经济体）生产他们消费的大部分物品，只有极少数消费品与外界交换。
在这种体制下，资源配置和利用由居民直接消费决定，经济效率低下。
7.计划经济：即国家指令性经济或命令经济。
其特征是生产资料归政府所有，经济管理像一个大公司。
在这种体制下，用计划来解决资源配置和利用问题。
8.市场经济：即用市场配置资源的经济形式。
其特征是产权明晰，经济决策高度分散。
这种经济为“一只看不见的手”所指引，资源配置和利用由自由竞争的市场中的价格机制来解决。
9.混合经济：即市场经济与政府干预经济相结合的经济形式。
其特征是生产资料的私人所有和国家所有相结合，自由竞争与国家干预相结合，也是垄断与竞争相混合的制度。
在这种制度下，凭借市场制度来解决资源配制问题，依靠国家干预来解决资源利用问题，被认为是最好的制度，能够使效率和公平得到较好的协调。
10.微观经济学：以单个经济单位（居民户、厂商以及单个产品市场）为考察对象，研究单个经济单位的经济行为，以及相应的经济变量的单项数值如何决定。
主要内容包括价格理论、消费者行为理论、生产理论、成本理论、场上均衡理论、收入分配理论、福利经济学和一般均衡理论等。
西方经济学名词解释(中英互译)
1.经济学：研究资源如何最佳配置使人类需要得到最大满足的一门社会科学。
Economics: A social science that studies how resources are best allocated to maximize the satisfaction of human needs.2.微观经济学的基本家假设条件：⑴“合乎理性的人”的假设条件：每一个从事经济活动的人都是利己的。
⑵完全信息的假设条件：商业双方都知道对方的信息，也都知道对方知道的信息。
（双方可以替代为多方）3.需求：是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
Demand: The quantity of the good that consumers are willing and able to buy at all possible price levels in a given period.4.需求函数：表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系。
Demand function: represents the interrelationship between the quantity demanded of a good and the various factors that affect that quantity demanded.5.需求定律：需求曲线具有一个明显的特征，它是向右下方倾斜的，即它的斜率为负值。
它们都表示商品的价格和需求量之间成反方向变动的关系。
Law of demand: The demand curve has a distinctive feature that it slopes down to the right,i.e., it has a negative slope. They both indicate a relationship between the price of a commodity and thequantity demanded that moves in the opposite direction.6.供给：是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
马工程西方经济学字母含义大全
引言概述：马工程西方经济学字母含义大全西方经济学作为一门经济学理论体系，包含了大量的专业术语和符号。
其中，字母含义是经济学学习的基础，了解字母的含义对于深入理解经济学理论具有重要意义。
本文将详细介绍马工程西方经济学中字母的含义，包括A到Z的26个字母。
正文内容：一、A字母含义：1.AD（AggregateDemand）：总需求，指一个经济体内所有最终产品和服务的总需求量。
2.AS（AggregateSupply）：总供给，指一个经济体内所有最终产品和服务的总供给量。
3.ATM（AutomaticTellerMachine）：自动取款机，一种自动处理金融交易的设备。
二、B字母含义：1.B2B（BusinesstoBusiness）：企业对企业，指企业之间进行的商业交易和合作。
2.B2C（BusinesstoConsumer）：企业对消费者，指企业向消费者提供商品或服务的商业模式。
3.GDP（GrossDomesticProduct）：国内生产总值，指在一定时间内一个国家所有最终产品和服务的总价值。
三、C字母含义：1.CPI（ConsumerPriceIndex）：消费者物价指数，用于衡量一篮子商品和服务的价格相对于基准期的变化。
2.CRM（CustomerRelationshipManagement）：客户关系管理，通过建立良好的客户关系提高企业竞争力。
3.CSR（CorporateSocialResponsibility）：企业社会责任，指企业在经营过程中承担的社会责任。
四、D字母含义：1.DCF（DiscountedCashFlow）：贴现现金流量，一种计算投资回报率的方法。
2.WTO（WorldTradeOrganization）：世界贸易组织，负责全球贸易协定的制定和监督。
3.ROI（ReturnonInvestment）：投资回报率，衡量投资项目获利能力的指标。
五、E字母含义：1.ECB（EuropeanCentralBank）：欧洲中央银行，负责管理欧元区货币政策。
西方经济学名词解释 英文版
Macroeconomics 宏观经济学The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors.研究国民收入的各方面。
Microeconomics 微观经济学The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as individual firms, households, and consumers.研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。
GDP 国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product)The total market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period.一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。
It is often seen as an indicator of the standard of living in a country.Gross Domestic Product＝consumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exportsEconomic Growth 经济增长steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in real as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate is a measure of the rate of change that a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national product (GNP) can also be used if a nation's economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds onto the economic growth rate by taking into account the effect that inflation has on the economy. The real economic growth rate is a "constant dollar" and therefore a more accurate look at the rate of economic growth because the real rate is not distorted by the effects of extreme inflation or deflation.GDP deflator GDP指数In economics the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the change in prices of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period.Nominal GDP 名义GDPA gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation.Real GDP 实际GDPThis inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. Often referred to as "constant-price", "inflation-corrected" GDP or "constant dollar GDP". Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can account for changes in the price level, and provide a more accurate figure.Potential output 潜在产量/潜在GDPIn economics, potential output (also refered to as "natural real gross domestic product") refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term.GDP Gap GDP缺口The forfeited output of an country's economy resulting from the failure to create sufficient jobs for all those willing to work. A GDP gap denotes the amount of production that is irretrievably lost. The potential for higher production levels is wasted because there aren't enough jobs supplied.（与书异）Net Exports 净出口The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open economy. In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home country's goods and services exceeds the home country's spending on foreign goods and services.Recession 经济衰退A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's GDP.Notes:Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle. A recession generally lasts from six to eighteen months. Interest rates usually fall in recessionary times to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates at which to borrowDepression 经济萧条A severe and prolonged recession characterized by inefficient economic productivity, high unemployment, and falling price levels. In times of depression, consumer's confidence and investments decrease, causing the economy to shutdown.Value Added 附加值The enhancement a company gives its product or service before offering the product to customers. This can either increase the products price or value.（与书异）Gross National Product – GNP 国民生产总值An economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. GNP is a measure of a country's economic performance, or what its citizens produced (i.e. goods and services) and whether they produced these items within its borders.Disposable Income 可支配收入The amount of after-tax income that is available to divide between spending and personal savings. This also known as your take home pay.Unemployment Rate 失业率The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.Labor force 劳动力the group of people who have a potential for being employed.Frictional Unemployment 摩擦性事业Unemployment that is always present in the economy, resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information.Structural Unemployment 结构性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the basic composition of the economy. These changes simultaneously open new positions for trained workers.Cyclical Unemployment 周期性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the business cycle.Natural Unemployment 自然失业率（与书异）The lowest rate of unemployment that an economy can sustain over the long run. Keynesians believe that a government can lower the rate of unemployment (i.e. employ more people) if it were willing to accept a higher level of inflation (the idea behind the Phillips Curve). However, critics of this say that the effect is temporary and that unemployment would bounce back up but inflation would stay high. Thus, the natural, or equilibrium, rate is the lowest level of unemployment at which inflation remains stable. Also known as the "non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment" (NAIRU).Notes:When the economy is said to be at full employment, it is at its natural rate of unemployment. Economists debate how the natural rate might change. For example, some economists think that increasing labor-market flexibility will reduce the natural rate. Other economists dispute the existence of a natural rate altogether!Frictional unemployment — This reflects the fact that it takes time for people to find and settle into new jobs. If 12 individuals each take one month before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as a single unemployed worker. Technological change often reduces frictional unemployment, for example: the internet made job searches cheaper and more comprehensive.Structural unemployment —This reflects a mismatch between the skills and other attributes of the labour force and those demanded by employers. If 4 workers each take six months off to re-train before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as two unemployed workers. Technological change often increases structural unemployment, for example: technological change might require workers to re-train.Natural rate of unemployment —This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment. It is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, seeing as some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%, or on its meaning — some associate it with "non-accelerating inflation.The estimated rate varies from country to country and from time to time.Demand deficient unemployment — In Keynesian economics, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rate is most likelydue to insufficient demand in the overall economy. During a recession, aggregate expenditure is deficient causing the underutilization of inputs (including labour). Aggregate expenditure (AE) can be increased, according to Keynes, by increasing consumption spending (C), increasing investment spending (I), increasing government spending (G), or increasing the net of exports minus imports (X−M).{AE = C + I + G + (X−M)}Okun's Law 奥昆法则A relationship between an economy's GDP gap and the actual unemployment rate. The relationship is represented by a ratio of 1 to 2.5. Thus, for every 1% excess of the natural unemployment rate, a 2.5% GDP gap is predicted.Inflation 通货膨胀The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Deflation 通货紧缩steadily falling pricesA general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation, deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression. Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀Extremely rapid or out of control inflation.Inflation rate 通货膨胀率In economics, the inflation rate is the rate of increase of the average price level (a measure of inflation). If one likes analogies, the size of a balloon is like the price level, while the inflation rate is how quickly it grows in size. Alternatively, the inflation rate is the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money.Consumer Price Index (CPI) 消费价格指数The CPI, as it is called, measures the prices of consumer goods and services and is a measure of the pace of US inflation. The US Department of Labor publishes the CPI every month.Demand－pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀inflation due to high demand for GDP and low unemployment, also known as Phillips Curve inflation.Cost－push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀nowadays termed "supply shock inflation", due to an event such as a sudden increase in the price of oil.Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation".Indexing 指数化The adjustment of the weights of assets in an investment portfolio so that its performance matches that of an index.Linking movements of rates to the performance of an index.Notes:1. Indexing is a passive investment strategy. An investor can achieve the same risk and return of an index also by investing in an index fund.2. Types of rates that could be linked to the performance of an index are wage or tax rates.Phillips Curve 菲利普斯曲线An economic concept developed by A. W. Phillips stating that inflation and unemployment have a stable and inverse relationship. The theory states that with economic growth comes inflation, which in turn should lead to more jobs and less unemployment. The concept has been proven empirically and some government policies are directly influenced by it.第二章Aggregate Demand 总需求The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Alsoknown as "total spending".Notes:Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M)C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services.I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods.G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services.X = Exports of goods and services.M = Imports of goods and services.Aggregate Supply 总供给The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising prices are usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "total output".Notes:A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by the price level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.Exogenous Variable 外生变量A variable whose value is determined outside the model in which it is used.An economic variable that is related to other economic variables and determines their equilibrium levels. For example, rainfall is exogenous to the causal system constituting the process of farming and crop output. An exogenous variable by definition is one whose value is wholly causally independent from other variables in the system.Endogenous Variable 内生变量A value determined within the context of a model.An economic variable which is independent of the relationships determining the equilibrium levels, but nonetheless affects the equilibrium.Consumption 消费in economics, direct utilization of goods and services by consumers, not including the use of means of production, such as machinery and factories (see capital). Consumption can be divided into public and private sectors.Investment 投资An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be sold at a higher price. In the financial sense investments include the purchase of bonds, stocks or real estate property. Government Purchases 政府购买Expenditures made in the private sector by all levels of government, such as when a government entity contracts a construction company to build office space or pave highways. A component of Keynesian expenditures, government purchases can be used as a tool for a government to influence the business cycle and provide economic stimulation when it is deemed necessary. Keynesian Economics 凯恩斯经济An economic theory stating that active government intervention in the marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the government's job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation.Classical Economics 古典经济学Classical Economics refers to work done by a group of economists in the 18th and 19th centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. Famous economists of this thinking include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill.Equilibrium of AD and AS 总供给和总需求的均衡supply and demand result in an equilibrium price (the interest rate)Stagflation 滞胀A condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation.第三章Fiscal Policy 财政政策Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates, and government spending, in an effort to control the economy.Government spending 政府支出consists of government purchases, including transfer payments, which can be financed by seigniorage (the creation of money for government funding), taxes, or government borrowing It is considered to be one of the major components of gross domestic product.Multiplier Effect 乘数效应The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold on reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.The multiplier effect depends on the set reserve requirement. The higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the money supply, which results in a lower multiplier effect for every dollar deposited. The lower the reserve requirement, the larger the money supply, which means more money is being created for every dollar deposited.Crowding Out Effect 挤出效应An economic theory explaining an increase in interest rates due to rising government borrowing in the money market.Notes:Governments often borrow money (by issuing bonds) to fund additional spending. The problem occurs when government debt 'crowds out' private companies and individuals from the lending market. Increased government borrowing tends to increase market interest rates. The problem is that the government can always pay the market interest rate, but there comes a point when corporations and individuals can no longer afford to borrow.Marginal propensity to consume （MPC）边际消费倾向refers to the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) that occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents.Mathematically, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) function is expressed as the derivative of the consumption (C) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to consume is measured as the ratio of the change in consumption to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. One minus the MPC equals the marginal propensity to save.Marginal propensity to save (MPS) 边际储蓄倾向refers to the increase in saving (non-purchase of current goods and services) that results from an increase in income. For example, if a family earns one extra dollar, and the marginal propensity to save is 0.35, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents. It can also go the other way, referring to the decrease in saving that results from a decrease in income. It is crucial to Keynesian economics and is the key variable determining the value of the multiplier. Mathematically, the marginal propensity to save (MPS) function is expressed as the derivative of the savings (S) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to save is measured as the ratio of the change in saving to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. It is the opposite of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In the example above, the marginal propensity to consume would be 0.65. In general MPS = 1 - MPC.Money Supply 货币供给（与书异）The entire quantity of bills, coins, loans, credit, and other liquid instruments in a country's economy. Money supply is divided into three categories--M1, M2, and M3--according to the type and size of account in which the instrument is kept. The money supply is important to economists trying to understand how policies will affect interest rates and growth.M1The category of the money supply that includes all physical money like coins and currency. It also includes demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts. M1 is the narrowest idea of "money." This is used as a measurement for economists trying to quantify the amount of money in circulation.M2A category within the money supply that includes M1 in addition to all time-related deposits, savings deposits, andnon-institutional money-market funds. M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. Economists use M2 when looking to quantify the amount of money in circulation and trying to explain different economic monetary conditions.M3The category of the money supply that includes M2 as well as all large time deposits, institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets. This is the broadest measure of money it is used by economists to estimate the entire supply of money within an economy.（书没有）Fiat Money 【美】（根据政府法令发行的）不兑现纸币Money that a government has declared to be legal tender, despite the fact that it has no intrinsic value and is not backed by reserves. Most of the world's paper money is fiat money.Legal tender 合法货币；偿付债务时债主必须接受的货币is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtue of law.Transactions demand交易性需求is the demand or foreign currency. It is used for purposes of business transactions and personal consumption. transactions demand is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Speculative demand 投机性需求is the demand for financial assets, such as securities, money or foreign currency, or financing. It is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Liquidity Preference Theory 流动性偏好理论The hypothesis that forward rates offer a premium over expected future spot rates. Proponents of this theory believe that, according to the term structure of interest rates, investors are risk-averse and will demand a premium for securities with longer maturities. A premium is offered by way of greater forward rates in order to attract investors to longer-term securities. The premium received normally increases at a decreasing rate due to downward pressure from the decreasing volatility of interest rates as the term to maturity increases. Also known as "liquidity preference hypothesis."Interest Rate 利率The monthly effective rate paid (or received if you are a creditor) on borrowed money. Expressed as a percentage of the sum borrowed.Nominal Interest Rate/the money interest rate名义利率The interest rate unadjusted for inflation. Not taking into account inflation gives a less realistic number.Real Interest Rate 实际利率The amount by which the nominal interest rate is higher than the inflation rate. The real rate of interest is approximated by taking the nominal interest rate and subtracting inflation. The real interest rate is the growth rate of purchasing power derived from an investment.Intermediate targets 中间目标An intermediate target is a variable (such as the money supply) that is not directly under the control of the central bank, but that does respond fairly quickly to policy actions, is observable frequently and bears a predictable relationship to the ultimate goals of policy.Open Market Operations 公开市场业务The buying and selling of government securities in the open market in order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. Purchases inject money into the banking system and stimulate growth while sales of securities do the opposite. Notes: Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy. (The discount rate and reserve requirements are also used.) The U.S. Federal Reserve's goal in using this technique is to adjust the federal funds rate--the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other.Discount Rate 贴现率The interest rate that an eligible depository institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank. This type of borrowing from the Fed is fairly limited. Institutions will often seek other means of meeting short-term liquidity needs. The Federal funds discount rate is one of two interest rates the Fed sets, the other being the overnight lending rate, or the Fed funds rate.Lender of Last Resort 最后的贷款者/偿付者An institution, usually a country's central bank, that offers loans to banks or other eligible institutions that are experiencing financial difficulty or are considered highly risky or near collapse. In the U.S. the Federal Reserve acts as the lender of last resort to institutions that do not have any other means of borrowing and whose failure to obtain credit would dramatically affect the economy.Notes: The lender of last resort functions both to protect individuals who have deposited funds, and to prevent panic withdrawing from banks who have temporary limited liquidity. Commercial banks usually try not to borrow from the lender of last resort because such action indicates that the bank is experiencing financial crisis. Critics of the lender-of-last-resort methodology suspect that the safety it provides inadvertently tempts qualifying institutions to acquire more risk than necessary - since they are more likely to perceive the potential consequences of risky actions to be less severe.Reserve Requirements 法定准备金Requirements regarding the amount of funds that banks must hold in reserve against deposits made by their customers. This money must be in the bank's vaults or at the closest Federal Reserve Bank.Notes: Set by the Fed's Board of Governors, reserve requirements are one of the three main tools of monetary policy. The other two tools are open market operations and the discount rate. Also known as required reserves.第四章Supply-side economics 供给经济学A theory of economics that reductions in tax rates will stimulate investment and in turn will benefit the entire society.Laffer Curve 拉弗尔曲线Invented by Arthur Laffer, this curve shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue collected by governments. The chart below shows the Laffer Curve:The curve suggests that, as taxes increase from low levels, tax revenue collected by the government also increases. It also shows that tax rates increasing after a certain point (T*) would cause people not to work as hard or not at all, thereby reducing tax revenue. Eventually, if tax rates reached 100% (the far right of the curve), then all people would choose not to work because everything they earned would go to the government.Notes: Governments would like to be at point T*, because it is the point at which the government collects maximum amount of tax revenue while people continue to work hard.Tax revenue税收is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the peopleBudget deficit 联邦预算赤字The amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues.Unemployment benefits 失业救济are sums of money given to the unemployed by the government or a compulsory para-governmental insurance system. Depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person, those sums may be meager, covering only basic needs (thus a form of basic welfare), or may compensate the lost pay somewhat proportionally to the previous earned salary. They often are part of a larger social security scheme. Unemployment benefits are generally given only to those registering as unemployed, and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work and do not currently have a job.Capital Stock 资本存量The common and preferred stock a company is authorized to issue, according to their corporate charter.Notes: Capital stock are normally listed on a company's balance sheet. In financial statement analysis, an increasing capital stock account tends to be a sign of economic health since the company can use the additional proceeds to invest in projects or machinery that will increase corporate profits and/or efficiency.i ncomes policies 收入政策are wage and price controls used to fight inflation.第五章Mercantilism 重商主义is the economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends upon its supply of capital and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. The amount of capital, represented by bullion（金条）, is best increased through a favourable balance of trade. Mercantilism suggests that the government should advance these goals by playing an active, protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs. The economic policy that flourished in the early modern period is often referred to as the mercantile system.Trade deficit or surplus 贸易逆差或顺差The difference in the value of a nation's imports over exports (deficit) or exports over imports (surplus).Trade Surplus 贸易顺差/ export surplus出口顺差A nation's excess of exports over imports during a given time frame.Zero-Sum Game。
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西方经济学英文缩写名词解释
第一章
略
第二章
D Demand 需求
S Supply 供给
P Price 价格
Q Quantity 数量
Ed Price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性
EM income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性
M money 收入
EAB Cross price elasticity of demand 需求交叉价格弹性Es Price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性
第三章
TU Total utility 总效用 TU=f(Q)
MU Marginal utility 边际效用
MRSXY Marginal rate of substitution 商品边际替代率第四章
L Labour 劳动
K Capital 资本
TC total cost 总成本 TC=f(Q) 4.1
AC average cost 平均成本
MC marginal cost 边际成本
FC Fixed cost 不变成本 FC=常量 4.4
VC Variable cost 可变成本 VC=f(Q) 4.5
TR Total revenue 总收益TR=f(Q)=P×Q
AR Average revenue 平均收益
MR Marginal revenue 边际收益
π利润π＝TR-TC 4.6
TP Total product 总产量 TP=f(L) 4.7
AP Average product 平均产量
MP Marginal product 边际产量
MRTSLK Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率
STC Short-run total cost 短期总成本 STC=f(Q)=FC+VC
STFC（FC） Short-run total fixed cost 短期总不变成本（固定成本） STFC=常量STVC
(VC) Short-run total variable cost 短期总可变成本（可变成本） STVC=f(Q) SAC
(ATC) Short-run average cost 短期平均成本
SAFC
(AFC) Short-run average fixed cost （短期）平均固定成本
SAVC
(AVC) Short-run average variable cost （短期）平均可变成本
SMC Short-run marginal cost 短期边际成本
LTC Long-run total cost 长期总成本 LTC=f(Q)
LAC Long-run average cost 长期平均成本
LMC Long-run marginal cost 长期边际成本
第六章
VMP Value of marginal product 边际产品价值
MRP Marginal revenue product 边际收益产量
W Wage 工资
第九章
GDP Gross demestic product 国内生产总值
C Consumption 消费 C=f(Y)=C0+bY 9.1
I Investment 投资
G Government payment 政府购买
NX Net export 净出口 NX=X-M
X export 出口
M import 进口
NDP Net domestic product 国内生产净值
NI National income 国民收入
PI Personal income 个人收入
PDI Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入
GNP Gross national product 国民生产总值
第十章
Y 总量
APC Average propensity to consumption 平均消费倾向MPC marginal propensity to consumption 边际消费倾向S Save 储蓄
APS Average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向
MPS marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向
AD Aggregate demand 总需求 AD=C+I+G+X
AS Aggregate supply 总供给 AS=C+S+T+M
T tax 税收
K multiplier 乘数
第十一章
MEC Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率
L Demand for money 货币需求 L=L1(Y)+L2(R)
R Rate 利率
M Money supply 货币供给
第十三章
CPI Consumer price index 消费物价指数
第十四章
KG Government expenditure multiplier 政府购买支出乘数KTR Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数 14.2
TR transfer 转移支付
KT Tax multiplier 税收乘数
KB Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数
第十五章
Mh Money base 基础货币（高能货币） Mh=M0+RE 15.1 Ke Deposit expansion multiplier 存款乘数
Km Money multiplier 货币乘数
第十六章
M import 进口 M=M0+mY
KX Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数
第十七章
G rate of growth 经济增长率
Gt 实际增长率
Gw Warranted rate of growth 合意增长率Gn Nature rate of growth 实际增长率。