Judicial branch
英美国家概况 判断题
Chapter 11.( )people in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to theircountry.英国不同地区的人们喜欢用这个名字英格兰引用他们的国家。
2.( )The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flowsthrough western England.塞文河是英国最长的河流,它起源于威尔士和英格兰西部流过。
3.( )Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.今天有一半以上的人仍然在威尔士说古代威尔士的语言。
4.( )In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.在人口和面积方面,北爱尔兰是英国第二大的一部分。
5.( )Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotlandoften falls below -10o C in January.虽然在英国通常是温和的气候,在苏格兰北部的温度经常低于-10年1月份oc6.( )The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.英国的大多数人是盎格鲁撒克逊人的后裔。
7.( )The Celtic people were earliest known inhabitants of Britain.英国凯尔特人们现知最早的定居者。
【珍藏】美国政府结构名称中英文对照
【珍藏】美国政府结构名称中英文对照GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES美国政府CONSTITUTION宪法一、LEGISLATIVE BRANCH立法部门Congress国会Senate参议院House of Representatives众议院Architect of the Capitol国会大厦Congressional Budget Office国会预算办公室General Accounting Office总会计署Government Printing Office印刷局Library of Congress美国国会图书馆Office of Technology Assessment国会技术评估办公室Stennis Center for Public Service ：Stennis公众服务中心二、EXECUTIVE BRANCH行政部门President总统Vice President副总统Executive Office of the President总统行政办公室Council of Economic Advisers总统经济顾问委员会Council on Environmental Quality总统环境质量委员会National Economic Council国家经济委员会National Security Council国家安全委员会Office of Management and Budget管理与预算办公室Office of National AIDS Policy国家艾滋病政策办公室Office of National Drug Control Policy国家麻醉品控制政策办公室Office of Science and Technology Policy科技政策办公室President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Boa rd总统国外情报顾问委员会U.S. Trade Representative美国贸易代表White House Office for Women’s Initiatives and Out reach 白宫妇女办公室Department of Agriculture农业部Department of Commerce商业部Department of Defense国防部Department of Education教育部Department of Energy能源部Department of Health and Human Services卫生和公共事业部Department of Housing and Urban Development住宅与城市发展部Department of the Interior内务部Department of Justice司法部Department of Labor劳工部Department of State国务院Department of Transportation交通部Department of the Treasury财政部Department of Veterans Affairs退伍军人事务部Independent Establishments, Government Corporations, and Quasi-official Agencie s独立机构、政府法人社团和半官方中介机构Advisory Council on Historic Preservation历史保护咨询委员会Central Intelligence Agency中央情报局Commission on Civil Rights民权委员会Commodity Futures Trading Commission商品期货贸易委员会Consumer Product Safety Commission消费者产品安全委员会Corporation for National Service国家服务团Environmental Protection Agency环保局Equal Employment Opportunity Commission平等就业机会委员会Export-Import Bank of the United States美国进出口银行FarmCredit Administration农业信贷管理局Federal Communications Commission联邦通讯委员会Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation联邦储蓄保险公司Federal Election Commission联邦选举委员会Federal Emergency Management Agency联邦紧急事务管理局Federal Labor Relations Authority联邦劳工关系局Federal Maritime Commission联邦海事委员会Federal Reserve System联邦储备银行系统Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board联邦退休储蓄和投资委员会Federal Trade Commission联邦贸易委员会General Services Administration总务管理局Merit Systems Protection Board功绩制保护委员会National Aeronautics and Space Administration国家航空航天局National Archives and Records Administration国家档案局National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities国家艺术人文基金会National Labor Relations Board国家劳工关系委员会National Railroad Passenger Corporation国家铁路客运公司National Performance Review国家绩效评估委员会National Science Foundation国家科学基金会National Transportation Safety Board国家交通安全委员会Nuclear Regulatory Commission核管理委员会Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission职业安全与健康管理局Office of Government Ethics政府道德办公室Office of Personnel Management人事管理办公室Office of Special Counsel特别检察官办公室Overseas Private Investment Corporation海外私人投资公司Peace Corps和平队Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation养老金受益担保公司Postal Rate Commission邮政费率委员会Railroad Retirement Board铁道职工退休委员会Securities and Exchange Commission证券交易委员会Selective Service System义务兵役管理部Small Business Administration小企业主利益保护局Smithsonian Institution史密森学会Social Security Administration社会保障部Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州河谷授权委员会U.S. Agency for International Development美国国际开发署U.S. International Trade Commission美国国际贸易委员会U.S. Postal Service美国邮政服务局U.S. Trade and Development Agency美国贸易及发展署Voice of America美国之音三、JUDICIAL BRANCH司法机构Supreme Court最高法院U.S. Courts of Appeals美国地区法院U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit美国联邦巡回地区法院U.S. District Courts联邦地方法院U.S. Court of Federal Claims联邦申诉法庭U.S. Court of International Trade国际贸易法院U.S. Tax Court税务法院U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces武装部队地区法院U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals退伍军人地区法院Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts美国法院行政管理办公室Federal Judicial Center联邦司法中心。
英语国家概况：Chapter 10 Government(美国政府)
V . Foreign Policy 1. Neutrality 2. Containment and Intervention
Ⅰ. Constitution
ernment
CONTENTS
01
The Fcial system & state judicial system
Difference between federal court
and state court
Ⅲ. Political Parties
2022
Election
Ⅴ.Foreign Policy
Review Questions
foreign policy?
Thank you!
03 The Executive
3.1 Departments
3.2 Functions of The President
3.3 Qualifications of The President
3.4 White House
3.1 Departments
The executive branch consists of 15 departments and many independent agencies； Cabinet: major source of advice and assistance to the president President: the chief of the executive branch. First citizen & First Lady
T
III. Political Parties 1. Two-party system
华师在线 网院 英语国家概况复习资料(考试题库)
Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes?A.The executive.B.The legislative.C.The judicial.D.The president标准答案：BThe theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from ___.A.George WashingtonB.Thomas JeffersonC.John AdamsD.John Locke标准答案：DIn the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to ____.A.grammar schools.prehensive schools.C.public schools.D.technical schools.标准答案：AWhich of the following websites are meant to cater to young tastes?A.Baidu.B.Facebook.C.Teachbook.D.MySpace.标准答案：BUnder whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?A.James IB.William of Orange.C.Oliver CromwellD.George 1标准答案：BBy whom is a “vote of no confidence” decided?A.The House of Commons.B.The House of Lords.C.The two major parties.D.The Prime Minister.标准答案：AWhen did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments?A.In 1715B.In 1688C.In 1745D.In 1707标准答案：DIn the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons except for ___.A.finding a job in societyB.having a place in a communityC.identifying themselves with dominant valuesD.getting together with friends 标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT a power of the president?A.The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.B.The president has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur.C.The president can make laws.D.The president has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments.标准答案：CWhich one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition?A.Enjoying the Pantomime.B.The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message.C.Eating chocolate eggs on Easter Day.D.Shopping on the Boxing Day.标准答案：CWhich one of the following does NOT belong to the Protestant Church?A.QuakersB.PuritansC.BaptistsD.Catholics标准答案：DWhich of the following statements is NOT correct?A.There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.B.Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.C.Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.D.Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.标准答案：DHow many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to win in the election?A.651B.326C.626D.351标准答案：BWhich of the following statements is NOT correct? When the Constitution was written, ___.A.there was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.B.there was no Bill of Rights.C.the Constitution did not have any words guaranteeing the freedoms or the basic rights and privileges of citizens.D.“Bill of Rights” was added to the Constitution 4 years after the Constitution was made.标准答案：ATo get a bachelor’s degree, an American undergraduate student is required to do the following except ____.A.attending lectures and complete assignmentsB.passing examinationsC.taking certain subjects such as history, language and philosophyD.earning a certain number of credits at the end of the four years at college标准答案：CWhich of the following is NOT true about the electoral campaigns?A.Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television.B.There is a limit on the amount of money candidates can spend in their constituency campaign.C.Candidates and their supporters go door-to-door persuading voters to vote for them.D.Candidates criticize each other’s policies to show how good their own policies are.标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT true about Britain?A.It used to be a powerful imperial country in the worldB.It plays an active role as a member of the European UnionC.It is a relatively wealthy and developed countryD.It used to be one of the superpowers in the world标准答案：DEaster commemorates ____.A.the birth of Jesus Christ.B.the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.C.the coming of spring.D.the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ.标准答案：DIn the US school systems, which of the following divisions is true?A.Elementary school, grammar school.B.Elementary school, junior high school.C.elementary school, secondary school.D.Junior high school, senior high school.标准答案：CNorthern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world for ___.A.its most famous landmark, the “Giant’s Causeway”B.its rich cultural lifeC.its low living standardsD.its endless political problems标准答案：DWhich of the following kings was executed in the civil war?A.James IB.James IIC.Charles ID.Charles II标准答案：CWhich of the following statements is NOT true?A.Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern IrelandB.Those who want to unite Northern Ireland with Britain are called UnionistsC.The Social Democratic and Labour Party is a very important political party in BritainD.Those who show their loyalty to the British Crown are called Loyalists 标准答案：CThe New Deal was started by ___.A.Franklin Roosevelt.B.J.F. KennedyC.George WashingtonD.Thomas Jefferson标准答案：AA free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because _____.A.it plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government.B.it informs people of current affairs in the world.C.it provides people with subjective reports.D.it publishes short pamphlets for Parliament.标准答案：AIn Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 ______.A.can legally receive partly free education.B.can legally receive completely free education.C.can not receive free education at all.D.can not receive free education if their parents are rich.标准答案：BThe main mountain range in the west of the US stretching from the Canadian border to New Mexico is ___.A.the Appalachian MountainsB.the Rocky MountainsC.the Green MountainsD.the Blue Ridge Mountains标准答案：BWhere are international tennis championships held in the UK?A.Wembley.B.WimbledonC.London.D.Edinburgh标准答案：BWhich of the following expressions represents the core value of the mainstream society in the USA?A.“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”B.“Blood, sweat, and toil.”C.“Freedom, equality, and spirituality.”D.“Eat, drink, and be merry.”标准答案：AIn Britain, the great majority of parents send their childrento ____.A.private schoolsB.independent schoolsC.state schools.D.public schools.标准答案：CHistoric moment of the civil rights movement was the March on Washington of August 28, 1963 when _______ delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.A.President JohnsonB.President LincolnC.Martin Luther King, Jr.D.Mario Savio标准答案：CWhich of the following statements is not true about the British media?A.They supply people with news, keeping them informed of what is happening in the world.B.They are mainly interested in making huge profits by publishing advertisements.C.They help shape British culture.D.They provide entertainment.标准答案：BWhich group of people cannot vote in the general election?A.Members in the House of Commons.B.Lords in the House of Lords.C.The UK citizens above the age of 18.D.The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.标准答案：BWhich of the following is NOT a true description of the situation of ethnic minorities in the UK?A.They are well represented in the British Parliament.B.They are economically poorer than the white population.C.They are treated unfairly by the justice system.D.They are threatened by some racist groups.标准答案：ADuring the early stages of the civil rights movement, the major integration strategy initiated by the Congress of Racial Equality was known as ____ at bus stations in the South.A.Free speechB.sit-ins at lunch countersC.Teach-ins at interstate train stationsD.freedom rides标准答案：DWhich of the following is NOT a feature of the House of Lords?A.Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.B.It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.C.The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.D.Most of the lords in the House of Lords are males.标准答案：CThe Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by ____.A.King ArthurB.Robin HoodC.Oliver CromwellD.William the Conqueror标准答案：DWhich city is the capital in Scotland?A.CardiffB.EdinburghC.GlasgowD.Manchester标准答案：BWhich of the following sports was NOT invented in Britain?A.Football.B.Tennis.C.BasketballD.Cricket.标准答案：CThree of the following are characteristics of London, Which of the four is the EXCEPTION?A.London is a political, economic and cultural centre of the countryB.London has a larger population than all other cities in EnglandC.London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the worldD.London has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country标准答案：CWhich of the following about the tabloids is not true?A.They are big format newspapers.B.They are often called “the gutter press”.C.They mainly deal in scandals and gossip about famous people.D.They carry stories with colour photos and catchy headlines.标准答案：AWhich of the following schools would admit children without reference to their academic abilities?prehensive schoolsB.secondary schoolsC.independent schoolsD.grammar schools.标准答案：AWhich of the following description about the Conservative party is NOT true?A.It has been in power for an unusually long period of time.B.It prefers policies that protect individual’s rights.C.It receives a lot of the funding from big companies.D.It is known as a party of high taxation levels.标准答案：D“No taxation without representation” was the rallying cry of ____.A.The settlers of VirginiaB.The people of Pennsylvania.C.The colonists in New EnglandD.The people of the 13 colonies on the eve of the American Revolution标准答案：DWhich of the following is NOT true about the British education system?A.It is run by the state.B.It is funded by the state.C.It is supervised by the state.D.It is dominated by the state.标准答案：DWhich of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?A.The freedom of religion.B.The freedom of searching a person’s home by police.C.The freedom of speech and of the press.D.The right to own weapons if one wishes.标准答案：BWhich of the following is NOT included in the National curriculum?A.Children must study the subjects like English, mathematics, science and so on.B.Children must sit in A-level exams.C.Children must pass national tests.D.Teachers must teach what they are told标准答案：BHow many counties are there in Northern Ireland?A.26B.6C.32D.20标准答案：BWhich of the following is NOT related to the Constitution? A.It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government.B.It is the foundation of British governance today.C.Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.D.The common laws are part of the Constitution.标准答案：AThe largest religion in the US is ___.A.BuddhismB.ChristianityC.IslamD.Hinduism标准答案：BWhich of the following remarks is NOT true about Hawaii? A.Hawaii is made up of a large group of big and small islands.B.There are numerous active volcanoes in Hawaii.C.More than 40% of the local residents in Hawaii are American Asians.D.The Japanese attacked Pear Harbor on December 7, 1941. 标准答案：BIn order to go to university, secondary school students in the US must meet the following requirements except that___.A.They have high school records and recommendations from their teachersB.They make recommendations from their high school teachersC.They get good scores in the Scholastic Aptitude TestsD.They pass the college entrance examinations标准答案：DWhich of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain?A.Economic differences between north and southB.Differences of social systems between Scotland and WalesC.Class differencs between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker.D.Cultural differences between immigrants and the British 标准答案：BBoth public and private universities in the US depend on the following sources of income except ____.A.investmentB.student tuitionC.endowmentsernment funding标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government?A.It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.B.It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.C.It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.D.It has no written form of constitution标准答案：AWhat happened in 1215?A.It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history.B.Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta.C.Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants.D.King Egbert united England under his rule.标准答案：BWho were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A.The Anglo-SaxonsB.The NormansC.The VikingsD.The Romans标准答案：AThe reason why many American young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960s was that____.A.They resented traditional white male values in US society.B.They love America so much.C.They thought they knew better than their teachers.D.They viewed the adult world with grave doubt.标准答案：AWho is the leader of the Conservative party at present?A.Tony BlairB.Gordon BrownC.Margret ThatcherD.David Cameron标准答案：DIn the 17th century,the English government encouragedpeople from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because ____.A.they wanted to increase its control over IrelandB.they had too many people and didn’t have enough spacefor them to five in BritainC.they intended to expand their investmentD.they believed that Ireland was the best place for them标准答案：AWhich of the following subjects are NOT offered toelementary school students in the US?A.Mathematics and languages.B.Politics and business education.C.Science and social studies.D.Music and physical education.标准答案：BIf a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will takethe examination called ____.A.General Certificate of Education – Advanced.B.General Certificate of Secondary Education.C.the common entrance examination.D.General National Vocational Qualifications.标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT the reason for the higher arrest rates among minority groups?A.The aggressive nature of these groups.B.Racial prejudice against them.C.Low social status of these groups.D.Poverty and unemployment among minority groups.标准答案：AThe following were the main Reformation leaders except_____.A.Martin LutherB.Martin Luther KingC.John CalvinD.The English King Henry VIII标准答案：BWho was the author of the popular play The Melting Pot which was associated with life in America since the late 18th century?A.Mark Twain.B.Stephen Crane.C.Henry James.D.Israel Zangwill.标准答案：DWhich of the following agreement is accepted by bothCatholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland?A.The Anglo-Irish AgreementB.The Belfast AgreementC.The Good Friday AgreementD.The Multi-Party Agreement 标准答案：CThe majority of American Christians belong to the ____ church.A.CatholicB.OrthodoxC.Protestant标准答案：CIn the early 1970s, the IRA _____.A.killed many Protestants and CatholicsB.burned down the houses of CatholicsC.murdered individuals at randomD.carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as their、main target标准答案：DIf you visit Alaska, you can NOT see _____.A.Northern Polar LightB.glaciersC.SurfersD.caribou标准答案：CThe following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except ____.A.George WashingtonB.Thomas JeffersonC.William PennD.Benjamin Franklin标准答案：CWhich of the following is NOT based on the fact?A.Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B.MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.C.MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.D.Most MPs belong to the major political parties.标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role?A.The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B.The Queen symbolises the tradition and unity of the British state.C.The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.D.The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England. 标准答案：AWhich of the following is truly a sport of the royal family?A.CricketB.Skiing.C.Golfing.D.Horse racing.标准答案：DWhich of the following statements is NOT correct? When the War of Independence was over, ___.A.each new state had its own government.B.each new state made its own laws and handled all of its internal affairs.C.the national government was called the Congress with little power.D.the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly defined.标准答案：DWhich of the following statements is NOT true?A.Wales was invaded by the RomansB.Wales was occupied by the Anglo-SaxonsC.Wales was conquered by the NormansD.Wales was threatened by the English标准答案：BWhich of the following about the BBC is NOT true?A.There is no advertising on any of the BBC programmes.B.The BBC is funded by licence fees paid by people who possess television sets.C.The BBC has four channels.D.The BBC provides the World Service throughout the world.标准答案：CThree of the following factors have contributed to the flourishing of large universities in America, which is the exception?rge universities offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research.rge universities provide students with “mainframe” computers.rge universities offer scholarships to all students.rge universities attract students with modern laboratories.标准答案：CWhich of the following statements is NOT true about blacks after the 1960s?A.Blacks felt that they could be fully integrated into the mainstream of American life.B.Blacks felt that the black community ought to coexist with other groups.C.Blacks felt more and more proud of themselves.D.Blacks felt that “black is beautiful.”标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT true about life peers?A.They are not from the aristocratic families.B.They cannot sit in the House of Lords.C.They earned their titles through their outstanding achievement.D.the titles cannot be inherited by their children.标准答案：BWhich of the following is a privately funded university in Britain?A.The University of Cambridge.B.The University of OxfordC.The University of Edinburgh.D.The University of Buckingham.标准答案：D According to the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland today should be governed by the following jurisdictions except _____.A.the jurisdiction of the Republic of IrelandB.The jurisdiction of loyalist ministersC.The jurisdiction of Great BritainD.The jurisdiction of Northern Ireland标准答案：BIn 1863, President Lincoln signed The Emancipation Proclamation which together with the 13th Amendament to the Constitution legally abolished the slavery.标准答案：1In the US, scientific and economic advance and rising material progress have been accompanied by a decline in religious observance.标准答案：0George Washington, Banjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founing fathers of the USA.标准答案：0Scotland was never conquered by the Romans.标准答案：1Segregating blacks into separate schools was unconstitutional after the decision of the Supreme Court in 1954.标准答案：1In the early 20th century, those dominating American life were mostly WASPs.标准答案：1According the First Amendament to the Constitution of the United States, there would be a state-supported religion.标准答案：0When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes.标准答案：1There is more violence in the US than in other industrialized countries.标准答案：1Critics of the affirmative action programs are of the opinion that this results in reverse discrimination.标准答案：1The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socialize children.标准答案：1To advertise in a British newspaper, the only thing you have to worry about is the cost.标准答案：0The 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are called the Bill of Rights.标准答案：1The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Christian Church.标准答案：1The US was founded on the principle of human equality, and in reality the nation has lived up to that ideal.标准答案：0Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called " Gaelic" .标准答案：0The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointment are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives.标准答案：1When the civil rights movement began, non-violent, direct action tactics like " sit-ins" and boycotts were he chief vehicle for social protest.标准答案：1You must have the A-level qualification to enter British university.标准答案：0John F. Kennedy was the first Catholic elected as the US president.标准答案：1According to the textbook, there are two major political parties in the UK.标准答案：0Horse racing is the true royal sport.标准答案：1American university students have always liked to get degrees that are aimed at preparing them specifically for certain professions.标准答案：0Secrecy is an important part of the voting process. 标准答案：1Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city.标准答案：0The Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998.标准答案：1Britain has a written constitution like most countries.标准答案：0Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials.标准答案：0The Open Univeristy uses many non-traditional ways to teach students, such as TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, and a network of study centers.标准答案：1The most exciting moment in baseball game is a homerun.标准答案：1Under a Constitutional Amendament passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only one term.标准答案：0Northern Ireland is often called " Ulster" after an ancient Irish kingdom once existed in this area.标准答案：1In Britain, class and educational differences are reflected in the newspaper people read.标准答案：1Aristrocracy as a class no longer exists in the UK.标准答案：0By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe.标准答案：1Britain is no longer an imperial country.标准答案：1The theory of poltiics of the American Revolution came from John Locke, a French philosopher in the 17th century.标准答案：0It takes at least four years to get a bachelor' s degree from an institution of higher education in the US.标准答案：1There are more Catholics thatn Protestants in the US.标准答案：0It is commonly believed that Boxing Day involved the sport of boxing.标准答案：0Scotland was unified with England through violent means.标准答案：0Drug abuse in the US has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.标准答案：0It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world.标准答案：1In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revoltuion, in contrast to France and the US.标准答案：1When the War of Independence was over, the US was on unified nation as it is today.标准答案：0Ireland is part of Great Britain标准答案：0Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.标准答案：1The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.标准答案：0The state of Hawaii is a big island in the central Pacific Ocean.标准答案：0Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.标准答案：1Easter is the biggest and best loved British holiday.标准答案：0 One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted by a college in the US is his/her scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests.标准答案：1Super Bowl will decide the champion baseball team of the year in the US.标准答案：0The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US now is the blacks, or Afro-Americans.标准答案：0President Nixon' s administration was toppled because of the Watergate Affair.标准答案：1Yellowstone National Park is the oldest national park in the US.标准答案：1The British state actively interferes with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught.标准答案：0The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people.标准答案：1It is not very difficult to generalize about the American way of life.标准答案：0Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland.标准答案：1In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances.标准答案：1The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.标准答案：1Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.标准答案：1" We Shall Overcome!" is a very famous song during the 1960s.标准答案：0The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Christian Church.标准答案：1The British media play an important role in shaping a national culture.标准答案：1In the 1960s, three groups - Afro-Americans, Asia Americans and women - were dissatisfied with their lives.标准答案：0The Labour Party is the oldest party in the UK.标准答案：0All secondary schools in Britain are run and supervised by the government.标准答案：0Queen Elizabeth II is both the head of the state and the head of government in the UK.标准答案：0Northern Ireland today is governed by separate juristictions: that of Republic of Ireland and that of Great Britain.标准答案：0The anti-war teach-in by white students in Berkeley began the civil rights movement in the 1960s.标准答案：0The Conservative Party is the party that spent most time in power.标准答案：1A great moment for the civil rights movement was the March on Washington on August, 1963 when President Kennedy gave the famous " I Have a Dream" speech.标准答案：0The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay the work of the federal government.标准答案：1According to the textbook, larger American universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive.标准答案：0The world' s oldest daily newspaper is The Observer.标准答案：0 The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition.标准答案：0Public schools in the UK are part of the national education system and funded by the government.标准答案：0A ___ system is one in which power is shared between central authority and its constituent parts.标准答案：federalIn 43 AD Britain was invaded by ___.标准答案：RomansGCEA stands for ___.标准答案：General Certification of Education-AdvancedThe WWW, which stands for ______, began in the US as a Cold War militaryinnovation.标准答案：world-wide webIn 1215, some barons and the Chruch forced King John to sign the ____ to place some limits on the King' s poer.标准答案：Great CharterNormally, a government can be in power for ___ years, and then it has to resign and hold a general election.标准答案：5The Three Faiths in the US refer to Protestant, __, and ___.标准答案：Jewish, Catholic (不分先后）The first and the second Continental Congress were held in _____.标准答案：PhiladelphiaThe Normans led by _____ conquered England in 1066.标准答案：WilliamThe native people in the American continents are the ___.标准答案：IndiansIn 1689, Parliament passed _____to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.标准答案：the Bill of RightsThe UK has been a member of the ____ since 1973.标准答案：European Union (or, EU)The island of Great Britain is made up of ___,___, and ___.。
英文介绍美国的三权分立制度
The separation of power and the system of checks—and-balances in USAIt is known to us that the political system vary from country to country depending on its different national condition，such as the constitutional monarchy of UK and the People's Congress system of China，the separation of power of US。
During this discussion，we will talk about the how the American government works under the idea of separation of power which is associated with the checks and balances system。
According to the U.S。
Constitution declared that the government was divided into three different branches including a legislative, an executive and a judiciary, in accordance with the idea of separation of power. This idea was created because that Americans did not want these powers to be controlled by just one man or one group. They were afraid that if a small group received too much power，the United States would wind up under the rule of another dictator or tyrant。
美国政府部门 (2)
美国政府部门
美国政府部门包括以下几个方面：
1. 行政部门（Executive Branch）：包括总统、副总统、内阁成员以及各个政府机构，如国务院、国防部、财政部等。
2. 立法部门（Legislative Branch）：包括国会，即参议院和众议院。
3. 司法部门（Judicial Branch）：包括最高法院和其他联邦法院。
4. 军事部门（Department of Defense）：负责国防事务和军事行动。
5. 外交部门（Department of State）：负责处理美国的外交关系和国际事务。
6. 财政部门（Department of the Treasury）：负责制定和执行经济政策、财政政策以及监管金融市场。
7. 内政部门（Department of the Interior）：负责管理和保护美国国土、自然资源、土著民族事务等。
8. 司法部门（Department of Justice）：负责执法和司法事务，包括调查犯罪、起诉犯罪以及监管联邦法律执行。
9. 教育部门（Department of Education）：负责制定和实施教育政策，推动教育改革。
10. 卫生与公众服务部门（Department of Health and Human Services）：负责保护公众健康、提供医疗服务、推动医学研究等。
除了以上列举的几个主要部门，美国政府还有其他部门以及各个州和地方政府的部门和机构，承担多样的政府职能和服务。
百词斩考研核心单词和例句概要
考研词汇（2259个单词）It is her job to assess her patient’s health. v.评估I compute the right figure on a calculator. v.计算，估计I maintain my figure by eating well and exercising. n.体型，人物，形状，数字，v想出，估计，计算出Only a few columns of the old building are still standing. N.圆柱，支柱，柱子The movie was based on the legend of King Arthur. N.传说，传奇人物，地图的图例，插图的说明My dog is smart enough to obey my commands. n.命令，指挥v.命令，指挥，控制，掌握The dog is obedient, and does whatever the boy wants adj.服从的，顺从的，孝顺的Obedience is one of the most important qualities in a dog n.服从，顺从I am prescribing you antibiotics to treat the infection, the doctor said v.命令，开处方His family ascribed his early death to his smoking habit v.把…归咎于把…归属于I subscribe to the daily newspaper v.订阅，同意，捐赠The winning bid in the auction was 5 dollars. v.出价，投标n.投标，努力争取He compelled me to walk forward—mostly by pulling my tie.v.强迫，迫使屈服Don’t intrude! My other boyfriend and I am having a private meeting here. v.强行挤入，侵入，强加于人When I was a child, my mom would dictate what I ate. v.规定，命令，口授，听写You used your hands，the other side can take a penalty kick. n.刑罚，处罚，惩罚点球I like my husband to rouse me, first thing in the morning, with a gentle touch v.唤醒，唤起，激起This picture evokes feelings of summer v.引起，唤起，使人想起You lose again, she said , provoking me to great anger v.激怒，对…挑噱，引起He arises at 7 AM every morning v.出现，由…引起起床The four parts merge into one. v.合并，融合，兼并The plant emerges from out of the road surface. v.出现，浮现，冒出It is an emergency. Get her to the hospital as soon as possible. N.紧急事件Submarines submerge beneath the water and disappear v.沉没，淹没，使卷入The apple fell from my hands and was immersed in water v.沉浸，沉浸于，使陷入The man’s clothing was soaked v.浸泡，渗透，吸入，n.浸泡Sprinklers saturate the grass with water v.使充满，使饱和，使湿透（湿透了，洒满了水）The weather in Singapore is very humid adj.潮湿的，湿润的，多湿气的Car accidents can occur very quickly v.发生，想起，出现The floral pattern recurs at regular intervals v.反复，重视（花卉图案在一定的距离反复出现）With the advent of the telegraph, communication between countries became faster than evern.降临，出现Hacking is an illegal activity which must be punished. adj.不合法的，非法的The legal profession is very well-paid. Adj. 法律的，合法的The judicial branch of government interprets the lawsadj.司法的，法庭的，法律的，法官的，审判上的（政府的司法部门负责解释法律）Our team felt so much glory after our victory n.光荣，荣誉We have a responsibility to take care of our parents. n.责任，负担The little boy responds to the customers. v.回答，响应(接了客人的来电)I am responsible for the safety of all these planes. adj.有责任的(我对这些飞机的安全负责)My teacher was impressed with my response to the question. n.作答，回答，相应I am somewhat bored with this problem. Pron.一点儿，某种程度上adv.有点儿，某种程度上Smoking can be a deadly habit. Adj.知名的，致死的，十足的，adv 非常的，死一般的The accident was fatal, nobody survived. Adj.重大的，致命的，(在这场重大的事故中)The refugees run away from their wartorn country to find a better place to live. N.难民避难者The family finally had an opportunity to buy their own houses.There is a possibility I’m right, but then again, I might be wrong.The boy opposes his father’s smoking; he is always trying to get his father to stop. V.反对，反抗As a teenager she rebelled against her parents, but now she is fine. V.造反n.造反者，叛逆者The people couldn’t take it any more, and revolted to ask for more rights.V.叛乱，造反，反感. 人民再也人受不了了，都为了争取更多的权利而起身反抗His strength is considerable, he exercises every day. Adj.相当大的，重要的，可观的He gave my proposal due consideration. n.考虑，思考，体贴，体谅，顾及.(他适当的考虑了我的建议)My mother is always considerate of other people’s feelings. Adj.考虑周到的，体贴的The runners jump over obstacles. n.障碍，障碍物，妨害The road was closed by a barrier. n.障碍，屏障，隔阂(这条路设置了路障，被封锁了)As a CEO, I use a private jet to travel. Adj.私人的，私立的Passwords are very important for your privacy. n.隐私，秘密She led a life of privilege; she is always been rich. n.特权，利益，优惠(她过着优越的生活)The couple is very intimate and close with each other.Adj.亲密的，个人的，私下的，v.暗示宣布通知。
法律英语词汇大全
法律英语词汇大全Aabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序）accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System英美法系anonymous accusation匿名控告appeal上诉appear出庭appellant上诉人appellate action上诉行为appellate court上诉法院appellee被上诉人appealer上诉人appropriate拨款appurtenant附属物arbiter仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array陪审员名单arrest逮捕arrest warrant逮捕令（证）arrestee被捕人article条款，文章article of authority授权条款articles of confederation《联帮条例》articles of incorporation公司组织章程artificial person法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault意图或威胁伤害assert主张，宣称asset资产assistant attorney助理法官associate judge副法官associate justice副大法官assumption违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt意图，企图attempted escape逃脱未遂attestation证词attorney代理人，律师attorney at law律师attorney general检察长authentication鉴定authority权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort机动车侵权行为autonomy自治（权）Bban禁令，禁止banishment流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge破产债务解除bankruptcy judge破产法官bar律师职业bar association律师协会barrister出庭律师battery殴打bench trial法官审beneficiary受益人benefit收益，福得bigamy重婚罪bill of lading提单bill of right《人权法案》bind over具保，具结binder临时保险单binding有约束力binding contract有约束力的合同binding force约束力binding interpretation有约束力的解释black-letter law（普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association全美黑人律师协会blue sky law蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用) designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disability insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款" domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identification 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择（权）individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理;推论infliction 处罚informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规则制定information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查;审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产(权)inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;调查investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不可撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官Jjoint tenancy 共同租借(权)joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge法官judge-made law法官立法judge's chamber法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's instruction to jury法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch司法部门judicial clerkship法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district司法区judicial interpretation司法解释judicial notice司法任职judicial opinion法官判决意见judicial review司法审查judicial scrutiny司法检查judicial subjectivity审判主观性judicial system法院系统judiciary法官jurisdiction司法管辖区jurisprudence法理学juror陪审员jury陪审团jury charge法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice公正，大法官justice of the peace治安法官justifiable homicide正当杀人juvenile court未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks回扣Kill杀人Killer杀人者Know-how技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law土地使用法last clear chance doctrine最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law firm律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform法律改革lawsuit诉讼，官司lawyer律师lawyer in government政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice私人开业律师lawyerette律师娘lawman外行人lay witness普通证人；非专家证人lease租赁lease agreement租赁协议legacy遗产legacy tax遗产税legal合法的legal advice法律咨询legal commentary法律评论legal education法律教育legal effect法律教育legal enforcement法律效力legal English法律英语legal family法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收（税）liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate （车）执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置（权）life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利MMagistrate 司法官Magna Charta of great Britain 《英国大宪章》mail order 邮购majority opinion 多数（法官）的意见malicious prosecution 恶意起诉malfeasance 渎职（罪）malpractice 渎职行为mandate 命令；授权mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻marriage ceremony 婚礼marriage certificate 结婚证书marriage law 婚姻法marriage relationship 婚姻关系marriage termination rule (残疾人领取社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规则material 实质性的materiality 实质性maxims of equity law 衡平法准则Mayflower Compact “五月花号”公约medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述mistrial 无效审判mock trial 模拟审判Model Business Corporation Act 《标准实业公司条例》Model Penal Code 《标准刑法典》Model State Administrative Procedure Act 《标准洲行政程序条例》modern commerce Power test 现代商务（贸易）权力检验标准modern delegation of power doctrine 现代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押（品）motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀murderer 杀人犯mutilation 断肢NNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种促进会National Conference of Black Lawyers 全国黑人律师大会National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform state Laws 统一各洲法律全国代表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消极）形式的保护negligence 过失negligent homicide 过失杀人negligent tort 过失侵权行为negotiable instrument 票据negotiation 谈判；协商New Deal （罗斯福）“新政”no contest 无争辩no par share 无面值股票non-profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范；标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知；通报notion 概念nullification process 无效程序O object 反对objection 反对；异议obligation 义务occupancy agreement 占用协议offender 犯罪人offense 罪行offer 要约；发盘offer of Proof 提供证明Old Boy Network 老哥们关系网Omission不做为：不履行义务Omni competence有全部权利Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同Order命令；次序Pperforms' rights 表演权peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪perpetrate犯罪perpetator犯罪人ordinance法令personal property动产outstanding balance未付款额personal right人身权利outstanding share已发行股票personal tort人身侵权overrule推翻；驳回persuasive authority劝导性发源ownership所有权petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值plea答辩paramour奸夫plea of guilty有罪答辩parent child relation父子女关系plea of contest无争辩答辩parent corporation母公司plea of guilty无罪答辩parent unfitness父母不胜任police警察parole假释police magistrate警务法官partnership合伙police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人policy政策patent专利policy holder投保人paternity父亲身份poll tax人头税penal code刑法典portfolio of risk风险组合penalty刑罚possession占有权pending待决postponement延迟penitentiary监狱practice law从事律师工作penitentiary sentence监禁刑practicing lawyer开业律师penology刑法学practice of law律师事物per curiam依法院所定precedent判例peremptory challenge强制回避precedential support判例支持perform履行predeprivation hearing执行剥夺前的听证performance履行predictability可预见性performance bond履行保证金preept 优先于Preferential claim 优先索赔权Preferred stock 优先股票Prejudice 偏见Preliminary exanimation 预审Preliminary hearing 预审听证会Preliminary injunction预先执行令Preliminary negotiation预谈判；初步协商Premises房屋；上述房屋Premium保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof 优势证明preponderant evidence 优势证据prescription 时效；规定presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查presidential Assassination Statute 《暗杀总统法》presumption innocence 无罪推定pretrial motion 审前动议prevailing doctrine 优势法则；流行学说prevail 优先（适用）prima facie 表面的；初步的prima facie evidence 有表面证据之案prima facie evidence 表面证据primary authority 主要法源principle of legality 法制原则privacy 隐私权private corporation 私有公司private law 私法private property 私有财产private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款prose 自己；亲自probable cause 可能理由；合理原因probate court 遗嘱检验法院probation 缓刑probation officer 缓刑官probative value 证明价值probativeness 证明性procedural history 程序史procedural regime 诉讼制度procedural safeguard 程序保障procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof 证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出合理怀疑的证明property 财产property law 财产法property right 财产权利property tax 财产税property tort 财产侵权行为proponent 支持者；提议者proprietor 个体业主proprietorship 个体企业proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor’s case-in-chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Psychiatrist 精神病学家Public charge 受政府救济者、Public corporation 公有公司Public defender 公共辩护律师Public good 公益Public law 公法Public offense 公罪（侵犯公共利益的犯罪）Public property 公共财产Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分Purpose 目的，宗旨Pursuant to law 依法QQualified property 有限制财产Quantum meruit （无合同规定时）按合理价格支付，合理给付Quasi tort 准侵权行为Quote 引用，引证RRacial discrimination 种族歧视Racial segregation 种族隔离Rain insurance 雨水保险Rarnpant 猖獗的Rape 强奸Ratify 认可Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准Real estate 不动产Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act 《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Reasoning 论证，推论Rebuttable presumption 可驳回推定Rebuttal evidence 反驳证据Recess 休庭Reciprocal exemption statutes 互免税法律Reckless conduct 疏忽大意行为Reckless homicide 疏忽大意杀人Recourse 追索权，求偿权Recovery 追索，补偿Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利）恢复Reinstatement fee 恢复费Release 释放Relevancy 相关性Relevant evidence 相关证据Relief 救济Remand 发回重审Remedy 补救Repeal 废止，撤消Repealer 废止议案Repeat offender 累犯Representation 代理Res ipsa loquitur 不言自明的Reservation of power 权利保留Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险Resolution 决议，解决Rest 停止陈述Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休；退庭retroactive 有溯及力的retroactive effect 溯及力revenue 税收revised uniform limited partnership act 统一有限合伙修订条例revocable trust 可撤销的信托revocation 撤回right 权利right to privacy 隐私权rigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则rulemaking 规章制定；规则制定ruling 裁定ruling on evidence 关于证据的裁定SSafety responsibility law 安全责任法Sales tax 销售税Sanction 制裁；处分；罚则sanitary code 卫生条例search 搜查search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦）保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务securities 证券Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会securities exchange act 《证券交易条例》securities law 证券法security 担保；保安；证券seductive 诱人堕落的seize 扣押seizure 扣押seizure warrant 扣押令（状）self-defense 自卫；正当防卫self-identification 自我认定self-incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立；分局separate legal entity 独立法律实体separate property 分有财产separation of powers 三权分立settlement agreement 清偿协议settler 财产授予者share 股份；股票share holder 股东shell corporation 空壳公司shoplifting 商店偷拿行为short title 简称shyster 讼棍sickness insurance 疾病保险simulation 模拟（练习）slander 诽谤social security act 社会保险条例social security benefit 社会保险补助金social security tax 社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院special property 特别财产specific performance 特别履行specimen 样本stamp tax 印花税standard of proof 证明标准standing 依据stare decisis 遵从前例state attorney 洲检察官state property 国家财产statd capital 设定资产statute 制定法；法律statute-like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法statutory authority 制定法法源statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory provision 法律规定stay 延缓（审判或执行）stock 股票stock exchange 股票交易stock retirement plan 退股计划stock transfer tax 股票过户税strategy 战略；策略strict liability tort 严格责任侵权strike insurance 罢工保险sub judice 在审判中；尚未判决subject 主体；标的subject matter 主题事项；标的subject property 标的财产subject to financing clause 融资条件条款subpoena 传唤（令）subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 实质（体）证据substantail law 实体法substantive due process 实体性正当程序substantive law 实体法sue 起诉；诉sufficient evidence 充足证据suit 诉讼summary judgment 即决判决supervisor 监察；监委support 供养；抚养supreme court 最高法院supreme law 最高法律（宪法）suspect 嫌疑人suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可Ttangible 有形的tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组tax 税；税收tax assessment procedure 税额评定程序tax court 税收法院tax evasion 逃税tax law 税法taxation 税收；税务taxation law 税收法；税务法tenant 承租人term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) 争端解决机构the European Intellectual Property Review 《欧洲知识产权评论》the Fleet Street Reports《舰队街判例汇编》title 产权书title insurance 产权保险title insurer 产权保险人title plant 产权书库tort 侵权（行为）tort claim 侵权索赔（请求）tort feasor 侵权行为人tort law 侵权法tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通事故traffic ticket 交通违章（罚款）通知单tranquility 安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户travel accident insurance 旅行意外保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约。
法律英语词汇大全
法律英语词汇大全Aabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前(偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序)accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书）acquittal 无罪判决act 条例;作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决;裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持(原判)affirmation 保证书;证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政)机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement—as-written 书面协议agreement —in—fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称;指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo—American Legal System英美法系anonymous accusation匿名控告appeal上诉appear出庭appellant上诉人appellate action上诉行为appellate court上诉法院appellee被上诉人appealer上诉人appropriate拨款appurtenant附属物arbiter仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array陪审员名单arrest逮捕arrest warrant逮捕令（证）arrestee被捕人article条款，文章article of authority授权条款articles of confederation《联帮条例》articles of incorporation公司组织章程artificial person法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault意图或威胁伤害assert主张,宣称asset资产assistant attorney助理法官associate judge副法官associate justice副大法官assumption违约合同,违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt意图，企图attempted escape逃脱未遂attestation证词attorney代理人,律师attorney at law律师attorney general检察长authentication鉴定authority权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort机动车侵权行为autonomy自治(权）Bban禁令,禁止banishment流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge破产债务解除bankruptcy judge破产法官bar律师职业bar association律师协会barrister出庭律师battery殴打bench trial法官审beneficiary受益人benefit收益，福得bigamy重婚罪bill of lading提单bill of right《人权法案》bind over具保,具结binder临时保险单binding有约束力binding contract有约束力的合同binding force约束力binding interpretation有约束力的解释black-letter law（普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association全美黑人律师协会blue sky law蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA)（美国律师协会的)董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪)bright—line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金;中介费brother—sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy—sell agreement（股权)买卖协议bylaws（内部)章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case—in—chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑;挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结,成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co—felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯(罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system（family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金)Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意,认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction (法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family）大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权；著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体；本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor （法律）顾问;律师counselor—at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross—examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行；违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case—in—chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder （恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理（或使用）designs 设计detract 毁损；贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disability insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇；释放discount 贴现；折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行；施行dispute 争议；纠纷disposition 处置(权）dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲；误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则；原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的”贸易条款”domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定；颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施;执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English—American Legal System (or Family）英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency（EPA）环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走;逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查;盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修)ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素;代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则)Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony—murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产)附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard （科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产(权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为)grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司)专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband—wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identification 认定;确认身份;身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免(权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾;质疑implementation 实施;执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证(保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭;监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人;公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择（权）individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理；推论infliction 处罚informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规则制定information 信息；控告书infomer 耳目；情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查；审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产(权）inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益；利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的；不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;调查investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不可撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官Jjoint tenancy 共同租借（权）joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge法官judge-made law法官立法judge's chamber法官室judge’s charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge’s instruction to jury法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch司法部门judicial clerkship法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district司法区judicial interpretation司法解释judicial notice司法任职judicial opinion法官判决意见judicial review司法审查judicial scrutiny司法检查judicial subjectivity审判主观性judicial system法院系统judiciary法官jurisdiction司法管辖区jurisprudence法理学juror陪审员jury陪审团jury charge法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice公正,大法官justice of the peace治安法官justifiable homicide正当杀人juvenile court未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks回扣Kill杀人Killer杀人者Know—how技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law土地使用法last clear chance doctrine最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law firm律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform法律改革lawsuit诉讼,官司lawyer律师lawyer in government政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice私人开业律师lawyerette律师娘lawman外行人lay witness普通证人；非专家证人lease租赁lease agreement租赁协议legacy遗产legacy tax遗产税legal合法的legal advice法律咨询legal commentary法律评论legal education法律教育legal effect法律教育legal enforcement法律效力legal English法律英语legal family法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施) legal system 法律体系;法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收（税）liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate (车)执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置(权）life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼;打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor （英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利MMagistrate 司法官Magna Charta of great Britain 《英国大宪章》mail order 邮购majority opinion 多数（法官）的意见malicious prosecution 恶意起诉malfeasance 渎职(罪)malpractice 渎职行为mandate 命令；授权mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻marriage ceremony 婚礼marriage certificate 结婚证书marriage law 婚姻法marriage relationship 婚姻关系marriage termination rule (残疾人领取社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规则material 实质性的materiality 实质性maxims of equity law 衡平法准则Mayflower Compact “五月花号”公约medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述mistrial 无效审判mock trial 模拟审判Model Business Corporation Act 《标准实业公司条例》Model Penal Code 《标准刑法典》Model State Administrative Procedure Act 《标准洲行政程序条例》modern commerce Power test 现代商务（贸易）权力检验标准modern delegation of power doctrine 现代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押(品)motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀murderer 杀人犯mutilation 断肢NNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种促进会National Conference of Black Lawyers 全国黑人律师大会National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform state Laws 统一各洲法律全国代表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消极）形式的保护negligence 过失negligent homicide 过失杀人negligent tort 过失侵权行为negotiable instrument 票据negotiation 谈判；协商New Deal （罗斯福)“新政"no contest 无争辩no par share 无面值股票non—profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范;标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知;通报notion 概念nullification process 无效程序O object 反对objection 反对;异议obligation 义务occupancy agreement 占用协议offender 犯罪人offense 罪行offer 要约；发盘offer of Proof 提供证明Old Boy Network 老哥们关系网Omission不做为:不履行义务Omni competence有全部权利Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同Order命令；次序Pperforms’ rights 表演权peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪perpetrate犯罪perpetator犯罪人ordinance法令personal property动产outstanding balance未付款额personal right人身权利outstanding share已发行股票personal tort人身侵权overrule推翻；驳回persuasive authority劝导性发源ownership所有权petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值plea答辩paramour奸夫plea of guilty有罪答辩parent child relation父子女关系plea of contest无争辩答辩parent corporation母公司plea of guilty无罪答辩parent unfitness父母不胜任police警察parole假释police magistrate警务法官partnership合伙police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人policy政策patent专利policy holder投保人paternity父亲身份poll tax人头税penal code刑法典portfolio of risk风险组合penalty刑罚possession占有权pending待决postponement延迟penitentiary监狱practice law从事律师工作penitentiary sentence监禁刑practicing lawyer开业律师penology刑法学practice of law律师事物per curiam依法院所定precedent判例peremptory challenge强制回避precedential support判例支持perform履行predeprivation hearing执行剥夺前的听证performance履行predictability可预见性performance bond履行保证金preept 优先于Preferential claim 优先索赔权Preferred stock 优先股票Prejudice 偏见Preliminary exanimation 预审Preliminary hearing 预审听证会Preliminary injunction预先执行令Preliminary negotiation预谈判；初步协商Premises房屋；上述房屋Premium保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof 优势证明preponderant evidence 优势证据prescription 时效；规定presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查presidential Assassination Statute 《暗杀总统法》presumption innocence 无罪推定pretrial motion 审前动议prevailing doctrine 优势法则；流行学说prevail 优先（适用）prima facie 表面的；初步的prima facie evidence 有表面证据之案prima facie evidence 表面证据primary authority 主要法源principle of legality 法制原则privacy 隐私权private corporation 私有公司private law 私法private property 私有财产private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款prose 自己；亲自probable cause 可能理由；合理原因probate court 遗嘱检验法院probation 缓刑probation officer 缓刑官probative value 证明价值probativeness 证明性procedural history 程序史procedural regime 诉讼制度procedural safeguard 程序保障procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof 证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出合理怀疑的证明property 财产property law 财产法property right 财产权利property tax 财产税property tort 财产侵权行为proponent 支持者;提议者proprietor 个体业主proprietorship 个体企业proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师;检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor's case—in—chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Psychiatrist 精神病学家Public charge 受政府救济者、Public corporation 公有公司Public defender 公共辩护律师Public good 公益Public law 公法Public offense 公罪（侵犯公共利益的犯罪）Public property 公共财产Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分Purpose 目的,宗旨Pursuant to law 依法QQualified property 有限制财产Quantum meruit （无合同规定时）按合理价格支付,合理给付Quasi tort 准侵权行为Quote 引用，引证RRacial discrimination 种族歧视Racial segregation 种族隔离Rain insurance 雨水保险Rarnpant 猖獗的Rape 强奸Ratify 认可Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准Real estate 不动产Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act 《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Reasoning 论证,推论Rebuttable presumption 可驳回推定Rebuttal evidence 反驳证据Recess 休庭Reciprocal exemption statutes 互免税法律Reckless conduct 疏忽大意行为Reckless homicide 疏忽大意杀人Recourse 追索权，求偿权Recovery 追索，补偿Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利)恢复Reinstatement fee 恢复费Release 释放Relevancy 相关性Relevant evidence 相关证据Relief 救济Remand 发回重审Remedy 补救Repeal 废止，撤消Repealer 废止议案Repeat offender 累犯Representation 代理Res ipsa loquitur 不言自明的Reservation of power 权利保留Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险Resolution 决议，解决Rest 停止陈述Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休;退庭retroactive 有溯及力的retroactive effect 溯及力revenue 税收revised uniform limited partnership act 统一有限合伙修订条例revocable trust 可撤销的信托revocation 撤回right 权利right to privacy 隐私权rigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则rulemaking 规章制定；规则制定ruling 裁定ruling on evidence 关于证据的裁定SSafety responsibility law 安全责任法Sales tax 销售税Sanction 制裁；处分；罚则sanitary code 卫生条例search 搜查search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦)保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务securities 证券Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会securities exchange act 《证券交易条例》securities law 证券法security 担保；保安；证券seductive 诱人堕落的seize 扣押seizure 扣押seizure warrant 扣押令（状)self-defense 自卫;正当防卫self—identification 自我认定self—incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立;分局separate legal entity 独立法律实体separate property 分有财产separation of powers 三权分立settlement agreement 清偿协议settler 财产授予者share 股份；股票share holder 股东shell corporation 空壳公司shoplifting 商店偷拿行为short title 简称shyster 讼棍sickness insurance 疾病保险simulation 模拟(练习）slander 诽谤social security act 社会保险条例social security benefit 社会保险补助金social security tax 社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院special property 特别财产specific performance 特别履行specimen 样本stamp tax 印花税standard of proof 证明标准standing 依据stare decisis 遵从前例state attorney 洲检察官state property 国家财产statd capital 设定资产statute 制定法；法律statute—like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法statutory authority 制定法法源statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory provision 法律规定stay 延缓（审判或执行）stock 股票stock exchange 股票交易stock retirement plan 退股计划stock transfer tax 股票过户税strategy 战略;策略strict liability tort 严格责任侵权strike insurance 罢工保险sub judice 在审判中;尚未判决subject 主体；标的subject matter 主题事项；标的subject property 标的财产subject to financing clause 融资条件条款subpoena 传唤（令）subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 实质（体）证据substantail law 实体法substantive due process 实体性正当程序substantive law 实体法sue 起诉；诉sufficient evidence 充足证据suit 诉讼summary judgment 即决判决supervisor 监察；监委support 供养；抚养supreme court 最高法院supreme law 最高法律（宪法）suspect 嫌疑人suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可Ttangible 有形的tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组tax 税；税收tax assessment procedure 税额评定程序tax court 税收法院tax evasion 逃税tax law 税法taxation 税收；税务taxation law 税收法；税务法tenant 承租人term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言the Dispute Settlement Body（DSB) 争端解决机构the European Intellectual Property Review 《欧洲知识产权评论》the Fleet Street Reports《舰队街判例汇编》title 产权书title insurance 产权保险title insurer 产权保险人title plant 产权书库tort 侵权(行为)tort claim 侵权索赔（请求）tort feasor 侵权行为人tort law 侵权法tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通事故traffic ticket 交通违章（罚款）通知单tranquility 安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户travel accident insurance 旅行意外保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约。
英语国家概况海量练习题(美国)
29. The first Puritans came to America on the ship _____.
A. Codpeed C. May Flower B. Susan Constant D. Discovery
30. The Judicial Branch is headed by _____. A. the Supreme Court B. Congress C. President 31. The general election in America is held every _____ years. A. 5 B. 4 C. 6 D. 3 32. _____ has the sole right to interpret the Constitution. A. The Cabinet B. The Supreme Court C. President D. Congress
22. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except _____. A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. William Penn D. Benjamin Franklin 23. _____ of all crops planted in America are destined for export to other countries. A. 1/3 B 1/4 C. 2/3 D. 2/5
5. The US formally entered the Second World War in ____
A 1937 B 1939 C 1941 D 1943
英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案之欧阳德创编
Book1 Unit 1时间：2021.03.07 创作：欧阳德1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is dividedeconomically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people. 3.A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.(2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in thehistory or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看](2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator.(3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england.(4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial periodof history as a unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged. (2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. (2)Wales has beendominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens. (2)The dream of an independentScotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity." Some people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following theseparation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict —the Troubles —which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerillaor terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the presentstatus. Turn to other countries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King Johnwas unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort to reassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeoisrepublican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. Itwas in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutional documents.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are neverthelessregarded as vital to the workings of government). 5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England.PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of thepolitical party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministers in the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship with government, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has somelegislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds.Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: Voters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives. Voting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government.2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats. Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus thedifference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute. Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protecting individual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. Duringthat time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. (2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hardnews and more about soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international events. (3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. (5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from beingthe second largest economy to being the sixth. Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII. (2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones. (5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK nationaleconomy in 1979: A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out.Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. (3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing.How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China wasfamous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 61.Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of theworld: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.4.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as areaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf "Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando";wrence "Sons and Lovers" andE.M.Forster"a Passage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British educationsystem? Please comment on these purposes.What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflectsocial class?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class,3.What are the major changes that have takenplace since World War II? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality?Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due tothe war. So with the help of the church andnewly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944education act made entry to secondary schools and universities meritocratic. Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced bythe government.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britainhave rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well in their A-levels and receive a fully-funded place in a university. And when they graduate,they can become very influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What doyou think of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools anda network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful.Thanks to the system, tens of thousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year. And this has improve the equality in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? Howdid the Britain react to this reality? How did theend of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s foreign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longerafford to maintain its empire; while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction.And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs. People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for the ruling centers of commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can rememberwhen Britain was one of the most powerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, britishpolicy makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditionalviews of Britain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreignpolicy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial history m ade the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed asa nation of seafarers who roamed the globelooking for territory and economic opportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does thegovernment’s foreign policy represent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on thegeneral direction of Britain’s foreign policy. Th e main government department involved is of course the foreign and commonwealth office。
宪法有关单词
宪法有关单词
宪法是一个包含许多法律和政治术语的文件，其中有一些术语是特别常见的，因为它们描述了宪法中的重要概念和原则。
以下是一些与宪法相关的常见术语和词汇：
1. 权利（Rights）：表示公民在宪法框架下所享有的权利和自由，如言论自由、宗教自由、民主权利等。
2. 自由（Liberty）：表示个人在法律保护下的自由行使权利的状态，如言论自由、宗教自由、个人自由等。
3. 法治（Rule of Law）：指的是国家在法律的框架下进行管理，即任何行为都必须受到法律约束。
4. 民主（Democracy）：表示政府权力来自人民，通过选举和公民参与来行使政治权利的制度。
5. 平等（Equality）：强调在法律和社会机构中每个人都应当受到平等对待和保护。
6. 司法（Judiciary）：法院系统，负责解释和适用法律，维护宪法和法律的权威。
7. 合同（Contract）：在宪法框架下指个人或组织之间的法律协议，受到法律保护。
8. 公民（Citizen）：拥有特定权利和义务的国家成员。
9. 政府（Government）：负责管理和指导国家事务的机构，其权力和责任在宪法中被规定和限制。
10. 权力分立（Separation of Powers）：将政府权力分割到不同的部门，如立法、行政和司法部门，以防止滥用权力。
这些词汇和概念是宪法中常见且重要的，它们构成了法律文本中的核心原则和价值观。
法律知识导读(英文)第五单元 Constitutional law[精]
![法律知识导读(英文)第五单元 Constitutional law[精]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/1462d92ffad6195f312ba6cd.png)
All men are equal before the law and are equally entitled to its protection.
◆ The effect of its provisions may be changed
by judicial interpretation aside from the direct
process of changing the Constitution itself.
Congressional legislation also changes the
The Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times;
The first ten amendments are known as the Bill of Rights.
(Article Ⅱ, Section 4) "The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors."
states and citizens.
Contents
It defines the three main branches of
Ireland
（3）Judicial Branch（司法机构） The Highest court in Ireland is the Superme Court of Ireland.
（4）Executive Branch（行政机构） The Head of Government is the Prime Minister,who severs a 5-year term. Executive power is vested in a cabinet whose ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister and approved by the Dail （5）Constitution（宪法） Ireland has a written Constitution,which was passed in1937
A.4
B.5
C.6
D.7
3.The capital of the Republic of Ireland is A. Dublin B. Cardiff C. Belfast D. Edinburgh
4. GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
（1）Head of State（国家元首） Ireland is a parliamentary republic,and a unitary state. The head of the state is the President, who is elected by direct suffrage for a term of 7years,and can be re-elected only once.He or she is largely a symbolic figure, with few executive functions.
英语国家概况-Chapter10-government解析
Let us give new meaning to the words written in the ancient Book of Rites, what you call the Li Shi: When the great way is followed, all under heaven will be equal(让我们给《礼记》这本
National Security Council
and the Central
Intelligence Agency
(CIA), etc.
The White House at Christmas night
2.2.2 Functions of The President
❖ As Chief Executive, he is given the authority or duty:
千年前，就有一位中国诗人写道：“人民应该被珍视，人民是国家的根基。根 基牢固，国家就安宁)。这句话出自《尚书·夏书》中的“五子之歌”，原文 是“民可近，不可下。民惟邦本，本固邦宁”。
Obama: Thousands of years ago, the great philosopher Mencius said：'A trail through the mountains, if used, becomes a path in a short time, but, if unused, becomes blocked by grass in an equally short time.’"
英语国家概况简答题+翻译
1.Shakespeare:Great Tragedies:Hamlet\ Macbeth\ Othello\ King LearGreat Comedies:The Merchant of Venice\The Twelfth Night\A Midsummer Night's Dream\As you like it2.The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give private advice to the King.So the Privy Council was also called the King's Council in history.Today its role is largely formal,advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees.3.Civil ServiceImplementation of the Minister’s decisions is carried out by a permanent politically neutral organization known as the civil service.The civil service is non-political.Changes of government do not involve changes in departmental staff.Civil servants are recruited mainly by open competition.4. Norman ConquestIn 1066, Edward died childless. Harold, Edward’s brother-in-law, and William, Duke of Normandy, Edward’s Norman cousin, both claimed the throne.William, Duke of Normandy, crossed the Channel , killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings.After Norman Conquest, feudalism was established inEngland.5. Great CharterRichard I demanded more feudal taxes and army service. The lords became angry, marched to London and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th.The Great Charter contained 3 sets of provisions.It was made in the interests of the feudal lords.6.Bourgeoisie RevolutionCharles I ascended the throne in 1625.Like his father,he was constantly at loggerheads with Parliament.At the beginning of the Civil War,two camps were formed;the king's men were called "Cavaliers" and the supporters of parliament were called "Roundheads".The King ran away to join the revolt in 1648.The army,under the leadership of Cromwell,defeated the revolt in a few months.The king was recaptured on 1649.English then called itself a Commonwealth.7. Restoration of the StuartThe bourgeoisie compromised with the rightists and invited Charles II to come back from Holland to the throne in 1660.The expansion of James II’s power soon clashed with the interests of the bourgeoisie, and in 1688, the 2 parties of thebourgeoisie united and staged a bloodless coup d’ etat.8.What were the consequences of the British Industrial Revolution ?First, the industrial bourgeoisie gained supremacy in the 1840s.Second, productivity was greatly increased.Third, population was more and more concentrated in towns and cities.Fourth, the rapid growth of capitalism caused miseries and disasters among the working people.9. Why is the United States a melting pot?The United States has long been known as a “melting pot”, because it is a country of many ethnic groups from different parts of the world.There are many different Americans, who have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures toward some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot”of the United States and gradually forming a new nation.10. What are the 2 principles followed by the constitution ? Explain each.The Constitution follows two principles : the federal system and the “separation of powers”. The federal system means that the states have the right to self-government. There is also a division of powers among the three branches of the federal government: the legislative branch, the executive branchand the judicial branch. They are supposed to be independent of each other, but each checks the other two which calls for “checks and balances”.11. Use the process of law-making to illustrate the relationship between the president and congress.After both houses have passed the bill, it is sent to the President, who should sign it or veto it within ten days. If he vetoes the bill, it goes back to Congress; his veto may be overruled by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress and the bill then becomes a law.12. Use the process of impeachment to explain the relationship between the president and congress.Under the Constitution, a sitting President may be removed from office before his term expires only by an impeachment process whereby the House of Representatives, upon sufficient evidence, brings a “bill of impeachment”approved by two-thirds of its membership. Next there comes a trial in the Senate, with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as the judge and the Senators as the jury. In 1868, Congress tried to impeach President Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, but both failed.13. When the first 13 colonies were established how werethey divided? What were their distinctive features in terms of economy?Firstly, the New England Colonies became a center for lumbering, shipping and fishing.Secondly, the Central Colonies became a region of small farms.Thirdly, the Southern Colonies developed a plantation system with the exploitation of slave labor.14. the Stamp ActThe British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765, which required that a stamp, purchased from the British government, be placed on all legal documents, newspaper and other printed materials. The reaction from the colonies was so violent that the British government was forced to repeal the Act.15. Boston Tea PartyIn 1773, the British government passed the Tea Act, which permitted the British East India Company to sell tea directly to its agents in the colonies. A group of Boston citizens, who disguised themselves as Indians, boarded three British ships in the labor and tossed a cargo of tea worth 17000 overboard. 16.Monroe DoctrineIn 1823,President James Monroe announced his "Monroe Doctrine",which warned the European powers against anyattempt at intervention in Latin American affairs with the aim of keeping Latin American countries for the United States itself. 17. Cuban Missile CrisisIn 1962 after the discovery of Soviet nuclear missile bases in Cuba,the US imposed naval as well as air blockade on Cuba while Pres.Kennedy demanded that the Soviet Union dismantle the missiles.For several days the world stood on the brink of its first nuclear war,however,the USSR later removed the missiles.18.我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生存权，自由权和追求幸福的权利。
英语国家政治类
U.S. Government
Legislative Branch : Congress House of Representatives: Speaker
Executive Branch: President
Judiciary Branch: Supreme Court 9 Justices
Senate: Vice-President
Judiciary Branch: Supreme Court 12 Justices
House of Lords: Lord Speaker
Prime Minister
Canadian Government
head of state: British Monarch
Governor-General
Senate: President
Prime Minister
New Zealand Government
head of state:
British Monarch
Governor-General
Legislative Branch : Parliament House of Representatives: Speaker
Senate: speaker
Premier
speaker
British Government
head of state: British Monarch
Legislative Branch : Parliament House of Commons: Speaker
Executive Branch: Cabinet
President
Chief Justice
Speaker
英美文化练习
1. The Judicial Branch is headed by _A____.A. the Supreme CourtB. the House of RepresentativesC. SenateD. President2. The general election in America is held every__B___ years.A. 5B. 4C. 6D. 33. The symbol of the US Democratic Party is___A__.A. donkeyB. elephantC. eagleD. Tiger4. ___B__ has the sole right to interpret theConstitution.A. The CabinetB. The Supreme CourtC. PresidentD. Congress5. The symbol of the US Republic Party is_B____.A. tigerB. elephantC. donkeyD. Eagle6. The political system of the US is based onthe following except ___B__.A. federalismB. the constitutional monarchyC. the separation of powersD. respect for the constitutionE. the rule of law7. The US Federal Government is composed ofthe following except __B__.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executive8. The number of Congressmen from eachstate varies depending on ___B__.A. the size of the areaB. the size of the populationC. the traditionD. the wealth9. The Democratic Party of America wasfounded in ____B_.A. 1845B. 1828C. 1787D. 177610. There are __A___ departments in AmericanGovernment.A. 13B. 14C. 15D. 1611. The law-making or the legislative body in the government is _B_.A. the Supreme CourtB. the CongressC. the CabinetD. the president’s committee12. All states in America have the legislativebranch of two houses except the state____A_.A. NebraskaB. NevadaC. OregonD. New York13. The members in the Senate must be atleast ____B_ years old and those in theRepresentative _____ years old.A. 40, 30B. 30, 26C. 30, 25D. 35, 3014. The tenure of office of federal judges is____B_ years long.A. 8B. for lifeC. 5D. 415. There are ____C_ presidential electors forall the states.A. 535B. 100C. 538D. 43516. If the president wants to put a treaty intoeffect, he has to get the approval by two thirds of the ____A_.A. SenateB. CabinetC. CongressD. the Supreme Court。
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Judicial branch
地位：
The court system of Canada forms the judicial branch of government, formally known as "the Queen on the Bench",[1] which interprets the law and is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction. Some of the courts are federal in nature while others are provincial or territorial.
职能：
Judicial branch functions
When a legal dispute cannot be resolved outside the court system, the case “goes to litigation” or “goes to court” and after hearing all the evidence from the parties involved in the dispute, a judge makes a decision about the case, based on the law that applies to the facts.
There are many ways to resolve disputes without going to court and having a judge hear the case. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), refers to the various ways disputes are resolved outside the court system, such as negotiation, mediation and arbitration. Lawyers are skilled in settling legal disputes without going to court. Mediation and arbitration services are other options for ADR.
组成：
There are different levels and types of courts in Canada – they differ in
their jurisdiction, that is, what issues they have the authority to decide. There are provincial and territorial courts, superior courts, courts of appeal, federal courts, and administrative tribunals (which are not part of the court system, but play an important role in dispute resolution).。