自考语言学Chapter5

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新编简明英语语言学教程

Chapter one Introduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2.普通语言学General Linguistics

The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.

3.语言language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design Features

It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Cultural transmission文化传递

⑴arbitrariness

There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions

chapter5 语言学

Chapter 5 Semantics

⏹5.1 Semantics

⏹----the study of language meaning.

⏹Meaning is central to the study of communication.

⏹What is meaning?

Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning.

5.2 Some Views

Concerning the Study of Meaning

⏹Naming Theory (Plato)

⏹The Conceptualist view

⏹Contextualism (Bloomfield)

⏹Behaviorism

Naming Theory (Plato)

⏹Words are names or labels for things.

⏹Limitations:

1) Applicable to nouns only.

2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phoenix…

3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred，idea, limitation…

chapter5semantics语言学

语义学是对语言单位，尤其是词和句子意义的研究。

1.“意义”的意义

G.Leech提出7种意义：概念意义，内涵意义，社会意义，感情意义，反射意义，搭配意义，主题意义。G.Leech的概念意义包括两个方面：涵义和指称。涵义和指称的区别类似内涵与外延：前者指一个实体的抽象属性，后者指拥有这些属性的具体实体。每个单词都有涵义，即概念意义，否则他们无法使用或理解，但并非每个单词都有指称。

2.指称论（命名论）：该理论把词语意义与词所指或词所代表的事物联系起来。该理论对于解释专有名词或在现实中有所指的名词时很有效。但其无法指称抽象概念。有时同一东西会有不同词语的表达。

3.概念论。代表是语义三角说。该理论认为，词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，而是以抽象的概念为中介。

4，语境论认为应该在具体语境中研究词的意义. 语境包括情景语境和上下文两种。

5.行为主义理论认为词的意义是说话者说话得情景及听话人的反应

6.意义关系

词语词之间的主要意义关系：相同关系，相反关系，包含关系

a.同义关系。完全同义关系很少，所谓的同一都依赖语境，并总在某方面不同。（方言，内涵，文体等）

b.反义关系主要包括：等级反义关系，互补反义关系，关系反义关系。

1）等级反义的特点：第一，否定一方并不必然是肯定另一方，还有中间状态；第二，没有绝对评判标准，标准随对象而改变。第三，通常用其中表示较高程度的词来覆盖整个量级。覆盖性词被称为“无标记的”，即一般性的；被覆盖词被称为“有标记的”，即特殊的。一般使用覆盖性词语。一旦使用被覆盖词语，表示有某种特殊的、不一般的情况。第四，可用very修饰，可有比较级最高级

语言学Chapter5Meaning练习

Chapter 5 Meaning

I. Choose the best answer (20%).

1. We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.

A. the conceptualist view

B. contextualism

C. the naming theory

D. behaviorism

2. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.

C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

3. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features.

A. Predication analysis

语言学简明教程Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Phonology: Sound Patterns (音位/音系学): 3.1 Introduction
3. 2 The Distinctive Sounds of Language
3.3 Minimal pair (最小对立体) 3.4 Some rules of phonology
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3.4 Some rules of phonology
Sequential
rules 序列规则
Assimilation Deletion
rule 同化规则省略规则
rule
11
Sequential rules — the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, e.g. in English, “k b i l” might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilb.
1. If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. 2. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules, e.g. spring, strict, square, splendid, scream. a) the first phoneme must be /s/, b) the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/, c) the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/. 3. [ N ] never occurs in initial position in English and standard Chinese, but it does occur in some dialects, e.g. in Cantonese: “牛肉，我，俄语……”

语言学chapter5Grammar

Chapter 5 Grammar: Clause

I. Teaching aims: Ss are to know the following from this lecture

1. How to use immediate constituents (IC) analysis to analyze sentences

2. Clause types

3. Grammatical categories

4. Semantic roles of clause elements

II. Time distribution: two periods.

III. Addressees: the third-year English majors.

IIII. Teaching procedure

5.1 Introduction

Grammar: syntax and morphology that deals with inflections.

Syntax: the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.

5.2 Word classes and word order

5.2.1 Word class

Word class: the formal classification of words that is based on their possible positions in a clause.

新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第五章笔记和习题

Chapter 5 Semantics

⏹Semantics----the study of language meaning.

⏹Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies

meaning.

⏹Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of

conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context.

⏹Meaning is central to the study of communication.

⏹Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist)

⏹ 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of

what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to.

自考英语语言学Chapter_10_Language_Acquisition

Chapter 10 Language Acquisition语言习得

一、本章纲要

二、本章重点

Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up. The development of a first or native language (L1)

is called first language acquisition (FLA), and then second language acquisition (SLA). L1 and L2 development do not seem to involve identical processes. 语言习得关注的是人类语言能力发展。语言习得一般指儿童母语的发展。有些孩子除了习得母语外，还要继续习得第二语言或外国语。习得母语或第一语言称为第一语言习得，除了母语再习得另一门语言或外语称为第二语言习得。

The study of language acquisition enables linguists, psychologists and applied linguists to better understand the nature of human language and developmental processes of language acquisition.

自考本科英语语言学Chapter8LanguageAndSociety

Chapter 8 Language And Society

1. Language is not only used to communicate meaning, but also used to establish

and maintain social relationships.

1. The relatedness between language and society

2. The users of the same language in a sense all speak differently related to their

语言和社会的关联social background.

3. The structure of language vocabulary is different,reflects both the physical and

social environments of a society.There are different words about snow in Eskimo.

1.The scope of sociolinguistics 1. Speech community (linguistic community) : is widely used by sociolinguists to refer to

社会语言学范围 2. Speech community and speech variety a community mainly based language. It’s generally defined as a group of people who

胡壮麟语言学教程第五版chap5

Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Aristotle.
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Logicians and philosophers have tended to concentrate on a restricted range of sentences (typically, statements, or ‘propositions’) within a single language.
A multitude of additional, non-criterial properties, including not only physical characteristics but also psychological and social properties, as well as typical features.
Will you belt up.
21
‘Colorful’ meaning
Commendatory tough-minded resolute, firm shrewd childlike wiseman
man of usual talent portly, stout, solid, plum

语言学 Chapter 5

semantics
logical/philosophical
Meaning 2
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Linguistic semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. Linguistic semantics refers to the study of the communication of meaning through language, that is, linguistic semantics studies the meaning that can be expressed in language.
5.3 Sense relations (含义关系) (See P163-170) hottest/hotter/hot dead/alive warmest/warmer/warm male/female cool/cooler/coolest odd/even cold/colder/coldest present/absent a b a b gradable (渐次) complementary (互补) Gradable antonyms could be modified with “very” or “how”.

语言学Chapters5

Units 5 Semantics

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.

1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.F

2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.F

3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.T

4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.F

英语语言学Chapter 5 Meaning

❖ Behaviourism(行为主义论) : Behaviorism refers to the attempt to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” (Bloomfield, 1933)
❖ Behaviourism(行为主义论) : Behaviorism refers to the attempt to define the meaning of a language form as the " situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. " (Bloomfield, 1933)
1. Meanings of “meaning” 2. The referential theory 3. Sense relations 4. Componential analysis 5. Sentence meaning
The “Meaning” theories:
❖ The Naming theory ( 命名论) : The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the words used in a language are taken to be names or labels of the objects they stand for.

语言学 chapter5(胡壮麟版)---group 4

The classification is not comprehensive, or it still has something unclear, because the seven meanings are inseparable. Generally, the affective meaning for the often are usingthe existence of connotative meaning, social meaning or rational meaning; With a sense of meaning is sometimes rational transfer performance, and so on. Therefore, our sense of significance to facilitate the classification is analyzed and studied, and they can't arbitrary isolation and dividing them. And, our main concern is the actual communication effect, this will involve a pragmatic category, which requires more we grasp the meaning from the general went up.

(自考小抄-知识点)0541__语言学概论[1]

语文出版社

第一节语言的客观存在形式

1．1什么是语言

1．2口语和书面语

1．3语言和民族

1．4语言和种族

1．5语言的客观存在形式和语言研究

第二节语言的性质

2．1语言和言语

2．2语言符号

2．3语言系统

第三节语言学

3．1语言学

3．2语言研究的历史回顾

3．3语言学的应用价值

第二章语音

第一节语音的性质

1．1语音是语言的物质外壳

1．2语音的物理属性

l．3语音的生理属性

1．4语音的心理属性

l．5语音的社会属性

第二节音素

2．1音素和音标

2．2元音和辅音

2．3元音的分类

2．4辅音的分类

第三节音位

3．1什么是音位

3．2音位变体

3．3区别特征

第四节音位的组合

4．1音节

4．2复元音

4．3复辅音

4．4语流音变

第五节韵律特征

5．1韵律特征

5．2长短音

5．3声调

5．4轻重音

5．5语调

第三章语汇

第一节语汇的性质

1．1语汇是语言的建筑材料．

1．2语汇的性质和特点

1．3语汇和语汇学

第二节语汇的类聚系统

2．1语汇系统的不同类聚关系

2．2词的分类

2．3语的分类

第三节语汇的构造形式

3．1语素和词

3．2词的构造

3．3语的构造

3．4词语和词组的区别

第四章语法

第一节语法的性质

1．1语法是组词造句的规则

1．2语法规则的性质和特点

1．3语法和其他一些现象的关系

第二节语法研究的内容、类别和单位

2．1语法和语法学

2．2语法研究的内容

2．3语法现象的分类

2．4语法的单位

第三节语法形式和语法意义

3．1形式和意义是语法不可分割的两个方面3．12语法形式的几种主要手段

3．3语法意义的几个主要范畴

第四节语法单位的聚合和组合

4．1词和句子是语法结构中最重要的两个单位4．2词的聚合和词类

27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 5 Morphology(word文档良心出品)

Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学,词法学)

5.1 what is morphology？什么是形态学？

Morphology is one of subbranches of linguistics，and also a branch of grammar.形态学即使语言学的分支，也是语法的分支。

Morphology studies the internal structure of words，and the rules by which words are formed.形态学研究词的内部结构和构词规则。

可分为两个分支：inflectional morphology and lexical/derivational morphology

屈折形态学和词汇或派生形态学

5.2 morphemes (词素,语素)

最简单的定义Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit.语素是最小的有意义的语法单位。

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.

语素是在语音的语法系统中最小的意义单位。

1 minimal: smallest,it can not further be divided.

2 meaningful: can not be further divided without destroying its meaning