Analysis of directed flow from three-particle correlations
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译（D）2
diffusion velocity 扩散速度 diffusion viscosity 扩散粘性 diffusion wave 扩散波 diffusion width 扩散宽度 diffusion zone 扩散带 diffusivity of heat 热扩散率 digging 挖掘 digital computer 数字计算机 digitizing 数字化 dihedral angle ⼆⾯⾓ dilatancy 扩容现象 dilatant fluid 胀猎铃 dilatation 膨胀 dilatational fissure 膨胀裂缝 dilatational shock 稀疏激波 dilatational strain 体积应变 dilatational wave 膨胀波 dilatational work 膨胀功 dilatometric curve 膨胀曲线 dilatometry 膨胀测定法 dilute phase flow 稀相怜 dilute phase of fluidization 怜稀相 diluted gas 稀⽓体 dilution factor 稀释因数 dimension theory 量纲理论 dimensional analysis 量纲分析 dimensional equation 量纲⽅程 dimensional formula 量纲公式 dimensional invariance 量纲不变性 dimensional perturbation 尺⼨的扰动 dimensional quantity 量纲量 dimensional transformation 量纲变换 dimensionless ⽆量纲的 dimensionless number ⽆因次数 dimensionless quantity ⽆量纲量 dimensionless specific speed ⽆因次⽐转速 dip 倾斜 diphase 两相的 dipole 偶极⼦ dipole elastic relaxation 偶极⼦弹性弛豫 dipole energy 偶极⼦能量 dipole force 偶极⼦⼒ dipole wave 偶极⼦波 direct control 直接控制 direct dynamic problem 动⼒学直接问题 direct extrusion 正挤压 direct impact 正碰 direct kinematic problem 运动学直接问题 direct load 直接荷载 direct method 直接法 direct motion 顺⾏ direct observation 直接观察 direct sense of motion 运动的直接指向 direct shear test 直剪试验 direct stiffness method 直接刚度法 direct stress 法向应⼒ directed movement 单向运动 directing force 指向⼒ direction ⽅向 direction angle ⽅向⾓ direction cosine ⽅向余弦 direction of action 酌⽅向 direction of rotation 转动⽅向 direction of tension 牵引⽅向 direction of traction 牵引⽅向 directional correlation ⽅向关联 directional dependence ⽅向依赖性 directional stability ⽅向稳定性 directivity ⽅向性 dirichlet neuman's problem 狄利克雷诺埃曼问题 dirichlet problem 狄利克雷问题 dirichlet stability theorem 狄利克雷稳定性定理 disassembly 拆卸 disc 圆盘 discharge 排出 discharge coefficient 量系数 discharge duration curve 量持续曲线 discharge of water 排⽔量 discharge pressure 排放压⼒ discharge rate 瘤速率 discharge regulator 量第器 disconnection 切断 discontinuity 不连续性 discontinuity condition 不连续条件 discontinuity interaction 不连续⾯相互酌 discontinuity layer 不连续层 discontinuity potential 不连续势 discontinuity surface 间断⾯ discontinuity wave 间断波 discontinuous 不连续的 discontinuous flow ⾮连续怜 discontinuous motion 间断运动 discontinuous spectrum 不连续频谱 discontinuous system 不连续系统 discrete 离散的 discrete element method 离散单元法 discrete stochastic process 离散随机过程 discriminant 判别式 discriminator 甄别器鉴相器 disequilibrium ⾮平衡 disk 圆盘 disk damping 圆盘阻尼 dislocation 位错 disorder energy ⽆序化能量 disorder pressure ⽆序压 disorder scattering ⽆规散射 disordered flow ⽆序流 disordered motion ⽆序运动 disorientation 乱取向 dispersed phase 分散相 dispersed shock 分散冲击 dispersion 分散 dispersion coefficient 分散系数 dispersion equation 分散⽅程 dispersion force 弥散⼒ dispersion frequency 分散频率 dispersion hardening 弥散硬化 dispersion interaction 弥散相互酌 dispersion medium 分散介质 dispersion model 分散模型 dispersion relation 分散关系 dispersion surface 弥散⾯ dispersion tensor 频散张量 dispersity 分散性 dispersive wave 弥散波 dispersiveness 分散性 displacement 变位 displacement collision 位移碰撞 displacement coordinate 位移坐标 displacement correction 排⽔量校正 displacement crack 位移裂隙 displacement diagram 变位图 displacement distance 移动距离 displacement field 位移场 displacement flow 排代怜 displacement gradient 位移梯度 displacement law 位移定律 displacement matrix 位移矩阵 displacement method 位移法 displacement of center of gravity 重⼼位移 displacement of equilibrium 平衡的移动 displacement pickup 位移传感器 displacement potential 位移势 displacement resistance 位移阻⼒ displacement sensitivity 位移灵敏度 displacement stream 排代运动 displacement surface 位移⾯ displacement tensor 位移张量 displacement thickness 位移厚度 displacement time graph 位移时间线图 displacement vector 位移⽮量 displacement vector of joint 关节位移⽮量 displacement wave 位移波 disruption 破裂 disruptive 破坏的 dissipated power 耗散功率 dissipation 耗散 dissipation constant 耗散常数 dissipation factor 耗散因数 dissipation of energy 能量的耗散 dissipation of jet 射聊散 dissipation of vorticity 涡旋耗散 dissipation rate 耗散速率 dissipative force 耗散⼒ dissipative function 耗散函数 dissipative process 耗散过程 dissipative stress 耗散应⼒ dissipative system 耗散系统 dissipativity 耗散度 dissociation 离解 dissociation energy 离解能 dissociation equilibrium 离解平衡 dissociation heat 离解热 dissociation potential 离解势 dissociation pressure 离解压 dissociation tension 离解压 dissolution 溶解 dissolution heat 溶解热 dissonance 不谐和 distance control 远距控制 distance from epicenter 震源距 distance of fall 下落距离 distance of visible horizon ⽔平视距 distorted wave 畸变波 distorted wave method 畸变波⽅法 distortion 畸变 distortion energy theory 畸变能理论 distortion factor 畸变因数 distortion matrix 变形矩阵 distortion standard 畸变基准 distortion tensor 畸变张量 distortional component 畸变分量 distortional strain energy 畸变能 distributed load 分布负载 distributed mass 分布质量 distributed moment 分配⼒矩 distributed parameter 分布参数 distributed parameter system 分布参数系统 distributed roughness 分布糙度 distributed source 分布源 distribution 分布 distribution coefficient 分布系数 distribution curve 分布曲线 distribution density 分布密度 distribution factor 分布系数 distribution function 分布函数 distribution law 分布律 distribution of angles of attack 攻⾓分布 distribution of lines of force ⼒线分布 distribution of turbidity 浊度分布 distribution of velocities of flow 临分布 disturbance 扰动 disturbance energy 微扰能 disturbance vortex 扰动涡 disturbation theory 微扰理论 disturbed motion 扰动运动 disturbing force 扰动⼒ disturbing function 扰动函数 disturbing mass 扰动质量 disturbing quantity 扰动量 diurnal motion 周⽇运动 dive 俯冲 divergence 发散 divergence of deformation 形变发散 divergence of fluid 铃散度 divergent flow 发散流 divergent nozzle 扩散形喷管 divergent series 发散级数 divergent wave 发散波 diversion 分流 diversion channel 分⽔渠 diversion dam 分⽔坝 dividing line 分界线 doi edwards theory 陶盖爱德华兹理论 domain 区域 dominant frequency 优势频率 dominant mode 郑 dominant wave 吱 dominant wavelength 吱长 donnell equation 唐奈⽅程 doppler effect 多普勒效应 dot and dash curve 点划线 dot and dash line 点划线 dotted curve 虚线 dotted line 虚线 double amplitude 双幅 double amplitude peak 双幅度峰值 double beam 双重梁 double diffusion 双扩散 double dipole 双偶极⼦ double exposure 双重曝光 double exposure holography 双重曝光全息照相术 double float 双浮标 double force 双⼒ double glide 双重滑移 double helix 双螺旋 double layer 双层 double layer potential 双层势 double lever 双杠杆 double modulation 双重灯 double modulus theory 双模数理论 double pendulum 双摆 double precision arithmetic 双精度运算 double refraction 双折射 double shock diffuser 双激波扩散器 doublet flow 偶极⼦怜 doublet source 双重源 down current 下降⽓流 down surge ⽔⾯下降 downstream 下游 downstream floor 下游护拦 downwash 下洗 downwash velocity 下洗速度 draft 吃⽔ drag 阻⼒ drag acceleration 减速 drag coefficient 阻⼒系数 drag effect 牵制效应 drag flow 阻曳流 drag force 迎⾯阻⼒ drag force of the flow 怜曳⼒ drag head 阻⼒⽔头 drag lift ratio 阻升⽐ drag polar 阻⼒极线 drag reduction 减阻 drain 排⽔管 drain water 排泄⽔ drainage 排⽔ drainage basin 硫 draught 吃⽔ drawing 牵引 drift 漂流 drift compensation 漂移补偿 drift current 漂流 drift energy 漂移能量 drift flow model 漂移怜模型 drift speed 漂移速度 drift velocity 漂移速度 drilling 钻孔 driving force 驱动⼒ driving torque 驱动转矩 drop 下降 drop fall 落滴 drop test 锤辉验 drop weight test 落锤试验 dropping velocity 沉降速度 dropping water 滴⽔ drowned spring ⽔底泉 dry adiabat ⼲绝热线 dry friction ⼲摩擦 dual quaterion 对偶四元数 dual tensor 对偶张量 dual vector 对偶⽮量 duck ⽔上飞机 ductile fracture 韧性断裂 ductile material 延性材料 ductilimeter 延性计 ductilimetry 延度测量法 ductility 延性 duffing equation 杜芬⽅程 duffing method 杜芬法 duffing problem 杜芬问题 dufour effect 迪富尔效应 duhamel integral 杜哈梅积分 dummy load 假负载 duncan chang model 邓肯张模型 durability 耐久性 durability factor 耐久性系数 duration 持续时间 duration of ascent 上升时间 duration of experiment 实验持续时间 duration of test 实验持续时间 dust flow method 尘两法 dye experiment 染⾊柳实验 dye method 染⾊液法 dying oscillation 衰减振荡 dying out 衰灭消失 dynamic accuracy 动态准确度 dynamic action of force ⼒的动态酌 dynamic analogy 动态模拟 dynamic analysis 动态分析 dynamic balancing machine 动平衡机 dynamic boundary condition 动⼒边界条件 dynamic characteristic 动态特性 dynamic coercitivity 动态矫顽磁⼒ dynamic coercive force 动态矫顽磁⼒ dynamic compensation 动态补偿 dynamic compensator 动态补偿器 dynamic condition 动态条件 dynamic consolidation 动⼒固结 dynamic design 动态设计 dynamic elastic modulus 动⼒弹性模量 dynamic elasticity 弹性动⼒学 dynamic equation 动⼒⽅程 dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡 dynamic error 动态误差 dynamic fracture 动⼒断裂 dynamic head 动压头 dynamic height 动⼒⾼度 dynamic hysteresis 动态滞后 dynamic instability 动⼒不稳定 dynamic lift 动升⼒ dynamic load 动⼒负载 dynamic meteorology 动⼒⽓象学 dynamic method 动⼒学⽅法 dynamic model 动⼒模型 dynamic modulus of elasticity 动⼒弹性模量 dynamic parallax 动⼒学视差 dynamic photoelasticity 动态光弹性法 dynamic precision 动态精度 dynamic pressure 动压⼒ dynamic programming 动态规划 dynamic property 动⼒特性 dynamic resistance 动态阻⼒ dynamic response 动态响应 dynamic rigidity 动态刚性 dynamic sensitivity 动态灵敏度 dynamic similarity 动⼒相似 dynamic simulation 动态模拟 dynamic specific speed 动⼒⽐速 dynamic spring constant 动态弹簧常数 dynamic stability 动⼒稳定度 dynamic strain 动应变 dynamic strength 动⼒强度 dynamic stress 动应⼒ dynamic superplasticity 动态超塑性 dynamic system of units 动⼒学单位制 dynamic temperature coefficient 动态温度系数 dynamic temperature difference 动态温差 dynamic test 动⼒试验 dynamic unbalance 动态不平衡 dynamic viscosity 动⼒粘性 dynamical balancing 动⼒平衡 dynamical depth 动⼒深度 dynamical equation of state 动态⽅程 dynamical force 动⼒ dynamical friction 动摩擦 dynamical similarity 动⼒学相似 dynamical system 动⼒系统 dynamical theory of tide 潮汐动⼒学理论 dynamical time ⼒学时 dynamical variables 动⼒学变量 dynamics 动⼒学 dynamometamorphism 动⼒变质酌 dynamometer 测⼒计 dynamometer car 测⼒试验车 dyne 达因。
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铁路网络阻塞问题优化建模——流量路由问题说明书
5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Transportation (ICCET 2015)Railway Network Blocking Problem: An Optimization ModelingFormulation about Flow Routing ProblemHongpeng Ma1, a, Yixiang Yue2, b* and Congli Hao3, c1 School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China2 School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China3 School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, Chinaa*****************.cn,b********************,c*****************.cn Keywords: Railroad; Road Network; Blocking Problem; OptimizationAbstract:In this paper, we mainly study on modeling formulation for railway network blocking problem. We propose model formulation for RBP. The objective function of RBP model is to minimize the costs of flow traveling and delay for the train in marshalling station, by deciding which block is built and specifying the assignment of commodities to these blocks, while observing limits on the reclassification capacity at each terminal. The model is solved using GAMS. The model is tested on a real-world railway network located in North of China, the computation results show that the model have the potential to apply and can yield the dramatic railroad’s operating costs saving. IntroductionThe Railway Blocking Problem (RBP) determines how to aggregate a large number of shipments into blocks of shipments as they travel from origins to destinations [1]. In other words, RBP determines which blocks should be built at each yard and what shipments should be placed in the block.Mathematically, RBP is a multi-commodity-flow, network-design, and routing problem. To solve RBP, we need to design the underlying blocking network and to route different commodities on the blocking network to minimize the transportation costs [2]. In RBP, each train will be assigned to a direct block, whose OD is the same as that of the shipment, to avoid unnecessary marshalling and delays. So there are some directed arcs between two terminals that are not necessarily connected by a physical link. However, blocking capacity at each yard, determined by available yard resources (hump yard equipment and shunting yard equipment), limits the maximum number of blocks and maximum car volume that each yard can handle, preventing railroads from assigning direct blocks for all trains. So aiming at delivering the flow with the fewest possible classifications, railroads develop RBP determining which blocks should be built at each yard and what shipments should be placed in each block [3, 4, 5, 6].RBP is one of the most important decision in freight railroads. A good solution of RBP can save railway operation costs of delivering all commodities. And these costs are usually broken down into car-handling costs associated with handling (or blocking) a car and car-miles costs associated with the movement of a car.There are some study about blocking problem of single railway line, Xu [7] proposed a 0-1 programming with the target of minimum balanced using of adaptation capacity and hour of freight train in marshalling station. And Yang [8] proposed 0-1 linear programming model and 0-1 quadratic program model.Compared with single railway line, the reality railroad network is much complicated. For example, number of transport plan about blocking problem in single line railroad is 1048576, but in railway network, the number may be million, even billion. So for complicated railroad network blocking problem, there are very few study in the field. Li [9] proposed Chance Constrained Programming with considering flow, assembly time and volatility of vehicle adaptation extra time consuming. Newton [10] and Newton et al. [11] modeled the blocking problem as a network-design model and formulated it as a MIP. Bodin [12] established Nonlinear Mixed Integer Programming model with the target ofminimum total cost of adaptation and transport, and proposed heuristic decomposition method. Yaghini [13] and Yue [14] proposed Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm to solve the railroad blocking problem.Their approaches focus on determining a near-optimal solution. However, many models only solve blocking problem of single railway network, such as 0-1 linear programming model. And the approaches for RBP can’t guarantee to get optimal solution in any case without considering factors, such as, empty car, flow pathway and service level. So it is very necessary to develop optimization modeling formulation of RBP. Model and Solution MethodNotation. i, j, n, k, q is macroscopic node index. And i, j, n correspond to physical marshalling station in a railway network. k is origin station of commodity and q is destination station of commodity in a railway network. ,i j c is flow transport cost between each pair OD(from station i to station j ), is proportional to mileage between the pair OD. ,i j c can be calculated by any empirical formula according to statistical curve fitting. Conversion coefficient that changing car-hour delay to cost is p, and the value of p is 80 in this study. ,i j m is accumulation delay when the directed block to station j is built in station i . The empirical formulation is shown as equation (1).,,i j i i j m s α=⨯ (1) Where i αis accumulation parameter of marshalling station i , it is a constant derived from statistical analysis by many years record data. ,i j s is number of cars for one train from station i to station j . i t is the save time of car passing station i without reclassification. ,i j u is re-classification capacity from station i to direction j . ,k q d is demand from station k to station q . M is a large number. ,i j b is directed-block index as equation (2).,there is directed block from station to statio 1,0otherwisen i j i j b i j ⎧=∀⎨⎩ (2)There are two decision variables: ,,,i j k q x and ,i j y . ,,,i j k q x is volume from station k to station q shipped using train from station i to station j . ,i j y is 0-1 binary variables as equation (3). ,there is train from station to station 1,0otherwisei j i j j y i ⎧=∀⎨⎩ (3)Formulation of RBP Model. The objective function of RBP model is to minimize the costs of flow traveling and delay for the train in marshalling stations, by deciding which block is built and specifying the assignment of commodities to these blocks, while observing limits on reclassification capacity at each terminal.The formulation of RBP is as follow.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[()]i j k q i j i j i j i j j i j k q k j i j k qi jji k qkz min x c p m y b t x d =⨯+⨯⨯⨯+⨯-∑∑∑∑∑∑ (4)Subject to,,,,,,,i j k q k j j ki qx d u j k -≤∀∑ (5),,,,,,i j k qk qjxd i k q i k =∀=∑, (6),,,,,,,i j k qk qixd j k q j q =∀=∑ (7),,,,,,0,,,,i j k qn i k q jnxx i k q i q i k -=∀≠≠∑∑ (8),,,,,,,i j k q i jx My i j k q ≤∀ (9),,,0,,,i j k q x i j k q ≥∀ (10)The objective function of RBP model is to minimize the total cost consists of flow transport cost in railroad and delay in marshalling station. Constraint (5) is the hard constraint of reclassification capacity of the number of blocking cars satisfied reclassification capacity in every marshalling station. Constraint (6)、(7) and (8) is flow balance constraint. Constraint (9) ensures that if there is no train from station i to station j , volume from station k to station q shipped by train from station i to station j must be zero, which means if ,=0i j y , there is that ,,,=0i j k q x . Real World Case StudyRailway Network. Based on eight marshalling stations, the railroad network of North China is constructed to calculate as in Fig. 1. All intermediate stations isn’t shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1.Case of railroad networkThe real world data collected is shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. Station 2 is the center of railway network with five convergence directions, so accumulation delay of station 2 is detailed in Table 2.arrival leave 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0 84 389 832 324 292 693 609 2 84 0 355 798 290 258 659 575 3 389 355 0 1103 465 563 964 874 4 832 798 1103 0 1038 1006 1407 1323 5 324 290 465 1038 0 430 831 536 6 292 258 563 1006 430 0 451 367 7 704 659 964 1537 831 451 0 402 8 609 575 874 1323 536 367 402 0Table 1. Flow transport cost between each pair OD [$/car] departure 1 3 4 5 6 7 8Number of cars of one train of station B[car] 49.3 49.3 52.6 42 41.8 50.5 52.3 Accumulation Parameter of station B[h/car] 9.1 10.1 8.2 9 9.3 10.6 4.1Accumulation delay of station B[h] 449 498 431 378 389 535 215Table 2. Accumulation delay of station 2 station 1 3 4 5 6 7 8Accumulation delay of other stations[h] 550 550 636 600 500 530 530Table 3. Accumulation delay of other marshalling stations station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t i [h/car] 3 2.9 4 4.7 3 3 4 4reclassificationcapacity[car]Station 2 321 - 651 1110 39 1125 1125 1125Station 6 1125 1125 1125 1125 88 - 700 1100Station 5 500 500 500 500 - 500 500 30 Model Testing and Result Analysis. We use General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) [15] to solve MIP model of RBP. And calculation time of RBP solved by GAMS are 30 seconds.To verify feasibility of model of RBP, we solve respectively the RBP with real flow data in 2013 and 2014. And the traffic demand between of each pair OD in 2013 and 2014 is shown in Table 5 and Table 6.Arrival leave 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0 190 70 125 110 10 20 252 150 0 245 20 24 300 153 385 3 272 442 0 160 17 140 130 294 85 405 150 0 9 135 50 185 5 59 140 4 3 0 4 3 06 15 35 230 120 40 0 50 327 11 221 282 138 26 31 0 0 8 40 30 50 490 4 57 0 0 Table 5. Traffic demand between each pair OD in 2013 [car]Arrival leave 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0 190 67 125 106 13 9 342 161 0 231 22 24 315 153 396 3 72 442 0 161 17 131 160 294 89 401 293 0 9 132 49 185 5 59 135 4 3 0 4 3 06 15 36 231 360 40 0 50 327 11 21 282 134 26 30 0 08 38 30 50 505 4 59 0 0 Table 6. Traffic demand between each pair OD in 2014 [car]We use GAMS to solve model of RBP. And the solution is shown in Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x1 2 1 2 150 2 4 2 4 405 3 2 3 4 150 6 2 6 1 13 1 2 1 4 85 2 4 3 4 150 3 2 3 5 4 6 2 6 2 300 1 2 1 5 59 2 4 5 4 9 3 2 3 8 50 6 2 6 3 140 1 2 1 6 15 2 4 6 4 135 3 6 3 6 230 6 2 6 4 135 1 2 1 7 11 2 4 7 4 50 3 7 3 7 282 6 5 6 5 4 1 2 1 8 40 2 5 1 5 59 4 2 4 1 125 6 5 7 5 3 1 3 1 3 272 2 5 2 5 140 4 2 4 2 20 6 7 5 7 26 2 1 2 1 190 2 5 3 5 4 4 2 4 3 160 6 7 6 7 31 2 1 3 1 70 2 5 4 5 3 4 2 4 5 3 6 8 6 8 57 2 1 4 1 125 2 6 1 6 15 4 6 4 6 120 7 2 7 1 20 2 1 5 1 14 2 6 2 6 35 4 6 4 7 134 7 2 7 2 153 2 1 6 1 13 2 6 4 6 120 4 8 4 8 490 7 2 7 3 130 2 1 7 1 20 2 7 1 7 11 5 1 5 1 96 7 2 7 4 50 21 8 12527 2 722152 5 11476 7 53i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x 2 3 2 3 442 2 7 4 7 134 5 2 5 2 24 7 6 7 6 50 2 3 4 3 160 2 8 1 8 40 5 2 5 3 17 8 2 8 1 25 2 3 5 3 17 2 8 2 8 30 5 2 5 4 9 8 2 8 2 385 2 3 6 3 140 2 8 3 8 50 5 6 5 6 40 8 2 8 3 29 2 3 7 3 130 3 2 3 1 70 5 6 5 7 26 8 4 8 4 185 2 3 8 3 29 3 2 3 2 245 5 8 5 8 4 8 6 8 6 32 24 1 4 85 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Table 7. The Solution of RBP for variable ,,,i j k q x with real flow OD in 2013i j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 02 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 13 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 04 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 17 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 08 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Table 8. The solution of RBP for variable ,i j y with real flow OD in 2013The objective function value is:2013$5107135z = (11)i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x i j k q ,,,i j k q x 1 2 1 2 161 2 4 2 4 401 3 6 3 6 231 6 2 6 4 132 1 2 1 3 72 2 4 5 4 9 3 7 3 7 282 6 5 6 5 4 1 2 1 4 89 2 4 6 4 132 4 2 4 1 125 6 5 7 5 3 1 2 1 5 59 2 4 7 4 49 4 2 4 2 22 6 7 1 7 11 1 2 1 6 15 2 5 1 5 59 4 2 4 3 161 6 7 2 7 21 1 2 1 7 11 2 5 2 5 135 4 2 4 5 3 6 7 4 7 134 1 2 1 8 38 2 5 3 5 4 4 6 4 6 360 6 7 5 7 26 2 1 2 1 190 2 5 4 5 3 4 6 4 7 134 6 7 6 7 30 2 1 3 1 67 2 6 1 6 15 4 8 4 8 505 6 8 6 8 59 2 1 4 1 125 2 6 1 7 11 5 1 5 1 93 7 2 7 1 9 2 1 5 1 13 2 6 2 6 36 5 2 5 1 13 7 2 7 2 153 2 1 6 1 13 2 6 2 7 21 5 2 5 2 24 7 2 7 4 49 2 1 7 1 9 2 8 1 8 38 5 2 5 3 17 7 3 7 3 160 2 1 8 1 34 2 8 2 8 30 5 2 5 4 9 7 6 7 5 3 2 3 1 3 72 2 8 3 8 50 5 6 5 6 40 7 6 7 6 50 2 3 2 3 442 3 2 3 1 67 5 6 5 7 26 8 2 8 1 34 2 3 4 3 161 3 2 3 2 231 5 8 5 8 4 8 2 8 2 396 2 3 5 3 17 3 2 3 5 4 6 2 6 1 13 8 2 8 3 29 2 3 6 3 131 3 2 3 8 50 6 2 6 2 315 8 4 8 4 185 2 3 8 3 29 3 4 3 4 293 6 2 6 3 131 8 6 8 6 32 2 41 4 89 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Table 9.The solution of RBP for variable ,,,i j k q x with real flow OD in 2014 i j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 02 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 i j 1 234567 83 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 04 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 15 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 17 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 08 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Table 10. The solution of RBP for variable ,i j y with real flow OD in 2014The objective function value is:2014$5496920z = (12)To verify intuitively feasibility of model, we compare the solution of RBP in 2013 with the solution of RBP in 2014 in Fig. 2. And there are only directed train in Fig. 2.There is a directed train between two stationsPhysical Railway NetworkSolution of RBP in 2014Solution of RBP in 2013StationFig. 2. The solution comparisonComparing the solution of RBP in 2013 and 2014, the feasibility of the model can be verified from the following aspects:1. Some directed trains are canceled.If there are the loss of car-hours and cost, the directed train will be canceled. For example, there are 221 cars per day from station 2 to station 7 in 2013. But there are only 21 cars per day. Because of fewer flow, the directed train will cause the loss of car-hours and cost. So the directed train from station 2 to station 7 is canceled. 2. Some directed trains are built.If the directed block can save car-hours and cost, the directed trains will be built. For example, there are 150 cars per day from station 3 to station 4 in 2013. But there are only 293 cars per day. Because of more flow, the directed train will cause the save of car-hours and cost. So the directed train from 3 to 4 is built.The objective function of RBP model is to minimize the costs of flow traveling and delay for the train in marshalling station. So we need compare the solution with the now using RBP solution in 2014 to verify optimization of model.The flow of transit car with resorting and transit car without resorting of station 2 in 2014 is shown in Table 11 and Table 12.Arrival leave 1 3 4 5 6 7 81 0 32 72 7 9 6 23 3 47 0 61 13 36 43 84 28 79 05 46 17 66 5 5 1 2 0 1 0 0 6 1 19 135 2 0 0 2 7 7 31 52 2 1 0 08 6 1 215 2 1 0 0 Table 11. The flow of transit car with resorting in 2014 [car]Arrival leave 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 0 190 35 53 99 4 3 112 161 0 231 22 24 315 153 396 3 25 442 0 1004 95 117 21 4 61 401 214 0 4 86 32 119 5 54 135 3 1 0 3 3 0 6 14 36 212 225 38 0 50 307 4 21 251 82 24 29 0 08 32 30 49 290 2 58 0 0 Table 12. The flow of transit car without resorting in 2014 [car]And the objective function value of real-world in the condition of the same parameters isz (13) $6527430actualCompared with the now using RBP solution in 2014, the optimization of the model can be verified from the following aspects:1. Some directed trains are canceled.The new solution deletes 25 directed trains, saves total 9005 car-hours per day. For example, there are 13 cars per day from station 6 to station 1. Because of a directed block for the flow, there are 500 car-hours about car detention time under accumulation and 38 car-hours of the save time because of transit car without reclassification per day. The directed train from station 6 to station 1 causes the loss of 400 car-hours per day.2. Volume shipped by directed trains are added.The new solution adds volume shipped by directed trains, saves total 3538 car-hours per day.3. Cost Saving.The objective function value of formulation of RBP model is 5496920. And the objective function value of real-world in the condition of the same parameters is 6527430. Total cost saving is 1030510.4. Traffic flow adjustments.The solution considers the balance of railway line. And some flows in busy railway line are adjusted to other rail lines to improve whole network efficiency. Such as, in existing RBP solution in 2014, the flow from station 5 to station 6 pass station 2 with reclassification operation. But in solution of RBP model, a directed block between station 5 and station 6 is built to make full use of railway between station 5 and station 6.ConclusionsThis paper mainly focuses on Railway Blocking Problem in a network. We consider both transport cost and delay on marshaling station; and use GAMS to solve it. We give a case of 8 marshaling stations to test the model on the real world data. In the case, solution by our method can decrease 55% of car-hours and 16% of cost per day. In the meantime, we can optimize traffic flow to improve efficiency of the whole network. It is sure that our proposed models are effective, efficient and potential for application in a real world railway network.References[1] M Yaghini, et.al. Solving railroad blocking problem using ant colony optimization algorithm [J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 35(2011) 5579-5591.[2] R.K. Ahuja, et.al. Solving Real-Life Railroad Blocking Problems [J]. Interfaces, 37(2007) 404-419.[3] M Yaghinia and R Akhavan. Multicommodity Network Design Problem in Rail Freight Transportation Planning [J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 43(2012) 728-739.[4] C Barnhart, et.al. Railroad Blocking: A Network Design Application [J]. Operations Research, 48(2000) 603-614.[5] Ahuja, et.al. Network Models in Railroad planning and scheduling [J]. Operation Research, 1(2005) 54-101.[6] A Balakrishnan, et.al. A Dual-ascent Procedure for Large-scale Uncapacitated Network Design [J]. Operations Research, 73(1989) 716-740.[7] H.Xu, et al. Study on the Model and Algorithm of the Formation Plan of Single Group Trains at Technical Service Stations (In Chinese) [J]. Journal of the China Railway Society, 28(2006) 12-17.[8] S.Yang, et al. An Artificial Neural Network Method for Marshalling Plan (In Chinese) [J]. Journal of Changsha Railway University, 20(2002) 79-84.[9] X.Li. Study on Optimization of Marshalling Plan and Flow Path Based on Uncertain Parameters (In Chinese) [D]. Southwest Jiaotong University, 2002.[10] H.N. Newton. Network Design under Budget Constraints with Application to the Railroad Blocking Problem [D]. Auburn University, 1996.[11] H.N. Newton, et.al. Constructing Railroad Blocking Plans to Minimize Handling Costs [J]. Transportation Science, 32(1998) 330-345.[12] L.Bodin, et.al. A Model for the Blocking of Trains [J]. Transportation Research Part B Methodological, 14(1980) 115-120.[13] M.Yaghini, et.al. Solving Railroad Blocking Problem Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm [J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 35(2011) 5579-5591.[14] Y.Yue, et.al. Multi-route Railroad Blocking Problem by Improved Model and Ant Colony Algorithm Real World [J]. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 60(2011) 34-42.[15] A.Brooke, et.al. GAMS Language Guide. 2006.。
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin-2012-Ma-948-56
Original ArticleA new recombinant pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-derived peptide efficiently promotes glucose uptake and glucose-dependent insulin secretionYi Ma,Tianjie Luo,Wenna Xu,Zulu Ye,and An Hong*Department of Cell Biology,Institute of Biological Medicine,Jinan University,Guangzhou510632,China*Correspondence address.Tel:þ86-20-85223266;Fax:þ86-20-85221983;E-mail:makesi8866@The recombinant peptide,DBAYL,a promising thera-peutic peptide for type2diabetes,is a new,potent,and highly selective agonist for VPAC2generated through site-directed mutagenesis based on sequence alignments of pi-tuitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide(PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP),and related analogs. The recombinant DBAYL was used to evaluate its effect and mechanism in blood glucose metabolism and utiliza-tion.As much as28.9mg recombinant DBAYL peptide with purity over98%can be obtained from1l of Luria-Bertani medium culture by the method established in this study and the prepared DBAYL with four mutations (N10Q,V18L,N29Q,and M added to the N-terminal) were much more stable than BAY55-9837.The half-life of recombinant DBAYL was about25folds compared with that of BAY55-9837in vitro.The bioactivity assay of DBAYL showed that it displaced[125I]PACAP38and [125I]VIP from VPAC2with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of48.4+6.9and47.1+4.9nM,respective-ly,which were significantly lower than that of BAY55-9837,one established VPAC2agonists.DBAYL enhances the cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human VPAC2with a half-maximal stimulatory concentration (EC50)of0.68nM,whereas the receptor potency of DBAYL at human VPAC1(EC50of737nM)was only1/1083 of that at human VPAC2,and DBAYL had no activity toward human PAC1receptor.Western blot analysis of the key proteins of insulin receptor signaling pathway:insulin re-ceptor substrate1(IRS-1)and glucose transporter4 (GLUT4)indicated that the DBAYL could significantly induce the insulin-stimulated IRS-1and GLUT4expression more efficiently than BAY55-9837and VIP in adipocytes. Compared with BAY55-9837and PACAP38,the recombinant peptide DBAYL can more efficiently promote insulin release and decrease plasma glucose level in Institute of Cancer Research(ICR)mice.These results suggested that DBAYL could efficiently improve glucose uptake and glucose-depend-ent insulin secretion by VPAC2-mediated effect.Keywords pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide; type2diabetes;insulin;VPAC2-mediated effect;recombinant peptideReceived:June29,2012Accepted:August6,2012 IntroductionPituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide(PACAP) is a member of the superfamily of metabolic,neuroendo-crine,and neurotransmitter peptide hormones and belongs to the secretin,glucagons,and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)family[1,2].PACAP exists as either a38-amino acid (PACAP38)or27-amino acid(PACAP27)peptide. PACAP27corresponds to the N-terminal27-amino acid portion of PACAP38and exhibits the same biological activ-ity as PACAP38[3,4].The action of PACAP is mediated through three G protein-coupled receptors,PAC1,VPAC1, and VPAC2.PAC1receptor exhibits high affinity for PACAP38and PACAP27,but much lower affinity for VIP. VPAC1and VPAC2receptors exhibit similar high affinity for PACAP38,PACAP27,and VIP[5].PACAP is widely distributed in the brain and peripheral organs,notably in the endocrine pancreas,gonads,respiratory,and urogenital tracts,which has been shown to have effects on many pathological states including Parkinson’s disease[6],dia-betes[7,8],ischemia[9],traumatic injury[10],immuno-logical disorders[11,12],myeloma kidney injury,and so on [13].Most of these neuroprotective actions of PACAP are mediated through the selective PAC1receptor whereas the effects on peripheral organs often involve VPAC1or VPAC2receptor.PACAP has been shown to increase insulin secretion from the pancreas through VPAC2recep-tor[14,15].But the role of PACAP in the control of glucose homeostasis is complex,because it also plays a role in increasing glucagon and catecholamine secretion,which increases glucose output from the liver through VPAC1-mediated effect[16].Therefore,PACAP derivative asActa Biochim Biophys Sin2012,44:948–956|ªThe Author2012.Published by ABBS Editorial Office in association with Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences.DOI:10.1093/abbs/gms078.Acta Biochim Biophys Sin(2012)|Volume44|Issue11|Page948 at Jinan University on November 16, 2014 / Downloaded fromVPAC2-specific agonist,which would stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic b-cell without leading to increased glucose production by the liver could be used for clinical treatment of type2diabetes. Development of BAY55-9837,an established highly select-ive VPAC2agonist,as a potential peptide therapeutic for the treatment of type2diabetes was limited by its poor peptide stability[14].To overcome the limitation,the re-combinant peptide DBAYL with32amino acids was designed and generated through site-directed mutagenesis by gene-recombination technology.The recombinant DBAYL (N10Q,V18L,N29Q,and M added to the N-terminal)were much more stable than BAY55-9837.DBAYL enhances the cAMP accumulation in VPAC2-CHO cells with higher bio-activity than BAY55-9837.DBAYL could more efficiently induce the expression of the key proteins of insulin receptor signaling pathway including insulin receptor substrate1 (IRS1)and glucose transporter4(GLUT4)than BAY55-9837in adipocytes[17,18].In addition,DBAYL treatment increased the insulin-stimulated GLUT4translocation to the plasma membrane.Corresponding to these results,glucose uptake activity of differentiated3T3-L1adipocytes treated with DBAYL were significantly improved,which was better than BAY55-9837.Thus,insulin signal transduction was more efficiently improved by DBAYL through VPAC2-mediated effect. DBAYL,a novel recombinant PACAP-derived peptide,as highly selective agonist for VPAC2,can hopefully be a peptide therapeutic for type2diabetes through efficiently promoting glucose uptake and glucose-dependent insulin secretion.Materials and MethodsMaterialsChitin beads and the plasmid pKYB-MCS were purchased from New England Biolabs(NEB,Ipswich,USA). Escherichia coli strain ER2566was kept in our laboratory. All the restriction enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs.T4DNA ligase was obtained from TaKaRa (Dalian,China).Synthetic peptides were purchased from Sinoasis Pharmaceuticals(Guangzhou,China).Primer syn-thesis and DNA sequencing were performed by Invitrogen Company,Guangzhou Branch(Guangzhou,China).VPAC2-CHO cell line was constructed in our laboratory.3T3-L1 adipocytes were provided by Dr Zhang WJ(College of Life Sciences,Wuhan University,Wuhan,China). Construction and identification of the expression plasmid pKY-DBAYLThe DBAYL gene was designed according to the bias of E.coli for the codons to ensure its high expression.The gene was synthesized and amplified in two steps asdescribed previously[7]using three oligonucleotides primers:F1:50-GGTGGTCATATGCATAGCGATGCGGT GTTTACCGATCAGTATACCCGTCTGCGTAAA-30,con-taining an Nde I site(underlined);F2:50-CAGATATT TTTTCGCCGCCAGCTGTTTACGCAGACGGGT-30;F3:50-CCACCATGCTCTTCCGCAATAACGTTTCTGTTTAA TGCTCTGCAGATATTTTTT-30,containing an Sap I site (underlined);GGTGGT at the50end of F1and CCACCAat the50end of F3are the protecting bases.After polymer-ase chain reaction(PCR)products were purified by thePCR clean-up kit(Qiagen,Hilden,Germany)and digestedwith Nde I and Sap I,the DNA fragment was directly ligatedto a gel-purified Nde I/Sap I digested pKYB-MCS vector (NEB)to yield the expression plasmid pKY-DBAYL.pKY-DBAYL containing DBAYL gene was confirmed byDNA sequencing using the T7promoter as the sequencingprimer(Fig.1).Expression of fusion proteinThe recombinant expression vector pKY-DBAYL was transformed into the E.coli strain ER2566with the opti-mized procedure[19].Briefly,the cells were grown at378Cto a density of OD600¼0.8and induced by adding isopro-pyl b-D-thiogalactoside to a final concentration of0.5mM.Figure1The constructed recombinant expression vectorpKY-DBAYL(A)The amino acid sequence of RBAYL and rBAY.(B)The construction map of the expression plasmid pKY-DBAYL.PACAP-derived peptide promotes glucose uptake and glucose-dependent insulin secretionActa Biochim Biophys Sin(2012)|Volume44|Issue11|Page949at Jinan University on November 16, 2014/Downloaded fromThe induced cells were incubated for6h at358C and col-lected by centrifugation at10,621g for20min.Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)was used to identify the expression of the fusion protein.The cell pellet was resuspended in buffer A con-taining20mM Tris-HCl(pH8.0),500mM NaCl, and1mM EDTA by gentle shaking for20min,and then disrupted with JN-3000PLUS low-temperature ultra-high-pressure continuous flow cell crusher(JNBIO, Guangzhou,China)at the following conditions:diluted bac-teria concentration of18%by buffer A,crushing pressure of 1700bar and cooling temperature of38C.The lysate was then centrifuged at10,621g for30min at48C and the supernatant was subjected to purification and preparation of target peptide by chitin beads affinity chromatography. Preparation and identification of the recombinant peptide DBAYLThe supernatant(1.5l)was passed through a column (4.5cmÂ20cm)packed with25ml chitin beads at a flow rate of0.5ml/min.After the supernatant was loaded on the column,the flow rate was raised to2ml/min and the column was thoroughly washed with more than10bed volume of buffer A.Then80ml of buffer B containing 20mM Tris-HCl(pH8.0),500mM NaCl,1mM EDTA, and100mM b-mercaptoethanol was then quickly passed through the column to distribute b-mercaptoethanol evenly throughout the resin and the column flow was stopped.The column was incubated at258C for24h.Fractions contain-ing DBAYL were obtained by eluting the column with buffer A.Then the recombinant peptide DBAYL was puri-fied and prepared by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)system using4.6mmÂ150mm 300SB-C18Sep-Pak column(Agilent Technologies, Beijing,China)through gradient elution with increasing concentration of acetonitrile from2%to55%for45min at 1ml/min.The eluate containing DBAYL was dried by ly-ophilization.Prepared DBAYL at a final concentration of 1mg/ml in45%acetonitrile containing0.1%trifluoroacetic acid was analyzed by4000Q TRAP electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry(ESI-MS;Applied Biosystems,Foster City,USA).Peptide concentrations were determined by com-paring the OD280values of peptide stock solutions in the assay buffer with the predicted extinction coefficient[20]. Stability assayDBAYL,BAY55-9837,PACAP38,or VIP at a final concen-tration of1mg/ml in20mM sodium phosphate buffer(pH 8.0)containing150mM sodium chloride were incubated at 378C.At different time points,samples were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry,a rapid and sensitive method to detect degradation of polypep-tide in these formulations.A2-ml sample was injected into HPLC-ESI-MS system containing 1.0mmÂ150mm300 SB-C18Sep-Pak(Agilent Technologies,Santa Clara,USA) column and analyzed under the condition of increasing con-centration of acetonitrile from2%to55%for55min at 0.05ml/min by HPLC-ESI-MS system.Competition receptor binding assayThe potential of DBAYL to displace[125I]PACAP38 and[125I]VIP by competitively binding to the human VPAC2receptor was examined in VPAC2-CHO cell mem-brane prepared previously[7].Briefly,10mg of membrane was incubated with0.1nM[125I]PACAP38(Phoenix Pharmaceuticals,Mountain View,USA)or[125I]VIP (PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences,Boston,USA) in the presence of increasing concentrations of DBAYL peptide,in a total volume of100ml of20mM HEPES (pH7.4)containing150mM NaCl,0.5%BSA,2mM MgCl2,and0.1mg/ml bacitracin at378C.After being incu-bated for20min,the membrane was collected on GF/C filters pretreated with0.1%polyethylenimine.The filters were washed with25mM cold Na3PO4containing1% BSA and counted on a gamma counter.Non-specific binding was defined as the residual binding in the presence of1mM recombinant PACAP38(i.e.rPACAP38)or VIP and was always,20%of the total binding.The assay of PACAP38,VIP,and BAY55-9837were taken as the positive controls.[K15,R16,L27]VIP(1–7)/GRF(8–27),a VPAC1-specific agonist,was used as the negative control in the receptor binding assay[21].Each assay was per-formed at least three times.Assay of cAMP accumulation induced by DBAYL Human PACAP receptor-transfected cells,VPAC1-CHO, VPAC2-CHO,and PAC1-CHO cells,cultured in the Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium at378C were scraped off with rubber policeman and washed with PBS twice. The density of the cells was adjusted to2Â106cells/ml. DBAYL or rPACAP38was added to the500-ml cell sus-pension,and the concentrations of the peptide were ranged from1Â10212to1Â1025M.The mixtures were incu-bated at378C for5min,then two volumes of0.2M HCl was added,and the mixtures were incubated at room tem-perature for another20min.Cells were lysed by pipetting up and down until the suspension was homogeneous.The precipitate was removed by centrifugation at225g for 10min,and the supernatant was transferred into test tube and cAMP concentrations were measured by using the cyclic AMP enzyme immunoassay kit(Cayman Chemical Company,Ann Arbor,USA).Western blot analysis of IRS-1and GLUT4induced by DBAYLCell culture and induction of3T3-L1adipocytes were carried out as described previously[22].DifferentiatedPACAP-derived peptide promotes glucose uptake and glucose-dependent insulin secretionActa Biochim Biophys Sin(2012)|Volume44|Issue11|Page950 at Jinan University on November 16, 2014 / Downloaded from3T3-L1adipocytes were incubated with100nM insulin for 20min[23].After being washed twice with PBS buffer, differentiated3T3-L1adipocytes were cultured for48h in medium,respectively,containing0and1m M of DBAYL, BAY55-9837or VIP.Then the total protein was extracted. After the total protein was separated by12%SDS-PAGE and transferred onto poly(vinylidene difluoride)membranes (Immobilon P;Millipore,Billerica,USA),the membranes were incubated with the IRS-1rabbit mAb(Cell Signaling Technology,Boston,USA)or anti-GLUT4antibody(Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Santa Cruz,USA)for2h at room temperature.The horseradish peroxide(HRP)-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit IgG(Immunology Consultants Laboratory, Portland,USA)or sheep-anti-mouse HRP-IgG(BioFX Laboratories,Owings Mills,USA)was used as the second antibody.Protein bands were visualized by using an ECL kit(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)and densitometric analysis of the results of western blot was performed with image analysis software[24].To evaluate the effect of DBAYL on GLUT4translocat-ing to the plasma membrane,differentiated3T3-L1adipo-cytes were incubated with100nM insulin for20min.After being washed twice with PBS buffer,differentiated3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured for48h in medium containing 1m M of DBAYL.Another experiment group that differen-tiated3T3-L1adipocytes were cultured for48h in medium containing1m M of DBAYL without insulin treatment to determine whether the manner of the DBAYL effect on GLUT4translocating to the plasma membrane is insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent.Then plasma membrane lawns were prepared by sonic-ation as described previously[25].GLUT4contents of the plasma membrane lawns were determined by immunoblot-ting using anti-GLUT4antibody performed with an ECL kit. Effect of DBAYL on glucose uptake activity Differentiated3T3-L1adipocytes were incubated with 100nM insulin for20min[23].After being washed twice with PBS buffer,the3T3-L1adipocytes were cultured for 48h in medium,respectively,containing0,1,and5m M of DBAYL or BAY55-9837.The glucose level of the cell culture supernatants was determined with Glucose assay kit-glucose oxidase method(Applygen Technologies Inc., Beijing,China).Effect of DBAYL on insulin release and glucose disposal in ICR miceEighteen male ICR mice weighing25–30g were housed at room temperature on a12/12h light/dark cycle.ICR mice fasted over-night(12h)and were randomly divided into three groups according to their weight(six per group).The prepared DBAYL(0.5m g/kg)that is dissolved in the normal saline was intraperitoneally injected into the ICRmice and10min later,glucose dissolved in distilled water(2g/kg)was given to ICR mice by gavage.The experimen-tal groups with the same dose or volume of BAY55-9837and rPACAP38were as positive controls and the groupswith normal saline as a negative control.At15min after gavage,blood samples were collected from the tail vein andthe plasma glucose levels were determined using OneTouchUltra Meter(Johnson&Johnson,Johnson,USA)and the plasma insulin was measured using RIA kit(Linco Research,Charles,USA)in the First Affiliated Hospital ofJinan University(Guangzhou,China).ResultsExpression and preparation for DBAYLThe fusion proteins consisting of target peptide-,intein-and chitin-binding domain(i.e.DBAYL-intein-CBD)were expressed through a recombinant peptide expression vector,pKY-DBAYL,in E.coli strain ER2566.The fusion pro-teins were purified using chitin affinity column.The cleav-age of intein was induced by b-mercaptoethanol and thetarget peptide,DBAYL was released.Then the recombin-ant peptide DBAYL was further purified and prepared by reverse phase HPLC system.About28.9mg of recombin-ant DBAYL peptide over98%of purity can be obtainedfrom1l of Luria-Bertani medium.The prepared DBAYLwas analyzed and identified by ESI-MS.Figure2 showed that the molecular weight of DBAYL fromESI-MS was3916.6Da,which was consistent with the theoretical value(3916.5Da).The purity of prepared DBAYL was over98%by the analytical HPLC determin-ation method.Peptide stability improved by site-directed mutagenesisThe recombinant DBAYL was tested together withBAY55-9837,PACAP38,and VIP for stability at378C in20mM sodium phosphate buffer(pH8.0)containing150mM sodium chloride.After4weeks at378C,the main peptide peaks for BAY55-9837,PACAP38,and VIP were remarkably diminished and the slower migrating peak emerged,probably as a result of peptide degradation.Onthe other hand,DBAYL exhibited dramatic improvementin stability,losing only7.7%of the main peak.The sta-bility data in4weeks showed that the half-life of recom-binant DBAYL was about25folds compared with that ofBAY55-9837in vitro,and the half-life of wild-type PACAP38and VIP is slightly shorter than the BAY55-9837in vitro(Fig.3).DBAY L selectively binding to VPAC2receptorHuman VPAC2receptor-transfected cells,and VPAC2-CHO cells,were used for competition receptor binding petition binding of[125I]PACAP38or[125I]VIPPACAP-derived peptide promotes glucose uptake and glucose-dependent insulin secretionActa Biochim Biophys Sin(2012)|Volume44|Issue11|Page951at Jinan University on November 16, 2014/Downloaded fromon membranes purified from CHO cells identified DBAYL as a VPAC2-selective peptide (Fig.4).DBAYL competi-tively displaced [125I]PACAP38from VPAC2,with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)of 48.4+6.9nM,and the IC50of the recombinant PACAP38,VIP,and BAY55-9837were 18.1+5.3,21.2+4.0,and 68.3+8.1nM,respectively [Fig.4(A)].DBAYL competitively displaced [125I]VIP from VPAC2with an IC50of 47.1+4.9nM,and the IC50for rPACAP38,VIP,and BAY55-9837at human VPAC2were 19.7+4.9,18.0+2.6,and 70.3+3.7nM,respectively [Fig.4(B)].Whereas the IC50for VIP(1–7)/GRF(8–27),an established human VPAC1-specific agonist,at human VPAC2was over 20m M.These results showed that DBAYL could competi-tively displace [125I]PACAP38and [125I]VIP by binding to human VPAC2receptor in VPAC2-CHO cells.In two com-petition receptor-binding experiments,the IC50of DBAYL was significantly lower than that of BAY55-9837,the established VPAC2-specific agonist.Receptor potency of DBAYL at PACAP receptors subtypesThe accumulation of cAMP in human PACAP receptor-transfected cells (VPAC1-CHO,VPAC2-CHO,andPAC1-Figure 2The ESI-MS of the prepared recombinant DBAYL Prepared DBAYL at 1mg/ml in 45%acetonitrile containing 0.1%TFA was analyzedby electrospray ionization time-of-flight massspectrometry.Figure 3Stability analysis of peptides at 1mg/ml in aqueous solution during incubation at 378C Sample (2-ml)was injected into HPLC-ESI-MS system and analyzed under the condition of increasing concentration of acetonitrile from 2%to 55%for 55min at 0.05ml/min.PACAP-derived peptide promotes glucose uptake and glucose-dependent insulin secretionActa Biochim Biophys Sin (2012)|Volume 44|Issue 11|Page 952at Jinan University on November 16, 2014/Downloaded fromCHO cells)was used as an index of the agonist activity.DBAYL was a potent agonist for the VPAC2receptor with a half-maximal stimulatory concentration (EC50)of 0.68nM.However,the receptor potency of DBAYL at human VPAC1(EC50of 737nM;Fig.5)was only 1/1083of that at human VPAC2,and DBAYL had no activity toward human PAC1receptor.Three receptors subtypes are both activated by rPACAP38.rPACAP38was a potent agonist at human PAC1with an EC50of 0.57nM,and the EC50for rPACAP38at human VPAC1and VPAC2receptor were 0.97and 0.99nM,respect-ively (Fig.5).These results showed that DBAYL was a VPAC2-spcific agonist with high potency and bioactivity,whereas rPACAP38could active human PAC1,VPAC1,and VPAC2receptor with different affinity.In vitro effects of DBAYL on the key proteins in insulin receptor signaling pathwayThe expression levels of IRS1,a key and essential protein for insulin signal transduction and GLUT4,an important rate-limiting factor of the glucose transport,were signifi-cantly increased in differentiated 3T3-L1adipocytes treated with DBAYL.Figure 6(A)showed that the insulin-stimulated IRS1and GLUT4expression levels in differentiated 3T3-L1adipo-cytes treated with DBAYL were 3.1and 2.9folds,respect-ively,of that in blank control group without DBAYL treatment.The effects of increasing IRS1and GLUT4ex-pression by DBAYL were significantly stronger than VIP and BAY55-9837.Simultaneously,GLUT4of translocating to the plasma membrane was significantly increased in differentiated 3T3-L1adipocytes treated with DBAYL.Figure 6(B)Figure 5Induced cAMP accumulation by DBAYL or PACAP38in CHO-VPAC2,CHO-VPAC1,and CHO-PAC1cells Results are expressed as the percentage of maximum cAMP accumulation by PACAP38.Data are the mean of three separateexperiments.Figure 6Effect of DBAYL on IRS-1and GLUT4protein expression (A)and GLUT4translocation (B)in 3T3-L1adipocytes Results of changes of GLUT4level by densitometric analysis.2,control group;þ,positive group;P ,0.01,(A):DBAYL(þ)group compared with DBAYL(2)group;(B):DBAYL(þ)/Insulin(þ)group compared with DBAYL(2)/Insulin(2)group;P ,0.05,(A):DBAYL(þ)group compared with BAY55-9837(þ)group or VIP(þ)group;(B):DBAYL(þ)/Insulin(2)group compared with DBAYL(2)/Insulin(2)group;DBAYL(þ)/Insulin(þ)group compared with DBAYL(2)/Insulin(þ)group.Figure 4Displacement of [125I]PACAP38(A)or [125I]VIP (B)by DBAYL,rPACAP38,VIP,BAY55-9837,and VIP(1–7)/GRF(8–27)in membranes purified from CHO cells expressing human VPAC2The results are expressed as percentage of maximum binding to [125I]PACAP38or [125I]VIP.PACAP-derived peptide promotes glucose uptake and glucose-dependent insulin secretionActa Biochim Biophys Sin (2012)|Volume 44|Issue 11|Page 953at Jinan University on November 16, 2014/Downloaded fromshowed that DBAYL treatment and combined treatment of insulin plus DBAYL significantly increased the GLUT4translocation to the plasma membrane by 51%,which was agreed well with the glucose uptake results.Lower doses of insulin could also increase GLUT4translocation,and com-bined treatment of insulin plus DBAYL could more effect-ively promote GLUT4translocation to the plasma membrane.As a VPAC2-specific agonist,DBAYL may sig-nificantly increase the GLUT4translocation to the plasma membrane in a non-insulin-dependent manner,and DBAYL had the biological synergistic effect with insulin on GLUT4translocation.DBAYL promoted glucose uptake activity of differentiated 3T3-L1adipocytesGlucose uptake activity of differentiated 3T3-L1adipocytes treated with different concentrations of DBAYL was all sig-nificantly improved in different degrees.Figure 7showed that 1and 5m M of DBAYL increased glucose uptake of differen-tiated 3T3-L1adipocytes by 43%and 49%,respectively.Improvement effect of DBAYL was better than BAY55-9837at the same concentration.As shown in Fig.7,1and 5m M of BAY55-9837increased glucose uptake of differ-entiated 3T3-L1adipocytes by 16%and 34%,respectively.In vivo effects of DBAYL on insulin release and glucose disposal in ICR miceAs shown in Table 1,compared with normal saline group,recombinant DBAYL (0.5m g/kg)obviously promoted the insulin release and decreased the level of plasma glucose after giving glucose by gavage in ICR mice.Furthermore,the results showed that the biological effects of DBAYL were significantly better than BAY55-9837and rPACAP38.Because of acting on three receptors subtypes,rPACAP38can not effectively decreased the plasma glucose level of ICR mice after glucose gavage.DiscussionAt present,the main approach to treat type 2diabetes is to maintain euglycemia through administration of sulfonylurea drugs that increase insulin levels or by injecting insulin itself.Both therapies produce significant bouts of hypoglycemia,because their onset of action is independent of the prevailing level of glucose.New therapies that retain or enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion would be a significant advance,since they would avoid the risk of hypoglycemia.PACAP could activate both VPAC1and VPAC2.VPAC2activation enhances glucose disposal by stimulating insulin secretion while VPAC1activation elevates hepatic glucose output [26].Wild-type PACAP could not effective-ly lower blood sugar in vivo because the increase in glucose production may offset the increase in insulin secre-tion.Therefore,clinical treatment of diabetes requires a VPAC2-specific agonist that would enhance pancreatic b cell insulin release without causing increased glucose pro-duction [27].VPAC2-specific agonists such as BAY55-9837,Ro25-1553,and hexanoyl-VIP (C6-VIP)produced by chemical synthesis have been demonstrated to induce insulin secretion from b cells in a glucose-dependent manner [28].In this report,we provide a novel gene recombinant PACAP-derived peptide that is a VPAC2-specific agonist with high stability.Our previous studies had shown that BAY55-9837and some other polypeptides had potential in-stability due to either oxidation or deamidation because of several certain amino acid composition [7,19].Stability ana-lysis showed that the prepared DBAYL with four mutations (N10Q,V18L,N29Q,and M added to the N-terminus)were much more stable than BAY55-9837,wild-type PACAP,and VIP.DBAYL lost only 7.7%of the main peak during the 4-week incubation at 378C,and the half-life of DBAYL was about 25folds compared with that of BAY55-9837in vitro .Compared with three previously studied VPAC2agonists,BAY55-9837,hexanoyl-VIP (C6-VIP),and Ro 25-1553[14,18],or wild-type PACAP and VIP,there was one methio-nine at the N-terminus of the recombinant DBAYL,which may effectively close the N-terminal sequence H-S-that is highly sensitive to the dipeptidyl peptidase IV that widely exists in organism.And closing of enzyme-sensitive sequences at the N-terminus may improve the stability and half-life of the peptide in vivo.From bioactivity assay of DBAYL,the methionine at the N-terminus should have no effect on the high flexibility of the N-terminal region of DBAYL,and the receptor potency of DBAYL at human VPAC2maintains highly selective activity.Except for the methionine at the N-terminus of DBAYL,other three muta-tions (N10Q,V18L,and N29Q)were simultaneously intro-duced into the peptide sequence by DNA recombination to avoid deamidation and improve the soluble (data notshown).Figure 7Effect of DBAYL or BAY55-9837on glucose uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1adipocytes Data are shown as the mean +SE of three independent experiments.*P ,0.05and **P ,0.01vs.DBAYL or BAY55-9837treatment (0m M).PACAP-derived peptide promotes glucose uptake and glucose-dependent insulin secretionActa Biochim Biophys Sin (2012)|Volume 44|Issue 11|Page 954at Jinan University on November 16, 2014/Downloaded from。
电气专业英语课文翻译
An electric circuit (or network) is an interconnection of physical electrical device. The purpose of electric circuits is to distribute and convert energy into some other forms. Accordingly, the basic circuit components are an energy source (or sources), an energy converter (or converters) and conductors connecting them.电路（或者网络）是物理电气设备的一种互相连接。
电路的目的是为了将能量分配和转换到另外一种形式中。
因此，基本的电路元件包括电源、电能转换器以及连接它们的导体。
An energy source (a primary or secondary cell, a generator and the like) converts chemical, mechanical, thermal or some other forms of energy into electric energy. An energy converter, also called load (such as a lamp, heating appliance or electric motor), converts electric energy into light, heat, mechanical work and so on.电源（原生电池或者再生电池、发电机等类似装备）将化学能量、机械能量，热能或者其他形式的能量转换成电能。
电能转换器（也称为负载，如灯泡、电热器或者电动机）将电能转换成光、热、机械运动等等。
Analysis_of_DC-Link_Capacitor_Losses_in
15
200
Capacitor Losses (W)
2-L / NPC Casc H-Br 150
ESR (mOhms)
10
100
5
50
0 10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 1. ESR – frequency characteristic of a 4.7mF / 450V capacitor [5].
2 P = ∑ RC ( f h ) ⋅ I h , rms h
(1)
Losses affect the capacitor lifetime, since they cause heat dissipation and thermal stress. A factor KRipple is used by capacitor manufacturers to quantify the effect of current ripple on capacitor lifetime.
II.
CAPACITOR ESR CHARACTERISTICS
The Equivalent Series Resistance of a DC-link capacitor varies with the frequency of the capacitor current. A typical ESR – frequency characteristic is illustrated in Fig. 1 [5]. In case that more than one current harmonics h, with rms values Ih,rms and frequencies fh flow through the capacitor, the losses P occurring on the capacitor’s ESR can be calculated using equation (1) below, where RC(fh) stands for the value of ESR at frequency fh.
化工原理英文教材流体流动的基本方程Basic equations of fluid flow
F Mb Ma
The momentum flow rate M of a fluid tream having a mass flow rate m and all moving at a velocity u equals mu
F mub ua
It is true if the velocity u is an average velocity at the cross section.
Ma a
Mb b
Assuming that the flow is steady and flows in the x direction.
The sum of forces acting in the x direction equals the difference between the momentum leaving with the fluid per unit time and that brought in per unit time by the fluid or
If u varies from point to point in the cross section of stream, however, the total momentum flow does not equal the product of mass flow rate and average velocity
the component of the gravity in the direction of flow
Fg cos A 0
From this equation, noting that A=bL and Fg=ρrLbg
So
Ram air fan motor cooling
专利名称：Ram air fan motor cooling发明人：Hipsky, Harold W.,Colson, Darryl A.申请号：EP11174373.8申请日：20110718公开号：EP2409919A3公开日：20140226专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A ram air fan assembly (10) includes a ram air fan (12) disposed at a fan inlet (14)and a ram air fan motor (20) operably connected to the ram air fan (12). A blower (46) is operably connected to the ram air fan (12) and is configured to redirect a cooling flow(32) across the ram air fan motor (20) from a substantially axially directed flow to asubstantially radially directed flow thereby increasing the cooling flow (32) across the ram air fan motor (20). A method of cooling a ram air fan assembly (10) includes urging a cooling flow (32) toward the ram air fan motor (20) and is directed across the ram air fan motor (20) thus removing thermal energy from the ram air fan motor (20). The cooling flow (32) proceeds across a blower (46) operably connected to the ram air fan motor (20), thus directing the cooling flow (32) substantially radially outwardly toward the fan inlet (14).申请人：Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation地址：One Hamilton Road Windsor Locks, CT 06096-1010 US国籍：US代理机构：Leckey, David Herbert更多信息请下载全文后查看。
新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U9
Activity 2
Many people use eye drops to treat a range of eye problems or to relieve dry eyes or red eyes. Make a detailed list of the steps to instruct your readers to correctly apply eye drops.
2. Process analysis may also perform the function of persuasion.
Decide on the type of the process
1. The process analysis is mainly directional or informational.
Step 1: Preparing 1. Wash your hands with soap and water and dry them with a clean towel or a paper towel. If soap and water aren’t available, you can use hand sanitizer instead. 2. If directed on the label or by your doctor or pharmacist, gently shake the bottle.
Tools: bottle of eye drops, sanitizer or soap and water to clean your hands, some tissues or other cloth to wipe away excess drops from around your eyes.
高压注射器针筒的组成部件 英文名称
高压注射器针筒的组成部件英文名称The Composition of a High-Pressure Syringe BarrelThe high-pressure syringe barrel is a critical component in various medical and industrial applications that require the precise delivery of fluids or gases under high pressure. This specialized syringe barrel is designed to withstand the significant forces generated during the injection process, ensuring reliable and consistent performance. The composition of a high-pressure syringe barrel is a carefully engineered combination of materials and features that contribute to its overall functionality and durability.At the core of the high-pressure syringe barrel is the barrel itself which serves as the primary container for the fluid or gas to be injected. This barrel is typically made from a high-strength material such as stainless steel or a specialized polymer, ensuring it can withstand the high pressure without compromising its structural integrity. The barrel is precisely machined to maintain consistent wall thickness and internal dimensions, allowing for the accurate and controlled delivery of the desired volume of fluid or gas.Surrounding the barrel is the plunger which is responsible for theactual injection or withdrawal of the fluid or gas. The plunger is designed to create a tight seal within the barrel, preventing any leakage or backflow during the injection process. The plunger is often made from a resilient and chemically resistant material such as PTFE or a specialized elastomer, ensuring a long service life and compatibility with a wide range of fluids and gases.To facilitate the smooth and controlled movement of the plunger within the barrel a lubrication system is incorporated into the design. This lubrication system typically consists of a thin layer of a specialized lubricant applied to the inner surface of the barrel and the outer surface of the plunger. The lubricant helps to minimize friction and wear, ensuring the plunger can be easily and precisely manipulated during the injection or withdrawal process.Another key component of the high-pressure syringe barrel is the tip or nozzle which is responsible for the actual delivery of the fluid or gas. The tip is designed to provide a controlled and directed flow of the material, ensuring it reaches the intended target with the desired level of pressure and accuracy. The tip may be made from a variety of materials depending on the specific application, such as stainless steel for medical applications or specialized ceramics for industrial uses.To ensure the safe and effective operation of the high-pressuresyringe barrel a number of safety features are incorporated into the design. These may include pressure relief valves that can automatically release excess pressure to prevent the barrel from rupturing, as well as various locking mechanisms to secure the plunger in place and prevent accidental discharge.The overall composition of the high-pressure syringe barrel is a carefully engineered balance of materials, design features, and safety mechanisms that work together to provide a reliable and precise delivery system for a wide range of fluids and gases. From the high-strength barrel to the specialized lubricants and safety features, each component plays a crucial role in ensuring the syringe can withstand the demanding conditions of high-pressure applications while maintaining a high level of performance and reliability.。
asco阀门安全仪表系统用电磁阀使用手册-iec 61508说明书
I&M V 9629 R6 Solenoid Valves used in SafetyInstrumented SystemsASCO Valves ®Page 1 of 7Table of Contents1 I ntroduction (3)1.1 Terms and Abbreviations (3)1.2 Acronyms (3)2 Designing a Safety Instrumented Function using an ASCO Solenoid Valve (4)2.1 Safety Function (4)2.2 Environmental limits (4)2.3 Application limits (4)2.4 Design Verification (4)2.5 SIL Capability (5)2.5.1 Systematic Integrity (5)2.5.2 Random Integrity (5)3 Installation and Commissioning (5)3.1 Installation (5)3.2 Response Time (6)4 Operation and Maintenance (6)4.1 Proof test without automatic testing (6)4.2 Proof test with automatic partial valve stroke testing (6)4.3 Repair and replacement (7)4.4 ASCO Notification (7)5 ASCO Solenoid Pilot Valves Covered (7)6 Status of the document (7)6.1 Releases (7)1 IntroductionThis Operating Manual provides the necessary information to design, install, verify and maintain a Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) utilizing an ASCO Solenoid Valve. This manual provides necessary requirements for meeting the IEC 61508 or IEC 61511 functional safety standards.1.1 Terms and Abbreviations• Process Valve Any valve that is used to control the flow of media being used in a process.For the purpose of this document, this is usually a 2-way valve whosemovement is being controlled by an actuator and pilot valve.• Pilot Valve A 3-way or 4-way valve that is used to send or remove pressurized mediato and from an actuator for the opening and closing of a process valve.• Direct Acting Refers to a solenoid valves main orifice that is opened and closed as adirect result of the solenoid valves electromagnetic movement when thecoil is energized and de-energized.• Indirect Acting Refers to a solenoid valve’s main orifice that is opened and closed as aresult of fluid flow being directed from the electromagnetic 3-way solenoidpilot.• Safety Freedom from unacceptable risk of harm• Functional Safety The ability of a system to carry out the actions necessary to achieve or tomaintain a defined safe state for the equipment / machinery / plant /apparatus under control of the system• Basic Safety The equipment must be designed and manufactured such that it protectsagainst risk of damage to persons by electrical shock and other hazardsand against resulting fire and explosion. The protection must be effectiveunder all conditions of the nominal operation and under single faultcondition• Safety Assessment The investigation to arrive at a judgment - based on evidence - of thesafety achieved by safety-related systems• Fail-Safe State The state where the solenoid is de-energized and its return spring holdsthe pilot in the closed position.• Fail Safe Failure that causes the valve to go to the defined fail-safe state without ademand from the process.• Fail Dangerous Failure that does not respond to a demand from the process (i.e. beingunable to go to the defined fail-safe state).• Fail Dangerous Undetected (DU) Failure that is dangerous and that is not being diagnosed byautomatic stroke testing.• Fail Dangerous Detected (DD) Failure that is dangerous but is detected by automatic stroke testing.• Fail No Effect Failure of a component that is part of the safety function but that has noeffect on the safety function.• Low Demand Mode Mode, where the frequency of demands for operation made on a safety-related system is no greater than twice the proof test frequency.1.2 Acronyms• FMEDA Failure Modes, Effects and Diagnostic Analysis• HFT Hardware Fault Tolerance• MOC Management of Change: These are specific procedures often done whenperforming any work activities in compliance with government regulatoryauthorities.• PFD AVG Average Probability of Failure on Demand• SFF Safe Failure Fraction, the fraction of the overall failure rate of a device thatresults in either a safe fault or a diagnosed unsafe fault.• SIF Safety Instrumented Function, a set of equipment intended to reduce therisk due to a specific hazard (a safety loop).• SIL Safety Integrity Level, discrete level (one out of a possible four) forspecifying the safety integrity requirements of the safety functions to beallocated to the E/E/PE safety-related systems where Safety Integrity Level4 has the highest level of safety integrity and Safety Integrity Level 1 hasthe lowest.• SIS Safety Instrumented System – Implementation of one or more SafetyInstrumented Functions. A SIS is composed of any combination ofsensor(s), logic solver(s), and final element(s).2 D esigning a Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) using an ASCOSolenoid Valve2.1 Safety FunctionWhen de-energized, the ASCO Solenoid Pilot Valve moves to its fail-safe position. Depending on the solenoid specified Normally Closed (NC) or Normally Open (NO), the valve will supply the fluid media or vent the fluid media depending on the piping of the installation. Please note that the solenoid pilot valve must be piped to the actuator in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and allowable desired function.The valve is intended to be part of final element subsystem as defined per IEC 61508 and the achieved SIL level of the designed function must be verified by the designer.2.2 Environmental limitsThe environmental limits of each solenoid are specified in the products respective catalog and Installation & Maintenance Instructions. The designer of a SIF must check that the product is rated for use within the expected environmental limits.2.3 Application limitsThe application limits of an ASCO Solenoid are specified in the products respective catalog and Installation & Maintenance Instructions. It is especially important that the designer check for material compatibility considering on-site chemical contaminants and air supply conditions. If the solenoid valve is used outside of the application limits or with incompatible materials, the reliability data provided becomes invalid.2.4 Design Verification• A detailed Failure Mode, Effects, and Diagnostics Analysis (FMEDA) report is available from ASCO.This report details all failure rates and failure modes as well as the expected lifetime.•The achieved Safety Integrity Level (SIL) of an entire Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) design must be verified by the designer via a calculation of PFD avg considering redundant architectures, proof test interval, proof test effectiveness, any automatic diagnostics, average repair time and the specific failure rates of all products included in the SIF. Each subsystem must be checked to assure compliance with minimum hardware fault tolerance (HFT) requirements. The Exida exSILentia tool is recommended for this work.•When using an ASCO Solenoid in a redundant configuration, a common cause factor of 5% should be included in safety integrity calculations.•The failure rate data listed the FMEDA report is only valid for the useful life time of an ASCO Solenoid.The failure rates will increase sometime after this time period. Reliability calculations based on the data listed in the FMEDA report for mission times beyond the lifetime may yield results that are too optimistic, i.e. the calculated Safety Integrity Level will not be achieved.2.5 SIL Capability2.5.1 Systematic IntegrityThe product has met manufacturer design process requirements of Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 3. These are intended to achieve sufficient integrity against systematic errors of design by the manufacturer. A Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) designed with this product must not be used at a SIL level higher than the statement without “prior use” justification by end user or diverse technology redundancy in the design.2.5.2 Random IntegrityThe solenoid valve is a Type A Device. Therefore when used the only component in a final element subassembly, a design can meet SIL 3 @ HFT=1 and SIL 2 @ HFT=0.When the final element assembly consists of many components (solenoid valve, quick exhaust valve, actuator, isolation valve, etc.) the SIL must be verified for the entire assembly using failure rates from all components. This analysis must account for any hardware fault tolerance and architecture constraints.3 Installation and Commissioning3.1 Installation•The ASCO Solenoid valve must be installed per standard installation practices outlined in the Installation Manual.•The environment must be checked to verify that environmental conditions do not exceed the ratings.•The ASCO Solenoid must be accessible for physical inspection.•Instrument Air Filtration: These solenoids are intended for use on clean, dry air or inert gas filtered to50 microns or better. To prevent freezing, the dew point of the media should be at least 18°F(10°C)below the minimum temperature to which any portion of the clean air or gas system could be exposed.Instrument air in compliance with ANSI/ISA Standard S7.3-1975 (R1981) exceeds the above requirements and is, therefore, an acceptable medium for these valves.• It is the operator’s responsibility to only use design options such as latches, when it is safe to do so.• Typical 3-way pilot valve piping configurations:a. 1 out-of 1 – This is the most common pilot valve configuration used.b. 2 out-of 2 – This is commonly used for high availability applications. In the case that onesolenoid valve was to spuriously trip, the second solenoid still maintains the position of theactuator/process valve at its operating state. Both solenoids must close in order to shift theactuator/process valve to its non-operating state.3.2 Response TimeThe response time of a solenoid pilot valve will vary by design. The factors that affect response time are pilot valve orifice size, operating pressure, size of actuator, torque required to open and close process valve, and distance between pilot valve and actuator. It is the responsibility of the end user to use a pilot valve that delivers the correct opening and closing time of the process valve required for the application.4 Operation and Maintenance4.1 Proof test without automatic testingThe objective of proof testing is to detect failures within an ASCO Solenoid that are not detected by any automatic diagnostics of the system. Of main concern are undetected failures that prevent the safety instrumented function from performing its intended function.The frequency of proof testing, or the proof test interval, is to be determined in reliability calculations for the safety instrumented functions for which an ASCO Solenoid is applied. The proof tests must be performed more frequently than or as frequently as specified in the calculation in order to maintain the required safety integrity of the safety instrumented function.The following proof test is recommended. Any failures that are detected and that compromise functional safety should be reported to ASCO.Table 11Bypass the safety PLC or take other appropriate action to avoid a false trip, following company Management of Change (MOC) procedures2Inspect the external parts of the solenoid valve for dirty or clogged ports and other physical damage. Do not attempt disassembly of the valve.the 3De-energize the solenoid coil and observe that the actuator and valve move. Energize solenoid after a small movement of the valve.4Inspect the solenoid for dirt, corrosion or excessive moisture. Clean if necessary and take corrective action to properly clean the air supply. This is done to avoid incipient failures due todirty air.5Record a n y failures i n your c o m p a n y’s S I F i n s p e c t i o n d a t a b a s e. Restore the loop t o full operation.6Remove the bypass from the safety PLC or otherwise restore normal operationThis test will detect approximately 99% of possible DU failures in the solenoid (Proof Test Coverage).The person(s) performing the proof test of an ASCO Solenoid should be trained in SIS operations, including bypass procedures, solenoid maintenance and company Management of Change procedures. No special tools are required.4.2 Proof test with automatic partial valve stroke testingAn automatic partial valve stroke testing scheme that performs a full stroke of the solenoid valve and measures valve movement timing will detect most potentially dangerous failure modes. It is recommended that a physical inspection (Step 2 from Table 1) be performed on a periodic basis with the time interval determined by plant conditions. Maximum inspection interval is five years but an annual inspection is recommended.4.3 Repair and replacementAccording to section 7.4.7.4 of IEC 61508-2 a useful lifetime based on experience, should be assumed. General field knowledge suggests that most solenoid valves have a useful life of 3 to 10 years, but may be longer depending on the valve series and other factors.It is the responsibility of the end user to establish a preventative maintenance process to replace all solenoids before the end of the useful life.4.4 ASCO NotificationAny failures that are detected and that compromise functional safety should be reported to ASCO Valve. Please contact ASCO customer service.5 ASCO Solenoid Pilot Valves CoveredSelect ASCO valves from the following series have been evaluated per IEC 61508 parts 1 and 2 and covered under this document:∙8314 Series - 3-Way Direct Acting Pilot Valves∙8320 Series - 3-Way Direct Acting Pilot Valves∙8316 Series - 3-Way Indirect Acting Pilot Valves∙551, 552, 553 Series - 3 and 4-Way Indirect Acting Pilot Valves∙8317, 8320, 8321 Series - 3-Way Harsh Environment Pilot Valves∙327/8327 Series - 3-Way Direct Acting Pilot Valves.∙126 Series - 3-Way Direct Acting Pilot Valves.∙8317 Series – 3-Way Piloting Quick Exhaust valve∙307 Series - 3-Way Direct Acting Pilot Valves∙364 Series – 3-Way Spool Valves∙362/562 Series – 3-Way and 4-Way Spool Valves6 Status of the document6.1 ReleasesRevision: GECN Number: 264756Release status: V9629 Initial Release on 02/18/11。
强连通分量的英文
强连通分量的英文Strongly Connected ComponentsIn the realm of graph theory, the concept of strongly connected components (SCCs) plays a pivotal role in understanding the intricate relationships and structures within a directed graph. A strongly connected component is a subgraph of a directed graph in which every pair of vertices is reachable from one another, meaning that there exists a directed path between any two vertices in the component.The identification and analysis of strongly connected components have numerous applications in various fields, including computer science, social network analysis, and transportation networks. By understanding the SCCs within a directed graph, we can gain valuable insights into the connectivity and flow of information, resources, or influence within the system.One of the fundamental algorithms used to identify strongly connected components is Kosaraju's algorithm, named after its inventor, Sargent Shunting. This algorithm is a two-pass algorithm that leverages the properties of directed graphs and the concept oftopological sorting to efficiently determine the strongly connected components.The first step of Kosaraju's algorithm involves performing a depth-first search (DFS) on the graph, starting from an arbitrary vertex. During this DFS, the algorithm keeps track of the finishing times of each vertex, meaning the order in which vertices are finished (or fully explored) during the search. This step is crucial, as the finishing times will be used to guide the second pass of the algorithm.In the second step, the algorithm performs another DFS, but this time, it starts from the vertices in the reverse order of their finishing times (i.e., the vertex with the highest finishing time is explored first). This reversed DFS effectively follows the paths in the reverse direction, allowing the algorithm to identify the strongly connected components.The time complexity of Kosaraju's algorithm is O(V+E), where V is the number of vertices and E is the number of edges in the directed graph. This makes it an efficient algorithm for identifying strongly connected components, even in large-scale graphs.Another important algorithm for finding strongly connected components is Tarjan's algorithm, which uses a single depth-first search to identify the SCCs. Tarjan's algorithm is also known for itsefficient use of a stack data structure and the concept of low-link values to determine the strongly connected components.The applications of strongly connected components are vast and diverse. In computer science, SCCs are used in the analysis of control flow in programs, the identification of deadlocks in concurrent systems, and the optimization of database queries. In social network analysis, SCCs can reveal the structure of influential groups and the flow of information within a network. In transportation networks, SCCs can help identify critical junctions or bottlenecks that affect the overall connectivity and efficiency of the system.Furthermore, the study of strongly connected components has led to the development of various graph-related concepts, such as the strongly connected component decomposition, which partitions a directed graph into its strongly connected components and the connections between them. This decomposition can be used to simplify the analysis and visualization of complex directed graphs, making it easier to understand the underlying structures and relationships.In conclusion, strongly connected components are a fundamental concept in graph theory with a wide range of applications. The efficient algorithms, such as Kosaraju's and Tarjan's, for identifying SCCs have contributed significantly to the understanding andanalysis of directed graphs in various domains. As technology and data-driven applications continue to evolve, the importance of strongly connected components in understanding and optimizing complex systems is likely to grow even further.。
现代物流-英文版测试题-第四章物流的组织管理问题精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版TEST BANKCHAPTER 4: ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANGERIAL ISSUES IN LOGISTICS Multiple Choice Questions (correct answers are bolded)1. ___________ and ___________ are the two basic organizational structures associated with logistics.a. Centralized; hierarchicalb. Fragmented; centralizedc. Fragmented; unifiedd. Unified; hierarchical[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]2. In a ___________ logistics structure, logistics activities are managed in multiple departments throughout an organization.a. unifiedb. fragmentedc. decentralizedd. matrix[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]3. One problem with a ___________ logistics structure is that because logistics activities are scattered throughout a firm, they likely remain subservient to the objectives of the department in which they are housed.a. fragmentedb. matrixc. decentralizedd. hierarchical[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]4. In a ___________ logistics structure, multiple logistics activities are combined into, and managed as, a single department.a. hierarchicalb. centralizedc. matrixd. unified[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]5. A ___________ logistics organization implies that the corporation maintains a single logistics department that administers the related activities for the entire company from the home office.a. centralizedb. hierarchicalc. unifiedd. command-and-control[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]6. A(n) ___________ logistics organization means that logistics-related decisions are made separately at the divisional or product group level.a. fragmentedb. decentralizedc. flexibled. agile[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]7. A primary advantage of ___________ logistics is its relative efficiency, whereas a primary advantage of ___________ logistics is its customer responsiveness.a. unified; fragmentedb. unified; decentralizedc. centralized; decentralizedd. fragmented; centralized[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]8. Which of the following is an advantage of a decentralized logistics organization?a. It can be less expensive than a centralized organization.b. There are good opportunities for freight consolidation.c. There is better control over company data.d. It can be responsive to customer service requirements.[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]9. Which of the following is an advantage of a centralized logistics organization?a. It can be less expensive than a decentralized organization.b. It has good opportunities for freight consolidation.c. It can be responsive to customer service requirements.d. It is easier to manage than a decentralized organization.[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]10. ___________ organizational design has its foundations in the command-and-control military operation, where decision making and communication often follow a top-down flow.a. Centralizedb. Unifiedc. Matrixd. Hierarchical[LO 4.2: To compare traditional and contemporary organizational design for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]11. A ___________ organizational design attempts to create an organization that is responsive to the parameters of the contemporary business environment.a. matrixb. networkc. decentralizedd. unified[LO 4.2: To compare traditional and contemporary organizational design for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]12. A key attribute of network organizational design is a shift from ___________ to___________.a. function; processb. centralization; decentralizationc. process; functiond. decentralization; centralization[LO 4.2: To compare traditional and contemporary organizational design for logistics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]13. ___________ refers to satisfying current and emerging customer needs.a. Responsivenessb. Flexibilityc. Relevancyd. Accommodation[LO 4.2: To compare traditional and contemporary organizational design for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]14. ___________ can be defined as an organization’s ability to address unexpected operational situations.a. Relevancyb. Flexibilityc. Accommodationd. Responsiveness[LO 4.2: To compare traditional and contemporary organizational design for logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]15. ___________ refers to the amount of output divided by the amount of input.a. Controlb. Monitoringc. Productivityd. Input–output analysis[LO 4.3: To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]16. Productivity improvement efforts in logistics are often directed toward ___________.a. reducing input while increasing outputb. increasing output by a greater percentage than inputs are increasedc. reducing input while holding output constantd. increasing output while holding input constant[LO 4.3: To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]17. What is the most important purpose of warehouse work rules?a. to control pilferageb. to keep employees from engaging in unproductive and potentially destructive activitiesc. to protect companies from union grievance proceduresd. to give managers control over warehouse workers[LO 4.3: To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]18. What major retailer has been testing drones within its warehouses as a potential solution to enhance productivity?a. Amazonb. Home Depotc. Walmartd. Target[LO 4.3: To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]19. A ___________ is a device used to monitor and control the actions taken by a driver and his/her vehicle.a. tachographb. tachometerc. speedometerd. regulator[LO 4.3: To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]20. ___________ refers to an organization making their unused resources available to other organizations.a. Sharing economyb. Flexibilityc. Responsivenessd. Excess capacity[LO 4.3: To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]21. ___________ is a set of generic standards used to document, implement, and demonstrate quality management and assurance systems.a. Benchmarkingb. Six Sigmac. ISO 9000d. ISO 14000[LO 4.4: To discuss quality issues in logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]22. The quality concept that emphasizes the elimination of business errors is known as___________.a. the Lean approachb. Six Sigmac. benchmarkingd. zero tolerance[LO 4.4: To discuss quality issues in logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]23. ___________ refers to the integration of Six Sigma and the Lean approach.a. ISO 9000b. Quality managementc. Supply chain managementd. Lean Six Sigma[LO 4.4: To discuss quality issues in logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]24. What is a key difference between IS0 9000 and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award?a. Only the Baldrige Award focuses on quality.b. The Baldrige Award is more externally focused than is ISO 9000.c. ISO 9000 is more externally focused than the Baldrige Award.d. ISO 9000 focuses more on lean practices than does the Baldrige Award.[LO 4.4: To discuss quality issues in logistics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]25. The ___________ has been established to identify uncertainty sources that can affect the risk exposure for logistics activities.a. Perfect Orderb. Logistics Uncertainty Pyramid Modelc. Department of Homeland Securityd. Logistics Risk Factor[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]26. From a logistics perspective, two of most important government agencies incorporated into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) were the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and ___________.a. Department of Transportationb. Federal Maritime Commissionc. Surface Transportation Boardd. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Difficult; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]27. The ___________ is responsible for the security of the U.S. transportation system.a. Department of Commerceb. Department of Transportationc. Transportation Security Administration (TSA)d. U.S. State Department[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]28. ___________ refers to a program where public and private organizations work together to prevent terrorism against the United States.a. Container Security Initiative (CSI)b. Importer Security Filing (ISF) rulec. Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)d. Securing America’s Borders (SAB)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]29. The Importer Security Filing (ISF) rule requires importers to file ___________ pieces of information and carriers to file ___________ pieces of information.a. 10; 2b. 5; 5c. 2; 10d. 4; 8[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]30. Which of the following statements is false?a. Pilferage refers to employee theft.b. The time and costs associated with theft aren’t always covered by insurance.c. Some organizations avoid locating their facilities in areas characterized by high crime rates.d. Theft refers to stolen merchandise worth more than $500.[LO 4.6: To describe ways to manage theft and pilferage; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]31. The materials stolen in ___________ are usually for the employee’s own use.a. theftb. demurragec. non-monetary compensationd. pilferage[LO 4.6: To describe ways to manage theft and pilferage; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]32. What is the primary difference between pilferage and theft?a. There is no difference between the two terms.b. Pilferage involves a firm’s own employees, while theft involves efforts from outsiders.c. Theft refers to stolen merchandise worth more than $500.d. Pilferage refers to stolen merchandise worth more than $500.[LO 4.6: To describe ways to manage theft and pilferage; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]33. Approximately ___________ percent of all pirate attacks in recent years have involved petroleum tankers.a. 40b. 30c. 20d. 10[LO 4.6: To describe ways to manage theft and pilferage; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]34 The concept of logistics social responsibility, or corporate social responsibility issues that relate directly to logistics, did not emerge until which decade?a. 1970sb. 1980sc. 1990sd. 2000s[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]35. The two areas in logistics systems where most energy costs occur are ___________ and___________.a. warehousing; transportationb. packaging; transportationc. materials handling; packagingd. warehousing; materials handling[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]36. With respect to the design of warehouses, one suggestion for energy savings is to make sure that dock doors are not placed on the ___________ side of a building.a. westb. eastc. northd. south[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]37. Transportation accounts for approximately ___________ of all petroleum consumption in the United States.a. three-quartersb. two-thirdsc. one-halfd. one-third[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]38. Which of the following is not one of the three critical factors associated with the process of managing returned goods?a. why products are returnedb. whether returned goods should be managed internally or outsourced to a third partyc. how to optimize reverse logisticsd. how many products are returned[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]39. ___________ complexity refers to the growing number nodes and the associated changes to the links in the logistics system.a. Processb. Rangec. Networkd. System[LO 4.8: To articulate logistics issues associated with complexity; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]40. ___________ complexity centers on the implications associated with the increasing number of products that most companies continue to face in an effort to differentiate themselves with their customers.a. Processb. Rangec. Networkd. System[LO 4.8: To articulate logistics issues associated with complexity; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]True-False Questions1.The organization of logistics activities within a firm depends on a number of factors,including the number and location of customers and an organization’s size. (True)[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]2.In a decentralized logistics structure, logistics activities are managed in multiple departmentsthroughout an organization. (False)[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]3.One problem with a fragmented logistics structure is that because logistics activities arescattered throughout the firm, they likely remain subservient to the objectives of thedepartments in which they are housed. (True)[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]4.In a unified logistics structure, multiple logistics activities are combined into, and managedas, a single department. (True)[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]5. A centralized logistics organization generally results in better customer responsiveness than adecentralized logistics organization. (False)[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]6. A decentralized logistics organization means that logistics-related decisions are made at thedivisional or product group level and often in different geographic areas. (True)[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]7.The majority of companies employ a chief logistics officer (CLO). (False)[LO 4.1: To explain organizational structure for logistics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]8. A matrix organizational design can be very responsive to customer requirements. (True) [LO 4.2: Organizational design for logistics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]9.From a logistics perspective, a network organizational design in logistics is manifested interms of relevancy, responsiveness, and flexibility. (True)[LO 4.2: Organizational design for logistics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]10.Responsiveness refers to satisfying current and emerging customer needs. (False)[LO 4.2: Organizational design for logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]11.The postponement of product assembly and labeling until exact customer requirements areknown is an example of responsiveness. (False)[LO 4.2: Organizational design for logistics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]12.Productivity efforts in logistics are often directed at increasing the amount of output whileholding input constant. (True)[LO 4.3 To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]13.Union work rules are often very specific in the sense that job descriptions spell out theresponsibilities associated with a particular job. (True)[LO 4.3 To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Easy; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]14.Walmart has begun testing drones within its warehouses as a potential solution to enhancewarehouse productivity. (True)[LO 4.3 To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Easy; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]15.The odometer is a recording instrument that produces a continuous, timed record of the truck,its speed, and its engine speed. (False)[LO 4.3 To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]16.Wireless communications, global positioning systems, and graphical information systemsoffer tremendous opportunities to improve driver productivity. (True)[LO 4.3 To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]17.Excess capacity, or unused available space, can be unproductive because it may result in thepurchase of additional equipment or space. (True)[LO 4.3 To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]18.Coopetition is a concept that entails an organization making its unused resources available toother organizations. (False)[LO 4.3 To identify productivity issues and improvement efforts in logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]19.Logistics service quality relates to a firm’s ability to deliver products, materials, and serviceswithout defects or errors to both internal and external customers. (True)[LO 4.4 To discuss quality issues in logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]20.ISO 14000 is a set of generic standards used to document, implement, and demonstratequality management and assurance systems. (False)[LO 4.4 To discuss quality issues in logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]21.The integration of Six Sigma with the Lean approach refers to Lean Six Sigma. (True)[LO 4.4 To discuss quality issues in logistics; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]22.ISO 9000 involves organizations benchmarking themselves against organizations fromoutside their particular industry. (False)[LO 4.4 To discuss quality issues in logistics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]23.The Logistics Uncertainty Index has been established to identify uncertainty sources that canaffect the risk exposure for logistics activities. (False)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]24.Terrorism can be viewed as an illegal use of or threat of force or violence made by a group oran individual against a person, a company, or somebody’s property with a goal of menacing the target, often grounded in politics or ideology. (True)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]25.From a logistical perspective, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and theDepartment of Transportation are two of the most important government entities that were incorporated into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (False)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]26.The Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) uses biometric data to excludecertain workers from secure areas at ports and terminals. (True)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]27.Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for securing U.S. borders to protect theAmerican people and the U.S. economy. (True)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]panies that participate in the Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)are exempt from all import tariffs and all import quotas. (False)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]29.The Importer Security Filing (ISF) rule requires carriers to file 10 pieces of information andimporters to file 2 pieces of information. (False)[LO 4.5: To report on programs designed to lessen the impact of terrorism on logistics systems; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]30.Experts recommend that the best pilferage policy should be based on zero tolerance. (True) [LO 4.6: To describe ways to manage theft and pilferage; Easy; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]31.One of the most effective methods of protecting goods from theft or pilferage is to keep themmoving through the system. (True)[LO 4.6: To describe ways to manage theft and pilferage; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]32.More than 50 percent of all pirate attacks in recent years have involved petroleum tankers.(True)[LO 4.6: To describe ways to manage theft and pilferage; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]33.Logistics does not have an inherent connection to sustainability. (False)[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Easy; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]34.Potential logistics social responsibility dimensions include the environment, diversity, safety,and philanthropy, among others. (True)[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]35.Warehousing and packaging are the two areas in logistics systems where the most energycosts occur. (False)[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]36.Roof color is often overlooked as an area for warehousing energy control. (True)[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]37.Transportation accounts for about one-half of all petroleum consumption in the UnitedStates. (False)[LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]38.Reverse logistics can be four to five times more expensive than forward logistics. (True) [LO 4.7: To review the concept of logistics social responsibility; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]work complexity refers to the growing number of nodes and the associated changes to thelinks in logistics systems. (True)[LO 4.8: To articulate logistics issues associated with complexity; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]40.System complexity centers on the implications associated with the increasing number ofproducts that most companies continue to face in an effort to differentiate themselves with their customers. (False)[LO 4.8: To articulate logistics issues associated with complexity; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]。
SPE3
SPE 164503Tactics and Pitfalls in Production Decline Curve AnalysisKegang Ling, University of North Dakota, Xingru Wu, The University of Oklahoma, He Zhang, Ryder Scott Company, Jun He, University of North DakotaCopyright 2013, Society of Petroleum EngineersThis paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Production and Operations Symposium held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, 23−26 March 2013.This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.AbstractThe decline curve analysis (DCA) is one of the most important methods in production forecast. It has been widely used among all the dynamics methods to estimate recoverable hydrocarbon. Decline curve can be divided into three categories: exponential decline, hyperbolic decline, and harmonic decline. Superficially decline curve analysis is the simplest prediction method, but as we dig into the base for DCA we find that it is not as simple as we think before. The opinion that DCA just follows the production trend can lead to tremendous errors, or even ridiculous results.A good DCA requires a solid background in reservoir engineering, production engineering, and even drilling engineering. In-depth knowledge is necessary on studied reservoir, surface production facility, and the drive mechanism. In this study, several tactics developed from experience are applied to get practical and effective DCA and some pitfalls are pointed out to avoid the error or inappropriate forecast in DCA. With these tactics and pitfalls in mind, DCA can be a very useful and powerful tool in predicting recoverable hydrocarbon. Applying the established tactics and acknowledged pitfalls presented by this paper would lead to an accurate production forecast and reasonable reserves evaluation.IntroductionDecline curve analysis (DCA) has been widely used by petroleum engineers to estimate reservoir reserve, forecast production, and diagnose reservoir and well behaviors. In mature fields, oil and gas production rates decline as a function of time because of reservoir depletion. Fitting a curve through the performance history and assuming the same trend continue in the future form the basis for the DCA concept. Decline curve can be divided into three categories: exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic declines. It started with Arp’s (1945 and 1956) empiric al rate-time equation with the assumption of constant production condition, and then was further developed by Gentry (1972), Gentry and McCray (1978), and Fetkovich (1980 and 1996), McNulty and Knapp (1981), Camacho-V and Raghavan (1989), Turki et al. (1989), Valko and Lee (2010).Now it has been well accepted that the rate-time relation for production forecast is affected by the reservoir type, drive mechanism, and maturity of production. Further, many studies have been devoted into the production decline analysis.Studies related to production decline with reservoir type and drive mechanism were conducted by many investigators. Lefkovits et al. (1958) derived the exponential decline form for gravity drainage reservoirs by neglecting capillary pressure. Fetkovich (1971) constructed type curves combining the transient rate and the pseudo-steady-state decline curves and derived single-phase flow from material balance and Darcy law. Da Prat et al. (1981) derived single-phase oil flow for two-porosity reservoir in closed boundary systems. Doublet et al. (1994) developed the theoretical basis for combining transient and boundary dominated production behavior for the pressure transient solution to the diffusivity equation.Production trend analysis consists of gas, oil, and water production rates, water-oil ratio, gas-oil ratio, water cut, water- gas ratio, and condensate yield trends. These production data are usually plotted against time or cumulative production. In many situations petroleum engineers use DCA because inadequate data or time to apply material balance and inflow relationships methods. The main advantages of DCA include that: (1) it is a straightforward formulation based on historical measured data; (2) it is an accepted method for quantitative reserve determination, and it is easier to audit the reserve evaluation than the alternatives such as numerical modeling and simulation; (3) it is widely available in commercial softwareq i applications for economic evaluation. On the other hand, to use the DCA method, one has to assume that the production and time relationship will continue the same fashion whatever the dominant controlling factor is. Furthermore, it is very subjective to the shape of DCA and the analysis result is dependent on the individual’s skill and experience of analyzing production data.Recapitulation of DCAThe general Arp’s empirical rate -time equation is:q (t ) 1q = 1 .. (1)i(1 + b D i t )bWhen b = 0, Equation (1) degenerates to an exponential decline model, and when b = 1, Equation (1) yields a harmonic decline model. When 0 < b < 1, Equation (1) derives a hyperbolic decline model. The decline models are applicable to both oil and gas producers. Table 1 summarizes the equations to calculate production rate, cumulative production, nominal decline factor, effective decline factor, and time to reach interested rate for the three decline models.Note: (1) In all cases, a = -1 dq q dt - d (ln q ) = . dt(2) In all cases, D =(q i - q ) , where q i and q are separated by one time unit. iFactors that determine well production rate and decline rate include drive mechanisms, in-fill drilling, restrictions ormechanical problems in the facilities, limitations in rates, pressures or relations of fluids to be produced, and quotas and/or nominated sales volumes. Some of them are controllable by engineering intervention and some of them are beyond controls of operation. The formation and fluid characteristics, subsurface complexity, and reservoir drive mechanisms are usually categorized as uncontrollable factors. Meanwhile, some field operations such as infill drilling, artificial lift efficiency, completion improvement, and facility constraints are controllable factors. All of these factors should be considered when DCA is used. Simply following the decline trend and ignoring reservoir properties and operating conditions can introduce unacceptable errors or unreasonable reserves. A good DCA requires a solid background in reservoir engineering, production engineering, and even drilling engineering, and the engineer needs to know the depletion mechanism and the surface production constraints of the interested field. Usually exponential decline reflects volumetric oil and gas reservoirs. Hyperbolic decline is an indication of low permeability oil or gas reservoir, naturally or artificially fractured reservoir,z T p p z B istratified reservoir, weak-moderate water drive reservoir, or reservoir under enhanced oil recovery stage. During transient flow period, b value can be greater than 1.0 as field observation. Therefore production forecast during transient flow cannot represent the future reservoir performance. In the following sections, we will introduce some tactics that can benefit the production forecast and some pitfalls that should be avoided in DCA.Some Tactics in Production Forecast1) p/z vs. G p plot for overpressure gas reservoirIt is imperative for engineers to identify overpressure gas reservoir through: (1) checking offset wells or fields to see if overpressure exists; (2) if apparent gas in place (GIP) from p/z versus G p plot is much larger than the volumetric method; (3) if reservoir pressure gradient is over 0.6 psi/ft. Any positive answers to above three questions imply a high possibility of overpressure. Overpressure gas reservoirs typically have the concave downward shape of p/z vs. G p plots. Simply extrapolating the early production trend in overpressure gas reservoirs will lead to an overestimation of the original gas in place or reserve (Figure 1). In early production stage, the expansion of rock and connate water can be as important as that gas drained from the reservoir. Therefore pressure decline at early stage can be small, which is depicted in Figure 1. To eliminate this error, a comprehensive compressibility term that includes the rock compressibility and water compressibility should be included into the p/z versus G p plot so that the correct original gas in place can be estimated. Material balance equation for volumetric gas reservoir isG = G 1 - B gi ⎪ + GB gi (c f + c w S wc )( p p ) .. ........................................................................................................... (2) ⎛ ⎫p ⎪ ⎝ g ⎭B g (1 - S wc )Gas formation volume factors at initial and current pressures are defined asB = z i T i p sc .. ....................................................................................................................................................... (3) giandz sc T sc p izTp scB g = .. (4)sc sc Substituting Equations (3) and (4) into (2) yieldsG = G - G z ⎢1 - (fw wc )( p - p )⎥ (5)⎡ c + c S⎤ pp i ⎣ z i(1 - S wc )⎦p ⎡(c f + c w S wc )⎤ Plotting ⎢1 - ⎣(1 - S wc ( p i - p )⎥ ⎦ versus G p gives a straight line that is similar to straight line in normal gas reservoir p/zversus G p plot. The blue line in Figure 1 shows the concave downward shape of p/z versus G p plot, and the pink straight linep ⎡(c f + c w S wc )⎤ of ⎢1 -⎣ (1 - S wc ( p i - p )⎥ ⎦versus G p represents the right trend for overpressure gas reservoir. The significance of the p ⎡(c f + c w S wc )⎤ straight line of ⎢1 - ⎣(1 - S wc ( p i - p )⎥ ⎦ versus G p plot is that we can estimate gas in place and reserve accurately evenwith short production history. It eliminates the errors in p/z versus G p plot.z ) ) z ) i -p/zvs. G p_Exc lude rock a nd water c ompressibilities Overestimate of gas inplace and reserve20000400006000080000100000Gp (MMscf)120000140000p ⎡(c f + c w S wc )⎤Figure 1. p/z and ⎢1 -⎣(1 - S wc ( p i - p )⎥ versus Gp plots for overpressure gas reservoir⎦Figure 2. Comparison of gas rate vs. producing time plot between excluding and including rockand water compressibilities for overpressure gas reservoirGas Rate vs. Ti me for Overpressure Gas Reservoir10000000.0qg vs. time_Exclude rockand water compressibilitiesqg vs. time_Include rockand water compressibilities1000000.0 100000.010000.01000.050100150200250300350400450Producing Time (month)z ) q g (M s c f /m o n t h )injected gasOverestimate of original gas in place and reserveOriginal gas in place and reserve20000400006000080000 100000 120000 140000 160000 18000Gp or Gp-Gi (MMscf))()⎢1- i ⎥ p inj piiFigure 2 indicates the reservoir inflow performance of overpressure gas reservoir. Ignoring the effect of rock and water expansions will lead to an underestimation of gas rate at early production stage but overestimation at middle and late stages. It is necessary to use production history data to back-calculate the reservoir and fluid properties. With the calculated parameters a good DCA can be obtained by considering water and rock compressibilities. Therefore reliable gas in place and reserve predictions can be achieved.2) p/z vs. G p plot in gas recycling reservoirGas recycling is applied to improve the recovery factor of wet gas and gas condensate reservoirs. In some fields CO 2 or N 2 is injected to sweep the liquid-rich gas reservoir. Under certain circumstances some produced gas or solution gas can be reinjected back to reservoir. In the injection period reservoir pressure is maintained partially. Neglecting the impact of gas injection on production decline can lead to an overestimation of gas in place and reserve. Apparent gas in place fromp (f⎢1 - w wc)( p - p )⎥ versus G plot is the sum of the original gas in place and the injected gas volume. To get the ⎡ c + c S ⎤z ⎣ (1 - S wc ) ⎦original gas in place, one needs to subtract cumulative injected volume from the apparent gas in place. Material balance equation for volumetric gas reservoir with gas recycling isG - Gp = G - G z ⎢1 - ( fw wc.. ........................................................................................................... (6) p - p ⎥ pinj⎡p i ⎣ z ic + c S ⎤(1 - S wc )⎦p ⎡(c f + c w S wc )⎤ Plotting ⎢1 - ⎣ (1 - S wc ( p i - p )⎥ ⎦versus G p – G inj gives a straight line (pink) in Figure 3. Figure 3 also depicts a straightp ⎡(c f + c w S wc )⎤ line of ⎢1 - ⎣(1 - S wc ( p i - p )⎥ ⎦ versus G p plot if injected gas volume is not excluded (blue). It should be noted that theblue line yields a gas in place that is the sum of original gas in place and injected gas.Figure 3.p ⎡ (c c w S wc)( p - p )⎤ versus G – G and G plots for recycling gas reservoir z ⎣ (1- S wc ) ⎦z ) z ) p fTherefore we can accurately calculate gas in place and reserve for recycling gas reservoir using the pink line in Figure 3 because the injected gas volume is readily available.3)Gas and oil productions with changing wellhead or flowing bottomhole pressureThe wellhead or bottomhole pressure of gas well is usually kept constant thus results in a valid DCA. But under some circumstances the wellhead or bottomhole pressure can be adjusted to adapt to the different consumption volumes such as peak in winter and trough in summer. Therefore caution should be exercised in production decline analysis. The lowering of wellhead or bottomhole pressure can compensate the decline due to pressure depletion, and then the decline trend is compromised. Usually the change of wellhead or bottomhole pressure will not affect the productivity index and estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). The new production forecast can be done by combining flowrate equation with material balance equation, and refer to the production history before changing the constraint pressure.Figure 4. Comparison of gas rate vs. producing time plot between excluding and including rockand water compressibilities for overpressure gas reservoirFigure 4 shows the production forecast before and after changing the flowing bottomhole pressure. It illustrates that the production has a fast decline if the wellhead pressure has been reduced. This is due to the fast depletion resulting from the high production rate.4)Dynamic material balance methodThe average reservoir pressure is a key variable in production decline analysis. The classical material balance requires the average pressure as an input. However, it is often unavailable in many practical scenarios such as for baffled reservoirs. Reservoirs with low transimissibility and/or large drainage radius require long shut-in time and it is infeasible to wait for the pressure reaching equilibrium. Matter and Mcneil (1998) and Matter et al (2006) proposed dynamic material balance method to replace the traditional p/z plot for volumetric gas and oil pools. In the pseudo-steady-state flow period, the prevailing pressure in the reservoir declines at the same constant rate over time. Figure 5 demonstrates pressure declines uniformly in the reservoir along with the producing time.⎪ r rFigure 5. Pressure declines in a reservoir with no-flow boundariesUsing Matter et al (2006) method, the average reservoir pressure can be calculated from flowing bottomhole pressure,p = p wf + b pss q .. (7)For oil reservoir flow rate under pseudo-steady-state can be calculated by kh (p - p wf)q =⎛ r e 3 ⎫141.2B o μo l n r - + S ⎪ 4 ⎝ w ⎭or⎛ 3 ⎫ 141.2B μ ln r e- + S ⎪p = p wf +o o ⎝ w kh⎪ ⎭ q .. (8)Comparing Equation (7) with (8) we find⎛ r 141.2B μ ln e - 3 ⎫ + S ⎪ b pss =o o ⎝ wkh ⎪⎭ (9)If the production rate and flowing bottomhole pressure are available, b pss can be estimated using regression method (Matter et al ., 2006) as shown in Figure 6.p it 1t 3 t 2t 44 4Figure 6. Plot of (pi-pwf)/q versus Np/q to estimate bpss, after Matter et al, 2006With the calculated average reservoir pressure, the oil rate at constant bottomhole pressure changes with time can be calculated throughdqJ dp.. ............................................................................................................................................................ (10) dt dtFigure 7 demonstrates the application of dynamic material balance to forecast the production.Figure 7. Application of dynamic material balance to forecast the productionas bottomhole pressure is 2000 psiaf p 1 ⎢f 5) Water-oil ratio analysis methodProduction forecast for water drive reservoirs can be more accurate using water-oil ratio versus cumulative oil production plot. This approach is based on Iraj and Osazuwa (1978 and 1984) studies. Starting from the Buckley-Leverett fractional flow theory, they derived a relationship between recovery factor and water cut, which can be expressed asE = C ⎪⎧- ⎡ln 1 - 1⎪ - 1 ⎤⎪⎫+ C.. ....................................................................................................................... (11) ⎛ R 1 ⎨ ⎢ ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎝ w ⎫⎪⎥⎬ 2 ⎭ w ⎥⎦⎪⎭Expressing water cut in terms of water-oil ratio and recovery factor in terms of cumulative production and original oil inplace we haveN = C N ⎡ln (WOR ) + 1 + 1 ⎤ + C N .. .................................................................................................................. (12) 2 ⎣WOR ⎦Observation of Equation (12) we find that1+ 1→ 1 as WORWOR → ∞Therefore a semi-plot of WOR versus cumulative oil production gives a nearly straight line for high water-oil ratio. It is a powerful tool to forecast the reservoir performance. Once the water-oil ratio is calculated and the total liquid rate is determined, oil rate can be forecasted. Figure 8 depicts a plot of water-oil ratio versus cumulative oil production in a water drive reservoir.Figure 8. Water-oil ratio versus cumulative oil production in a water drive reservoir120000140000 160000180000Np (STB)⎝ w ⎭ Some Pitfalls in Production Forecast1) Waterflood analysis using Buckley-Leverret fractional flow for radial injection systemThe Buckley-Leverett displacement mechanism has been used to predict the performance of waterflood. This method calculates the required water injection volume in waterflooding reservoirs, and estimates the oil recovery. It should be noted that Buckley-Leverett method assumed displacement occurs in a linear system. In reality, most reservoirs such as peripheral water injection or strong edge water drive should be modeled in a radial system.Unfortunately, many engineers used Buckley-Leverett method to analyze the waterflooding reservoirs without any adjustment based on the real reservoir and production situations such as production-injection patterns. High uncertainties have been inevitably introduced into the analysis and forecast. Therefore a radial displacement model should be suggested. With both displacement models, design and prediction of waterflood can be achieved by selecting the appropriate model or their combination that fits the waterflood pattern.According to Ling’s (2012) study, water cut of a waterflood in a radial system can be calculated by2πhkk ro ⎛ r ∂P c P ⎫1 - f w = q t μo ⎝ ∂r k μ+ c ⎪⎭.. .................................................................................................................................... (13) 1 + ro wk rwμoand the position of any water saturation, S w , can be calculated byr well -to - waterfront =.. (14)According to Buckley-Leverett (1942), water cut in linear system is calculated by1 - Akk ro ∂P cf w =q t μo ∂xk μ .. .................................................................................................................................................. (15) 1 + ro wk rwμoand the position of any water saturation, S w , can be calculated byx= tq t ⎛ df w ⎫ (16)fA φ dS⎪⎪ wWith the comparison of Equations (13) through (16), it is obvious that application of Buckley-Leverett method in aradial system can lead to unacceptable errors. Therefore the applications of above equations should depend on the waterflood pattern. Some water injection patterns can be interpreted better by combining linear and radial models. With that the range of forecast is narrowed down and the uncertainty is reduced.2) Ignoring pore compaction in overpressure gas reservoirAs shown in previous section, overpressure gas reservoirs usually have downward curving in p/z plot. Overestimations of original gas in place due to incorrect extrapolations of early production data are often observed in reserves evaluation. To eliminate this error, a comprehensive compressibility term that includes the rock compressibility and water compressibility was introduced into the p/z plot so that the correct original gas in place can be estimated. But this is inadequate to forecast gas flowrate correctly because of the pore compaction in overpressure gas reservoir and ensuing permeability changes. When compaction occurs, the permeability deteriorates and an example is shown in Figure 9.r 2-e πh φ dS tq t ⎛ df w ⎫ ⎝ w ⎭S⎪⎪ wSFigure 9. Core sample permeability changes as pore pressure is depletedFor overpressure gas reservoirs, the average reservoir pressure obtained from reservoir performance is not representative without taking the change of permeability into account, which attributes to the inaccurate estimate of the original gas in place and gas reserve. Ignoring the permeability change can lead to underestimate of average reservoir pressure, thus inaccuracy of original gas in place extrapolated from p/z plot. Therefore a combination of material balance and inflow-performance relationship considering dynamic permeability can predict the gas rate and reserve confidently. Figure 10 compares the plot of gas rate versus producing time for constant permeability and dynamic permeability in an overpressure gas reservoir production forecast. It shows that the difference is significant. The real field life is longer than the calculated life using constant permeability. Neglecting the pore compaction, it can lead to designing a set of wellbores and surface facility with shorter lives.Figure 10. Gas rate versus producing time for constant permeability and dynamic permeabilityGa s Rate vs. T i m e for Overpressure Ga s Reservoir10000000.0qgvs. time_Dynamic p ermeabilityqgvs. time_Constant permeability1000000.0100000.010000.01000.050100150200250300350400450Producing T i m e (month)q g (M s c f /m o n t h )3)Ignoring the effect of addition of infill wells in decline rateFields with hundreds of producers are often forecasted on a field total base if (1) individual well data are not available, but data are available from the field as a whole; or (2) engineers want to forecast the field as a whole instead of forecasting individual well to save time; or (3) the local government, or country regulation, or quotas prohibits the field production rate over a certain number. Under such circumstance, extra caution should be exercised to avoid overestimating or underestimating the reserves. Figure 11 exhibits that, by simply extending the field total production rate (see blue dash line) that had been stable in the past several years, it does not necessarily reflect the true reservoir performance. Failure to observe that the stable period had been achieved by drilling and repairing wells leads to overestimate remaining recoverable oil. To improve the quality of production decline analysis, engineers need to review the evolution of the number of active wells and estimate the decline trend on an average well (see orange dash line), and then apply that gradient to the line that represents the field total (see orange dash line just below blue dash line).Forecast basing onaverage single well trendAverage single well trendFigure 11. Forecast the field total production rate basing on average single well trend4)Ignoring the effect of shutting-in offset wellsShutting-in wells at production stage is not unusual. Surface facility failure, wellbore mechanism problem, severe weather, quotas and/or nominated sales volumes, excessive water and/or gas production, and low product price are common causes. In case that the shut-in wells are planned to be reopened once related problems are solved, engineers must be aware of the possible interferences between shut-in wells and producing wells. The decline rate of producing wells can slow down because of shutting-in offset wells. Therefore the decline trends of producing wells are expected to change when those offset wells are put back on production. Figure 12 displays that decline rate has been slowed down due to shutting-in offset well. Forecast should take the effect of reopening offset well into account. As shown in Figure 12, Well A production rate will drop quickly with the reopening of Well B. Following the trend during the shut-in of well B will end up with overestimate of reserves.Figure 12. Production forecast of Well A and B considering the interference between wellsAnother pitfall due to shut-in wells is observed in an offshore oil field. The field had been put on production for 9 years. All wells were shut-in due to the maintenance of surface facility. Total field water cut reaches 0.5 just before the wells were shut-in. Examination of historical production data shows that oil cut declines exponentially from 1.0 to 0.5 during last 7 years. So the decline factor, a, in the exponential decline is 0.011039/month. After 4 months of maintenance, the field resumed operation. Decline factor, a, of the first 3-month after maintenance is 0.0055/month. If engineers do not notice that smaller decline factor, a, is caused by the depression of water coning as a result of shut-in, they might use 0.0055/month as oil cut decline factor. By doing that the reserves are overestimated.Recommendation of Using DCA1.DCA should be correlated with other analysis methods such as volumetric estimation or numerical reservoirsimulation when applicable.2.Realistic well life and appropriate economic limits should be applied to calculate the estimated ultimate recovery byDCA.3.Because the DCA inherently assumes that boundary conditions remain constant, EUR from DCA should be re-evaluated when the operating conditions change.4.The offset analogies should also be used for reference when DCA is used for production history. This is especiallyimportant when the early production data is short or the reservoir has a long transient flow p eriod.5.For well flowing in transient period, multiple or segmental decline rates or models should be used in the productionforecast. Once the well reaches pseudo-steady state production, an exponential decline can be applied.6.For wells with frequent shut-in, it is recommended to work out the decline rate from cumulative volume producedover days on production rather than calendar days. Then trend of rate versus cumulative production can be extended to the future with different operation efficiency.Conclusions。
EATON 筒孔式汽罐阀门及 ESV9-8-E - 比例阀门说明书
Screw-In Cartridge Valves E-VLSC-MC001-E5 January 2017B-332.A Where measurements are critical request certified drawings. We reserve the right to change specifications without notice.5510101515202025302530DB ACESV9-8-E - Proportional Solenoid Valve4-way, 3-position, screw-in cartridge, proportional solenoid valve Up to 11 L/min (2.9 USgpm) • Up to 250 bar (3600 psi)DescriptionThe ESV9 with E spool is a proportional four-way,three-position, direct acting,spool type solenoid valve with all ports closed in thede-energized position. This valve is ideal for moderate flow applications where an actuator needs to be con-trolled proportionally in both directions and stopped in any position.OperationIn the de-energized(center) position, all ports are blocked. When solenoid A is energized, flow is directed from port 3 to port 2 and from port 4 to port 1. Port 1 is not intended to be used as an inlet.When solenoid B is energized, flow is directed from port 3 to port 4 and from port 2 to port 1. Port 1 is not intended to be used as an inlet.Features• Highly engineered components• Compact design with low pressure drop• Designed for optimized linearity and hysteresis • IP69K ToughCoils™ compatible•Optional manual override •Industry standard cavity toolPerformance DataProfile View Pressure DropFlow vs. Current at 10 bar ∆PA - Port 3 to port 2B - Port 3 to port 4C - Port 4 to port 1D - Port 2 to port 1COIL B3124COIL ACurrent (A)5510101515202025302530D B ACScrew-In Cartridge Valves E-VLSC-MC001-E5 January 2017B-333.ABWhere measurements are critical request certified drawings. We reserve the right to change specifications without notice.ports to decay to tank pres-sure in the de-energized condition.A - Port 3 or port 2 energizedB - Port 3 to port 4 energizedC - Port 2 or port 1 energizedD - Port 2 to port 1 de-energizedCurrent (A)E - Port 4 to port 1 energizedF - Port 4 to port 1 de-energizedScrew-In Cartridge Valves E-VLSC-MC001-E5 January 2017B-334.A Where measurements are critical request certified drawings. We reserve the right to change specifications without notice.Model Code1ESV93*4*5*–––––1 FunctionESV9 - Proportional solenoid valve2 Size8 - 8 size3 Seal MaterialBlank - Buna-N V - Viton®28CodePort SizeHousing NumberAlumi ni um Steel0 Cartridge only A2G 1/4” BSPP 02-160747A3G 3/8” BSPP 02-160748A6H SAE 6 02-160749A8H SAE 8 02-160750S2G 1/4” BSPP 02-160753S3G 3/8” BSPP 02-160754S6T SAE 6 02-160751S8TSAE 802-160752See section J for housing details.6 Housing Material and PortsWARNINGAluminum housingscan be used for pres-sures up to 210 bar (3000 psi). Steel housings must be used for operating pressures above210 bar (3000 psi).EF4 Spool Center ConditionCOIL B3124COIL A24COIL BCOIL A6***5 Manual Override Option0 - No manual overrideM - Manual override, push pull typeFor valve dimensions with manual override, see pages B873.7 Coil Voltage and T ype000 - No coil012D - 12V DC without diode 024D - 24V DC without diode 012B - 12V DC with diode 024B - 24V DC with diode8 Connection T ypeBlank - No coilN - Deutsch male, DT04-2P , integrated G - DIN 43650 W - Flying leadY - Amp Jr (DC Only) Mating Connector: AMP 963040-3 or equivalentD0 - MetriPackR 150 Male, Integrated (DC Only) Mating Connector: Delphi 12052641See Section C for coil details .1 T hese model digits are not stamped onthe valve.10 Coil Special Feature00 - None11 Valve Special Features 100 - None(Only required if valve has special features omitted if "00".)12 Design CodeA - Design code 009 Coil SeriesBlank - No coil P - P SeriesToughCoils™ 23 W11**12A10**8*9*7****Screw-In Cartridge Valves E-VLSC-MC001-E5 January 2017B-335.AWhere measurements are critical request certified drawings. We reserve the right to change specifications without notice.Dimensions mm (inch)Torque cartridge in aluminum housing 34-41 Nm (25.0 - 30.0 ft. lbs.) and 34-41 Nm (25.0 - 30.0 ft. lbs. ) in a steel housingWhen solenoid valve isordered without coils, it will be supplied with coil spacer and coil nut.Spare PartsCoil Nut for MO 565559Coil Nut without MO 565558Coil Spacer02-186730WARNINGMaintain 5-8 Nm (4-6 ft lbs) maximumtorque on coil nut.Over tightening may causevalve failure.31.8[1.25]ESV9-8 without MOESV9-8 with MOScrew-In Cartridge Valves E-VLSC-MC001-E4 May 2016B-332.A Where measurements are critical request certified drawings. We reserve the right to change specifications without notice.Flow - lpm P r e s s u r e D r o p - p s i5ESV9-10-E - Proportional Solenoid Valve4-way, 3-position, screw-in cartridge, proportional solenoid valve Up to 22 L/min (5.8 USgpm) • Up to 250 bar (3600 psi)DescriptionThe ESV9 with E spool is a proportional four-way,three-position, direct acting, spool type solenoid valve with all ports closed in the de-energized position. This valve is ideal for moderate flow applications where an actuator needs to be con-trolled proportionally in both directions and stopped in any position.OperationIn the de-energized(center) position, all ports are blocked. When solenoid A is energized, flow is directed from port 3 to port 2 and from port 4 to port 1. Port 1 is not intended to be used as an inlet.When solenoid B is energized, flow is directed from port 3 to port 4 and from port 2 to port 1. Port 1 is not intended to be used as an inlet.Features•Highly engineered components•Compact design with low pressure drop•Designed for optimized linearity and hysteresis •IP69K Large ToughCoils™ compatible•Optional manual override •Industry standard cavity toolPerformance DataProfile ViewA - Port 3 to port 2B - Port 3 to port 4C - Port 4 to port 1D - Port 2 to port 1“Coil B”3421COIL B3124COIL A510152025Coil B Coil A2.00 1.501.000.500.000.50 1.00 1.502.00F l o w (l p m )Current (A)Screw-In Cartridge Valves E-VLSC-MC001-E4 May 2016B-333.AWhere measurements are critical request certified drawings. We reserve the right to change specifications without notice.ESV9-10-F - Proportional Solenoid Valve4-way, 3-position, screw-in cartridge, proportional solenoid valve Up to 22 L/min (5.8 USgpm) • Up to 250 bar (3600 psi)DescriptionThe ESV9 with F spool is a proportional four way, three position, direct acting, spool type solenoid valve. In the de-energized condition Port 2 and 4 are open to tank with the inlet port 3 blocked. This valve is ideal formoderate flow applications where an actuator needs to be moved in both directions and stopped in any position while allowing the service ports to decay to tank pres-sure in the de-energized condition.OperationIn the de-energized (cen-ter) position, port 1, port 2, and port 4 are open to each other while port 3 is blocked. When solenoid A is energized, flow isdirected from port 3 to port 2 and from port 4 to port 1. When solenoid B is energized, flow is directed from port 3 to port 4 and from port 2 to port 1.Features•Highly engineered components•Compact design with low pressure drop•Designed for optimized linearity and hysteresis •IP69K Large ToughCoils™ compatible•Optional manual override •Industry standard cavity tool .Performance DataProfile View Pressure DropA - Port 3 or port 2 energizedB - Port 3 to port 4 energizedC - Port 2 or port 1 energizedD - Port 2 to port 1 de-energizedFlow - Ipm 0510152025303540051015202530354045505560ABC E DFP r e s s u r e D r o p - b a r“Coil B”“Coil A”342124COIL BCOILA510152025Coil B Coil A2.00 1.501.000.500.000.501.001.502.00F l o w (l p m )Current (A)E - Port 4 to port 1 energizedF - Port 4 to port 1 de-energizedFlow vs. Current at 10 bar ∆PScrew-In Cartridge Valves E-VLSC-MC001-E4 May 2016B-334.A Where measurements are critical request certified drawings. We reserve the right to change specifications without notice.Up to 22 L/min (5.8 USgpm) • Up to 250 bar (3600 psi)Model Code1ESV93*4*5*–––––1 FunctionESV9 - Proportional solenoid valve2 S ize10 - 10 size3 S eal MaterialBlank - Buna-N V - Viton®210Code Port SizeHou s ing NumberAluminium Steel0 Cartridge only A2G 1/4” BSPP 02-185804A3G 3/8” BSPP 02-185805A6H SAE 6 02-185802A8H SAE 8 02-185803S2G 1/4” BSPP 02-175139S3G 3/8” BSPP 02-175140S6T SAE 6 02-175137S8TSAE 802-175138See section J for housing details.6 Housing Material and PortsWARNINGAluminum housingscan be used for pres-sures up to 210 bar (3000 psi). Steel housings must be used for operating pressures above210 bar (3000 psi).EF4 Spool Center ConditionCOIL B3124COIL A24COIL BCOILA6***5 Manual Override Option0 - No manual overrideM - Manual override, push pull typeFor valve dimensions with manual override, see pages B873.7 Coil Voltage and T ype000 - No coil012D - 12V DC without diode 024D - 24V DC without diode 012B - 12V DC with diode 024B - 24V DC with diode8 Connection T ypeBlank - No coilN - Deutsch male, DT04-2P , integrated G - DIN 43650 W - Flying leadY - Amp Jr (DC Only) Mating Connector: AMP 963040-3 or equivalentD0 - MetriPackR 150 Male, Integrated (DC Only) Mating Connector: Delphi 12052641See Section C for coil details .1 T hese model digits are not stamped onthe valve.10 Coil Special Feature00 - None11 Valve Special Features 100 - None(Only required if valve has special features omitted if "00".)12 Design CodeA - Design code 009 Coil S eriesBlank - No coil L - L Series Large ToughCoils™ 28 W11**12A10**8*9*7****Screw-In Cartridge Valves E-VLSC-MC001-E4 May 2016B-335.ABWhere measurements are critical request certified drawings. We reserve the right to change specifications without notice.Up to 22 L/min (5.8 USgpm) • 250 bar (3000 psi)Dimensions mm (inch)Torque cartridge in aluminum housing 47 - 54 Nm (34.7 - 39.8 ft. lbs.) and 56 - 62 Nm (41.3 - 45.7 ft. lbs. ) in a steel housingValve is shown with large tough coil.Note: The ESV9-10 is shipped with a spacer (6038409-001) to be used with the Large Tough Coil. Spacer is not needed when used with the EN490 coil.When solenoid valve isordered without coils, it will be supplied with coil spacer and coil nut.Spare PartsCoil Nut for MO 6038813-001Coil Nut without MO 02-148332Coil Spacer6038409-001WARNINGMaintain 5-8 Nm (4-6 ft lbs) maximumtorque on valve tube nut. Over tightening may cause valve failure.1。
蜜糖酒性热水器说明书
1E N 0H -1205G E 23 R 0812 • S u b j e c t t o c h a n g eR295Mechanical disconnector with union connectors direct actuated GA type according to EN1717 / type 1 according to DIN1988 part 4Product specification sheetConstructionThe mechanical disconnectors comprises:•Housing with pressure gauge •Outlet check valve •Threaded union connectors •Spring bonnet •Discharge connection •Valve insert with spring•Spindle guide with double O-ring seal Materials•Red bronze housing •Brass connection nut•Red bronze threaded union connectors (brass for 2")•High grade synthetic material valve disc•High grade corrosion resistant synthetic material for other internal parts•High-quality synthetic material discharge connection •High-quality synthetic material spring bonnet •NBR seals•Stainless steel valve stem and spring •High-quality synthetic material check valvesApplicationMechanical disconnectors of this type are suitable for the protec-tion of drinking water systems as required by EN 1717 "The tech-nical regulation of drinking water systems" and correspond to DIN1988 part 4 type 1 construction.Their purpose is to protect systems against back pressure, back flow and back syphonage of non-potable water into the public water supply network.Mechanical disconnectors can be used to provide protection up to and including liquid category 3 (slightly toxic substances).Mechanical disconnectors therefore offer better protection than check valves.Special Features •Low pressure loss and high flow rate•Optimal protection of the drinking water supply system •Enhanced protection against back pressure, back flow and back syphonage into the water supply network •Shutoff position visually indicated on the spring bonnet •Compact construction•Standardised discharge connection•Meets KTW recommendations for potable waterRange of Application Technical Data MediumCold water Max. inlet pressure 10.0 barInstallation position Horizontal with spring bonnet upwards Max. operating temperature 40 °COpening pressure 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 bar as requiredMinimum inlet pressure = opening pressure + 1.0 barConnection size1/2" - 2"Patent-Nr. DE PS 2751468R295 Mechanical disconnector with union connectors direct actuated2E N 0H -1205G E 23 R 0812 • S u b j e c t t o c h a n geMethod of OperationGA-type mechanical disconnectors are safety valves that remain in the flow position and change to the shutoff position only when the inlet pressure falls below the design opening pressure.The inlet pressure operates on the annular surface of the valve piston and pushes it against the force of the spring bringing the piston to the open position. If the supply pressure falls below the opening pressure needed to overcome the spring force (for example because of a broken pipe or during service work by the supply undertaking) then the integral spring pushes the valve into the closed position.OptionsR295-... A =With internal threaded union connectors,0.5 bar opening pressure 0.5 bar R295-... B =With internal threaded union connectors,1.0 bar opening pressure R295-... C =With internal threaded union connectors,1.5 bar opening pressure R295-... D =With internal threaded union connectors,2.0 bar opening pressure Connection sizeConnection size R 1/2"3/4"1"11/4"11/2"2"Weight approx.kg 1.4 1.61.8 4.3 4.9 5.3Dimensionsmm L 151153159216228241l 105105105150160165H 105107107162161154l 124122122157158165Nominal flow rate m 3/hat Δp = 0.3 bar 2.5 3.3 4.571015k vs -value 4.568131827ξ value47101312.514Opening pressurebar0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 as required Accessories M07MPressure gaugeHousing diameter 63 mm, rear connection thread G 1/4". Ranges: 0 - 4, 0 - 10, 0 - 16 or 0 - 25 bar. Please indicate upper value of pressure range when orderingZT295A Soldered union connectors (pack of 2)Available for diameters from 15 - 54 mmZT295A M07MR295 Mechanical disconnector with union connectors direct actuated 3E N 0H -1205G E 23 R 0812 • S u b j e c t t o c h a n g eInstallation Guidelines •Install shutoff valves•Install in horizontal pipework with spring bonnet directed upwardso This position ensures optimum filter efficiency •Ensure good accesso Pressure gauge can be read off easily o Simplifies maintenance and inspection•No further unprotected mains water supply may be connected downstream of the mechanical disconnector •Mechanical disconnectors must not be fitted in any areas or ducts where poisonous gases or vapours may be present or where flooding can occurTypical ApplicationsMechanical disconnectors of this type are suitable for supplies to buildingsWithin the scope of their specification can also be used for commercial and industrial applications.The following are some typical applications:•Softening and deacidification plants without DVGW approval •Garden tap connections •Soda machines•Boilers and automatic pressure fermentation equipment •Heating system filling assemblies without DVGW approval, water without inhibitors •Air conditionersFlow DiagramR295 Mechanical disconnector with union connectors direct actuated1234226452Spare PartsMechanical disconnector R295No.Description DimensionPart No.1Valve insert complete0.5 bar 1/2" - 1"R295A-3/4A 11/4" - 2"R295A-11/4A 1.0 bar 1/2" - 1"R295A-3/4B 11/4" - 2"R295A-11/4B 1.5 bar 1/2" - 1"R295A-3/4C 11/4" - 2"R295A-11/4C 2.0 bar 1/2" - 1"R295A-3/4D 11/4" - 2"R295A-11/4D 2Seal ring set1/2" - 1"090105511/4" - 2"09010563Hexagon-plug with copper sealing-ring R 1/4" (5 pcs.)allS06M-1/44Union seal washer1/2"53512003/4"53513001" 516630011/4"516290011/2"51630002"51631005Check valve1/2"RV282E-3/4A3/4"RV282E-1A 1" RV282E-1A 11/4"RV276-11/411/2"RV276-11/22"RV276-26Drain connection 1/2" - 1"0901340complete 11/4" - 2"0901341Automation and Control Solutions Honeywell GmbH Hardhofweg74821 MOSBACH GERMANYPhone: (49) 6261 810Fax: (49) 6261 81309Manufactured for and on behalf of theEnvironmental and Combustion Controls Division of Honeywell Technologies Sàrl, Z.A. La Pièce 16, 1180Rolle, Switzerland by its Authorised Repre-sentative Honeywell GmbH EN0H-1205GE23 R0812Subject to change without notice © 2012 Honeywell GmbH。
Type-directed flow analysis for typed intermediate languages
An abstract value conservatively approximates the set of possible values the subexpression may take on during execution. Polyvariant analyses yield more precise results by associating several abstract values with each subexpression, each of which describes the expression's value during some subset of execution states. Existing ow analysis frameworks for untyped languages use syntactic notions such as call-strings 22] or other ad hoc heuristics 4, 10, 15] to distinguish di erent execution states. Surprisingly, even analyses used in compilers for typed languages ignore type information 3, 10]. Using types to control polyvariance1 o ers the pragmatic bene t that a ow analysis will not discard type information supplied by the programmer (whether explicit or inferred). Without using type information, the precision of the information obtained by ow analysis will not scale with program size. As a software system grows, polymorphic procedures such as map or fold will be called from many unrelated parts of the system with arguments of di erent type. A ow analysis that does not use type information to guide polyvariance will merge information across these unrelated calls, reducing the e ectiveness of optimizations which depend upon its results. An analysis that uses type information is less likely to su er degradation in the precision of ow information it computes as new, independent components are added to the program. To illustrate how a ow analysis can exploit types to obtain more precise ow information, consider the following polymorphic procedure which uses a typecase construct 9] to perform a dispatch on its type argument:
流程研究方法
流程研究方法【中英文版】Title: Flow Research Method英文:Flow research method is a systematic approach to studying and analyzing the movement and behavior of fluids.It is widely used in various fields such as engineering, environmental science, and physics.The main objective of flow research is to understand the underlying principles that govern fluid behavior and to predict the outcome of fluid flow processes.中文:流程研究方法是一种系统的途径，用于研究和分析流体的运动和行为。
它在工程、环境科学和物理学等各个领域得到广泛应用。
流程研究的主要目标是理解控制流体行为的潜在原理，并预测流体流动过程的结果。
英文:There are several techniques and tools available for flow research, including experimental methods, numerical simulations, and analytical models.Experimental methods involve conducting physical experiments in a controlled environment to observe and measure fluid behavior.Numerical simulations use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to simulate fluid flow processes on a computer.Analytical models, on the other hand, involve solving mathematical equations to describe fluid behavior.中文:流程研究中可用的技术和工具包括实验方法、数值模拟和分析模型等多种方法。
GIS英语
现整理ArcGIS空间分析扩展模块涉及到术语（英汉对照）Altitude 高度,海拔,地平纬度Analysis extent 分析范围Analysis mask 分析掩码Arithmetic functions 算术函数Arithmetic operators 算术运算符Aspect 坡向Attribute table属性表Azimuth方位角，地平经度Barrier 界线、中断线、阻碍线Boolean Operators 逻辑运算符cell 单元（注：pixl 像元）cell size 单元大小cell statistics 单元统计continuous raster 连续栅格数据contour 等值线coordinate system坐标系统cost dataset 成本数据集cost weighted allcation 成本权重分配cost weighted direction 成本权重方向cost weighted distance 成本权重距离Density 密度Destination目的地Discrete raster 离散栅格数据feature 要素feature Dataset 要素数据集field 字段、域Focal functions 邻域函数Global functions全局函数Grid格网Hillshade山体阴影Histogram 直方图Interpolation 内插、插值Inverse Distance Weighted 反距离权重（插值）Kriging 克里格（插值）least-cost path 最低成本路径local functions局域函数Make permanent 生成永久文件Map Algebra 地图代数GIS英文词汇翻译GIS英文词汇翻译abscissa横坐标absolute accuracy绝对精度absolute coordinates绝对坐标absorption吸收abstraction抽取accuracy 精度across-track scanner跨径扫描仪active remote sensing主动遥感Add Data 添加数据address geocoding地址地理编码address locator地址定位器address matching地址匹配Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 高级甚高分辨率辐射仪agreement licensee 协议被许可人air station航摄站alidade照准仪along-track scanner沿径扫描仪alphanumeric grid字母数字网格视差立体图analog image模拟图像analysis mask分析掩模anisotropy各向异性antipode对跖点apogee远地点arc弧architecture架构archive档案argument参数arithmetic expressionaspatial data非空间数据aspect ratio纵横比astrolabe星盘atlas grid地图集网格atmospheric window大气窗口atomic clock原子钟attenuation衰减authentication身份验证author 作者autocorrelation自相关automated cartographyautomation scale自动化比例autovectorization自动矢量化axis轴azimuthal projection 方位投影backscatter后向散射band波段band ratio波段比band-pass filter带通滤波器bandwidth带宽bar scale比例尺(图形比例尺) base layer底层base station基站batch 批量batch geocoding批量地理编码batch processing批处理batch vectorization 批量矢量化bathymetric curve 等深线battleships grid战舰网格Bayesian statistics 贝叶斯统计bearing方位角Bézier curvebilinear interpolation双线性内插法binding绑定binomial distribution二项式分布biogeography生物地理学blind digitizing盲目数字化block group街区群block kriging块段克里金法bookmark 书签boolean 1.布尔数据类型; 2.布尔值Boolean operator布尔运算符boundary边界界线boundary monument界标boundary survey 边界测量bounding rectangle边界矩形Bowditch rule包狄法则break point 断点breakline断裂线browser 浏览器buffer area 缓冲区business logic 业务逻辑CAD 计算机辅助设计(computer-aided design) cadastral survey地籍测量cadastre地籍calibration 校准,定标callout line标注线camera station摄站capacity容量cardinal point方位基点cardinality基数Cartesian coordinate system 笛卡尔坐标系cartogram统计图cartographer制图员cartography制图学cartouche地图饰框catalog tree 目录树catchmentcategorical raster 类目栅格celestial sphere天球cell size栅格大小cells 栅格cellular automaton 元胞自动机census block人口普查区块census geography 人口普查地理学center 中心点centerline中心线centerpoint中点central meridian 中央子午线centroidchart 图表chi-square statistic卡方统计choropleth map面量图chroma色度chronometer天文钟circle圆circular variance圆方差civilian code民用码Clarke Belt克拉克带Clarke ellipsoid 克拉克椭球Clarke spheroid 克拉克椭球面clearinghouse(信息或服务)交换中心clinometric map坡度图code-phase GPS码相位GPScognitive map认知图coincident重叠cokriging协同克里金法command 命令command line 命令行compass north罗经北compass point罗经点compass rose罗经盘compass rule罗盘仪法则compression program 压缩程序computational geometry计算几何学conformal projection等角投影,保角投影,正形投影conformality保形性conic projection圆锥投影conjoint boundary共同边界constant azimuth恒定方位containment包含Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata 数字地理空间元数据的内容标准continuous raster连续栅格contour 等高线,等值线contour drawings 等高线图,等值线图contour interval等高线间距,等值线间距contour line等高线,等值线contour tagging等高线标注,等值线标注contrast ratio对比度contrast stretch对比度扩展convergence angle收敛角conversion转换convex hull凸包coordinate geometry坐标几何学coordinate system??坐标系??coordinated universal time 协调世界时correlation相关corridor analysis走廊分析, 廊道分析county subdivision县级分区covariance协方差coverage1.覆盖面；2.ESRI图层cracking裂化Crandall rule Crandall 法则crop guide裁切参考线crop marks裁切标记cross correlation交叉相关cross covariance交叉协方差cross tabulation 交叉表cross validation交叉验证cross variogram交叉变差函数cubic convolution立方卷积插值法cultural feature人文要素cultural geography文化地理学curb approach路边通道curve fitting曲线拟合customizations 自定义cylindrical projection圆柱投影dangle length悬线长度dangle tolerancedangling arc 悬弧dasymetric mapping分区制图（多用于人口数据）data management 数据管理data table 数据表dataset 数据集datum基准DBMS 数据库管理系统(data-base management system) dead reckoning航位推测法declination 1.偏角;2.磁偏角degree slope坡度Delaunay triangulation德洛内三角delimiter分隔符demography人口统计学densify增密密度计density slicing密度分割deploy 部署或安装（硬件、软件等）depression contour洼地等高线depth contour等深线depth curve深度曲线descending node降交点desire-line analysis期望线分析desktop 桌面desktop clients 桌面客户端Desktop GIS 桌面GIS destination目标determinate flow direction确定性流向deterministic model确定性模型detrending趋势分离developable surface可展表面developer 开发人员development environment开发环境diazo process重氮晒印法difference 差异differential correction差分校正differential Global Positioning System差分全球定位系统diffusion扩散Digital elevation model 数字高程模型Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard 数字化地理信息交换标准Digital Geographic Information Working Group 数字地理信息工作组digital image processing数字图像处理digital line graph数字线划图digital nautical chart数字海图digital number数值digital orthophoto quadrangle数字正射影像图digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle数字正射影像象限图digital raster graphic数字栅格图digital terrain elevation data??数字地形高程数据??digital terrain model数字地形模型digitizer数字化仪Dijkstra’s algorithm狄捷斯特拉算法dilution of precision精度衰减因子dimension 尺寸，维，维度directed network flow有向网络流direction 方向Dirichlet tessellation荻瑞斯莱特镶嵌，荻瑞斯莱特剖分discovery 发现discrete data离散数据discrete digitizing离散数字化discrete raster离散栅格数据displacement 位移display scale显示比例display unit显示单位dissemination 扩散,传播distance距离distance decay 距离衰减distance unit 距离单位distortion变形district 地区dithering抖动diurnal arc周日弧docking停靠Doppler shift 多普勒位移Doppler-aided GPS多普勒辅助GPSdot density map点密度图dot distribution map点分布图double precision双精度double-coordinate precision 双坐标精度Douglas-Peucker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法downstream下游drafting描绘draping叠加，披盖drift漂移drive-time area驾车时间区drop-down list 下拉列表drum scanner鼓式扫描仪Dual Independent Map Encoding 双重独立坐标地图编码dynamic zoom 动态缩放easting东距eccentricity偏心率ecliptic黄道edge边edgematching边缘匹配elastic transformation弹性变形electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱electronic atlas电子地图集electronic navigational chart 电子航海图element元素elevation guide高程指南ellipsoid 椭球体ellipticity椭圆率end offset末端偏移endpoint 端点enterprise GIS企业级GISentity objects 实体对象envelope包络矩形environmental model环境模型ephemeris星历表equal competition area平等竞争区equal-area classification等积分类equal-area projection等积投影equal-interval classification 等距分类equatorial plane 赤道面equidistant projection等距投影ESRI Data ESRI 数据event事件exponent指数export导出exposure stationexpression表达式extended 扩展extent范围extrapolation外插法extrude 拉伸extrusion拉伸face平面false easting东移假定值false northing北移假定值feature 要素Federal Geographic Data Committee 美国联邦地理数据委员会field 字段fill 填充圆角filter过滤器，过滤flow direction流向flow map流向图focal analysis 邻域分析focal functions 邻域函数form 地形，形式fractal分形framework 框架frequency频率from-node起点Full Extent完整范围fuzzy boundary模糊边界fuzzy classification模糊分类fuzzy set模糊集合fuzzy tolerance模糊容差Gauss-Krüger projection高斯-克吕格投影generalization概化，（数据库或地图的）综合技术geocentric coordinate system??地心坐标系??geocode地理编码geocoding 地理编码geocomputation地理计算geodata 地理数据geodatabase 地理数据库geodatabase data model地理数据库数据模型geodataset地理数据集geodesic测地线geodetic 测地学geographic coordinate system 地理坐标系geographic information science地理信息学Geographic Information System (GIS) 地理信息系统(GIS) geography地理学geography level地理等级Geography Markup Language地理标记语言geoid大地水准面geoid-ellipsoid separation大地水准面-地球椭球面分离geolocation几何定位geometric coincidence几何重叠geometric correction几何校正geometric dilution of precision 几何精度衰减因子geometric network几何网络geometric transformation几何变换geometry 几何学geomorphology地貌学geoprocessing 地理处理georectification地理校正georeference 地理参考georeferencing地理参考georelational data model地理相关数据模型geospatial data地理空间数据geospatial data clearinghouse 地理空间数据交换中心geospatial technology地理空间技术geospecific model地学相关模型geostationary对地静止geostatistics地理统计学geosynchronous对地同步geotypical model典型地理模型GIS地理信息系统GIScience地理信息学Global Navigation Satellite System 全球卫星导航系统Global Positioning System全球定位系统global spatial data infrastructure全球空间数据基础架构glyph字形gnomonic projection日晷投影Go to XY 转至XYGPS全球定位系统grad梯度(原英文单词可能有误) gradian梯度gradient坡度，斜率graticule经纬网gravimeter重力计gravimetric geodesy大地重力学gravity model引力模型gray scale灰度great circle大圆Greenwich mean time 格林尼治标准时间Greenwich meridian格林尼治子午线grid 网格grid cell网格单元ground 大地,地面GUI GUI (图形用户界面) hachure晕渲线Hamiltonian circuit汉密尔顿回路Hamiltonian path汉密尔顿路径height高度Helmert transformation线性正形变换hemisphere半球heuristic试探算法，试探函数hexadecimal十六进制High Accuracy Reference Network高精度基准网High Precision Geodetic Network高精度大地基准网hillshading 坡面阴影，晕渲histogram equalization直方图均衡化hole孔洞horizontal geodetic datum 水平大地基准human geography人文地理学hydrography水文地理学hydrologic cycle水循环hydrology水文学hyperlink 超链接hypsography测高学，地势图hypsometric curve等高线hypsometric map地势图hypsometry测高法Identify 识别identity link一致性链接illumination照度image coordinate图像坐标image data图像数据image division图像除法运算image scale图像比例尺image space图像空间imager成像仪impedance阻抗import导入IMS IMS (网络地图服务器,Internet Map Server) incident energy入射能量index索引index map索引图infrared scanner红外扫描仪infrastructure基础设施inset map插图instance 实例instantiation实例化integer data整数型数据integration 集成intensity亮度interactive vectorization 交互矢量化interchange format交换格式interferogram干涉图intermediate data中间数据international date line 国际日期变更线international meridian 国际子午线International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织interpolation内插法interrupted projection分瓣投影intrinsic stationarity内在稳态inverse distance weighted interpolation反距离加权内插法irregular triangular mesh不规则三角网irregular triangular surface model不规则三角面模型isanomal等地平isarithm等数线isobar等压线isochrone等时线isohyet等雨量线isolines 等值线isometric line等容线isopleth等值线isotherm等温线isotropy无向性iteration 迭代iterative procedure迭代过程jaggies 锯齿Jenks’ optimization詹克斯优化joint operations graphic联合作战地图junction element交点元素kernel内核key identifier 主标识符kinematic positioning动态定位knockout分离区(信号或通讯的中断) known point已知点Kohonen map柯霍南图kriging克里金法label标签labeling 标注lag间隔land cover土地覆盖land information system土地信息系统land use土地利用landform地形landmark地标Landsat陆地卫星landscape ecology景观生态学large scale大比例尺lattice点阵面layers 层layout布局least squares 最小二乘法level水平leveling水平测量library 类库license 许可证license agreement 许可协议licensee 被许可人lidar激光雷达line线line feature线要素line of sight视线line simplification线条简化line smoothing线条平滑linear dimension线性尺寸linear feature线性要素linear interpolation线性内插法linear referencing线性参考(用于交通GIS) linear unit线性单位localization本地化location query位置查询location-allocation位置分配location-based services 基于位置的服务logarithm对数logical network逻辑网络loop traverse闭合导线loxodrome恒向线magnetic bearing磁方位magnetometer磁力计majority resampling 多数重新采样map algebra地图代数map collar地图边缘map display地图显示map document地图文档map element地图元素map extent地图范围map feature 地图要素map generalization 地图概化,地图综合map projection地图投影map query地图查询map readingmap scale地图比例尺map series地图系列map service地图服务map sheet地图map style地图风格map unit地图单位mapping 制图mask掩模mass point散点mathematical operator 数学运算符matrix矩阵mean center平均中心mean sea level平均海平面mean stationarity平均稳态Measure 测量measure valuemeasurement residual测量残差median中间数median center平均中心mental map意境图meridian子午线metadata 元数据metropolitan statistical area 大都市统计区microdensitometer测微密度计micrometer1.测微计;2.微米minimum bounding rectangle 最小边界矩形minimum map unit最小地图单位minor axis短轴misclosure闭合差Mitigation 减轻mobile clients 移动客户端Mobile GIS移动GISmodel模型monument标石morphology形态学mosaic镶嵌图mud pit 泥浆池multichannel receiver多频道接收器multidimensional data多维数据multipart feature多部分要素multipatch feature带纹理要素multiplexing channel receiver多路复用频道接收器multipoint feature多点要素multispectral scanner多光谱扫描仪multivariate analysis多元分析My Places 我的位置National Spatial Data Infrastructure美国国家空间数据基础设施natural breaks classification??自然分类??navigation导航NavstarNavstar (美国国防部全球定位系统联合服务项目)neighborhood statistics邻域统计networked 联网node节点noncoterminous polygon 非相连多边形nonversioned 非版本normal distribution 正态分布normal probability distribution正态概率分布northing北距oblate ellipsoid扁椭球体oblate spheroid扁椭球面offset 偏移oill spill 溢油(原文oill 应为Oil)Online GIS 在线GISOpen Geodata Interoperability Specification开放地理空间数据互操作规范Open Geospatial Consortium开放地理空间协会open traverse不闭合导线OpenGIS ConsortiumOpenGIS 协会OpenLSOpenLS (OpenGIS所包含的Open Location Service) operand运算数operator运算符optical center光学中心ordinal data序数数据ordinary kriging普通克里金法ordinate纵坐标Ordnance Survey英国陆地测量局orientation方向origin point 原点orthogonal offset正交偏移orthographic正交orthomorphic正形orthophoto 正射影像orthophotograph正射影像orthophotoquad无等高线正射影像orthophotoscope正射投影仪orthorectification 正射校正outlier 异常值outline vectorization轮廓矢量化output data 输出数据overlay重叠overprinting套印overview map总览图pan平移panchromatic sharpening 全色锐化parallax bar视差尺parameter参数parametric curve参数曲线passive remote sensing被动遥感passive sensors被动传感器path路径pathfinding路径搜寻peak山峰percent slope斜率perigee近地点persistence持久性photogeology摄影地质学photogrammetry摄影测量学photomap摄影地图photometer光度计physical geography自然地理学pit洼地，山谷placement 放置planar coordinate system 平面坐标系planar enforcement平面强化planarize平面化plane平面planimetric map平面图planimetric shift平面位移platform平台plot 绘图plotter绘图仪plumb line铅垂线。
三分仓回转式空气预热器的工艺流程
三分仓回转式空气预热器的工艺流程英文回答：The process flow of a three-pass rotary air preheater can be described as follows:1. Air Inlet: The process begins with the entry of ambient air into the air preheater. The air is drawn in through the air inlet and directed towards the first pass.2. First Pass: In the first pass, the incoming air flows through a series of tubes. These tubes are heated by the flue gases from the combustion process. As the air passes through the tubes, it absorbs heat from the hot flue gases, increasing its temperature.3. Second Pass: The air then moves to the second pass, where it flows in the opposite direction to the flue gases. In this pass, the air further absorbs heat from the flue gases, increasing its temperature even more.4. Third Pass: The air then enters the third pass,where it again flows in the opposite direction to the flue gases. In this final pass, the air absorbs the remaining heat from the flue gases, reaching its maximum temperature.5. Outlet: The preheated air exits the air preheater through the outlet and is directed to the combustionprocess or any other application that requires hot air.The three-pass design of the rotary air preheater ensures maximum heat transfer efficiency by allowing theair to come into contact with the flue gases multiple times. This results in a significant increase in the temperatureof the air, leading to improved energy efficiency and reduced fuel consumption.中文回答：三分仓回转式空气预热器的工艺流程如下：1. 进气口，工艺开始时，周围空气通过进气口进入空气预热器。
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a r X i v :n u c l -t h /0208014v 1 8 A u g 20021Analysis of directed flow from three-particle correlationsN.Borghini a ∗,P.M.Dinh b and J.-Y.Ollitrault baService de Physique Th´e orique,CP225,Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles,B-1050Brussels bService de Physique Th´e orique,CEA-Saclay,F-91191Gif-sur-Yvette cedexWe present a new method for analysing directed flow,based on a three-particle az-imuthal correlation.It is less biased by nonflow correlations than two-particle methods,and requires less statistics than four-particle methods.It is illustrated on NA49data.1.INTRODUCTIONThe measurement of the successive harmonics of azimuthal correlations in a heavy ion collision [1],v n ≡ e in (φ−ΦR ),where ΦR is the impact parameter direction,is of paramount importance,since it yields information on the medium created in the collision.In particular,a novel behaviour has been predicted for the first harmonic v 1,the so-called directed flow ,at ultrarelativistic energies [2].However,the analysis of directed flow at these energies is highly nontrivial,because v 1is very small.Thus,methods based on an analysis of two-particle azimuthal correlations [3]are likely to be biased by “nonflow”two-particle correlations:quantum (HBT)correlations between identical particles and correlations due to global momentum conservation have been shown to be important at SPS [4],while correlations due to minijets may be large at RHIC [5].On the other hand,methods relying on four-particle correlations [6],which are free from this bias,are plagued by a lack of statistics due to the smallness of v 1,although they give good results for the analysis of elliptic flow v 2(see Sec.2).To remedy these shortcomings,we proposed a new method of v 1analysis [7],based on the measurement of a mixed three-particle correlation,which involves both v 1and v 2:ei (φa +φb −2φc )≃(v 1)2v 2,(1)where φa ,φb ,and φc denote the azimuths of three particles belonging to the same event,and the average runs over triplets of particles emitted in the collision,and over events.Once v 2has been obtained from a separate analysis,this equation yields (v 1)2v 2,thus v 1.Here,we apply this method to NA49data on Pb-Pb collisions at 158A GeV.Results obtained using the “standard”flow analysis are given in Ref.[8].In our method,the first step in the analysis is the measurement of a reference v 2.Then,an equation analogous to Eq.1yields an estimate of the integrated v 1,i.e.,its average value over some phase space region.Finally,restricting φ1in Eq.1to a small (p T ,y )bin allows one to obtain2more detailed,differential measurements of v1as a function of transverse momentum or rapidity.2.ELLIPTIC FLOW FROM2,4,6,8-PARTICLE CORRELATIONSAs stated in the introduction,our method of analysis of directedflow v1requires the preliminary knowledge of an estimate of the ellipticflow v2,integrated over some phase space region.Of course,this estimate must be obtained by analysing the same sample of events from which one wants to extract v1.In practice,the average over phase space is a weighted average:w2v2 ≡ w2e2i(φ−ΦR) ,(2) where w2is the chosen weight.In order to reduce statisticalfluctuations,w2must be larger for particles with stronger ellipticflow.The value of w2v2 is obtained using the cumulant method described in Ref.[6]:one can extract estimates of w2v2 from cumulants of multi-(2-,4-,6-...)particle correlations. While two-particle methods are equivalent to the standardflow analysis,higher orders are essentially free from nonflow effects.They werefirst used in analysing data obtained by the STAR Collaboration at RHIC[9].In Fig.1,we present application of the method to NA49data,and show the dimen-sionless quantityv2≡ w2v2(w2)2,(3)as a function of centrality for charged particles,where we have used w2=p T.We display estimates using cumulants of two-,four-,six-,and even eight-particle correlations[6], as well as the corresponding quantity for charged pions obtained from the“standard”subevent method[3].It is quite remarkable that the four-,six-,and eight-particle estimates all agree:this supports the idea that they are indeed free from nonflow effects,and correspond to a genuine collective motion in the direction of the impact parameter.Moreover,these multiparticle estimates show a slight discrepancy with the two-particle values,as expected if nonflow correlations are sizable[6].Please note that the statistical uncertainties on high order cumulants remain reasonably small,especially for midcentral collisions.In the following,our reference ellipticflow value will preferably be the estimate from the four-particle cumulant,which is a priori the most reliable since it is free from nonflow correlations and has a smaller statistical error than higher order estimates.3.INTEGRATED DIRECTED FLOW FROM2,3,4-PARTICLE CORRE-LATIONSThe next step in the analysis is to determine the average value of directedflow over some phase space region.As in the case of ellipticflow,we perform a weighted average w1v1 ≡ w1e i(φ−ΦR) ,(4)3 where stronger weight is given to particles with stronger directedflow.In the NA49 analysis,we used a rapidity dependent weight w1=y−y CM,where y CM is the centre-of-mass rapidity.This weighted average is obtained from the following three-particle correlation:w1(a)w1(b)w2(c)e i(φa+φb−2φc) = w1v1 2 w2v2 ,(5)where w2is the same as in ing the value of w2v2 obtained in Sec.2,we thus derive w1v1 ,up to a global sign.In practice,the left-hand side of Eq.5is constructed using a generating function for-malism detailed in Ref.[7].This procedure is a very efficient way to sum over all pos-sible triplets of particles,and also to remove automatically the effects of slight detector anisotropies.The method was applied to NA49data.In Fig.2,we present as a function of centrality the dimensionless quantity v1≡ w1v1 /4Figs.3and 4together with two two-particle estimates,either uncorrected or corrected for the effect of momentum conservation [10].At high p T ,v 1from three-particle correlations is consistent with the two-particle value corrected for momentum conservation,but significantly lower than the uncorrected one.This shows that correlations from momentum conservation,which are large,are automati-cally removed in our method.This is also reflected by the behaviour at midrapidity,where v 1vanishes,as it should by symmetry,while the uncorrected two-particle estimate does not.The three-particle estimate also vanishes more smoothly at p T =0than two-particle estimates which may be biased by HBT correlations [4].Figure 3.Directed flow v 1of charged pionsas a function of transverse momentum for midcentral Pb-Pb collisions at 158A GeV.Figure 4.Directed flow v 1of charged pi-ons as a function of y −y CM for midcentral collisions.Open points are reflected with respect to midrapidity.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank the NA49Collaboration for permission to use their data.REFERENCES 1.S.Voloshin and Y.Zhang,Z.Phys.C 70(1996)665.2.R.J.M.Snellings et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.84(2000)2803.3.P.Danielewicz and G.Odyniec,Phys.Lett.B 157(1985)146.4.P.M.Dinh,N.Borghini and J.-Y.Ollitrault,Phys.Lett.B 477(2000)51;N.Borghini,P.M.Dinh and J.-Y.Ollitrault,Phys.Rev.C 62(2000)034902.5.Y.V.Kovchegov and K.L.Tuchin,hep-ph/0203213.6.N.Borghini,P.M.Dinh and J.-Y.Ollitrault,Phys.Rev.C 64(2001)054901;nucl-ex/0110016.7.N.Borghini,P.M.Dinh and J.-Y.Ollitrault,Phys.Rev.C 66(2002)014905.8. A.Wetzler,these proceedings.9. A.H.Tang,hep-ex/0108029;C.Adler et al.[STAR Collaboration],nucl-ex/0206001.10.N.Borghini et al.,Phys.Rev.C 66(2002)014901.。