The Bible 欧洲文化入门

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欧洲文化入门名词解释

欧洲文化入门名词解释：1．Pax Romana：In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana2．The New Testament名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.3．Pentateuch名词解释：The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books： Genesis (创世记)， Exodus (出埃及记)， Leviticus(教义记)， Numbers (逃亡记)， Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

4． Genesis名词解释Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people， including the origin of the world and of man， the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5．The Historical Books was divided into seven sections：？①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.6．the Middle ages名词解释In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)， from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages， between ancient times and modern times.7、Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

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Division Ten Modernism and Other Trends
1. Contemporary Western Literature Before 1945
2
第 17 周
Division Ten Modernism and Other Trends
1. Literature and Philosophy Since 1945
2.Science and Technology during the Renaissance
3.Summing-up
2
第 9 周
Division Five The Seventeenth Century
1.General Introduction
2.Science
3.Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
1.General Introduction
2.Romanticism in Germany
3.Romanticism in England
4.Romanticism in France
5.Romanticism in Italy
2
第 14 周
Division Seven Romanticism
1.Romanticism in Russia
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《欧洲文化入门》教学日历
周次
授课章节主要内容学时第源自周Introduction
Division OneGreek Culture
2
第 2 周
Division OneRoman Culture
Quiz forDivision One
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欧洲文化入门考试大纲

《欧洲文化入门》考试大纲IntroductionTWO major elements in European cultureDivision 1 Greek Culture and Roman Culture1,Greek culture(1) The Historical Contextwar between Greece and Troyhigh point of developmentAlexanderAlexandria(2)social and political structuremeaning Of democracymeaning Of peopleeconomy-slave laborsports and Olympics(3) Homerthe time Of Homertwo epicsthe Story of the two epics(5) DramaHow were plays performed?(b) Sophocleshis contribution and influence(d) ComedyCharacteristics of comedy(6) History(a) Herodotusfather of history-war between Greeks and Persiansfeature Of his writingobject in writingmain idea of the excerpt(b) Thucydideswhat he wrote aboutmain idea of the excerpt(7) Philosophy and Science.why philosophy developed in ancient GreecePythagoras--founder of scientific mathematicsHeraeleitue----the theory of the mingling of opposites--strife between the opposites producing harmonyDemocritus---atomic theory(a) Socrates -his method of argumenttrial and the reasonlast part of the speech before he died(main idea) (b) Platohis Lifehis writinghis philosophy---idealism© Aristotlehis liferange of his writingshis influencedifference between Plato and Aristotle(d) Contending Schools of Thoughtthe Cynicsthe Epicureans--their belief misrepresent8tion the Stoics--their theory(e) Sciencecontribution of philosophers like PlatoEuclid---ElementsArchimedes---his contributionapplication of science; five fields(8) Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery(b) Archit6CtueParthenonthree stylesAcropolis at Athens(9) impact(a) spirit of innovation(b) supreme achievement© Greek philosophy and its influence influence of Greek Literature2, Roman Culture(1 ) Romans and GreeksLatin and Greeksimilarity Of Romans and Greeksone big diff6renceattitude forward Greek Culture(2) Roman Historyimportance of the year 27B.Chow to ruleRoman lawEast and West Roman Empires(3) Latin literatureCicero what was he noted for?his role and contributionhis sayingsCaesar: his rolehis sayings(b) PoetryVirgil; A6neas;the storywhy a tragic hero(4) Architecture, Painting and Sculpture(a) Architecturethe Pantheonthe Colosseum© sculpture tShe-wolfDivision 2 The Bible and Christianity1, General introductionrole of Christianity in western Culture importance of Judeo-Christian tradition the Hebrews 2. The Old Testament.two parts of the Biblemeaning of testament(1 ) the Pentateuchthe first five booksthe creation Of the world and man and woman (a) the fall of manthe main idea Of the Story(b) Noah's Arkthe Story(2) The Historical Booksthe history covered in these works(4) © The book of Danielthe story and the visionTorahJews today3,Rise of Christianitytwo beliefs of Christianity(1)The Life of JesusJesusSt. petier and St. Pauluprising of Spartacus(2) The Spread of Christianitysuppression of the religionreligion of people from all classesEdict of Milana weapon in the hands of the ruling class4, The New Testamentorganization of the churchfour accounts about church(1 ) The birth of Jesus-(2) the Last Supperthe main idea of the story(5) The cruxifixionthe main idea of the story5. Translations of the Biblethe Latin Biblethe number of transl8tion todaythe first English versionAuthorized versionrevised versionDivision 3 The Middle Ages1, General Introductionthe term "Middle Ages"(time span)Europe between the 5th and the 11th centuriesthe reason for the name “the Age Of Faith"classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged2, Manor and Church(1) feudalism in Europe(a) Growth of Feudalismthe reason for the growth of the power of big landowners fief(b) The Manormanor? manor house? castle© Knighthood and code Of Chivalryhow to earn a knighthoodcode of chivalry(2) The churchafter 1054,two divisions of the church(a) nature of the Catholic Church (P.92 L10 from bottom) the chart(b) Power, Wisdom and Lovemonasteries and conventscontribution of St JeromeAugustine and his worksSt. Benedict© classeschurch and kings and noblesthe power Of the popereligion in everyday life(end of P.95 and first 7 lines of P.96) (3) The crusadesreason for the crusadeseffect on the East and the West'''3, Learning and, Science(1) Charlemagne: his lifehis contribution(2) Alfred the Great(3) Aquinas: profession, writings and arguments4, Lit6rature(1 ) meaning of "national epic'its importance(a) Beowulf (the story)(2) Dante and his master piece(3) Chaucer and his literary roleThe Canterbury Tales5, Art and Architecture(2) Gothicthe development Of the Gothic Stylethe expression of the styleDivision 4 Renaissance and Reformation1,GeneraI Introductiontime span /definition/ contribution /development2, Renaissance in Italy(1 ) geographical Location and its benefitcity----Statespread of Renaissance(2) new interestrole of intellectualscore of Renaissance philosophythe reIat6d beliefearly humanists(4) Renaissance Art4. distinct features(b) (i) da V incithe man /range of interest /famous works(ii) Michelangelothe man /Style /works(iii) RaphaelMadonna and School Of Athens(iv) Titianhis role and works(5) Decline of the Italian Renaissancereasons for the decline3. Reformation and Count6r ------Reformationbeginning of reformationgoal of the movementdemand and work of the reformistsint6reSts Of the reformists(1 ) Pre---Luther Religious Reformers(a) Wycliffe life and belief(b) Jan Hus preaching in Czech language and result(2) Martin Luther and his doctrine(a) beginning Of the reform(b) reason for the transition of the Bible© his role(3) John Calvin and Calvinismlife/view / definition of Calvinism(P.147-- paragraph1)(4) Reformation in Englandbreak with the Popethe coming into being Of the Church Of Englandessence Of the reform,(5) Counter ---reformationmeaning of count6r---reformationthe seed --bedthe most important thing the Spanish monarchy did(b) Ignatius and the things he didthe Jesuits, their belief, their influence(6) Prot6Stantism and the Rise of Capitalismmeaning Of Protestantism and its developmentthe factors contributing to the rise of capitalism(7) Conclusionpolitical and economic situation in Europe before Reformation the language used before Reformation4,Renaissance in Other Countries(1 ) in France(b) (i) Rabelaisthe man / his writing/Chapter57;man idea(iii) Monteignethe man /his writings(2) in Spain(b) Cervanteshis life/ famous work /the story of the work(4) in England(a) characteristics of the reign of Elizabeth l© Shakespearelif6 and worksthe story of HamletSoliloquy5, Science and T6chnology(1 ) Geographical DiscoveriesColumbus 4DiasGamaAmerigo(2) AstronomyCopernicus(5) Political Science and Historiography(b) Machiavellihis role and worksthe two selected passages6, Summing---upsignificance of this periodDivision 5 17th Century1, General introductionthe significance Of the 17th centuryman's place in the universepolitical struggle2. Science(1 ) the theory put forward by CopernicusIif6 of Copernicusthe three laws Kepler(2) life Of Galilei /acceleration in dynamics/law of falling bodies(3) Newton’s life/law of gravitation /his influence(4) Leibnizhis life /his belief /New Essays Concerning Human Understanding----three levels of understanding /Contribution (b) the two merits3, Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England(1) Baconhis life and worksbasis of his philosophy ---method ---inductionview on knowledgeweaning of inductionfamous quotations(2) Hobbesknowledge coming from experiencenature of man --in a Stat6 of war with one anotherlaws Of naturesocial contract(3) John Lockehis Lifeknowledge from experiencepolitical philosophy-rejection of divine right of kings and natural rights social contract(4) Milton and the English Revolutioncauses Of the English Revolutiondevelopment of capit8Iism in Englandthe Puritan MovementCivil War of 1642---CromwellGlorious Revolution of 1688Bill of Rights of 1689John Melton’s life and works Paradise Lost(the story)4.Descartes.French Classicismgeneral situation: the need for a powerful king(1)Descartes; his role(a) 4 roles Of his method(b) doubting---thinking© dualism(2) French Classicism4finition of classicismFrench classicism of the 17th century(3) characteristic of neoclassicism© Molierehis rolecontent of his comediesTartuffe5,Art(1 ) Baroque Art(参照P221 Music)(b) Michelangelo ：his role and works (要与p.135 区分)(2) Dutch Protestant Artreason for art developmentRembrandt: his role and worksDivision 6 The Age of Enlightenment1, General Introduction(1 ) Enlightenmentdefinitionintellectual originmajor forcefour ramifications(2) Historical backgroundAmerican RevolutionFrench Revolutionindustrial Revolution: developments2,French Philosophy and Literature(1 ) Mont6squies(a) content of Persian Letters(b) The spirit of the Lawswhat it is aboutredefinition of lawview on government (separation of powers)(2) V oltaire(a) content of the letters(b) content of Candidethe quotations(3) Rousseau(a) main idea of The Origin Of Human Inequality(b) the kind of socie ty proposed in “The Social contract"his view on social contract(e) three famous quot8tions from "The Conf6ssions"(4) Diderotthe thing he was famous for(a) philosophical thought© Encyclopedie(d) Elements of Philosophy(e) R~~Nephew: the first paragraph3, English Literature(2) Defoe’s role and worksstory of “Robinson Crusoe"(3) Jonathan Swifts role and workscont6nt Of 'A modest Proposal"story Of “Gulliver’s Travels(5) reason why Fielding was considered “father of English Novel” 4,German Literature and Philosophy(2) Goetherole of Goethe(a) importance of "The Sorrows of Y oung Wu rther”(d) importance of "Faust"(3) Schiller'his role(b) main idea of "Cabal and Love"(d) “Whlhelm Tell” and what is stresses(4) Kanthis contribution(b) main idea of "Critique of Pure Reason"6, Music(1 ) the achievement of musical Enlightenment(a) Bach: Life and role(b) Handel: life and works(2) The Classical Periodimportance of this periodthe Viennese School(a) Haydn: his contribution(d) Mozart: life, achievement and contributionsynopsis of "The Marriage of Figaro',Division 7 Romanticism1, General introduction(参照P.309) ?(1) What is Romanticism?Things in common in the works of Romantic writ6rs expression in philosophyexpression in music(2) The French and Industrial Revolution(参照P.225---P.226) 3, Romanticism in England(1) BlakeWhat did "song of Innocence” and "Song of Experience "show? What were the tones Of these two collections?What do the Lines in “London” show?(2) LakersWhat was the new lit6rary theory?Who were the two young poets?What do you know about them?(3) ByronWhat did he fight for and die for?Why was he liked in China?his works and influence(4) Shelleythe memorable line Of "Ode tO the W6st Wind"the story of Prometheus Unbound(5) Keatshuman misery in "Ode to a Nightingaleending of "Ode on a Grecian Urn”4. Romanticism in France(2) Hugothe cause of a riot between the classicists and the Romanticists the thing Hugo was noted forthe plot of Les Miserable6, Romanticism in Russiainfluence Of Romanticism on Russia(1 ) Pushkinmain idea of "Ruslan and Liudmila"the story and the lesson of “Boris Godunov”the story of “Eugene Onegin”What do the two characters in "Eugene Onegin" stand for?(2) Lermontovthe Story of 'A Hero of our Time"feature Of Lermontov’s writings8. Concluding Remarksappraisal of the Romantic Movementtwo factors mentioned by an English writer10, MusicWhat exercised a more direct influence on music?What was the f6ature of Romantic music?(1 ) The Early Romantics?(a) Beethovenlife and works, spirit and techniquerole and contributionthe program that can be seen in his works6th and 9th Symphonies and their f6atures(b) Schubert: his life and role© Chopin: life and role(d) Schumann: life and role(e) MendelssohnWhat was so outstanding Of him?(2) The later RomanticsWho should be put in this group?Who were the "three B's"?(b) Tchaikovsky: lif6 and roleDivision 8 Marxism and Darwinism1. The Rise of Marxism(1 ) General Introductionthe int6IIeCtual tradition it was associated with the effect it has on various fields(参照p.535 summing-up)(2) Historical Background(3) The Three Sources(a) German Classical Philosophy(i) HegelWhat did Hegel maintain(ii) Why was Feuerback important?(iii) What did Marx and Engel’s adopt and reject in term of Hegel’s and Feuerbach's philosophies? What is the main idea of the selected passage from the end of P.330 to the beginning of P.332? Lenin's comments (P.336---P.337)(iv) four conclusions Of Marx’s historical materialism(b) English Classical Political EconomyWhat is the cornerstone of Marx’s economic theory?How did L6nin summarize Marx’s economic theory?What are the differences between Marx’s economic theory and bourgeois economics theories?(C)Utopian SocialismWhy was it called "Utopian"?(l) Owen(ii) Saint--Simon(iii) Charles FourierWh8t was the problem with them?What is the essence of Marxist socialism?2. Darwinism(1 )General introductionWhat did Darwin discover?What idea did he challenge?his role(3) life of Charles Darwin(4) Darwin’s Works and Theories(a) Origin Of SpeciesWhat is the essence Of his theory Of evolution?What are the four major arguments?What are the three independent generalizations?What are the st6ps in the process of natural selection?What is his evidence for evolution by natural selection?(5) Effect Of Darwinism(a) On Biology(b) On Theology: opposition from the Church© On Social Sciencewhat was the Law Herbert Spencer fOrmulat6d?what is social Darwinism? what is its chief argument?Division 9 Realism1, General introduction(1 ) what is realism?what did it emphasize?What did the realists want to present in their works?what did realism in art and Literature protest against?(2) The Historical Backgroundwhat great changes took place in Europe in the 19th century?How did Political and liberal Leaders react to the social problems brought about by social and economic changes?(Liberals, nationalist, socialist)How did the revolutions between 1830 and 1850s end?what was the consequence?2.ReaIism in France(1) St6ndhaI: his life and work(2) Balzac: his life /th e purpose Of "The Human Comedy”/features(3) Flaubert: Life /his prose style /Medame Bovary and its role(4) Zola: life/ what did he Strongly believe?what was his purpose of writing "Les Rougen--Macquarts?what is the diff6rence of a realist novel and a naturalist novel?what is a novel to a naturalist(5) Maupassantwhat did he writewhat did he try t put across?3, Realism in RussiaWhen did Russian literature emerge? why?(1) Gogolwhat kind Of a writer was he?story of “The Inspector Gener al"purpose of writing this comedy"Dead souls": the Story and its role(2) Turgenevthe effect of "A Hunt6r's Sketches"the value Of his works(3) Dostoyevskyhis lifethe theme Of "Crime and Punishment(4) Tolstoyhis life and workshis contribution to Russian literature(5) Chekhovhis Life and worksdiff6rence with Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy simplicity?most outstanding in his art4, Realism in Northern Europe(1 ) Ibsenimportance of Ibsensubject matter of his playsmaster pieces5, Realism in EnglandHow would you characterize the situation in England in the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria?(1) Dickenslife and works"David Copperfield": what is so outstanding about his novel?the main idea of the selected passage(2) George Eliother life and workstheme of Middlemarch and skill in writing(3) Thackeryhis lifethe theme of "V anity Fair'(4) Hardyhis life and worksthe main feature Of his novels(5) Shawhis lif6 and political viewaim of Fabian Societythe range Of modes covered in his plays6, Realism in the United Stateswhat is meant by "Gilded Age"(1 ) Stowelif6 and the role of "Uncle Tom’s Cabin"(2) Whitmanlif6 and workshis contributionmain idea Of the selected passage(3)Mark Twainhis Iif6 and real name and workswhy is he considered "the Lincoln of American literatue"his masterpiece and its influence(4) Henry Jameslife and works /influence7.Art(2) impressionism in Artwhat is impressionism?what is the theme of the impressionists?what do the impressionists aim at?(3)Post--impressionismwhy is the t6rm used?what did the French impressionists Look for?who were the vanguards of the movement?what did they try to do?(b) V8n Gogh and his works8.Musicwho were the f8mous composers at the turn of the 20th century? What did they achieve?(1) Dovorak life and works/ characteristics of his work(2) Debussy: his contributionDivision 10 Modernism and Other T rends1,GeneraI introduction(1 ) what is modernism?what is its characteristic?what does it Strive to reflect?in what sense is modernism a revolution?why is it called the “dehumanization Of art?(2) Historical Contextthe three big events: WWI. October Revolution,WW2' 3) Progress in Sciencewhat were some of the developments in science?(4) New Ideas and ThoughtsSigmind Freud: the man the modernists were most indebted tothe man and his workshis importance conceptions: a, the unconscious b, three functional parts of human personality c, Oedipus Complex2,Contemporary W6st6rn Lit6rature Before 1945(1 ) English Literature(a) T.S.Eliotwhy was he considered paradoxical?what were the two Literary influences Eliot drew people’s attention to?which was his most important poem? why?(b) Joseph ConradWhat did he writ6 about in his novels?what was Outstanding about his novels?How did he achieve dramatic effect in his writings?the Story Of Lord Jim© V irginia WoolfLife and worksBloomsbury GroupStream Of consciousness(d) D.H LawrenceIn what way was he originalwhy was he controversial?what was his major theme in writing?why was it considered a challenge to conventional morality?the story of 'Sons and lovers”(2) Irish Literature'(a) Y eatsLife. role and contributionthree basic themes(b) Joyce'lifecharacteristics in writingthe story and importance of "A Portrait of the Artist As a Y oung Man"the importance of “Ulysses”(3) American Literature(a) Ezra Pounda leading figure of the imagist movementhis contributiontranslation of poem from "The Book Of Sons"(b) FaulknerNoble Prize winnerCharacteristics of his writingsthe two best---known novels(C) HemingwayNoble Prize winnerhis workshis style and accomplishmentthe story of “The Sun Also Rises"meaning of lost generation(4) German LiteratureThomas MannNobel Prize winnerthemes Of his two novels(5) French Literature(a) And re GideNoble Prize winnerNew themes introduced by Gide“The counterfeiters" and what the novel is about(6) Russian and Soviet Literature(a) GorkyLife and worksMother: what it shows, its rolethe trilogy and what the depict(b) Sholokhovthe Story Of "The Quiet Don"3, Lit6Fature and Philosophy since 1945the impact Of the two world wars(1) Angry Y oung Men in EnglandWhat does the term refer to?How comes the t6rm?(a) Kingley Amis“Lucky Jim". the story and the comic figure Jim Dixon(b) John Osbornethe story of the play "Look Back in Anger' and the reason for the success of the play (2) Beat Generation in AmericaHow comes the t6rm?what are the distinctive features of the Beat Generation?(a) Allen Ginsbergwhat is the poem "Howl" about and why is it important?(b) Jack Kerouacthe story of "on the Road" and the way of writing© New NovelHow did the term come into being?the characteristics of new novel(d) Existentialismwhat is existentialisms?what is its basic concernwhat does it advocate?what is its key concept?who is Jean---Paul Sartre?what is his theory?what are his work?(e)The Theatre of the AbsurdWhat is the term ref6rring to?What do the playwrights attempt to convey?the t6chnique and language employed(0 Black Humorwhat is black humor?why is called black humorJoseph Heller and 'Catch--22"4, Art and Music(1 ) Artthe "Fauvist: what they produced (P.483 first 5 lines) Juan Gris’s. statementwhat is art int6nded to be?what do they want to express?(b) ExpressionismWearaCt6ristic of expressionist art© Cubismwhat is this kind Of art?(i) Picassohis liferepresentative works Of diff6rent periods(d) Futurismwhat do the works Of futurists portray?what do they glorify?(e) Dadaismwhat do Dadaist create? what is their view?(f)Surrealismwhat is the Job Of an artist?。

欧洲文化入门第二章

a. Amos 阿摩司 Chronologically it is the earliest prophet. He was a shepherd living around 76 B.C. He warned his people of the coming invasion by Assyria and Egypt and was accused of plooting revolution. About a hundred years after Amos’ Amos’ message, what Amos foretold came true. b. Jeremiah 耶利米 Jeremiah lived through the fall of Jerusalem in 590 B.C. had a very tragic tale to tell.
b. Book of Psalms 诗篇 It is a collection of 150 poetic pieces, the chief hymnal of the Jews. c. Proverb 箴言 It is a collection of moral maxims or sayings of practical nature.
The Old Testament
The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the Laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means Testament” “agreement”- namely, the agreement” agreement between God andstianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem humankind. The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. This Redeemer, Jesus, was at once divine and truly human. Thus, the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: How he lived and died to redeem the whole human race.

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1. The Historical Context1). In a more remote period of Greek history, probably around 1200B.C. ,a war was fought between Greece（希腊）and Troy(特洛伊）2). Greek culture reached a high point of development in the5th century B.C.What marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th century B.C.?1). The high point of development in Greek culture was marked by (a)the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the5th century B.C., (b) the establishment of democracy and (c) the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens（雅典）.2). the 5th century B.C. closed with civil war between Athens andSparta（斯巴达） in Greece.3). in the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece wasbrought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon（马其顿王国）.4). in 146 B.C. the Romans conquered the Greece.2. Social and Political StructureWhat were the main features of ancient Greek society?1). Athens was a democracy, where only the adult male citizens hadthe rights.2). The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor.3). The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports.4). Revised in 1896, the Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.3. Homer (about 700 B. C.)（荷马）What did Homer do?（荷马史诗名词解释？）1). Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics:the Iliad《伊利亚特》and the Odyssey《奥德赛》.2). Homer probably lived around 700 B.C.3). The Iliad and the Odyssey are not about events of Homer’s own time, but about great men and wars about a remoter age, probably inthe period of 1200—1100 B.C.Drama1). Early in their remote past, the Greeks started to perform playsat religious festivals.2). Out of these religions a powerful drama developed in the 5thcentury B.C.3). Performances were given in open-air theatres, with the audience sitting on stone benches and looking down at the stage from three sides.Outstanding dramatists1). The outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece were Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）, Sophocles（索福克勒斯）, Euripides（欧里庇得斯） and Aristophanes（阿里斯托芬）.A. Aeschylus (525—456B.C.)a. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.b. Aeschylus wrote plays such as Prometheus Bound《被缚的普罗米修斯》, Persians《波斯人》 and Agamemnon《阿伽门农》.B. Sophocles (496—406B.C.)a. Sophocles was the author of plays like Oedipus the King《奥狄普斯王》,Electra《伊莱克特拉》 and Antigone《安提戈涅》.b. Oedipus the King is the story of a man who unknowingly committed a terrible sin by killing his father and marrying his mother.c. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the Oedipus complex”（奥狄普斯情结） was also derived from Sophocles’s play.C. Euripides(484—406B.C.)a. Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache Medea and Trojan Women. Less heroic more like ordinary peopleb. Euripides may be called the first writer of “problem plays”.c. 19th century, Elizabath called him Euripides the humanD. ComedyAristophanes(about 450—380B.C.)1). Aristophanes wrote such plays as Frogs《蛙》,Clouds《云》,Wasps《黄蜂》 and Birds《鸟》.PhilosophersA. Socrates (about 470—399B.C.)苏格拉底a. We known Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him inhis famous Dialogues.b. The method of argument Socrates used in exposing fallacies has come to be known as the dialectical method（ie the method of argument, by questions and answers.).c. In 399BC, at the age of seventy Socrates was put on trial on a charge of “injuring the city” by not acknowledging its gods andcorrupting the young. This trial was recorded by Plato in the dialogue “The Apology of Socrates”.B. Plato (about 428—348 B.C.)柏拉图a. Plato’s Dialogues《对话录》 are important not only asphilosophical writing but also as imaginative literature.b. Of the Dialogues Plato wrote, 27 have survived, including the Apology《申辩》,Symposium《会饮篇》或译为《飨宴篇》, and theRepublic《理想国》.c. Plato’s Apology was about Socrates’ defense of himself at the trial.d. Plato’s Symposium dealt with beauty and love.e. Plato’s Republic was about the idea state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.f. Plato’s comprehensive system of philosophy dealt with, amongother things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever-changing world, men were to obtain knowledge.g. The reply Plato gave (to the problem of how men were to obtain knowledge) was: men have knowledge because of the existence ofcertain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, goodness.h. According to Plato, only such “ideas” as beauty, truth, goodness are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real.i. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism because in his system of philosophy only such “ideas” as beauty, truth and goodness are regarded as completely real while the physical world is regarded as only relatively real.C. Aristotle (384—322B. C.)亚里士多德a. Of Aristotle’s numerous works, the following are perhaps still important to scholars and general readers alike: Ethics《伦理学》, Politics《政治学》,Poetics《诗学》, and Rhetoric《修辞学》.b. Aristotle’s Ethics was an introduction to moral philosophy.c. Aristotle’s Poetics was a treatise on literary theory.d. Aristotle’s Rhetoric dealt with the art of persuading an audience.In what way or ways did Aristotle differ from his teacher Plato?1). For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2). Also, Aristotle thought that “form” (=idea) and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world.What is Aristotle’s most influential writing to students of literature?1). To students of literature, Aristotle’s most influential of writing is Poetics.D. Contending Schools of Thoughta. The Sophists 诡辩派1). The most eminent of the Sophists was Protagoras（普罗塔格拉）, born about 500 B. C. He is chiefly noted for his doctrine “man is the measure of all things”.b. The Cynics犬儒派1). The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek.2). The Cynics got their name because Diogenes（第欧根尼）(about 412—323 B.C.), one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog.3). Diogenes rejected all conventions.4). Diogenes advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.5). Diogenes proclaimed his brotherhood not only with the whole human race, but also with animals.6). On the other hand, Diogenes had no patience with the rich and powerful.7). A story has it that Alexander the Great visited him and asking if he wanted any favor, Diogenes replied: “Only stand out of my light”.c. The Sceptics怀疑派1). The Sceptics followed Pyrrhon（皮朗）, who held that not all knowledge was attainable.d. The Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁派1). The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus (about 341—270 B.C.), who believed pleasure to the highest good in life, but by pleasure he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval, which he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue.e. The Stoics斯多葛派1). To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not “pleasure”, but “duty”.2). The chief Stoic was Zeno（齐诺）.3). Zeno believed that there is no such thing as chance, and that the cause of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws.4). In the life of an individual man, Zeno believed that virtue is the sole good.II. Roman Culture1. Romans and Greeksa. The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. marked the Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of Roman Empire.b. Latin was the official language of the west half of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?a. The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.b. Both the Romans and Greeks had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility.c. Their religious are alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused.d. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.e. There were one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2. Roman history1). The year 27 B.C. divided the history of Rome into two periods.2). Before 27 B.C. Rome had been a republic.The two important contributions made by the Romans to European cultureI. The Pax RomanaII. Roman Law1) The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman legions—and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.2). Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.The decline of the Roman Empire(5个时间)1). The empire began to decline in the 3rd century, increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as the Goths.2). In the fourth century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, and renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).3). After 395, the (Roman) empire was permanently divided into East (the Byzantium Empire) and West.4). In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.5). The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.4. Architecture, Painting and SculptureA. Architecture1). The Pantheon is the greatest and best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. and reconstructed in the 2nd century A. D. It is a round, domed form and has the world’s first vast interior space.2). Pont du Gard is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley in southern France.3). The Colosseum is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. A masterpiece of engineering, it held more than 5,000 spectators. Its interior is two-thirds of a mile round.II. The Old Testament(1). The Bible《圣经》 is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament《旧约》 and the New Testament《新约》.(2). The Old Testament is about God and Laws of God.(3). The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.1. The Pentateuch《摩西五经》，《旧约全书》的前五卷(1). The oldest and most important of the 39 books of the Old Testament are the five books, called Pentateuch.(2). The first five books of the Old Testament are Genesis《创世记》又译《创世纪》,Exodus《出埃及记》,Leviticus《利未记》,Numbers《民数记》 and Deuteronomy《申命记》.(3). Genesis is a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and man, the career of Isaac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.(4). Exodus is a religious history of the Hebrews during theirflight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law.(5). Leviticus is a collection of primitive laws.(6). Numbers is a combination of the account of the flight from Egypt with two censuses about the Exodus.(7). Deuteronomy is about the final words of Moses（摩西《圣经》故事中犹太人古代领袖） to his people, restating his orders and fifty years’ experiences as a leader.(8). in the beginning, says the Bible, God created the heaven and earth.(9). When the world was formed, God created man and woman—Adam and Eve.A. The Fall of Mana. Adam (亚当） and Eve（夏娃） lived in perfect happiness in the Garden of Eden（伊甸园）. But at the temptation of the serpent one day, Eve picked the fruit from the forbidden tree and shared it with Adam. Immediately afterwards, they were driven from Paradise and went forth into the world.The great flood1). For many hundred years the family of man multiplied and spread over the earth. Because Adam and Eve had disobeyed God and passed on the knowledge of wickedness, man became more and more corrupt. Consequently, God decided to put an end to this by destroying alllife on earth in a great flood.B. Noah’s Ark诺亚方舟a. There was, however, one good man, Noah, who still remembered God and tried to be at peace with his conscience. So God spoke to Noah about His intention and told him to build an ark to protect him and his kins from the waters. Noah followed God’s instruction.IV. The New TestamentWhat writings make up the New Testament?(1). Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity. The four accounts were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. They tell of the birth, teaching, death and resurrection of Jesus.(2). Then come: the Acts of Apostles《使徒行传》, a history of the early Christian movement; the Epistles《使徒书》, or letters to the church groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the Book of Revelation《启示录》, a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.1. Birth of JesusAccording to St. Matthew《马太福音》, Jesus was a child of the Holy Ghost.2. Jesus is tempted by the DevilAccording to St. Matthew, Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil in order to see whether Jesus was absolutely faithful to God’s teachings.5. The crucifixionAccording to St. John《约翰福音》 19, the Jews had Jesus crucified because he had made himself the Son of God.II. Manor and Church1. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of holding land in exchange for military service.A. Growth of FeudalismCharles Martel 查理·马特a. In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler, gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service.b. Kingdoms of Western Europe were divided into thousands of feudal manors or farming communities.B. The Manora. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.b. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lord. (12th century manor was made of stone, called castles)C. Knighthood and Code of Chivalrya. A noble began his education as a page (侍从或见习骑士） at the age of seven. He was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies. At about fourteen, the page became a squire（骑士的年轻扈从）. He was taught the duties of a knight and practiced using a sword, lance and shield. He went into battle with his master. If the squire proved to be a good fighter, he would be made a knight（骑士） at a special ceremony known as dubbing（骑士授予仪式）.b. As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the Western idea of good manners developed.名词解释1. Iliad（《伊利亚特》）: 1) It is one of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of probably in the period 1200-1100 B. C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and was sacked and burned by the Greeks.2．Herodotus（希罗多德）: 1) He is one of great ancient Greek historians. 2) He is often called “Father of History. 3) He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 4) His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable.5) His object in writing was “that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.”3．Socrates: 1) He was the philosopher of ancient Greece in the 5th and 4th century. 2) He was considered one of the three greatest names in European philosophy. 3) He hold that philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself and virtue was knowledge. 4) His thoughts were recorded in Dialogues by Plato. 5) He devised the dialectical method.4. Dialectical method（辩证法）: 1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is a method of argument, by questions and answers.5. Plato: 1) He was the greatest philosopher of ancient, pupil of Socrates. 2) His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the Apology, Symposium and the Republic.3) Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. 4) His philosophy is called idealism.6. Diogenes（狄奥艮尼）（北京市2002年自考真题名词解释）: He was one of the Cynic’s leaders in ancient Greece, who decided to live like a dog. 2) The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. 3) He rejected all conventions, advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.7．Stoics（斯多咯派）: 1) It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4th century B. C. 2) To them, the most important thing in life was “duty”. 3) It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 4) The chiefStoic was Zeno.8．Doric Style（陶立克柱）: 1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also called the masculine style. 3) Itis sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style. is monotonous and unadorned.9．Pax Romana（罗马和平）: 1）In the year 27 B.C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the tile of Augustus. 2)Two centuries later, the reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on a strong army-the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. 4) Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.10. Virgil（维吉尔）: 1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a rce of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire.1. The Bible: 1) The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ.2. The Old Testament: 1)The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and3. The New Testament: 1) The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The New Testament is aboutthe doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and4. Pentateuch（摩西五经）: 1) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books, called Pentateuch.2) Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记).5．Genesis： 1） Genesis is the first one of the five books in Pentateuch in Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.6. Exodus: 1) Exodus is the second one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt Led by Moses. 3) During the period they began to receive God’s Law.7. Noah’s Ark（挪亚方舟）: 1) For many hundred years after Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden, the family of man multiplied and spread over the earth, but they became more and more corrupt 2) Thus God decided to destroy all life on earth in a great flood. 3) Because Noah always kept his faith in God, God spoke to him about Hisintention and told him to build an ark to protect him and his kinfrom the waters. 4) .Noah followed God’s instructions. 5) For 40days it rained, the whole earth was covered with water, those sheltered in the ark being the only survivals.8. The Prophets (先知)：1）For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen of God.2） Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. 3）The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and MinorProphets.（分为大小先知）9．The Book of Daniel（《但以理书》）： 1）The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. 2)The book appeared in the early days of Jews’ revolt against the Syrian King Antiochus IV. 3) It isa story mixed with vision, describing how Daniel and his friends were taken prisoner to after the fall of and how they refused to compromise their faith.10．The Edict of Milan（米兰赦令）: 1) Roman emperor Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle for the throne, so he issued the Edict of Milan in 313. 2) It granted religious freedom to all, made Christianity legal.11． The four accounts in the New Testament（四福音书）: 1) The four accounts are the first four books in the New Testament. 2) They were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers. 3) They tell of the birth, teaching,death and Resurrection of Jesus.12．King James’ version of Bible（钦定版本圣经）: 1）As the most important and influential of English Bible, it is also called the “Authorized” version. 2) It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James, and was published in 1611. 3) With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is know as the greatest bookin the English language.1．the Middle ages（中世纪）（北京市2002年自考真题名词解释）: 1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5th century to15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in thefifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle ages is socalled because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite was the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2．Feudalism（封建主义）：1）Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for militaryservice. 2）The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3．Fiefs（封地，采邑）：1）In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2）The subdivisions were called fiefs.4. vassals（诸侯）: 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals.5. Code of Chivalry (骑士制度):1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fightfor the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.6. dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式) : After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.7. The Manor (庄园)： 1） The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2）Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3）By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.。

欧洲文化入门Europe culture2 The Bible and Christianity

Gen 1:3-5
Then God said, "Let there be light"; and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. So the evening and the morning were the first day.
Around 3,800 years ago the Hebrews who were the ancestors of the Jews wandered through the deserts as traveling merchants until C.1300 BC when they settled in Canaan (modern day Israel/Palestine).
It is essential for students of any aspect of European culture and influence to have knowledge of the Bible. The Bible is constantly referred to in most western art and in common western sayings. Without knowing the stories of the Bible it is impossible to understand western culture.
Bible: a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.

《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲

欧洲文化入门【课程代码】【课程中文名称】欧洲文化入门【课程英文名称】Brief Introduction to European Culture【学分】1 学分【总学时】 28 学时【讲授学时】28 学时一、教学目标本课程教学目标为：了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。

本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野的目的。

二、课程描述本课程的主要内容包括：希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。

由于学时所限，本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。

若学生对本门课感兴趣，想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课——欧洲文化入门（下）。

本课程以欧洲文化为语境，培养学生人文知识的底蕴，使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解，从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习的积极性。

三、课程性质及教学对象欧洲文化入门是（大学外语应用提高阶段）的选修课程，本课程面向大学英语三、四年级的学生开设。

四、教材选用选用教材：《欧洲文化入门》（王佐良外语教学与研究出版社）学生使用教材说明： A 需要学生购买教材 B 教师根据教材内容发放活页材料参考教材：《西方文化导论》（叶胜年著上海外语教育出版社）《西方文化概论》（赵林著高等教育出版社）《西方文化史》（姜守明洪霞著科学出版社）《西方文化史续编》（徐新主编北京大学出版社）五、教学内容IntroductionChapter 1 GREEK CULTURE AND ROMAN CULTURESection 1 Greek Culture1. The Historical Context2. Social and Political Structure3. Homer4. Lyric Poetry5. Drama6. History7. Philosophy and ScienceSection 2 Roman Culture1. Romans and Greeks2. Roman History3. Latin Literature4. Architecture, Painting and Sculpture【参考学时】6 学时【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P2-35《西方文化导论》叶盛年上海外语教育出版社 P9-37《古希腊和古罗马》Ancient Greece & Rome Richard Easby外语教学与研究出版社《雅典卫城》The Acropolis Jane Shuter 外语教学与研究出版社Chapter 2 THE BIBLE AND CHRISTIANITYSection 1 The Old Testament1. The Pentateuch2. The Historical Books3. The Poetical Books4. The ProphetsSection 2 Rise of Christianity1. The Life of Jesus2. The Spread of ChristianitySection 3 The New Testament1.The Birth of Jesus2.Jesus Is Tempted by the Devil3.The Sermon on the MountSection 4 Translations of the Bible【参考学时】4 学时【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P50-84《西方文化导论》叶盛年上海外语教育出版社P82-107Decoding Da Vinci CodeBible StoriesChapter 3 THE MIDDLE AGES【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P88-123《西方文化导论》叶盛年上海外语教育出版社P108-132《A History of Western Civilization》邓红风中国海洋大学出版社《The Outline of History》H.G. Wells (1866~1946 ) （张春光译）江西人民出版社《WESTERN CIVILIZATION A BRIEF HISTORY》Jackson J. Spiel V ogel 北京大学出版社Chapter 4 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P125-178《西方文化导论》叶盛年上海外语教育出版社P133-164《到古代去旅行》P87-89《文艺复兴》支顺福上海外语教育出版社2001.10《人类的故事》，143页，侯皓元陕西人民出版社2005.5《“第一周波”：西方自由主义的文化革命》，31页，马林韬社会科学文献出版社2005.2《卓越与迷茫欧洲文化发展进程综述》，华少庠西南交通大学出版社2005.3 Chapter 5 THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY【参考资料】《欧洲文化入门》P180-221六、教学方法1.主要教学方法：讲授法，研讨式教学法、案例教学法等。

西南大学《欧洲文化入门》网上作业及参考答案

1：[论述题]1.The Bible2. Renaissance参考答案：1. The Bible is the various collections of sacred scripture of the various branchesof Judaism and Christianity. The Bible, in its various editions, is the best-selling book in history. he Christian Bible (sometimes known as the Holy Bible) is divided into two parts. The first is called the Old Testament, containing the 39 books of Hebrew Scripture, and the second portion is called the New Testament, containing a set of 27 books. The first four books of the New Testament form the Canonical gospels which recount the life of Christ and are central to the Christian faith.2. The Renaissance is acultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Agesand later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspectivein painting, and gradual butwidespread educational reform. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influenceaffected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science,religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed thehumanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.2：[判断题]参考答案：错误3：[判断题]2. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.参考答案：正确4：[判断题]参考答案：错误5：[判断题]4. Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.参考答案：正确6：[判断题]5. The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds.参考答案：正确7：[判断题]参考答案：错误8：[判断题]7. The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of western Europe and flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th .参考答案：错误9：[判断题]8. In the period of Renaissance, where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama.参考答案：正确10：[判断题]9. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in England and with RenéDescartes in France.参考答案：正确11：[判断题]10. Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by Dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color.参考答案：错误12：[判断题]11. Christopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the American continent was named after him.参考答案：错误13：[判断题]12. Throughout his life, Peter Paul Rubens did 1,204 paintings and 300 drawings, something that is unprecedented in the history of art.参考答案：正确14：[判断题]13. Marxism was linked to a great intellectual tradition extending into the 18th century French Enlightenment, German post-Kantian philosophy, English classical political economy, and early 18th century European socialism.参考答案：错误15：[判断题]参考答案：错误16：[判断题]15. Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality by means of distortion to communicate one's inner vision. The artists of this school used bright colors to bring out their pessimistic views on life.参考答案：正确1：[论述题]1.Aristotle2.Barogue Art3. Church of England4. Beowulf5. the Lost Generation参考答案：1. reference to text-book, p 27--28. Aristotle (384 BC ? 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.2. reference to text-book, p 225 Baroque Art is an artistic style prevalent from the late 16th century to the early 18th century in Europe. It is most often defined as "the dominant style of art in Europe between the Mannerist and Rococo eras, a style characterized by dynamic movement, overt emotion and self-confident rhetoric".3. reference to text-book, p 147 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy and understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed. The British monarch, at present Queen Elizabeth II, has the constitutional title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England.4. reference to text-book, p 105 Beowulf is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.5. reference to text-book, p 471 The "Lost Generation" is a term used to refer to the generation that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, "The Sun Also Rises." In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was then his mentor and patron.2：[单选题]1. Two major elements in European culture are ____.A：the Greek and RomanB：the Judaism and ChristianityC：the Greco-RomanD：both A and B参考答案：D3：[单选题]A：UripidesB：AristophanesC：SophoclesD：Aeschylus参考答案：B4：[单选题]3. In _____ the West Roman Empire ended when the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths.A：27 B.CB：395C：476D：1453参考答案：C5：[单选题]4. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1611.A：The SeptuagintB：The VulgateC：Wycliff’s versionD：Authorized version参考答案：D6：[单选题]5. ____ in a few hundred years were to grow into the nations known as England, France, Spain, Italy and Germany.A：Germanic tribesB：The HunsC：The Anglo-SaxonsD：The Visigoths参考答案：A7：[单选题]6. Dante Alighieri's masterpiece , _____, is one of the landmarks of world literature. A：Song of RolandB：the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C：BeowulfD：the Divine Comedy参考答案：D8：[单选题]A：ChristianityB：CalvinC：LutheranD：Protestantism参考答案：D9：[单选题]8. ____ was the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West.A：Nikolai GogolB：Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC：Fyodor DostoyevskyD：Count Leo Tolstoy参考答案：B10：[单选题]9. _____ was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.A：RealismB：NaturalismC：ModernismD：Impressionism参考答案：C11：[单选题]A：My ApprenticeshipB：The StrangerC：The Quiet DonD：Remembrance of Things Past参考答案：C12：[单选题]A：The OdysseyB：The IliadC：Prometheus BoundD：Persians参考答案：B13：[单选题]A：HomeB：HeracleitueC：DemocritusD：Socrates参考答案：C14：[单选题]13. The theory of ____ is that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.A：the EpicuransB：the StoicsC：the ScepticsD：the Cynics参考答案：B15：[单选题]14. In ____, Emperor ____ made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.A：313, ConstantineB：305, DiocletianC：64 A. D., Nero CaesarD：392, Theodosius参考答案：D16：[单选题]15. With ____ by Boccaccio the courtly themes of medieval literature began to give way to the voice and mores of early modern society.A：the DecameronB：CanzoniersC：DavidD：Sleeping Venus参考答案：A1：[论述题]1. Church of England（英国国教）2. The Spirit of Laws（《法意》）3. Aristotle（亚里士多德）4. Beowulf （《贝奥武夫》）5.The Spirit of the Laws is a treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Baron de Montesquieu in 1748. In this political treatise Montesquieu advocates constitutionalism and the separation of powers, the abolition of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the rule of law, and the idea that political and legal institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical character of each particular community.（ "钦定圣经”）参考答案：1. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy and understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed. The British monarch, at present Queen Elizabeth II, has the constitutional title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England.2. The Spirit of the Laws is a treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Baron de Montesquieu in 1748. In this political treatise Montesquieu advocates constitutionalism and the separation of powers, the abolition of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the rule of law, and the idea that political and legal institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical character of each particular community.3. Aristotle (384 BC ? 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry,theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.4. Beowulf is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature.5. The Authorized King James V ersion is an English translation by the Church of England of the Christian Bible begun in 1604 and completed in 1611.2：[单选题]1. ____ , Father of political science in the West, wrote Prince and Discourses.A：Fracesco PetrarchB：DanteC：Niccolo MachiavelliD：John Calvin参考答案：C3：[单选题]A：ChristianityB：CalvinC：LutheranD：Protestanism参考答案：D4：[单选题]3. _____'s laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton's discovery of _____ .A：Kepler , heliocentric theoryB：Kepler , the laws of gravitationC：Galileo , the colors of the spectrumD：Copernicus, the laws of gravitation参考答案：B5：[单选题]A：GoyaB：DavidC：DelacroixD：Gericault参考答案：C6：[单选题]5. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of _____, so Marx discovered the law of development of _____.A：the survival of the fittest, the communist partyB：the natural selection, the scientific socialismC：organic nature, human historyD：natural species, historical societies参考答案：C7：[单选题]6. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, the evolution of species is the result of _____.A：survival of the fittestB：natural selectionC：all animal lifeD：super-organic evolution参考答案：B8：[单选题]A：Nikolai GogolB：Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC：Fyodor DostoyevskyD：Count Leo Tolstoy参考答案：B9：[单选题]8. _____, Whitman's best known poem, expresses his grief over the death of Lincoln.A. B. C. D.A：Song of MyselfB：When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’dC：I sit and Look OutD：Leaves of Grass参考答案：B10：[单选题]9. Sophocles11：[单选题]A：Symphony in E Major (“From the New World”)B：the founder of analytical geometryC：the supreme figure in scholasticismD：As I Lay Dying参考答案：A12：[单选题]11. VirgilA：Lord JimB：EncyclopédieC：The AeneidD：Prometheus Unbound参考答案：C13：[单选题]12. Thomas AquinasA：the supreme figure in scholasticismB：the first to use the term RenaissanceC：the founder of analytical geometryD：the Oedipus complex参考答案：A14：[单选题]A：the supreme figure in scholasticism B：Being and NothingnessC：The Portrait of A LadyD：Man and Superman参考答案：B15：[单选题]14. George Bernard ShawA：Man and SupermanB：The Portrait of A LadyC：As I Lay DyingD：The Betrothed参考答案：A16：[单选题]15.William FaulknerA：The Portrait of A LadyB：As I Lay DyingC：Eugene OneginD：Man and Superman参考答案：A17：[单选题]16. Giorgio VasariA：the first to use the term Renaissance B：the supreme figure in scholasticism C：the founder of analytical geometry D：the Oedipus complex参考答案：A18：[单选题]17. Joseph ConradA：As I Lay DyingB：Being and NothingnessC：Lord JimD：The Aeneid参考答案：C19：[单选题]18. Percy Bysshe ShelleyA：The Portrait of A LadyB：As I Lay DyingC：Prometheus UnboundD：Being and Nothingness参考答案：C20：[单选题]A：The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems B：Don GiovanniC：Prometheus UnboundD：The Betrothed参考答案：D21：[单选题] 20. Aleksander PushkinA：Eugene OneginB：The AeneidC：As I Lay DyingD：Don Giovanni参考答案：A22：[单选题]21. Immanuel KantA：Critique of Pure ReasonB：As I Lay DyingC：he first to use the term RenaissanceD：The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems参考答案：A23：[单选题]A：Critique of Pure ReasonB：As I Lay DyingC：The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems D：he supreme figure in scholasticism参考答案：C24：[单选题]23. RenéDescartesA：The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems B：the founder of analytical geometryC：the first to use the term RenaissancD：Don Giovanni参考答案：B25：[单选题]24.Auguste RodinA：Man and SupermanB：The ThinkerC：The Portrait of A LadyD：As I Lay Dying参考答案：B26：[单选题]25. Henry JamesA：Prometheus UnboundB：As I Lay DyingC：PhaèdraD：The Portrait of A Lady参考答案：D27：[单选题]A：The AeneidB：PhaèdraC：The ThinkerD：Eugene Onegin参考答案：B28：[单选题]27. DiderotA：EncyclopédieB：Lord JimC：Symphony in E Major (“From the New World”)D：Prometheus Unbound参考答案：A29：[单选题]A：the founder of analytical geometryB：the supreme figure in scholasticismC：Don GiovanniD：The Betrothed参考答案：C1：[判断题]3. Some of the hermits were great scholars known as " Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.参考答案：正确2：[论述题]参考答案：1. Francesco Petrarca(July 20, 1304 ? July 19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism".2. John Locke (29 August 1632 ? 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced V oltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the Americanrevolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.3. Black Humor,, a kind of drama (or, by extension, a non?dramatic work) in which disturbing or sinister subjects like death, disease, or warfare, are treated with bitter amusement, usually in a manner calculated to offend and shock. Prominent in the theatre of the absurd, black comedy is also a feature of Joe Orton's Loot (1965). A similar black humour is strongly evident in modern American fiction from Nathanael West's A Cool Million (1934) to Joseph Heller's Catch?22 (1961) and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse?Five (1969).4.Cubism was a 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. The first branch of cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second phase, Synthetic Cubism, the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.3：[判断题]20. Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality by means of distortion to communicate one's inner vision. The artists of this school used bright colors to bring out their pessimistic views on life.参考答案：正确4：[判断题]19. Black Humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man's fate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can't do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh.参考答案：错误5：[判断题]18. As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself.参考答案：错误6：[判断题]17. Marxism was linked to a great intellectual tradition extending into the 18th century French Enlightenment,参考答案：错误7：[判断题]16. The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as the Viennese School.参考答案：错误8：[判断题]15. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton.参考答案：错误9：[判断题]14. Throughout his life, Peter Paul Rubens did 1,204 paintings and 300 drawings, something that is unprecedented in the history of art.参考答案：正确10：[判断题]13. The designing and building of St. Paul's Cathedral is the landmark in French architecture.参考答案：错误11：[判断题]12. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon inEngland and with RenéDescartes in France.参考答案：正确12：[判断题]11. Christopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the American continent was named after him.参考答案：错误13：[判断题]10. The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: " I doubt, therefore I think: I think , therefore I am.”参考答案：正确14：[判断题]9. In European Renaissance, where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama.参考答案：正确15：[判断题]8. The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of western Europe and flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th century.参考答案：错误16：[判断题]7. Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and eventually was crowned " Emperor of the Romans”by himself in 800.参考答案：错误17：[判断题]6. The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds.参考答案：正确18：[判断题]5. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament are the first five books about the laws of Moses, called Pentateuch or Torah.参考答案：正确19：[判断题]4. Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and eventually was crowned " Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800.参考答案：错误20：[判断题]2. Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920.参考答案：正确21：[判断题]1. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.参考答案：错误1：[判断题]13. The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as the Viennese School.参考答案：错误2：[判断题]1. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.参考答案：正确3：[判断题]2.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that " man is the measure of all things.”参考答案：错误4：[判断题]3. The term " impressionism” was taken directly from the title of Manet's Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).参考答案：错误5：[判断题]4. Realism was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.参考答案：错误6：[判断题]5. In Freudian system, Id is the container of the instinctual urges.参考答案：正确7：[判断题]6. Dubliners by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.参考答案：错误8：[判断题]7. T.S. Eliot's long poem the Waste Land is his major contribution to English poetry. 参考答案：正确9：[判断题]8. Sholokhov established an international reputation for his monumental novel of Cossack life, The Quiet Don, written between 1925 and 1940.参考答案：正确10：[判断题]9. Samuel Beckett's masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was remembered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.参考答案：正确11：[判断题]10. The term " Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1956).参考答案：正确12：[论述题]Marxism参考答案：Marxism is an economic and socio-political worldview that contains within it a political ideology for how to change and improve society by implementing socialism. Originally developed in the early to mid 19th century by two German émigrés living in Britain, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Marxism is based upon a materialist interpretation of history. Taking the idea that social change occurs because of the struggle between different classes within society who are under contradiction one against the other, the Marxist analysis leads to the conclusion that capitalism, the currently dominant form of economic management, leads to the oppression of the proletariat, who not only make up the majority of the world's populace but who also spend their lives working for the benefit of the bourgeoisie, or the wealthy ruling class in society.13：[判断题]15. Throughout his life, Peter Paul Rubens did 1,204 paintings and 300 drawings, something that is unprecedented in the history of art.参考答案：正确14：[判断题]14. Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920.参考答案：错误15：[判断题]12. Some of the hermits were great scholars known as " Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.参考答案：正确16：[判断题]参考答案：正确1：[判断题]1. In Europe, the realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France.参考答案：正确2：[判断题]2. Zola defined the theory of realism and illustrated it in his great work entitled the Human Comedy参考答案：错误3：[判断题]3. Nikolai Gogol was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.参考答案：正确4：[判断题]4. Romanticism, which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, started from the ideas of Rousseau, in France and from the Storm and Stress movement in Germany.参考答案：正确5：[判断题]5. In 1798, Songs of Experience , a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.参考答案：错误6：[判断题]6. Pushkin stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, Eugene Onegin is generally recognized as his masterpiece.参考答案：正确7：[判断题]7. The publication of Mickiewicz's Sonnets from the Crimea _____ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature.参考答案：错误8：[判断题]10. Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller's Ode to Joy.参考答案：正确9：[判断题]8. Goya was among the first ones in European art history to comment in his art on the events of the day.参考答案：正确10：[判断题]9. Delacroix was among the first ones in European art history to comment in his art on the events of the day.参考答案：正确11：[论述题]1.Dadaism2. The Human Comedy参考答案：1. Dadaism or Dada is a post-World War I cultural movement in visual art as well as literature (mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design. The movement was, among other things, a protest against the barbarism of the War and what Dadaists believed was an oppressive intellectual rigidity in both art and everyday society; its works were characterized by a deliberate irrationality and the rejection of the prevailing standards of art. It influenced later movements including Surrealism.2. The Human Comedy is the title of Honoréde Balzac's (1799?1850) multi-volume collection of interlinked novels and stories depicting French society in the period of the Restoration and the July Monarchy (1815?1848).。

欧洲文化入门_名词解释

欧洲文化入门名词解释1．P ax Romana 罗马帝国统治下的和平In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana2．T he New Testament 新约The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God and Man.3．Pentateuch 摩西五经The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and most important of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis (创世记)，Exodus (出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers (逃亡记)，Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

4．Genesis 起源Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man，the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5．The Historical Books 史书was divided into seven sections：①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.6．the Middle ages 中世纪In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)，from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages，between ancient times and modern times.7. Feudalism 封建主义Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

欧洲文化入门串讲

“欧洲文化入门”串讲资料来源：广东自考网编辑：yesy 时间：2003-10-16Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture (1)Division Two: The Bible And Christianity (2)Division Three: The Middle Ages (2)Division Four: Renaissance and Reformation (2)Division Five: The Seventh Century (2)Division Six: The Age of Enlightenment (3)Division Seven: Romanticism (3)Division Eight: Marxism and Darwinism (3)Division Nine: Realism (3)Division Ten: Modernism and Other Trends (4)Answer questions (4)“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲 (5)I. 希腊罗马 (5)lI. 基督教和圣经 (6)III. 中世纪 (6)IV. 文艺复兴与宗教改革 (7)V. 17世纪 (8)VI. 启蒙运动 (8)VII. 现实主义 (9)VIII. 马克思主义和达尔文主义 (9)IX. 现实主义 (9)X. 现代主义和其他趋势 (10)Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Homer:2. Father of History3. Academy4. Idealism1. Cynics2. Epicureans3. Stoic4. Ionic style5. Doric style6. Ciceronian7. She-wolfDivision Two: The Bible And Christianity1. Historical books2. Book of Daniel3. John Wycliff4. Vulgate Edition of Bible5. King James BibleDivision Three: The Middle Ages1. Age of Faith2. Feudalism3. Father of the church4. City of God5. Benedictine Rule6. Crusades7. Carolingian Renaissance8. Alfred the GreatDivision Four: Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance2. Mona Lisa3. Elegant Raphael4. Titian5. Calvinism6. Reformation7. Counter ReformationDivision Five: The Seventh Century1. Induction and deduction2. Induction and Deduction3. Leviathan4. Bill of Right5. Paradise Lost6. Cartesian Doubt7. Dualism8. French ClassicismDivision Six: The Age of Enlightenment1. Age of Reason2. The Spirit of Laws3. Letter Anglaise4. Candide5. Rousseau’s Social Contract6. Robinson Crusoe7. Sorrow of Young Werther8. Faust9. Cabal and Love10. Critique of Reason11. Nebular HypothesisDivision Seven: Romanticism1. Romanicsism2. The LakersDivision Eight: Marxism and Darwinism1. Marxism2. Capital3. Utopian Socialism4. Origin of SpeciesDivision Nine: Realism1. Realism2. Balzac3. Madame Bovary4. A Hunter’s Sketches5. David Copperfield6. Middlemarch7. Vanity Fair8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin9. Impressionism10. Post ImpressionismDivision Ten: Modernism and Other Trends1. Modernism2. Sigmund Freud3. Odepus Complex4. Waste Land5. Ulysses6. The Lost Generation7. Angry Young men in England8. Beat Generation9. Black Humor10. Fauves11. Expressionism12. Cubism13. Futurism14. Dadaism15. SurrealismAnswer questionsDivision One1. What are the characters of ancient Greek society?2. What influences did Greek civilization have on English literature?3. What were ancient Greeks curious about?4. What did Romans have in common with Greeks?Division Two1.What are the two forceful beliefs which separate Christianity from other religions?2.What influences did Bible have on western culture?Division Three1. What were then power and influences of Catholic church?2. What influence did Crusades have on western civilization?3. Why we call the Middle Ages the Age of Faith?Division Four1. What are the main elements of humanism?2. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?3. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?4. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modern history?Division Five1. What were Galilio’s contributions to the modern science?2. Why we call Newton the greatest scientist that ever lived?3. What were the major difference between Locke’s concept and Hobbes’?4. What were the main features of seventeenth century?Division Six1. Why we call Enlightenment an age of reason?2. The industrial revolution is marked by which of the following developments?Division Seven1. What are the main features of Romanticism?2. What are the main differences between Romantics and Realists?3. What were the conditions in western Europe in the 1840’s?4. Why Mark Twain is considered the father of American Literature?“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲I. 希腊罗马Homer: Iliad/ Odyssey/ author of epicsSappho: lyric poetPindar: the 14 Olympian odesAeschylus: Prometheus Bound/ Persians/ Agamemnon/ tragic dramatistSophocles: Oedipus the King/ Electra/ Antigone/ tragic dramatistEuripides: Medea/ Trojan Women/ Andromache/ tragic dramatistAristophanes: Frogs/ Clouds/ Wasps/ Birds/ comedy writerHerodotus: wars about Greeks and Persians/ Father of HistoryThucydides: the war between Athens and Sparta/ Syracuse historianPythagoras: All things were numbers/ founder of scientific mathematicsHeracleitus: Fire is the primary elementDemocritus: materialist/ atomic theorySocrates: dissect of oneself/ virtue was high worth of life/ dialectical methodPlato: Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”Aristotle: direct observation/ theory follow fact/ “form” (=idea) and matter together made up concrete individual realities/ Ethics/ Politics/ Poetics and RhetoricEuclid：Elements/ geometryArchimedes: geometry, arithmetic, mechanics, hydrostaticsOther schools of thought: Sophists>Protagoras/Cynics>Diogenes/ Sceptics>Pyrrhon/ Epicureans>Epicurus/ Stoics>ZenoCicero: Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writerCaesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writerLucretius On the nature of things poetVirgil <Aeneid>---Aeneas---tragic hero4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克。

欧洲文化入门

欧洲文化入门：
《欧洲文化入门》是一本为中国大学英语系学生编写的教科书，由外语教学与研究出版社出版。

书中介绍了英语中来自欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故﹑名言﹑成语﹑人名﹑地名等等，并按时间顺序对欧洲从古至今的历史进行了具体扼要的讲述。

相关概要：
《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。

学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。

英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。

如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。

而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好
课程目的：
为学习英语的学生而设，因此用英语讲授，提到的地名，人名，书名，事件的名称等等也按英语惯例拼写，例如用Aristotle而不是Aristote（法）或Aristoteles（德）。

欧洲文化入门51个名词解释

欧洲文化入门名词解释51：1．Pax Romana：In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana2．The New Testament名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God and Man.3．Pentateuch名词解释：The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and most important of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis (创世记)，Exodus (出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers (逃亡记)，Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

4．Genesis名词解释Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man，the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5．The Historical Books was divided into seven sections：①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.6．the Middle ages名词解释In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)，from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages，between ancient times and modern times.7. Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍

《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍《欧洲文化入门》是面向完成《大学英语》（1-4）学习的高年级学生的公共选修课之一，计划开设于第三学年第一学期，每周2课时，学程18周。

该课程以课堂讲授为主，涉及内容广泛，讲授内容包括对西方尤其是欧美的文化、宗教、哲学、历史、地理、人文、风俗、以及音乐、美术、文学、科技等各方面知识的介绍。

课程采用历史叙述法，系统介绍欧洲文化的基本知识，增强学生对欧洲文化的了解掌握，使学生把英美文化放在大的欧洲背景下，体验欧洲文化的一体以及多元性。

1. 学习目标：通过本课程的学习，学生可以了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。

2. 教学语言和方式：英语和汉语；教师课堂讲授，多媒体展示，学生小组活动。

3. 对学生的要求：要求学生能够自觉训练使用英语去了解和表达，对欧洲文化有大体的了解。

广泛去接触欧洲文化，包括使用互联网，阅读相关书籍。

《欧洲文化入门》是一门兼具知识性与开放性的综合性课程。

教师通过网络教学平台、开放课程教学博客等，随着课程进展将复习练习、课外自学建议和学习材料等提供给选课学生。

4. 课程考核包括：1、出席率+小组活动与课堂报告20％；2、笔试60%（考题以问史实为主）；3、项目化教学报告成绩（20%）。

5. 课程内容及课时分配：第一讲：古希腊文化；影片观摩（四课时）；第二讲：古罗马；希腊、罗马文化比较与综述（四课时）；第三讲：基督教的兴起；影片观摩（三课时）；第四讲：《圣经》选读；欧洲的中世纪（三课时）；第五讲：文艺复兴运动；文艺复兴时期的艺术（四课时）；第六讲：宗教改革；十七世纪的欧洲（三课时）；第七讲：启蒙运动、新古典时期；启蒙时代与古典时期的音乐（四课时）；第八讲：浪漫主义；浪漫主义时期的文学与音乐（三课时）；第九讲：现实主义；影片观摩（三课时）；第十讲：二十世纪的欧洲与现代主义；现代美术作品观摩（三课时）；6. 教材王佐良等《欧洲文化入门》，外语教学与研究出版社，1992。

欧洲文化入门中文版

欧洲文化入门中文版2009-10-11 15:16《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。

其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。

我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史)二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。

要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。

一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。

另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。

正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。

下面我们将分章节进行综述。

在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。

每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家好好做一做。

第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。

我们先看希腊的发展。

希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。

希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。

公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。

希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。

这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。

荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。

这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。

荷马生活在公元前700年。

2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。

其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。

雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。

雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。

欧洲文化入门(英文课件

历史性：欧洲文化具有悠久的历史，从古希腊、罗马到中世纪、文艺复兴等时期都有丰富的文化遗产
创新性：欧洲文化具有创新性，如文艺复兴、启蒙运动等时期都推动了人类文明的进步
影响力：欧洲文化对全球产生了深远的影响，如科学、哲学、艺术、文学等领域都产生了重要的影响
欧洲文化的代表人物和事件
欧洲哲学的思想体系和代表人物
古希腊哲学：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德
启蒙运动时期哲学：伏尔泰、卢梭、康德
中世纪哲学：奥古斯丁、托马斯·阿奎那
德国古典哲学：黑格尔、费尔巴哈、马克思
文艺复兴时期哲学：笛卡尔、培根、霍布斯
现代哲学：尼采、萨特、海德格尔
欧洲历史和哲学的文化内涵和影响
欧洲历史：从古希腊罗马到中世纪，再到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，欧洲历史经历了多次变革和进步
欧洲宗教的信仰体系和仪式
东正教：基督教的另一个分支，强调教会的独立性和传统
新教：基督教的另一个分支，强调个人信仰和圣经的权威
天主教：基督教的一个分支，强调教会的权威和传统
仪式：洗礼、婚礼、葬礼等，都是欧洲宗教的重要仪式
基督教：欧洲最主要的宗教，信仰上帝和耶稣基督
节日：圣诞节、复活节、万圣节等，都是欧洲宗教的重要节
欧洲旅游的重要景点和特色
罗马斗兽场：意大利罗马的古代建筑，可以了解古罗马的历史和文化
卢浮宫：法国巴黎的著名博物馆，收藏了大量的艺术品和历史文物
埃菲尔铁塔：法国巴黎的标志性建筑，可以俯瞰整个巴黎市区
威尼斯水城：意大利威尼斯的水上城市，可以体验独特的水
上生活
巴塞罗那高迪建筑：西班牙巴塞罗那的建筑，可以欣赏到高
欧洲艺术和音乐在欧洲历史上扮演了重要的角色，如文艺复兴时期、巴洛克时期、古典主义时期等，这些时期的艺术和音乐对欧洲文化的发展产生了重要的影响。

欧洲文化概要介绍基础知识入门英文版

◦ Greco-Roman element ◦ Judeo-Christian element
Division 1
Greek Culture &
Roman Culture
Greek Culture
◦ The Historical Context
1200 B.C.
War between Greece and Troy
Writer
Works
Tragedy/ Characteristics Comedy
Noted for
Aeschylus
Prometheus Bound,
(525-456 B.C.) Persians,
Agamemnon
Sophocபைடு நூலகம்es
Oedipus the King,
(496-406 B.C.) Electra, Antigone
Tragedy Tragedy
Euripides
Andromache, Medea, Tragedy
(484-406 B.C.) Trojan Women
Only two actors and a chorus; Written in verse
Vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry
5th century B.C. Greek culture reached a high point ---Failure of Persian invasion ---Establishment of democracy and flourishing of S.P.L.A.& HW Civil war between Athens and Sparta