英语写作摘要
新概念英语课后摘要写作
新概念英语第三册摘要写作Lesson 1 A puma at large 逃遁的美洲狮The reports received by London Zoo that a puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London were similar in nature. A woman picking blackberries saw it first, but the puma moved from place to place,leaving a trail of dead deer and small animals. Paw prints and puma fur were found as well. ‘Cat-like noises’were heard at night and the animal was seen up a tree. Now experts were convinced that the animal really was a puma.79 wordsLesson 2 Thirteen equals one 十三等于一At one o'clock in the morning, the church clock striking the hours woke the vicar up as it struck thirteen times. The vicar went into the clock tower, taking a torch with him. He saw Bill Wilkins, the local grocer there and Bill explained he was trying to repair the clock but hadn't succeeded because at one o'clock it struck thirteen times. However, the vicar was pleased the bell was working and offered the grocer a cap of tea. 79 wordsLesson 3 An unknown goddess 无名女神Archaeologists found clay fragments in an ancient temple. These represented the fifteen statues of goddesses which hadonce been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains from the fifteenth century . while its head was found among remains from the fifth century . When the Unit 1 Lesson 3 fragments were reconstructed, they turned out to be a goddess which stood three feet high. Her hands rested on her hips and she was wearing a full-length skirt. Her identity is unknown.80 wordsLesson 4 The double life of Alfred Bloggs 阿尔弗雷德.布洛格斯的双重生活When he got married, Alfred Bloggs told his wife he worked for the Corporation. Though he dressed in a smart black suit every morning, he changed into overalls at work and spent the day working as a dustman. Then he took a shower and changed back into his suit at night. This lasted for two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. His wife will never learn the truth because her husband will be an office worker in future. 80 wordsLesson 5 The facts 确切数字Though the journalist immediately set out to get the facts after receiving instructions from his editor, he did not send them at once. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, so he sent three faxes, finally threatening to fire the journalist. When the last fax was unanswered, the article waspublished in its original form. The journalist sent the editor a fax a week later explaining he had been imprisoned after counting the steps and measuring the height of the wall. 80 wordsLesson 6 Smash-and grab 砸橱窗抢劫A large car entered an arcade near Piccadilly and stopped outside a jeweller's. Two thieves got out and smashed the shop window. The owner of the shop was upstairs at the time, so he threw furniture at thethieves hitting one of them with a heavy statue. The raid lasted only three minutes and the thieves drove away. Running after them, the owner threw ashtrays and vases, but the thieves got away, stealing thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.79 wordsLesson 7 Mutilated ladies 残钞鉴别组John Butlin runs a successful furniture business and after a very good day, he put his wallet containing ￡3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping. Then he and his fianc6e, Jane, went horse-riding, after which Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven only to find to their dismay that the money had been destroyed. John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains to the Mutilated Ladies department who identified the remains and returned the money. 79 wordsLesson 8 A famous monastery 着名的修道院The St. Bernard's Pass is visited by thousands of people in summer, who cross the Pass in cars. Because there are so many people about, the dogs are kept in a special enclosure. As the temperature in winter falls to -30°, there are few visitors, so the monks prefer this season. The dogs are also free to wander outside their enclosure. Parties of young skiers regularly visit the monastery in winter, during Christmas and Easter when they are warmly welcomed.80 wordsLesson 9 Flying cats 飞猫The New York Animal Medical Centre recently made a study of 132 cats. All these cats had one thing in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only eight had died from shock or injuries. One cat,Sabrina, had fallen 32 storeys but only suffered from a broken tooth. When falling at speeds up to 60 miles per hour, cats stretch out their legs which increases their air－resistance and reduces the shock of impact on hitting the ground. 79 wordsLesson 10 The loss of the Titanic “泰坦尼克“号的沉没The Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic when an iceberg was spotted by a lookout. After the alarm was given, the ship turned sharply and sailed alongside it. Suddenly, a faint noise was heard from below, so thecaptain went down to investigate, only to find that five of the sixteen compartments had been flooded. On hearing the order to abandon ship, people jumped overboard, but 1,500 drowned because there were not enough lifeboats. 79 words Lesson 11 Not guilty 无罪Though the writer had nothing to declare, the Customs Officer made him unlock his case. Searching the case carefully, the Officer found a small bottle, which he thought was perfume. The writer told the Customs Officer that it was hair gel, which he had made himself. As the Officer did not believe this, the writer encouraged him to try it. The unpleasant smell convinced him the writer was telling the truth, so he let him pass through Customs. 70 wordsLesson 12 Life on a desert island 荒岛生活As the two men's boat was damaged, they were taking it to Miami when on the way it began to sink. After loading a rubber dinghy with food, matches and beer, the two men rowed a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There they collected rainwater in the dinghy and caught fish and lobster with a spear gun. For five days, they‘ate like kings’ until they were rescued by a passing tanker. 80 words Lesson 13 ‘It’s only me’ “是我,别害怕”Mrs. Richards had dressed up as a ghost and was just going into the dining room when there was a knock on the door. Thinking it was the baker, she hid in the storeroom under the stairs. She heard footsteps in the hall and then the man from the Electricity Board opened the storeroom door. Though she said ‘It's only me’, he got a bad fright. When she walked towards him, he fled, slamming the front door behind him. 79 words Lesson 14 A noble gangster 贵族歹徒After Sir John Hawkwood settled near Florence six hundred years ago, he hired soldiers to the princes of city-states in times of war. In times of peace he threatened to destroy a city-state unless protection money was paid. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. Sir John was eighty when he died and the Florentines not only gave him a state funeral but had a picture painted of him, dedicated to his memory. 79 wordsLesson 15 Fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦George was going to the sweet shop when he lost fifty pence down a drain. After removing his jacket, he put his arm through the drain cover. He couldn't find his money and couldn't get his arm out. A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter. She failed to free him, but two firemen succeeded with a special type of grease. Thesweet shop owner presented George with a large box of chocolates. 80 wordsLesson 16 Mary had a little lamb 玛丽有一头小羔羊When Dimitri came home, Mary told him that her white lamb had been stolen. On learning that his neighbour, Aleko, had acquired a lamb, Dimitri went to Aleko's house and accused him of stealing it. When Aleko showed his lamb, Dimitri saw it was black, so he apologized. After staying in Aleko's house for a while because it had begun to rain, Dimitri got a surprise outside when he found the lamb was almost white. It had been dyed black 80 wordsLesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world 世界上最长的吊桥The Verrazano Bridge, which joins Brooklyn to Staten Island, has a span of 4,260 feet. Its two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on platforms made of steel and concrete, extending over 100 feet under the sea and rising nearly 700 feet above the surface of the water. The bridge is suspended from four huge cables, each of which contains 26,108 lengths of wire. It is not only very strong, but simple and elegant as well. 80 wordsLesson 18 Electric currents in modern art 现代艺术中的电流On entering the art gallery, the writer saw a notice which forbade people to touch the exhibits because they were dangerous. The exhibition consisted of pieces of moving a wall, the writer saw long thin wires attached to metal spheres which attracted and repelled each other. In the centre of the hall were tall structures containing coloured lights which went on and off. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off. 79 wordsLesson 19 A very dear cat 一只贵重的宝贝猫Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter three days after her cat's writer of the letter demaded ￡1,000 for the return of the cat,and warned she would never see him again if she went to the had to put the money in a cardboard box and leave it outside her door. After drawing ￡1,000 from her band,she acted on the kidnapper's money disappeared the following morning,and Rastus returned at seven o'clock that evening. 80 wordsLesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱Bleriot and Latham arrived in Calais on July 21st, 1909. Though it looked as if there would be a race on July 25th, Latham didn't take part, because he didn't get up early enough. After making a short test flight,Bleriot crossed the Channel in thirty-seven minutes. A policeman greeted him when he arrivedin got within half a mile of Dover the following week, having to land on the sea a second time because his engine failed.80 wordsLesson 21 Daniel Mendoza 丹尼尔门多萨When the two men quarrelled, they settled the argument by a fight. This took place at Stilton. It lasted an hour and Humphries won. When they met again, Mendoza lost again, but in their third match in 1790,Mendoza finally beat Humphries to become Champion of England. He founded a successful boxing Academy and earned a lot of money, but was so extravagant he was always in debt. He was finally sent to prison and died in poverty in 1836. 80 wordsLesson 22 By heart 熟记台词The aristocrat was sitting in his cell when the gaoler entered and handed him the letter----a blank sheet of paper. The aristocrat looked at it, squinted and said: ‘The l ight is dim. Read me the letter.’ He handed the letter back to the gaoler, who said: ‘The light is indeed dim. I'll get my glasses.’ He left the stage and returned with a pair of glasses and the real letter, which he read to the prisoner. 79 words Lesson 23 One man’s meat is another man’s poison 各有所爱The writer collected several dozen snails, put them in a paper bag and took them to Robert who was delighted to see him, and pleased with the snails. The writer left the bag in the hall and he and Robert went into the living room and talked for a couple of hours. He had forgotten the snails until Robert invited him to dinner, and he followed Robert into the hall to find snails everywhere. They had escaped from the bag. Lesson 24 A skeleton in the cupboard “家丑”The writer started to unpack and put his shirts and underclothes into drawers and then decided to hang a suit in the cupboard. He opened the cupboard and stood petrified: there, dangling in front of him, was a skeleton. It was swaying and ready to leap out at him. He dropped his suit and dashed downstairs to tell George. George was unsympathetic and told the writer it was Sebastian, a skeleton he had when he was a medical student. 79 wordsLesson 25 The Cutty Sark “卡蒂萨克”号帆船The Thermopylae reached Java first, but the Cutty Sark took the lead on the Indian Ocean. When the Cutty Sark was struck by a storm, her rudder was torn away. A temporary rudder was made and fitted, but the ship lost the lead. After crossing the Equator, they called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted.Even with a new rudder, the Cutty Sark arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae, which was 500 miles ahead. 80 words Lesson 26 Wanted: a large biscuit tin 征购大饼干筒A biscuit company asked its customers to bake biscuits and send them to the factory. As a prize, they offered ＄10 a pound for the biggest biscuit they received. The response was tremendous, with one biscuit weighing 500 pounds and another weighing 713 pounds. They thought that was the winner until a lorry delivered one which weighed 2,400 pounds baked by a college student. A crane lifted it from the lorry and the manufacturers paid the student ＄24,000.80 wordsLesson 27 Nothing to sell and nothing to buy 不卖也不买Unlike beggars, real tramps have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. Although they seek independence, they will not sacrifice their human dignity. They choose their own way of life and are aware of the consequences. They may not know where the next meal is coming from, but they do not have the worries that others have. They can travel easily because they have few possessions and when they sleep in the open, they are close to nature. 79 wordsLesson 28 Five pounds too dear 五镑太贵The next man who approached him was selling watches and pens, and when the writer looked at one, it looked genuine. The man said it was worth ￡50 but the writer could have it for ￡30. The writer offered him ￡5 and waited. Eventually, as the writ er was walking away, the man agreed and took ￡5. The writer was very pleased----until he was back on board. The pen was impossible to fill. It has never written a word since. 80 words Lesson 29 Funny or not 是否可笑A man broke his right leg just before Christmas and was taken to hospital. He wanted to know when he could go home. On Christmas Day he was still in hospital with his leg in plaster, but there was a good chance of leaving hospital for the New Year. In fact, he was out in time to go to a New Year's Eve party where he drank too much, slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg. 80 wordsLesson 30 The death of a ghost 幽灵之死Eric joined the army during the Second World War, but hated army life, so he deserted. He returned to the farm where his father hid him until the end of the war, and he remained in hiding after the war. His father told everyone that he had been killed in action. Joe and Bob kept the secret, so Eric lived as a recluse. He slept during the day and worked at night, so he became the ‘ghost of Endley’.79 wordsLesson 31 A lovable eccentric 可爱的怪人Dickie had been caught in a heavy shower when he walked into an expensive shop. He wanted a ￡300 watch for his wife, but he was so bedraggled the assistant refused to serve him. He left the shop and returned with a heavy cloth bag which he dumped on the counter. Dickie asked for the manager. When he was given the watch, he gave the assistant the bag which contained ￡300 in pennies, which the assistant had to count.80 wordsLesson 32 A lost ship 一艘沉船The chest containing the personal belongings of Alan Fielding told them a lot, and there were other items of interest. A heavy gun proved the ship was a cruiser. Another chest belonging to a ship's officer contained an unfinished letter dated March 14th, 1943, from which they learnt the ship's name. The most valuable find was the ship's log book, which told them the Karen had been sailing in convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy submarine.80 wordsLesson 33 A day to remember 难忘的一天When the driver behind braked, his wife was thrown forward and the large cake on her lap flew through the windscreen and landed on the road. A lorry had to pull up suddenly and hundreds of empty beer bottles slid off onto the road. The traffic piledup so that it took the police an hour to get it on the move again. The lorry driver swept up the glass and two stray dogs ate the remains of the cake.80 wordsLesson 34 A happy discovery 幸运的发现While visiting an antique shop one Saturday, Frank was about to leave when he saw a large packing case. He asked the dealer to open it but the contents were disappointing until he lifted some crockery and noticed a miniature painting at the bottom. He had already decided to buy it when the dealer told him it was ￡50. Frank was excited because this was a real discovery. The painting was an unknown masterpiece worth hundreds of thousands of pounds. 80 wordsLesson 35 Justice was done 伸张正义A girl in the jewellery store heard muffled cries coming from behind a wall. When she heard the cry again, she went and told the manager who rang the fire brigade. When they arrived, the fire fighters found the right chimney by tapping the walls and listening. They chipped through a thick wall and found the man who could not move because the chimney was so narrow. They finally freed him by cutting a large hole in the wall. 79 words Lesson 36 A chance in a million 百万分之一的机遇Hans had been wounded towards the end of the war, taken to hospital and separated from his unit. When the hospital hadbeen bombed, he had returned to West Germany on foot. Meantime, his unit had been lost and all records of him destroyed. He returned to the family home to find the house bombed. Assuming all his family were dead, he settled in a village 50 miles away where he had lived until he met Franz and his wife. 80 words Lesson 37 The Westhaven Express 开往威斯特海温的快车When many local people boarded the train with the writer, he was not surprised. Nor was he surprised when the train stopped at Widley. But when it stopped at each station, he began to wonder why it was going so slowly. Finally, when the train reached Westhaven, the writer spoke to the station master who denied the existence of an express. They argued and the writer was shown this timetable footnote, which said:‘ This service has been suspended.’79 wordsLesson 38 The first calender 最早的日历Historians have long been puzzled by prehistoric markings on walls, bones and tusks. The people who made the markings were nomads during the last Ice Age. Finally historians have managed to read this difficult code and realized that they depict the passing of the days and phases of the moon. They are in fact a primitive calendar. There is a connection between the pictures of hunting scenes and the markings with them. 71 wordsLesson 39 Nothing to worry about 不必担心When the boulders disappeared, there was a wide plain covered with clumps of bushes. Ahead was a huge fissure and Bruce stopped. We examined it and found it was fifty yards long, two feet wide and four feet deep. Without thinking, Bruce raced the car along it and then we were back on the plain. The village was 15 miles away and the next obstacle was a very wide shallow pool. Bruce charged in and stopped in the middle. 79 words Lesson 40 Who’s who 真假难辨When a policeman arrived, he asked the workmen to go away. Later four more policemen arrived. The workmen still refused to stop and the police threatened to confiscate their pneumatic drill. One workman then threatened to call the police, which was silly because they were already under arrest. When another workman asked to make a telephone call, a policeman accompanied him to a phone. The workman actually rang the police and they realized they had been victims of a hoax. 80 wordsLesson 41 Illusions of pastoral peace 宁静田园生活的遐想You never have to travel miles to see friends because they live nearby. Nor do you have to worry about catching the last train home after the theatre. The latest exhibitions, films and plays are all a bus ride away. Shopping is a pleasure, too.There is so much variety that you never have to make do with second best. The city can be beautiful and peaceful, too ---- beautiful with the glow of neon advertisements, and peaceful at weekends. 79 wordsLesson 42 Modern cavemen 现代洞穴人On entering a narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down and reached a narrow corridor. They edged their way along and came to a waterfall which dropped to an underground lake. They plunged into the lake in special rubber suits and let the current take them to the other side. On squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, they discovered an enormous cavern where they saw massive stalagmites and stalactites. All they could hear was water dripping from above. 80 wordsLesson 43 Fully insured 全保险The divers found the dish, but it was difficult to haul out of the water. The sides were so smooth it was almost impossible to attach chains to it Eventually chains were attached and they pulled the dish to the canal bank on a winch. Unfortunately it overbalanced and slid back. They then fixed clamps to both sides and fastened chains to lift it vertically. With a winch they hauled the dish above the surface and on to dry land. 80 wordsLesson 44 Speed and comfort 又快捷又舒适Nothing matches a plane for speed and comfort. An aeroplane reaches its destination rapidly. You travel in complete comfort, often watching a film or sipping champagne. You have a breathtaking view of the world and you can really appreciate the landscape. When you are above the clouds, the sight of cloud plains is extraordinary. The journey is so smooth that it is easy to read or sleep, and you always arrive fresh and uncrumpled at the end of the flight. 80 wordsLesson 45 The power of the press 新闻报道的威力Immediately the news got out, a plane arrived with reporters and photographers. The family's rise to fame was swift and soon the media had told the whole country. Newspapers and magazines offered huge sums of money for exclusive rights to the story, while gifts poured in from baby products manufacturers. 'The family's old farmhouse was replaced by a new home, while lawyers were employed as spokesmen. The parents paid the price for fame: they would never again lead normal lives. 80 words Lesson 46 Do it yourself 自己动手The author looked at his machine and reckoned that only a minor adjustment was needed. After adjusting a few things, the mower still refused to work, so he dismantled it and traced the cause of the trouble: there was a broken link in the drive chain. After buying a new chain and reassembling the mower, it stilldid not work. However, he was not really surprised because there were bits left that did not fit anywhere ---- so he gave up. 80 wordsLesson 47 Too high a price 代价太高Noise constantly invades our daily lives. According to a recent survey, the worst noise is dogs barking at night, although the noise of lawn mowers, late-night parties, noisy neighbours, vehicles, planes and helicopters and large radios all adds. While the use of mobile phones in public places, it seems, is annoying, the survey revealed that one‘old-fashioned’ source of noise is snorin g, with men the worst offenders: only a small percentage of women snore, but they suffer most.80 wordsLesson 48 The silent village 沉默的村庄The village contained one street and looked forbidding. Apart from a goat, it seemed deserted, so they sat down and had a picnic. Looking up, they suddenly found themselves surrounded by children in rags. The children were silent and motionless. As they walked down the street followed by the children, the village came alive with faces in windows and people watching them silently from doorways. The visitors were clearly unwelcome. They hurried back down to the stream and the boatman.Lesson 49 The ideal servant 理想的仆人On her return with a party of guests, Aunt Harriet asked Bessie to prepare dinner. Not only was the meal below standard, Bessie could not walk steadily, and she bumped into furniture and mumbled at the guests. When she brought in the pudding, she tripped and the pudding crashed onto the dining the guests were very amused, Aunt Harriet was horrified. She realized Bessie was drunk and dismissed her immediately. 72 words Lesson 50 New Year resolutions 新年的决心The writer exercised early in the morning for two days before anyone found out. When he sat at breakfast the second day, his condition betrayed him. His enthusiasm waned so that by January 10th, things were back to normal. However, he decided to keep his mind fresh for reading. He read on his own until one evening he went down and sat in front of the television, but he dozed off. He has now bought a book on speed reading 80 wordsLesson 51 Predicting the future 预测未来According to Bagrit, computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, and they would be able to provide information about traffic jams and suggest alternative routes. They would be used to help doctors diagnose illnesses, and in business would relieve office workers of dull, repetitive work. However,he failed to predict the use of the Internet as a vehicle of communication or a source of information. But as predicted, computers have become smaller, more powerful and cheaper. 79 wordsLesson 52 Mud is mud 实事求是The assistant promised to order the‘ Myrolite ’Harry bad already asked for, so he then said he wantedperfumed mud. This time her eyes lit up and she immediately fetched several bottles which she put onthe counter. Harry picked up the smallest bottle, and when he learned the price ￡20 , he paid and leftwith the bottle under his arm. This curious bottle, now in his study, was his first and last purchase of rarecosmetics. 77 wordsLesson 53 In the public interest 为了公众的利益On receiving a complaint from a foreigner about police ill - treatment, the Ombudsman wrote to the Chiefof Police asking for a record of the case. As there was no official record and the Chief denied theaccusation, no action was possible. But When there was another similar complaint, the Ombudsman senta lawyer to investigate. He ascertained the truth of the accusations, the policeman was severelyreprimanded and warned that if there were further complaints he would be prosecuted.80 wordsLesson 54 Instinct or cleverness 是本能还是机智The writer saw thousands of ants crawling up his peach tree. Then he noticed the leaves of the tree were withering and found there were aphids under the leaves. They were being visited by the ants. In an effort to stop them, he bound the base of the tree with sticky tape and of course they couldn't cross it. By the next morning, however, they had solved the problem: they were climbing onto the leaves from the house wall. Lesson 55 From the earth: Greetings 来自地球的问候Finding life on other planets with earth based telescopes is impossible because of the heat of our planet and the dust particles throughout the solar System. A telescope would need to be as far away as Jupiter. Even then, the problem will be how to blot out the light from a planet's sun to study it. The most likely forms of life will be plants and bacteria. Even the discovery of lowly life forms would change our view of ourselves. 80 wordsLesson 57 Back in the old country 重返故里In the place of the village there was only a lake. Had he taken the wrong turning He went back to town and retraced his route, only to finish up at the same spot. The lake was not marked. When a man on horse back appeared, the author asked the way tothe old village. The horseman told him there was no villageand pointed to the lake: it had been submerged with the whole valley under a man-made reservoir. 80 wordsLesson 58 A spot of bother 一点儿小麻烦The old lady and the potter went through the flat, careful not to touch anything. Later, a police inspector looked for fingerprints while a constable checked the front door locks. There were no fingerprints, but the inspector found a bundle of jewellery suggesting this was not the burglars' first job that day. The inspector asked the lady to check what was missing and advised her not to stay in the flat. Eventually she rang her daughter to ask for help. 80 wordsLesson 59 Collecting 收藏Collecting provides hours of relaxation for looking at your treasures is a joy. If you have a collection at home, why go out There is always something to do, from finding the right place for the latest addition to verifying facts in reference books. Collecting is educational, too, and through meeting people, increases your circle of friends. The hobby can lead to travel, national and international. You may become an authority on the subject and be asked to give talks. 80 words Lesson 60 Too early and too late 太早和太晚The girl entered the railway station twenty minutes early, but the porter said she was two hours too soon.。
英语新闻摘要
英语新闻摘要篇一：怎样写英文摘要summary英语summary writing摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
摘要用中文翻译成英文
摘要用中文翻译成英文摘要用中文翻译成英文摘要也就是内容提要,是论文中不可缺少的一部分,论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文,有其特别的地方,摘要的英文版是什么？来看下面的内容：摘要用中文翻译成英文【1】毕业论文AbstractTitanium ore, elected from magnetite or Titan magnetite, is widely used as the raw material in the production of titanium dioxide.Titanium quality and its yield constraints is often the bottle neck in the titanium industry. Thus, we can not blindly consume a large amount of capital to maintain or improve its quality and yield.This paper makes an attempt to explores and optimize the development of the titanium industry, through inside and outside observation and association.In this paper, flotation tests are conducted to compare the original pulp titanium ore with Polyacrylamide and that without on the concentrate grade yield of titanium concentrates.In this process, the consumption of drugs, the recovery rate of , equipment utilization, the amount and cost of polyacrylamide (PAM) areall considered to determine whether it is a ptimization program to add Polyacrylamide to the original flotation pulp of titanium ore.Finally, we reach a conclusion through relevant data .In the experimental process, in principle, we do not change the originalflotation process and the relevant parameters.Key words: Titanium ore; Flotation; Polyacrylamide; quality; yield.毕业论文摘要的书写方法和技巧【2】1.摘要的作用摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。
10英语摘要写作summary
abstract summary executive summary●abstract: a statement summarizing the important points of a text.（摘要）指面向专业读者的摘要，如学位文(dissertation)、学术刊物论文（journal paper）的摘要、学术会议论文（conference paper）的摘要及展示论文（poster）的摘要。
●summary（概要, 综述）一般指面向专业水平低一些的普通读者的摘要，读后能理解其大意、主要论点及新发现和见解等。
但有时abstract、summary也可互换。
如果正文前无abstract或executive summary，正文开始的第一段通常就是summary；如果前面有abstract，在短的论文中summary经常位于文章最后，功能相当于conclusion。
●executive summary（概要）通常指面向专业水平可能更低的公司、基金会决策人员的摘要，篇幅比abstract、summary长得多。
在正式项目报告中可以既有abstract，又有executive summary。
executive 在此指“执行官”“管理人员”“经理”等。
Summary Writing1.Accurate, clearly organized and clearly written2. A brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of the passage3.Indicate all the main points4.State their order and their emphasis5.For longer passages, important illustrations and examples should be included.6.Should not contain any of your own ideas, opinions, or conclusions.Length: no longer than one-quarter thelength of the original passageQualities of a summary:●Objectivity: No idea and judgment that are not the author’s should be included in thesummary.●Completeness: The summary should include every main idea in the article.●Balance: Giving equal attention to each main idea that the author stresses.Questions to judge a valid summary:a)Did I include all the important ideas?b)Did I omit all unnecessary words and phrases?c)Does the summary read smoothly?d)Would a reader of my summary who had not read the article get a clear idea of thearticle?How to write a summary?Here is a five-step process for writing summaries:1)Read the article carefully, try to understand it accurately and look for main ideas.2)Write a list of points in note form while reading the passage or the article.3)Connect your points to write a rough draft of the summary in your own words.Refer to the passage or the article only when you want to make sure of some points.Do not count the number of words until you have finished your rough draft.4)Revise the rough draft, inserting transitional words and phrases where necessary toensure coherence.5)Write a fair copy of the summary within the word limit after checking forgrammatical corrections, punctuation and spelling.Suggestions on writing summaries:1)Omitting the details2)Reducing the examples3)Simplifying the descriptions4)Eliminating all repetitions5)Using phrases instead of sentences or clauses while writing a list of the points6)Using the shortest possible transitionsbut, then, yet, for, thus7)Avoiding figurative language8)Putting the main points of a dialogue in indirect speechSummarize the following article:As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and although the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly thrown forward. At that moment, the air-hostess appeared. She looked very pale, but was quite calm. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she informed everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about the machines—o r at least how to drive a car. After a moment’s hesitation, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot’s cabin.Moving the pilot aside, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the urgent instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport below. The plane was now dangerously close to the ground, but to everyone’s relief, it soon began to climb. The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become familiar with the controls. But the danger had not yet passed. The terrible moment came when he had to land. Following instructions the man guided the plane towards the airfield. It shook violently as it touched the ground and then moved rapidly across the field, but after a long run it stopped safely. Outside, a crowd ofpeo ple who had been watching anxiously, rushed forward to congratulate the “pilot” on a perfect landing. (230 words)Making a list of main points:1.pilot fainted2.Air-hostess found a person3.Moved the pilot aside and listened to instructions.4.Plane flew low, climbed and circled the airport5.The man guided the plane--airport6.Touching ground, moved rapidly, stopped safely7.People rushed to congratulateWriting a rough draft:As there was something wrong with the plane, the passengers were thrown forward. At that moment, the air-hostess appeared and she looked for someone who could drive a car. Then, a passenger was led into the pilot’s cabin. When he moved the pilot aside, he sat down and listened to the urgent instructions which were being sent by radio from the airport below. Though the plane flew dangerously low, it soon climbed, and rounded the airport several times. Then, acting on instructions, the man guided the plane towards the airfield. On touching the ground, the plane moved rapidly until it stopped safely. After this, anxious people rushed forward to congratulate the “pilot” on a perfect landing. (116words)Making a fair copy:As the pilot fainted, the air-hostess managed to find a passenger to fly the plane. He followed instructions sent by radio from the airport below. The plane was flying dangerously low, but soon it began to climb and circle the airport. Acting on instructions, the man guided the plane toward the airfield. After touching the ground, the plane moved rapidly and stopped safely. People rushed to congratulate the “pilot” on the landing. (72 words)。
英文摘要如何写
一、绪论 (1)要的类型与基本内容 (1)三、英文题名 (2)四、作者与作者单位的英译 (2)五、英文摘要 (2)英文摘要如何写一、绪论文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
要的类型与基本内容英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
gb 7713—87规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文）摘要。
原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。
陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题，多半不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧
关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧摘要,作为一篇学术论文中的部分,对一篇文章的成功有着举足轻重的作用.通过浏览一篇好的文章的摘要,能够让读者大致了解到本文所提出的问题,所采取的解决方法以及其结果.而国际性刊物一般都要求以国际性语言英语写作,就是在中国,现在很多重要的刊物也都要求必须有相应的英文摘要.现在在很多重要国际会议上,是先让你把英文摘要给完成,他们直接根据摘要来决定你的文章是不是可以考虑录用,英文摘要的好坏决定了学术论文能否顺利的进行国际的交流,由此可以看出英文摘要的重要性.从这个意义上,作为一名学者,应该掌握英文摘要的写作方法.下面作者结合两篇英文摘要对英文摘要的具体写作进行分析研究,并结合国际性学术刊物上发表论文所要求的英文摘要特点,谈谈英文摘要的写作方法.下面两篇摘要第一篇是摘自国外学者写的,第二篇是摘自一名国内在校博士写的.通过对这两篇摘要进行对比分析研究,让我们更加明确的了解英文摘要的写作规范.1(Written in original English)This paper describes a new “modifiedpulse arc evaporation process”which represents a combination of both d.c. And pulse cathodic arcs. The aim is to give a comparative overall view.The paper reports on measurements of spot movement on the target, arcvoltage response and ion current underdifferent electric conditions, suchas current magnitude, current changing rate and pulse duration. There arepossibilities to improve the target consumption; to reduce the upperstability limit; and to increase the spot velocity, the bias current densityin the pulse phase and the plasma power. For optical measurements ofspot movement a new high-speed video camera was used.2(Written by Chinese student in English) Every machining techniqueleads to distinguishing surface feature and precision characteristic. Thenon -traditional finish machining can improve the surface quality andprecision of parts. The improvement of these can advance the performanceand life of parts. The non-traditional machining has its superiority.英文摘要大体上包括四个部分:研究目的、方法、结果、结论.研究目的主要说明作者写此文章的目的或主要解决的问题,表明研究的范围和重要性;研究的方法主要是提出解决问题的方法以及主要工作过程;研究的结果则是作者在此研究过程最后得到的结果;结论是说明该研究结果的实际应用价值.文章的研究目的必须在英文摘要中体现出来.从摘要1中“Thispaper describes a new ”modified pulse arc evaporation process“whichrepresents a combination of bothd.c. And pulse cathodic arcs. The aim isto give a comparative overall view.”我们可以明显看到该文章的研究目的.鲜明的文章目的能够让读者一目了然的了解到这篇文章所要论述的内容,但是在实际写作中,有很多学者在整篇摘要里面都是一些一般性的论述,说来说去,最后让别人读了一半天,也不知道这篇文章是要解决什么问题.第二篇摘要从前到后都是在陈述光整加工技术,让人很迷惑,不知道这篇文章重点是要论述那一方面的内容.一篇没有目的性的文章自然也就没有可读性.研究的方法也应该在英文摘要中体现出来,这一点是很多中国学者很容易忽视的.从上面两篇摘要对比就可以发现:第一篇中的“measures”就告诉了读者本文作者是要通过什么方法来解决所提出的问题;而在第二篇,不但没有像“measure”,“method”等表达方法的词,而且从根本上忽视了这一点.解决的方法应该是一篇文章的核心,没有作者自己的解决思路的摘要,从某种意义上说,这是一篇很失败的文章摘要,那么这篇文章也不可能是一篇好文章.研究的结果作为摘要中一部分也是不可少的,也是作者所采用的解决方法是否合理的一个重要依据.没有研究的结果,就是你选择的方法再好,也只是在纸上谈兵,侃侃而论,没有自己的立论点.在第一篇中,我们可以从“There are possibilities to improve the target consumption;to reduce the upper stability limit; and to increase the spot velocity, thebias current density in the pulse phase and the plasma power.”中了解到作者可能得到的结果.而在第二篇中,结果不是很明显.研究的结论这一部分往往在研究的结果中体现出来,所以在一部分你可以结合研究的结果做出自己的见解.有时候作者可以根据目前的实验结果为了对以后的进一步工作的开展给出自己的结论.最后,在语言表达上也是很重要的一个方面.很多中国学者自己也清楚,一看人家外国学者写的英文摘要就是感觉很舒畅,而且句式结构多样,上下连接紧凑.但是一旦让自己写文章,就开始感觉自己的写的不地道,语句形式单一,给人一种感觉就是在勉强的中文英文之间互译.从第二篇英文摘要上我们就有这种体会,在摘要中几乎所有的语句采用主、谓、宾中国式英语结构,句式千篇一律,而且语句之间没有任何的连接,互相独立.其实,在英文摘要语言表达中,只要你稍微留心注意许多国外优秀的英文摘要,就可以很好的完成.比如在目的中你可以采用“The purpose of this paper is……”句型;在方法中可以采用“The method used in our study isknow……”;在结论中我们可以采用“In conclusion, we state that……”,这样下来既地道又相互连贯,而且层次分明,何乐而不为?另外还需要注意一些的就是英语语法方面.比如在时态上,英文摘要中习惯于一般现在时,能够突出文章内容的即时性和客观性.但也有时候为了便于说明论题发展背景而用过去时或现在完成时.在人称上,只能用第三人称,不能用第一人、第二人称如我、我们等.还有在标点、大小写、缩写等方面也需要留心注意.从上面对比分析,我们可以看到,只要我们认真领会写作规范,注意英语的语言表达特点,并积累一些常用的典型例句,完成一篇好的英文摘要其实很简单的.学术论文。
考博英语作文摘要模板【十篇】
考博英语作文摘要模板【十篇】【第一篇】考博英语作文摘要的写作注意事项：1、英文摘要结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。
尽量使用短句，慎用长句。
2、应采用第三人称表达方式，谓语动词用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。
进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
3、英文摘要的语态既可采用主动，也可采用被动。
In the beginning of the essay, the writer clings to the idea that we should attach utmost significance to the issue of _. It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which involves several factors. To begin with, the past several decades have witnessed a thought-provoking social phenomenon that _has been arising from all over the world. Furthermore, the author illustrates the deep-rooted reason by stressing the fact that _is of great importance to the development of our society. Finally, it is vital for us to derive positive implication from the last paragraph that _ is also a key factor contributed to this issue.在本文开头，作者坚持认为我们应该充分重视_(中心词)这一问题。
英语学术论文写作- 摘要
English Academic Writingand Speech PresentationIn accordance with tradition, academic papers can be divided into research papers and reports. Research papers can be further divided into argument, refutation, review, verification, and explanatory papers. Of the above four types of academic papers, descriptive papers are most widely used in natural sciences but are also common in social sciences and thus are the most typical academic paper type.Structure of an academic paper: Papers can be divided into:1.Library Research Papers2.Experimental Research Papers, or3.Case StudiesLibrary Research Papers consist of:1. A Title Page2.An Outline3.An Abstract4.Key Words5.The Main Body,6.Appendix and7.ReferencesExperimental Research Papers are made up of:1. A Title2.An Abstract3.Key Words4.An Introduction,5.Methods and Materials Utilized6.Analysis of Results,7.Discussion8.Conclusions, and9.ReferencesThe Components of a Case Study are:1.The Title2.An Abstract3.Key Words4.An Introduction,5.Reports,6.Discussion7.Conclusions, and8.ReferencesCharacteristics of Academic Writing and SpeakingEnglish for science and technology (EST) differs from day today English. EST refers to the style used in scientific ortechnological activities; their features are:∙Objectivity= (n) something one’s efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish.A purpose, goal or target. (adj) not influenced by personalfeelings, interpretations or prejudice, based on facts, unbiased.Dealing with things external to the mind rather than thoughts orfeelings. Of or pertaining to something that can be known.∙Clarity = Clearness, as to perception or understanding. Freedom from indistinctness or ambiguity.∙Coherence = Overall sense or understandability. Logical interconnection.∙Accuracy = Condition or quality of being true and exact and precise. Freedom from errorAcademic Language and writing’s plainness and precision distinguish it from other discourse types as reflected in the following two respects:I THE LEXICAL LEVEL1.Terminology --- Technical terms abound in EST, for example,“fungus” and “atom”. (I think you should findmore esoteric[understood by or meant for only the select fewwho have special knowledge or interest] examples, these aretoo common.2.Nominalization --- Abstract nouns are frequently used forclarity, for example “ammonia” is substituted with“refrigeration”3.Abbreviation --- Short forms and abbreviations are oftenfound in EST for economy and brevity, e.g. “radar” and “AIDS”e of single verbs --- Single verbs are used instead ofverbal phrases for formality and precision, e.g. “investigate”for “look into”, “eliminate” for “get rid of”.II THE SYNTACTICAL LEVEL1.Long complex sentences are used for accuracy to explaincomplicated ideas clearly and precisely.2.Simple present tense describes natural phenomena,processes and rules and makes explanation vivid and“timeless”.3.Passive voice is frequently used to convince the reader of theobjectivity of the description, e.g.: “Using a simplifi ed input-output framework, the aggregate economic output in the non-energy sector can be formulated as the sum of value addedin the non-energy sector.4.Non-finite verbs, participles, infinitives and gerunds arefrequently used in EST, e.g. “Traveling at th e speed of light, ittakes two million years to reach the nearest galaxy. ACADEMIC LANGUAGE STYLEAcademic writing and speaking usually follow a particular style: here are some commonly observed features:∙Tentative∙Formal∙Objective∙Concise∙Varied∙Tentativeness avoids over-generalization such as “always” and “every” and “as everyone knows” and replaces them words like “often” and “many/much” or “it is widely known”Use linguistic “hedges” (e.g. probably, seems, might be) to qualify generalization.Use tentative words or phrases such as “tends to”, “indicates that”, “suggests that”, “the majority of”, “there is a tendency for”, “it would seem that”. Limit your claims and always be realistic.Formality avoids slang, idioms, and too-casual language, e.g. “cool” or “pretty awful”.Formality avoids Question Titles and it uses full forms of words rather than abbreviations, e.g. does not, should have, rather than “doesn’t, should’ve. It avoids phrasal verbs e.g. “look into”, preferring single polysyllabic verbs e.g. “investigate”. It uses powerful reporting words: “support, claim, suggest recommend, and contradict”It avoids informal punctuation such as contractions and dashes; colons and semicolons feature commonly in academic style. Formal styles uses complex rather than simple sentences, and long rather than short paragraphs using logical connectors as sentence extendersOBJECTIVITY uses referencing to indicate sources. It uses impersonal expressions and the passive voice, e.g. it can be concluded that . . . it has been claimed that . . .. It uses third person pronouns and avoids the first person “I, we” or second person “you”CONCISENESS: Academic language is precise and specific. Use the most straightforward term and reduce unnecessary words. Avoid cliché’s redundant words or colloquialisms. Use the specific。
How to write an abstract 怎么写摘要 英语作文论文 写作技巧
How to write an abstract如何写摘要Hey guys, welcome! In this article we are going to know how to write an abstract and complete a written text perfectly. Stay connected if you want to write the best abstract.If you need to know how to write an abstract for an academic or scientific paper, don’t panic! Your abstract is simply a short, stand-alone summary of the work or paper that others can use as an overview. You can get the ideas and gather information by experts to make it concise yet effective through assignment help. As far asthe other specifics are concerned, we will discuss them here.Before moving further let’s have an overview of this article to see what you are going to know:-What is an abstract?-How to write an abstract?-Why is it important to write an abstract?-How to write an abstract quickly?-The way to write an abstract for science?What is an abstract?Before moving to how to write an abstract, you should know the abstract meaning. An abstract describes what you do in your essay, whether it’s a scientific experiment or a literary analysis paper. It should help your reader understand the paper and help people searching for this paper decide whether it suits their purposes prior to reading.To write an abstract, finish your paper first, then type a summary that identifies the purpose, problem, methods, results, and conclusion of your work. After you get the details down, all that’s left is to format it correctly. Since an abstract is only a summary of the work you’ve already done, it’s e asy to accomplish!Majorly, there are three types of abstract:-Informative-Descriptive-CriticalHow to write an abstract?1. Write down the paper firstlyThe first thing to know how to write an abstract is : Even though an abstract goes at the beginning of the work, it acts as a summary of your entire paper. Rather than introducing your topic, it will be an overview of everything youwrite about in your paper. Save writing your abstract for last, after you have already finished your paper.-A thesis and an abstract are entirely different things. The thesis of a paper introduces the main idea or question, while the abstract works to review the entirety of the paper, including the methods and results.-Even if you think that you know what your paper is going to be about, always save the abstract for last. You will be able to give a much more accurate summary if you do just that –summarise what you’ve already written. Let’s move to the next step to know how to write an abstract.2. Review and understand any requirements for writing your abstractThe paper you’re writing probably has specific guidelines and requirements, whether it’s for publication in a journal, submission in a class, or part of a work project. Before you start writing, refer to the rubric or guidelines you were presented with to identify important issues to keep in mind. Answer the following questions before knowing how to write an abstract.-Is there a maximum or minimum length?-Are there style requirements?-re you writing for an instructor or a publication?3. Consider your targeted audienceAbstracts are written to help readers find your work. For example, in scientific journals, abstracts allow readers to quickly decide whether the research discussed is relevant to their own interests. Abstracts also help your readers get at your main argument quickly. Keep the needs of your readers in mind this is the best thing to know for how to write an abstract.-Will other academics in your field read this abstract?-Should it be accessible to a lay reader or somebody from another field?4. Determine the type of abstractBefore moving to the question how to write an abstract, focus on which type of abstract do you want to write. Although all abstracts accomplish essentially the same goal, there are two primary styles of abstract: descriptive and informative. You may have been assigned a specific style, but if you weren’t, you will have to determine which is right for you. Typically, informative abstracts are used for much longer and technical research while descriptive abstracts are best for shorter papers.Have a look at the types of abstracts againDescriptive abstracts explain the purpose, goal, and methods of your research but leave out theresults section. These are typically only 100-200 words.Informative abstracts are like a condensed version of your paper, giving an overview of everything in your research including the results. These are much longer than descriptive abstracts, and can be anywhere from a single paragraph to a whole page long.The basic information included in both styles of abstract is the same, with the main difference being that the results are only included in an informative abstract, and an informative abstract is much longer than a descriptive one.A critical abstract is not often used, but it may be required in some courses. A critical abstract accomplishes the same goals as the other typesof abstract, but will also relate the study or work being discussed to the writer’s own research. It may critique the research design or methods.5. Identify your motive of writing an abstractYou’re writing about a correlation between lack of lunches in schools and poor grades. So what? Why does this matter? The reader wants to know why your research is important, and what the purpose of it is. Start off your descriptive abstract by considering the following questions:How did you conduct your research?What did you find?Why is this research and your findings important?Why should someone read your entire essay? How to write an abstract6. Describe the problemAbstracts is something that expresses the “problem” behind your work. Think of this as the particular issue that your project addresses. You can sometimes combine the problem with your motivation, but it is best to be clear and separate the two.7. Describe your methodsMotivation – check. Problem – check. Methods? Now is the part where you give an overview of how you accomplished your study. If you didyour own work, include a description of it here. If you reviewed the work of others, it can be briefly explained.-Discuss your own research including the variables and your approach-Describe the evidence you have to support your claim-Give an overview of your most important sources.8. Describe your resultsThis is where you begin to make difference between your abstract between a descriptive and an informative abstract. You want to know how to write an abstract and this is somethingwhich should be in your priority list. In an informative abstract, you will be asked to provide the results of your study. What is it that you found?-What answer did you reach from your research or study?-Was your hypothesis or argument supported?-What are the general findings?9. Give the conclusion of abstractYou must finish up your summary and provide a closure to your abstract. In it, address the meaning of your findings as well as the importance of your overall paper. This format of having a conclusion can be used in bothdescriptive and informative abstracts, but you will only address some questions in an informative abstract.10. Keep the format rightIn the run to know how to write an abstract, format is a vital factor to consider. There are specific questions your abstract must provide answers for, but the answers must be kept in order as well. Ideally, it should be according to the overall format of your essay, with a general ‘introduction, ‘body,’ and ‘conclusion.’ Many journals have specific style guides for abstracts. If you’ve been given a set of rules or guidelines, follow them to the letter11. Provide helpful informationUnlike a topic paragraph, which may be intentionally vague, an abstract should provide a helpful explanation of your paper and your research. Word your abstract so that the reader knows exactly what you’re t alking about, and isn’t left hanging with ambiguous references or phrases.-Avoid using direct acronyms or abbreviations in the abstract, as these will need to be explained in order to make sense to the reader. That uses up precious writing room, and should generally be avoided.-If your topic is about something well-known enough, you can reference the names of people or places that your paper focuses on.-Don’t include tables, figures, sources, or long quotations in your abstract. These take up too much ro om and usually aren’t what your readers want from an abstract anyway. For making your abstract even better you gather relevant ideas, for doing so you can go to the expert writes through assignment help online12. Write it down from scratchA abstract is a summary of the main paper, yes, but it should be written completely separate from your paper. Don’t copy and paste direct quotes from yourself, and avoid simply paraphrasing your own sentences from elsewhere in your writing. Write your abstract using completely new vocabulary and phrases to keep itinteresting and redundancy-free. So, far we have gone through detailed information and steps to know how to write an abstract. But, what if someone is in a hurry and yet has to come up with a perfect abstract? Well, I have tips such people as well, continue to read and know how to write an abstract in lesser time.How to write an abstract quickly?Simply ace your abstract.An abstract is like a movie trailer. It offers a preview, highlights key points, and helps the audience decide whether to view the entire work. Abstracts are the pivot of a research paperbecause many journal editorial boards screen manuscripts only on the basis of the abstract.If your abstract doesn’t grab their attention and make a good fi rst impression, there’s a good chance your research paper will be rejected at the outset. Moreover, even after your research paper is published, your abstract will be the first, and possibly only, thing readers will access through electronic searches. They will only consider reading the rest of the manuscript if they find your abstract interesting.For studies in the humanities and social sciences, the abstract is typically descriptive. That is, it describes the topic of research and its findings but usuall y doesn’t give specific information about methods and results. These abstracts may also be seen in review articles orconference proceedings. In scientific writing, on the other hand, abstracts are usually structured to describe the background, methods, results, and conclusions, with or without subheadings.Make sure that your abstract does not constitutes the following-New information that is not present in the paper -Undefined abbreviations or group names-A discussion of previous literature or reference citations-Unnecessary details about the methods usedFollow these 10 steps to know how to write an abstract quicklyNow how do you go about fitting the essential points from your entire paper—why the research was conducted, what the aims were, how these were met, and what the main findings were—into a paragraph of just 200-300 words? It’s not an easy task, but here’s a 10-step guide that should make it easier:1. Begin writing the abstract after you have finished writing your paper.2. Pick out the major objectives/hypotheses and conclusions from your Introduction and Conclusion sections3. Select key sentences and phrases from your Methods section.4. Identify the major results from yourResults section.5. Now, arrange the sentences and phrases selected in all steps into a single paragraph in the following sequence: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.6. Confirm that there is consistency between the information presented in the abstract and in the paper.7. Ask a colleague to review your abstract and check if the purpose, aim, methods, and conclusions of the study are clearly stated.8. Check to see if the final abstract meets the guidelines of the target journal (word limit, type of abstract, recommended subheadings, etc.9. Remove all extra information and then link your sentences to ensure that the information flows well, preferably in the following order: purpose; basic study design, methodology and techniques used; major findings; summary of your interpretations, conclusions, and implications.10. Now revisit your abstract with these steps in mind, and I’m sure you’ll be able to revise it and make it more attractive.How to write an abstract for science?So, here is something for science buffs. We know that science students are less into writing and formatting. But, they are one of the students who are indulged in research papers to the most. So, here is a collection of vital information for all the students who are going to write down a scientific research paper. Want to know how to write an abstract for science? Continue to read..An abstract should be the shortest part of the abstract and should very briefly outline the following information:What is already known about the subject, related to the paper in questionWhat is not known about the subject and hence what the study intended to examine (or what the paper seeks to present)Things you should rememberIn most cases, the background can be framed in just 2–3 sentences, with each sentence describing a different aspect of the information referred to above; sometimes, even a single sentence may suffice. The purpose of the background, as the word itself indicates, is to provide the reader with a background to the study, and hence to smoothly lead into a description of the methods employed in the investigation.Usually authors publish papers the abstracts of which contain a lengthy background section.There are some situations, perhaps, where this may be justified. In most cases, however, a longer background section means that less space remains for the presentation of the results. This is unfortunate because the reader is interested in the paper because of its findings, and not because of its background.Why an abstract is needed?Most journals require authors to submit abstracts along with their articles, This requirement has two main needs-An abstract offers readers a helpful, succinct summary of the longer argument developed in the essay.-It identifies keywords that will make it easier for search engines to find the essay.Apart from these two main reasons it serves two other needs as well. They are:Showcases the perspectiveNotice that these rationales presuppose the publication of both abstract and essay and, in so doing, assume that the main audience for the abstract is prospective readers of the publishedessay. However, from the perspective of an author submitting work to a journal, there is another important audience to consider: the journal editor and the external reviewers to whom the editor send it.Keep the audience connectedThis audience looks at your abstract with their most pressing question in mind: is this article publishable in this journal? A good abstract tilts them toward an affirmative answer by leaving them well-disposed toward the longer argument in th e article. A bad abstract won’t by itself cause this audience to reject an article, but it does incline the audience toward an initial negative answer. In that way, an ineffectiveabstract becomes an obstacle that your article needs to overcome.ConclusionHope, you guys have understood each and every aspect of writing an abstract. In this article, we went into the detailed discussion to know how to write an abstract. We started with abstract meaning and then moved to the steps which essayed the right way to write down one. Next, we studied points on how to write an abstract quickly. So, that those who are in a hurry to prepare a written text can write aptly. Thereafter, we went to know how to write an abstract for science and ended up in knowing why an abstract is vital.。
英语summary万能模板
英语summary万能模板一、引言在学习英语过程中，经常会遇到阅读材料并写摘要的情况。
写好一篇英语summary对于提高阅读能力、加强语言表达能力都很重要。
本文将为大家提供一个万能的英语summary模板，帮助大家写出高质量的摘要。
二、模板结构一个好的英语summary应当具备清晰的结构，包括以下几个部分：1. 摘要开头在摘要的开头，可以简要介绍文章的主题、作者、出版时间等关键信息。
同时，通过一个简洁的句子引出文章的主要内容。
2. 摘要主体在摘要的主体部分，可以分几个段落来概括文章的主要观点和论据。
尽量用简洁的语言表达，不要使用细节丰富的描述。
3. 摘要结尾在摘要的结尾，可以总结文章的主要观点，并提出自己的看法。
也可以指出文章的不足之处或者下一步的研究方向。
三、模板示例文章标题：The Benefits of Regular Exercise on Mental Health引言This article discusses the benefits of regular exercise on mental health. It was written by John Smith and published in The Health Journal in 2020.摘要主体The article begins by highlighting the fact that regular exercise has numerous benefits for mental health. It boosts mood and reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression. The author cites a study conducted on a sample of 500 individuals who engaged in regular exercise for at least 30 minutes a day. The study found that these individuals reported fewer symptoms of depression compared to those who did not exercise regularly.Furthermore, the article emphasizes the role of exercise in stress reduction. Exercise releases endorphins in the body, which are natural mood enhancers. Therelease of endorphins during exercise helps to reduce stress and promote a sense of well-being. The author also explains that exercise can improve cognitive function and boost memory and concentration.The article also discusses the impact of exercise on sleep quality. Regular exercise helps regulate sleep patterns and can improve the quality of sleep. The author cites a study conducted on individuals with insomnia, where exercise was found to be an effective intervention in improving sleep quality.摘要结尾In conclusion, the article highlights the positive effects of regular exercise on mental health. It provides evidence that exercise can improve mood, reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, reduce stress, improve cognitive function, and enhance sleep quality. It is recommended that individuals incorporate regular exercise into their daily routines to reap these mental health benefits.四、总结通过使用以上的万能summary模板，我们可以更加轻松地写出高质量的英语摘要。
英语作文的内容摘要
英语作文的内容摘要English:In my opinion, a good English composition should have a clear and cohesive structure, with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should present the main topic or argument of the essay, while the body paragraphs should provide supporting evidence and examples to strengthen the argument. It is important to use transition words and phrases to connect ideas and ensure the essay flows smoothly. Additionally, using a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary will make the composition more engaging and sophisticated. Finally, the conclusion should summarize the main points and provide a closing thought or reflection on the topic.Chinese:在我看来，一篇好的英语作文应该具有清晰而连贯的结构，包括引言、主体段落和结论。
引言应该介绍文章的主要话题或论点，而主体段落应提供支撑论点的证据和例子。
重要的是使用过渡词语和短语连接思想，确保文章通顺地流转。
此外，使用多样的句子结构和词汇将使作文更具吸引力和成熟感。
英文标题和摘要的撰写
英文标题和摘要的撰写一、英文标题的撰写1.标题中study on，studies on，study of，discussion on，research on，observation on，investigation on（of），some thoughts on，a final reporton等，只是增加标题的长度，未提供新的信息，不宜使用。
2.国际标准化组织规定，标题最好不要超过10～12个词，且除通用的缩写字和特殊符号外，标题内不使用缩写字、特殊符号、化学式、上下角标等。
3.标题通常由名词短语构成，即由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语构成，因此标题中一般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连接词，若出现动词，一般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词形式。
例如：Models and simulation of a single-phase flow correlation measuring system.(单相流相关测量系统的模型和仿真)（两个名词加后置定语）4.取消不必要的冠词。
例如：The effects of the patient age and physician training on thechoice and dose of anti-melan-cholic drugs，题目中的3个定冠词the均可删去。
（英文题名开头第1个字尽量不用冠词（包括定冠词the，不定冠词a和an）二、英文摘要的撰写5.摘要一般分为两类，信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
绝大部分科技期刊都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
信息性摘要通常以150～250 words为宜，指示性摘要以100～150 words 为宜。
6.信息性摘要的4要素：研究的目的；研究的过程与采用的方法；主要结果或发现；主要结论和推论。
7.尽量使用主动语态。
例如“A exceeds B”要好于“B exceeded by A”。
8.通常用过去时态描述作者的工作，用现在时态描述所做的结论，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，基本不用进行时和其它复合时态。
论文摘要模板
that
. Some useful implications from this study
include that
.
• Key words: ……
摘要模板
We examined the issue from perspective.
解释：what is your study about? Sample: We examined the water shortage issue from Macroscopical(宏观的) perspective.
摘要模板
Sample：Different from previous research, this study emphasized the importance of sea water desalination in the study of how to solve water shortage problem.
摘要模板
Different from previous research, this study emphasized the importance of in the study of . 解释：How was your study different from others？What do you want to say about your own research in relation to other relevant studies of same kind?
the importance of
in the study of
. In what
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. There are
parts in this
英语专业学术论文写作：摘要
英语专业学术论⽂写作：摘要学术论⽂写作：摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全⽂，就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是：(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；(2) 研究⽬的陈述（Purpose statement）；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；(5) 研究结论/启⽰（Conclusions/Implications）。
练习1：就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要（为判断⽅便，列汉语标题）Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞练习2：下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你（1）删掉⽆关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。
学术英语科技文写作摘要
• Approach: How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem?
• Results: What's the answer?
• Conclusions: What are the implications of your answer?
Analysis: 1. main points (1) roles for self-access pathway (2) influence to the design and
running of self-access center (3) how pathway were designed
• science and language style of abstract writing. The standardization of English abstract writing will be beneficial to the sci-tech papers to be quoted by International abstract journals, and to the impacts of scientific research in China.
• 简明介绍论文涉及的议题和论点， 主要概括论文的涉及范围、研究方 向和研究目的，不涉及论据和结论。
• 容易理解，但无法提供更多的详细 信息
Sample 1
Role of Pathway in Self-Access Centers Abstract
This article discusses some roles for self-access pathways, particularly in cultures which have no tradition of self-study. It suggests how pathways might influence
英文摘要万能模板
英文摘要万能模板篇一：英语摘要十大万能模板由于英语摘要是新题型，相对来讲比较难，但是大家摸清基本的套路和方法，就不会无从下笔了，下面的十个模板是从《MBA联考英语写作分册》摘录的，模板很简单，大家把模板背熟，到考试是直接套用就行了，不过最好先找几篇文章练练笔，熟悉一下流程。
英文摘要的基本方法就是：首先，写出中文摘要；其次，把它用简单的英文翻译过来并加以修改。
英文摘要的写作注意事项：1、英文摘要结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。
尽量使用短句，慎用长句。
2、应采用第三人称表达方式，谓语动词用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。
进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
3、英文摘要的语态既可采用主动，也可采用被动。
英语摘要十大万能模板框架一In the first paragraph of the dissertation, the author highlights that due attention has to be paid to__. Several fundamental factors have contributed to such a tendency. First and foremost, among the most convincing causes identified by people, one should be stressed, that is __. In addition, as far as the author is concerned, __ is of utmost significance to our society. The last but not the least, as isillustrated in the last paragraph of the essay, the writer also takes __into consideration. Given all the above argument, we can draw the conclusion that __ is indeed crucial.在本段的第一段，强调我们必须充分重视＿（中心词）。
医学英语摘要写作
• Clinical Observation on Longkeshuan Capsule in Treatment of Stroke
• 动名词、介词短语参见教材P35
• (2) 句式
• 陈述式（无句号） • 学龄儿童反复腹痛与不能耐受乳糖有关
• Recurrent Abdominal Pain in School-aged Children Is Related to Lactose Intolerance
• 简介 • A brief introduction to… • 进展 • Development / Advancement of… • 评述 • A review of… • 回顾 • A retrospective study of… • 比较 • Comparison between…
副标题的应用
• Pancreatitis in SLE: A Case Report and Literature Review
• e. 提问或选择时 • 听诊器是潜在的医院感染源吗？ • Is stethoscope a potential source of hospital infection? • Stethoscope: A Potential Source of Hospital Infection?
• a. 突出病例数时 • 对急诊室170例腹痛病例的回顾性研究 • A Retrospective Study on 170 Cases of Abdominal Pain in
Emergency Room • Abdominal Pain in Emergency Room: Retrospective Study of
毕业论文英文摘要格式
毕业论文英文摘要格式毕业论文英文摘要格式一篇论文的摘要在本质上就是一篇浓缩的论文，它是作者对研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括，其结构与论文的主体结构相对应。
格式：Abstract(“Abstract”一词用Times New Roman字体三号,加黑,居中。
)Thought of people as the center is the marrow of ourtraditional culture and the core of the theory of managing stateaffairs.It germinates in the early state of antiquity society and is based on patriarchal clan system.It is also a kind of value seeking for the realization of the ethic reason and moral justice.Its basic thinking is that the monarch is defined by people and conversely people are defined by the monarch. At first appearance, its purpose is to value people’s suffering, fate and interest on theruler’s position.However, its real intention is to fool the people soas to strengthen and co nsolidate the ruler’s rule.The theory of “people-oriented concept” includes nine topics such as “the theory of people is being the root of the monarch’s rule”, “the theory of people is being more valuable than the monarch”, “the theory of the monarch is being people’s servant” and so on.People –oriented means “value the people ” in essence, which sees “people” as its foundation of politics rule, ranking official,and administration.(正文字体为：Times New Roman字体，小四号，且行距为单倍或1.5倍。
学术论文英文摘要写作简介
摘要的篇幅取决于论文的类型。但无论哪一种论文，都不能 超过150 words。
汽车与交通工程学院
Professional English in Transportation Engineering
而不写为“The chlorine containing high melt index-propylene based polymer” 7） 使用短的、简单的、具体的、熟悉的词。不使用华丽的词藻。 8） 使用主动语态而不使用被动语态。“A exceeds B”读起来要好于 “B is exceeded by A”。使用主动语态还有助于避免过多地使用类 似于“is”, “was”, “are”和“were”这样的弱动词。
科技论文标题的写法 学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组(包括 动名词)，介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。 间或也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领 域)，但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。
汽车与交通工程学院
Professional English in Transportation Engineering
4、摘要的英文写作风格(公认的英文摘要写作规范)
1） 句子完整、清晰、简洁。 2） 用简单句。为避免单调，改变句子的长度和句子的结构。
3） 用过去时态描述作者的工作，因它是过去所做的。但是，用现在时 态描述所做的结论。
4） 避免使用动词的名词形式。如： 正：“Thickness of plastic sheet was measured” 误：“measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made” 5） 正确地使用冠词，既应避免多加冠词，也应避免蹩脚地省略冠词。 如： 正：“Pressure is a function of the temperature” 误：“The pressure is a function of the temperature”;