专业英语复习V18.doc

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专业英语复习资料

专业英语复习资料1. 专业词语互译：〔考其中20个〕2. 英译中：〔考其中5句〕1.It is important for a novice designer to understand the fact that beautiful and practi cal design solutions don’t appear out of thin air like magic.2.The design process is a framework of steps, incorporating both rational and intuitive phrases, that aid the designer to organize his/her work, thoughts, and feelings in an effort to produce the best design solution possible.3.The purpose of a foundation is to carry the load of a structure and spread it over a greater area, evenly and without undue settlement, to the ground beneath.4.A foundation normally consists of either plain or reinforced concrete, which should be laid sufficiently below the ground frost level to avoid the possible danger of frozen soil lifting it.5.Precast concrete blocks are made by pouring unset concrete into a mold and allowing it to harden.6.Solid walling is generally constructed of either bricks, precast concrete blocks or in-situ concrete.7.Solid ground floors are neatly always of concrete laid on hardcore beds and are reinforced with mesh reinforcement.8.The inclusion of reinforced beams in a reinforced concrete floor adds to its strength and loading capacity.9.The main advantages of flat roofs are that they are comparatively simple to construct and generally less costly than pitched roofs.10.I n the design of pitched roofs, one of the most important factors is the degree of the pitch or slope, which depends mainly on the material used to cover the roofs.11.T he disruption of road and real traffic, so often experienced when a flyover, an underpass or a service is being constructed, can be minimized in those constructions incorporating prefabrication.12.T he main advantage of factory industrialized building is that the prefabricated units can be produced to a very high standard of precision and a consistently high quality.13.T here remains very little in the world of building and civil engineering that cannot be constructed effectively and attractively by means of prefabricated units.14.T he inability of existing road systems of large towns to cope with modern traffic requirements has made tunnel construction a proposition well worth serious consideration.15.M odern equipment and ingenuity have enabled the construction of tunnels to be far less laborious than hitherto.16.T he ability of roads to enable traffic to flow freely and safely between the industrial and commercial centres contributes enormously towards a progressive economy.17.A ccording to Leonhardt, the composite concrete deck is also economical for triple-span cable-stayed suspension bridge, but only for those with a center span of up to 700 meters.18.I n planning the layout of drains (normally regarded as pipes serving one building) or sewers ( pipes serving more than one building), the pipes should, wherever possible, fall with the ground contours, so that the excavation is kept to a minimum.阅读理解〔考其中三段，题型为判断题以及单项选择题〕：Passage One: Structural DesignIn structural engineering, structural design is an iterative process of applying engineering mechanics and past experience to create a functional, economic, and, most importantly, safe structure for the public to inhabit or to use. Using structural analysis techniques and conforming to design specifications and the local design codes, the structural design engineer works to create a solution that is to everyone's benefit.Structural design is an expression of an understanding of the flow of forces. The distribution of forces is initially understood diagramatically and mathematically. Based on this scientific understanding, sketches of members and connections are developed. Structural design which is highly expressive of the flow of forces is also associated with modern architectural design.Structural design includes accommodation for the practicalities of construction, including on site assembly, shop assembled components, accessibility, and maintenance.Passage Two: Deep FoundationA deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines). There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, and piers. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and pre-tensioned concrete. Deep foundations can be installed by either driving them into the ground or drilling a shaft and filling it with concrete, mass or reinforced.Passage Three: Load-bearing wallA load-bearing wall or bearing wall, is one in which a wall of a structure bears the weight and force resting upon it, conducting the vertical load from the upper structure to the foundation.A bearing wall is opposed to a curtain wall, which uses the strength of a sub-wall to bear the weight of the curtain such as the brick facade on a skyscraper, and superstructure, usually a steel frame, to carry the weight of the floors and walls inside the curtain walls protection. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick.Passage Four: Floor numberingIn most of continental Europe, as well as the British Isles and much of the Commonwealth and Latin America, the floor at the ground level is the ground floor and the floor above is the first floor, which maintains the continental European use that dates from the days of the construction of palaces.In North American usage (with certain exceptions in Quebec),however, the floor at the ground level is usually, but not always, the first floor and the floor above is the second floor; this system is also used in Russia, parts of Scandinavia outside Denmark and some countries of the former Soviet Union or Eastern bloc.China, Taiwan, and Japan follow the American system, except that the numbers used are cardinals ("1F, 2F") rather than ordinals ("1st/2nd fl." or "fl. 1/2").Passage Five: Pavement engineeringPavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements. This includes streets and highways and involves knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties. Pavement engineering involves new construction as well as rehabilitation and maintenance of existing pavements. Maintenance often involves using engineering judgment to make maintenance repairs with the highest long-term benefit and lowest cost. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is an example of an engineering approach applied to existing pavements. Another example is the use of a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to non-destructively test existing pavements. Calculation of pavement layer strengths can be performed from the resulting deflection data.Passage Six:. PrefabricationPrefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than structures at a fixed site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or any movable structure is shifted from the main manufacturing site to another location, and the section is supplied assembled and ready to fit. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components.Passage Seven: Types of bridgesThere are six main types of bridges: beam bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges and truss bridges:(1) Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by piers. Weight on top of the beam pushes straight down on the piers at either end of the bridge.(2) Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers — horizontal beams that are supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use two cantilever arms extending from opposite sides of the obstacle to be crossed, meeting at the center.(3) Arch bridges are arch-shaped and have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is thrust into the abutments at either side.(4) Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the floor of a lake or river.(5) Like suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately shorter.(6) Truss bridges are composed of connected elements. They have a solid deck and a lattice of pin-jointed girders for the sides.Passage Eight: Civil EngineeringCivil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings.Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish it from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. In the 18th century, the term civil engineering began to be used to and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of distinguish it from military engineering.。

《专业英语》复习资料

课程名称：专业英语 (复习资料)一、Give out the full names for the following abbreviations(写出下列缩写词的全称) ROM_______________________________________________BIOS_________________________________________________IT____________________________________________________WWW_______________________________________________HTML________________________________________________PCI__________________________________________________HR__________________________________________________GUI__________________________________________________MHz__________________________________________________二、Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right column(将左列的词汇与右列相应的汉语匹配)1. memory unit a. 半导体存储器2. intelligence b. 机制3. semiconductor memory c. 存储单元4. data definition language d. 数据定义语言5. mechanism e. 通信6. machine language f. 机器语言7. communication g. 智能8. distance education h. 远程教育9. pattern recognition i. 企业资源计划10.enterprise resource planning j. 模式识别1. （）2. （）3. （）4. （）5. （）6. （）7. （）8. （）9. （） 10.（）三、Translate the following phrases into English(将下列短语翻译成英语)1. 系统板 ( )2. 算术逻辑运算 ( )3. 机器码 ( )5. 图形技术 ( )四、For each of the following blanks, four choices are given. Choose the most appropriate one (从下面给出的四个选项中选择最恰当的答案)2. Today, _________ can give you a music synthesizer, a fax machine, a CD-ROM drive, ect.A. input devicesB. expansion cardsC. output deviceD. joystick3. The control unit fetches _________ from memory and decodes them.A. dataB. informationC. resultsD. instructions4. When power is removed, information in the semiconductor memory is ________ .A. reliableB. lostC. manipulatedD. remain5. Please find the item that is not belong to the DBA _________ . ( ) A. storage structure and access method definition B. schema definitionC. integrity constrain specificationD. DDL6. _________ is designed to manage large bodies of information.A. a file systemB. a transactionC. a database systemD. a database language7. A characteristic of operating system is _________ .A. resource managementB. memory managementC. error recoveryD. all the above8. Assembly-language instructions are a series of _________ .A. 0s and 1sB. abstract codesC. machine codesD. words9. _______ program also has potential benefits in parallel processing.A. MachineB. AssemblyC. Object-orientedD. Process-oriented10. An advantage of a ring network is that it needs less _________ .A. computerB. networkC. cableD. information11. An ISP supplies a _________ that you can dial from your computer to log on the internet server.A. public keyB. private keyC. service numberD. help file12. To open Internet Explorer, just click Start, point to _________ , and then click Internet Explorer.A. ProgramsB. ViewC. LayoutD. Control Panel13. Electronic bulletin boards are _________ communication platforms.A. one-to-manyB. one-to-oneC. many-to-manyD. all above14. Followings are some image data file formats, which is wrong? _______A.*．TIFB. *．DOCC. *．BMPD. *．GIF15. By adding _________ to your programs, you can make computers more interesting and much more fun for the user.A. multimediaB. textC. musicD. picture五、Translate the following sentences into Chinese.（将下列句子翻译成汉语）1.Object-oriented programming can trace its roots to the 1960s.2.As hardware and software became increasingly complex, quality was often compromised .3.A relational database matches data by using common characteristics found within the data set .The resulting groups of data are organized and are much easier for many people to understand.4.In order to replicate itself, a virus must be permitted to execute code and write to memory.。

专业英语复习打印.doc

一、词汇1.事实标准defacto standard2.极化效应polarization effect3.彳、成比例disproportionate4.放射性气体radioactive gas5.夏至/冬至summer/winter solstices6.牛物地球化学的biogeochemical7.基木阳离子base cation8.子午线的meridional9.屮尺度mesoscale1(). 热带辐合带the intertropical convergence zone11.渗透infiltration12.气象学meteorological13.人口爆炸Population explosion14.人口金字塔Population pyramid15.人口结构Population structure16.农庄farmsteads17.分散decentnilization 分散化decentralize18.私有化privatization19.富营养化eutrophication20.污染物contaminant21.光化学烟雾photochemical smog22.碳水化合物carbohydrate23.全包、包干all-include24.飞地旅游enclave tourism25.过度依赖over-reliance26.度假村resort27.界常的(例外的)anomalies28.跨部门的interagency29.自愿地理信息Volunteered Geographic Information 3().互操作interoperability31.同行评价peer-reviewed32.亚热带Subtropical33.低气压depression34.雷暴thunderstorni35 •意外的accidental36•首位城市理论the first city theory37.宇宙射线cosmic rays38.电磁波electromagnetic39.主动/被动遥感active/ passive remote sensing40.辐射器radiator41.机载雷达airborne radar42.跨界河流trans-boundary river43.经线warp 纬线weft44.数字地球digital earth二、翻译P15Climate plays a very important role in the genesis of a soil. On the global scale, there is an obvious correlation between major soil types and the Koppen climatic classification systems major climate types. At regional and local scales, climate becomes less important in soil formation. Instead, Pedogenesis is more influenced by factors like parent material, topography, vegetation, and time. The two most important climatic variables influencing soil formation are temperature arid moisture. Temperature has direct influence on the weathering of bedrock to produce mineral particles. Rates of bedrock weathering generally increase with higher temperatures. Temperature also influences the activity of soil microorganisms, the frequency and magnitude of soil chemical reactions, and the rate of plant growth, moisture levels in most soils are primarily controlled by the addition of water via precipitation minus the losses due to evapotranspiration. If additions of water from precipitation surpass losses from evapotranspiration, moisture levels in a soil tend to be high. If the water loss due to evapotranspiration exceeds inputs from precipitation, moisture levels in a soil tend to be low. High moisture availability in a soil promotes the weathering, of bedrock and sediments, chemical reactions, and plant growth. The availability of moisture also has an influence on soil pH and the decomposition of organic matter.气候起着非常重要的作用在《创世纪》的土壤。

专业英语复习V18

1. Transistors have many advantages over electron tubes. 晶体管比电子管有更多的优势2. We have to find out the current through and the voltage across the resistor.3.This circuit is a series circuit and this circuit is a parallel circuit.4. To make sure aliasing will not occur, sampling is always Preceded by low pass filtering.为了保证不会出现混叠，在采样之前总是要进行低通滤波。

5.The mathematical model derived by this method proves （证明）to be simple and of practical significance, thus creating good conditions for making optimal designs.用这种方法所导出的数学模型证明是比较简单的, 并且具有实用意义, 从而为进行最佳设计创造了良好的条件。

6. A transistor is allowed to operate at cutoff or in saturation, but not in its active region. 允许晶体管工作在截止状态或者饱和状态，不是放大状态。

7.In the latter the base is 10 (ten), and ten numerals, 0, 1, 2, 3, …, 9, are required to express an arbitrary number。

后者的基数是10，十个数字分别是0,1,2—9.用来表示任意数字。

专业英语复习

专业英语复习pollution n. 污染同/近义词：Contamination n. 污染pollutant(s) n. 污染物同/近义词：Effluent n. 排放物Emission n. 排放、排放物pollute v. 污染同/近义词：Contaminate v. primary air pollutant:一次污染物emit v. 排放同/近义词：Discharge v. 排放stagnation n. 停滞threshold n. 极限,域值threshold level n. 极限水平,临界值synergy ['s?n?d??] n. 协同,配合magnification n. 放大,放大倍率biological mangnification 生物累积作用oxide n. 氧化物mon-oxide n. 一氧化物di-oxide n. 二氧化物tri-oxide n. 三氧化物tetra- n. 词头：四penta- n. ：五pentagonhexa- n. ：六nitrogen n. 氮nitrous a. 氮的，含氮的hydrocarbons n. 烃，碳氢化合物benzene n. 苯Photochemical = Photo（光）+ chemical（化学）Photochemical smog 光化学烟雾oxidant(s) n. 氧化剂particulate(s) n. 颗粒，微粒dust n. 尘soot n. 烟灰，煤烟metallic a. 金属的lead n. 铅cadmium n镉spray n. 喷雾，飞沫v. 喷射，喷溅sulfate n. 硫酸盐pesticide(s) n. 杀虫剂同/近义词insecticide herbicide(s) n. 除草剂同/近义词weedicidepesticide = pest + icidepest 有害物-icide 杀suicide = su- + -icide 自杀su- = self- insecticide = insect + icide insect- 节昆虫herbicide = herb + icide herb 草本植物radon n. 氡fossil n. 化石（such as: coal )e’mission n. 散发，发射，排放aerobic a. 需氧的smelt v. 冶炼ore(s) [?:z] n. 矿石erosion n. 腐蚀，侵蚀mining n. 采矿，矿业1) A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to theair that occurs in aharmful concentration.一次污染物是人们直接排放在空气中达到了有害浓度的化学物质。

专业英语考试复习资料

专业英语考试一、词汇题，中英互译（每词一分）单词见150词汇。

Streamline（流线型）weld（焊接）vertical（垂直的）horizontal（水平的）strust（支架）former（框架）twisting（扭曲）eliminate（消除）reemerge（再次出现）Wing attachment point（机翼挂载点）deck（甲板）cabin（机舱）stainless steel（不锈钢）truss structure（桁架结构）monocoque（硬壳式结构）semimonocoque（半硬壳式结构）accommodate（适应，容纳）wheel（轮子）taxiing（滑行）park（停放）floats（浮板）crew（船员，乘务员）vacuum（真空）layout（布局，设计）aluminium（铝）function（函数，功能）copper（铜）corrosion（腐蚀）horizontal stabilator（水平全动式尾翼）trim tab（配平调整期）wheel（轮子）braking（刹车）steer（操作）thrust（推力）susceptible（易受影响）corrosion（腐蚀）fiber（纤维）alloy（合金）tension（张力）versatile（万能的，多功能的）stiffness（硬度）rivet（铆钉）bolt（螺栓）screw（螺丝）nut（螺母，螺帽）fastener（紧固件）plastic（塑料）extensive（广泛的）render（补偿）composite（复合材料）Accommodate（容纳）drag（拉拽，阻力）collapse（崩溃）fuselage（机身）winglet（小翼）rudder（方向舵）elevator（升降舵）cockpit（座舱）spoiler（扰流片）aileron（副翼）wing flap（襟翼）stringer（桁条）spar（翼梁，翼墙）rib（翼肋）fuel tank（邮箱）wing tip（翼尖）power plant（发动机，动力装置）bulkhead（隔板）skin（蒙皮）propeller（螺旋桨）engine（引擎）include（包含）primary（主要的）instrument（工具，仪表）pilot（飞行员）passenger（乘客）undertaken（同意）airfoil（机翼）extent（程度）structure（结构）static（静态的）dynamic（动态的）substantial（大量的，实质的）generation（产生）aviation（航空）astronautics（航天）aerospace（航天）aeronautical（航空的）aeronautics（航空）Magnus effect（马格努斯效应）Bernoulli’s principle（伯努利原理）gravitation（引力）adopt（采用）postulate（假定）insight（眼光）contemporary（当代的）aircraft（飞机，飞行器）diversity（多样性）various（多种多样的）quantitative（定量的）qualitative（定性的）envelope（包裹，外壳）fluid（液体）feet（英尺）altitude（高度）altimeter（高度计）exert（施加，运用，发挥）reference（参考，引用）adjustment（调整）acceleration（加速度）mass（质量）opposite（相反的）blast（爆炸）identical（相同的，相等的）viscosity（粘度）friction（摩擦）tendency（趋势）adhere（附着）rough（粗糙）drag（拖拽）incline（使倾斜，斜坡）potential（潜在的）apply（应用）application（应用）major（主要的）attribute（把…归于，认为…是）gain（获得，增益）manufacture（制造）eventually（最终）beverage can（易拉罐）attach（连接，粘上）substructure（基础）central（中心的）formulation（结构，公式）identification（鉴定）administrate（管理，支配）acknowledgement（承认，鸣谢）airship（飞艇）kite（风筝）accuracy（精确性）accordance（一致）academy（学院，学会）additional（另外的，附加的）admit（承认，允许）contribute（贡献）attain（获得，达到）integrate（集成，合并）proportion（比例，部分）resume（恢复，重新开始）Newton’s basic laws of motion（牛顿基础动力学定律）horizontal stabilizer（水平尾翼，水平安定面）二、图标题，选词填空（1）图一：（2）图二：（3）图三：三、英译中As shown in [Figure 1-4], at point “A," a stagnation point exists where the air stream impacts(impinges) on the front of the airfoil and splits; some air goes over, and some under. Another stagnation point exists at “B," where the two airstreams rejoin and resume at identical velocities. When viewed from the side, an up wash is created ahead of the airfoil and a downwash at the rear. In the case of Figure 1-4, the highest velocity is at the top of the airfoil, and the lowest velocity at the bottom. Because these velocities are associated with an object (in this case, an airfoil), they are called local velocities as they do not exist outside the lift-producing system. This concept can be readily applied to a wing or other lifting surface. Because there is a difference of velocity above and below the wing, the result is a higher pressure below the wing and a lower pressure above the wing. This pressure difference produces an upward force known as the Magnus Effect, the physical phenomenon whereby an object's rotation affects its path through a fluid.翻译：如图1-4所示，在A点，这里有个停滞点，气流在这里撞上机翼的前表面并分开；一些空气向上，一些空气向下。

专业英语复习

精密产品precision products; 加工（n）machining; 工件、作业workpiece;数控机床computerized numerical control (CNC)machines; 电火花机床electrical discharge machines; (EDA) 车床turning machine; 铣床milling machine; 润滑（n) lubrication;冷却(n)cooling; 数控编程员CNC programmer; 数控操作员CNC operator;主轴spindle; 附件accessory; 普通机床conventional machine tool;数控系统CNC control 定位（n）position 坐标系coordinate system加工中心machining center; 钻drill; 铣mill; 镗bore; 车turn; 攻丝tap;轮廓铣削contour milling; 精镗加工finish boring; 车螺纹threading; 平面铣削face milling;粗车加工rough turning; 浅孔钻short hole drilling;1、( T ) Generally speaking, the more axes ,the more complex the machine2、( F ) All CNC machines are programmable only in the way of moving the workpiece3、( F ) With the method of commanding motion of incremental mode4、( T ) G92 is the method of assigning the program zero in the program.5、( T ) The CNC machine can perform multiple operations in a single program.6、( F ) There is no need to learn about the basic machining practice7、( F ) A machining center includes the bed ,way system ,headstock&spindle8、( T ）Once the machine is manually sent to its reference point in each axis9、( F ) Each CNC machine has the same programmable functions.C machines include machining tools.数控机床包括车床，多轴铣床，铣床和电火花机床，只不过以前由人工完成的功能现在由计算机控制模块完成。

专业英语复习资料

专业英语复习资料一、名词解释：1.Asteroids:any of many small planets revolving round thesun,esp between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.2.Ecliptic:the apparent path of the sun’s motion on the celestialsphere as seen from the Earth.3.Solstice:either of the two times in the year when the suncrosses the equator and day and night are equal length.4.Equinox:either of two times in the year at which the sun isfurthrst north or south of the equator.5.Perihelion:point in the orbit of a planet ,cornet ,ect at which itis hearest to the sun.6.lithosphere:The lithosphere is a layer that includes the crustand the upper most portion of the asthenosphere.7.Meteoroids:small mass of matter that enters t he earth’satmosphere from the Earth.8.The terrestrial planet: The terrestrial planets are the fourinner most planets in the solar system,Mercury,Venus,Earth and mars.二、填空1.Solar system consists of all average star we call thesun ,the planetsMercury ,Venus ,Earth ,Mars ,Jupiter ,Saturn, Uranus,and Neptune.2.The whole solar system ,together with the local stars visible on a clear night ,orbits ,the center of our home galaxy ,asprial disk of 200 billon stars we call the Milky way.3.When looking down f rom above the Sun’s north pole,theplanets orbit in a counter-clockwise direction.4.If you could looking down at the Earth’s marth pole from space you would notice that the direction of earth rotation is counter-clockwise.5.On December 21 or 22,the winter solstice ,the Earth is positioned so that the south pde is 23.5° leaning towards the sun.6.The earth is an oblate spheroier ,it consists of a number of different layers as determined by deep drilling and seismic evidence.7.The lithosphere is also the zone of earthgualces, mountain building, volcanoes and continental drift.8.Continental crust is thickest beneath mountain ranges and ends into the mantle.Both of these crust types are composed of numerous tectonic plates that float on the top of the mantle.9.The term earth rotation refers to the spinning of the Earth on its axis .One rotation takes exactly twenty-four hours and is called a mean solar day.10.The cove is layer rich in iron and nicked that is composed of two layers:the inner and outer cores.三、翻译1，平坦宇宙According to the big bang theory of the universe ,our universe is produced in 20 billion years ago ,and in constant expansion.This makes people can not help butask,the universe will inflate when the universe is a home to return to what?Cosmology scholars believe that our universe is there are three possible end-result:the first kind of circumstance is the universe contains material too little,gravity can’t suppress the universe continue to inflation,the results the universe will continue indef initely to in flation ,we call this universe as”openspace”;The second is the universe have enough material, make expansion speed gradually decrease and eventually at one point will expansion reversal for “big comp-ression”,this universe called “closed universe”;The third case somewhere between the two ,the mass of the universe is equal to average density roughly”critical density”.At this time,the universe will continue to maintain the state of inflation,but inflation speed will slow down gradually over tim e,tend to be stable,we call this the”flat universe”.2.台风The typhoon and hurricane belong to the northern tropical cyclone,just because they produce in different area,different countries use different appellationjust.Generally speaking,in the Atlantic formation of tropical cydones are called hurricanes in the Pacific,and the generation of tropical cydone is called thetyphoon.Hurricane formation requires three conditions:the warm water,wet air,the wind on the sea,to become air to internal rotation flow.In most storm structure, the air will become more and more warm, and the higher the rise,and finally to the outside air. If therse higher levels of wind islight, then the storm structure will maintain and development. In the eye (namely hurricane center) in the sky a relatively clam. The most violent weather phenomenon happened in close to the eye of the surrounding atmosphere, this is called eye wall.。

大学专业英语期末考试复习资料(重点)

专业英语期末考试复习资料一、名词翻译（12小题，每题2分，24分）1：ATO / ATP Automatic Train Operation / Automatic Train Protection2：MCM Motor Converter Module3：Railway Vehicle4：EBCU（ECU）Electronic Brake Control Unit5：HSCB High Speed Circuit Breaker6：MMI Man Machine Interface7：Trailing Car / Trailer8：GW Gateway9：TDS Train Diagnostic System10：Emergency Braking11：PIS Passenger Information System12：VVVF Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (Traction Inverter)13：Pantograph14：DCU Drive Control Unit15：Coupler System16：TCC Train Communication and Control17：Automatic Coupling18：Trailer / Motor Bogies19：V(T)CU Vehicle (and Train) Control Unit20：Pneumatic Brake21：VCUT "Vehicle Control Unit" which contain the "Train Diagnostic System"二、看图翻译（作业部分）（14空，一空2分，28分）三、段落翻译（4小题，每题12分，48分）1、Electro-dynamic braking (comprising regeneration and rheostatic braking) is blended with the controlled tread brake. Regeneration and rheostatic braking can both be substituted continuously. In case the line voltage is increased up to 1,800 V DC, a smooth transfer from regenerative braking to rheostatic braking can be made. In case regenerative braking is not possible, rheostatic braking alone meets the service braking requirements.（课本第2页最后一段，PPT1的24、25页）2、The electrical power supply (DC 1500 V) is taken from the catenary by a pantograph. One pantograph is located on the roof of each B-car. A surge arrester is installed beside each pantograph to protect the electrical equipment against dangerous over-voltages. The current is conducted via cables from a terminals on the pantograph to the PH box. The PH box is a container with propulsion and high voltage equipment and is mounted under floor the B-car.（课本第17页4内容，PPT5的1、2、5页）3、The coupler draft gear ensures a cushioning effective in both buff and draft.Connection of the train lines and air pipes is automatically accomplished as the couplers are mechanically coupled. Uncoupling is achieved by remote control from the driver’s cab or manually from the trackside. After uncoupling and separation of the cars, the coupler is again ready to couple. （课本第13页2.4.1.1内容，PPT3的17、18页）4、When braking, the converter transforms the three-phase power, which is now generated by the motors, into DC power. The generated power is fed into the overhead line system for other consumers, or is supplied to other on-board power consuming devices(auxiliary equipment, air-conditioning equiment, and lighting). Power which is not fed back is transformed into heat by the brake resistor.（课本第18页5.1第二段后半部分，PPT6的6、7、8页）5、For loads AW0 to AW2 and a voltage higher than 1,500 V DC, the train set is braked with the electrodynamic brake only. For loads AW2 to AW3 and a voltage higher than 1,500 V DC, the pneumatic brake is applied additionally. The braking force of the pneumatic brake is load–corrected in all cars. For loads AW0 to AW3 and a voltage of less than 1,500 V DC down to 1,000 V DC, the pneumatic brake is applied additionally.（课本第3页Service braking 部分，PPT1的28、29、30页）6、The B–cars are connected to the A–and C–cars by a semi–permanent drawbar whilst the C–cars are connected to each other by a semi–automatic coupler. An automatic coupleris attached to both ends of the train.Each car has five sliding plug doors per car side. Even passenger distribution within the train is made possible by intermediate gangways between the cars.（课本第5页1.1内容，PPT2的3、4页）7、The pantograph conducts electric current from the overhead contact wire to the vehicle; the pantograph consists of base frame, frame, collector head, tension spring and lowering arrangement.The pantograph is lifted by means of compressed air, which is controlled by magnet valves. （课本第16页4.1内容，PPT5的10、12页）8、The automatic coupler enables automatic coupling of railway vehicles. Coupling of two six car units is achieved without manual assistance by driving one unit up to a second unit. Automatic coupling is possible under angular misalignment both horizontally and vertically. Within certain limits the coupler permits coupled trains to negotiate vertical and horizontal curves and allows rotational movements by means of a mechanical centering device.（课本第13页2.4.1.1内容，PPT3的16、18页）。

专业英语复习

一、短语英汉互译（10分）二、缩写写全英及中文（10分）三、填空（10分）四、看图写单词（10分）五、长句英译汉（30分）六、长句汉译英（30分）byte 字节reduce v 减少words 字record 记录field 字段Presentation n 呈现演示Convey vt 运输传递转换Sensory adj 知觉的感觉的Audio: 音频Video：视频Image: 图像Entertainment 娱乐degradation 恶化，降级distortion 失真，畸变discrete 离散，不连续intensity 强度front-end 前置，前级，前端缩写写全英及中文IC (integrate circuit) 集成电路LSIVLSICPU Central Processing UnitDSP Digital Signal Processing, Digital Signal ProcessorAC Alternating CurrentDC direct currentA/D, ADC Analog-to-Digital ConverterLED Light Emitting DiodeSNR Signal to Noise RatioIC integrated circuitWWW world wide webFDMA Frequency Division Multiple AccessTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessSDMA Space Division Multiple AccessGSM global system for mobile communication全球移动通信系统TDD time division duplex 时分双工WCDMA wideband CDMA宽带CDMAITU international telecommunication union 国际电信联盟UL up link 上行PCB printed circuit board 印刷电路板CAD Computer Aided Design计算机辅助设计EDA Electronic Design Automatic电子设计自动化VHDL极高速集成电路(VHSIC)硬件描述语言FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array 现场可编程门阵列ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路WAN wide area network 广域网短语英汉互译sample and hold circuit采样保持电路zero order hold零阶保持acquisition time采集时间quantization level (step)量化电平（间隔）full scale range满量程范围dynamic range动态范围signal-to-noise ratio信噪比Nyquist theorem奈奎斯特定理undersampling欠采样aliasing 混叠现象Price/performance ratio性能价格比anti-aliasing filter抗混叠滤波器real time实时address field地址字段A limited period of time.期限in practical terms实际上in terms of根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面constant term 常数项The full extent covered:涵盖范围The difference or interval between the smallest and largest values in a frequency distribution.频差adjustable range 可调范围low-frequency range 低频段, 低频范围range of allowable error 容许误差范围range of set value 设定值范围effective resistance 有效电optical fiber communication system光纤通信系统Overload Protection过压保护signal capture信号俘获contract specifications 合同条款design specification 设计说明electrical specification 电气规范global positioning system全球定位系统Earth orbit地球轨道Ground station地面站Satellite communication卫星通信填空1、A database may be designed for batch processing，real-time processing，or in-line processing.一个数据库可以被设计成批处理、实时处理或在线处理等形式。

专业英语复习

单词：第一课：Introduction to building services(1.房屋设备) Building shading 建筑遮阳Escalators 手扶电梯IT networks信息网络lifts 电梯Rentilation and refrigeration通风与制冷communication lines通信线Security and alarm systems安保和安防、报警器Fire detection(探测) and protection火情报警和消防Heating,ventilating and air-conditioning [HV AC]通风和空气调节Air-conditioning,and mechanical ventilation [ACMV]空气调节和机器调节power systems电力系统lighting systems照明系统auxiliary systems辅助系统Thermodynamic system热力系统stored储存transient forms传递形式Thermal energy热能potential energy势能elevation高度kinetic energy动能Chemical energy化学能nuclear energy核能boundary边界direction方向Energy in transition能量传递mechanism机械装置pressures压强compressor压缩机第二课：Combustion燃烧equilibrium平衡specific比容displace排水enthalpy焓Homogeneous均匀的saturation饱和状态nozzle喷嘴throttle节流阀infinitesimal无限小的incompressible不可压缩的Inlet进口reciprocating往复的negligible可以忽略的Expander膨胀器piston活塞inertia惯性adiabatic绝热的Gravitational重力的penstock进水管model模拟第四课：compression压缩refrigeration制冷condenser冷凝器valve阀门Evaporator蒸发器reversibly可逆的irreversibly不可逆的isentropic等熵的Refrigerant制冷剂adiabatically绝热的superheated过热的cyclic循环的Body force质量力surface force表面力piezometric head测压管水头piezometer测压计Atmospheric大气压的pipeline管道turbulent紊流cross-section横断面，截面Roughness粗糙度viscosity粘度Reynolds-number雷诺数laminar流层的eddy涡流第九课：Definition of similitude相似定理investigation调查similitude相同点Hydraulics水力学small-scale成比例缩小natural convection自然对流not to ignore不能忽略Heat transfer coefficients for natural convection自然对流传热系数humidity湿度A variety of heating and refrigeration equipment制热和制冷设备convectors对流Air conditioning空调drag阻力friction drag摩擦阻力smooth-surfaced表面平滑的Centrifugal离心式consist basically主要组成部分impeller叶轮fans风机Pumps水泵1.HV AC-Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning暖通空调、、refrigeration致冷psychrometrics焓湿学（湿空气动力学）、、、the first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律the law of conservation of energy能量守恒定律、、、the second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律、、reversible cycle 可逆循环、Carnot cycle 卡诺循环、、、refrigerating efficiency制冷系数、、、coefficient of performance（COP）性能系数、、、intensive property强度参数condenser冷凝器、evaporator蒸发器、、、L aminar Flow 层流、Turbulence 湍流Reynolds number雷诺数、、momentum动量、Compressible可压缩的、Viscosity粘性、shear stress 剪切力、dynamic viscosity动力粘度、kinematic viscosity 运动粘度、ideal-fluid model理想流体模型、Newtonian fluid牛顿流体Heat transfer热传递、Mass transfer质量传递、Conduction导热、Radiation辐射、convection 对流、forced convection强迫对流、natural convection自然对流、Blackbody 黑体、thermal conductivity导热系数、Fourier’s law傅立叶定律Thermal Comfort热舒适、metabolic rate代谢率、respiratory tract呼吸道reciprocating compressor活塞式压缩机、helical rotary compressor螺杆式压缩机、centrifugal compressor离心式压缩机、absorption chiller吸收式冷水机enthalpy焓、entropy熵、Thermodynamics热力学、Heat 热、Work 功、saturated liquid饱和液、、、、Quality 干度、pressure压力、density(1.密集, 稠密)humidity(1.（空气中的）湿度, 潮湿, 湿气)、specific volume比容、kinetic energy动能、potential energy势能、energy 热能、process过程、cycle循环、phase相，相态、state 状态Thermodynamic property热力学参数、equation of state状态方程Cooling load(1.冷负荷)、heating load(1.供热量)、Sensible (heat) Load(1.热负荷)、Return air(1.回风)、Supply air(1.岭空气)、Fresh air(1.新鲜空气)、Infiltration(渗透)、Ventilation空气流通)2.风机盘管 fan coil unit、、空气处理单元 (空气处理机) air handling unit 、、新风处理单元 fresh air unit 、、、供热通风与空气调节 heating ventilating and air conditioning、洁净室无尘室 Clean room、风淋室Air shower、、传递箱 Pass boxair conditioning load空调负荷、、、air distribution气流组织centigrade scale 摄氏温度、、、district cooling 区域供冷direct return system直接回水系统、、、displacement ventilation置换通风entering air temp进风温度、ntering water temp进水温度、fahrenheit scale 华氏温度、、、fan coil unit 风机盘管flow velocity 流速、、、、fresh air supply 新风供给heating ventilating and air conditioning 供热通风与空气调节humidity 湿度、、、、hydraulic calculation水力计算leaving air temp 出风温度、、、、leaving water temp出水温度ratio of compression 压缩比、、、ratio of expansion 膨胀比ratio of slope 坡度、ratio of specific heat 比热比、、real gas 实际气体、reason 理由，原因、reasonable 合理的，适当的、、、receiving basin 蓄水池reciprocal compressor 往复式压缩机、、、reciprocating refrigerator 往复式制冷机recirculate 再循环、、recirculated 再循环的、、recirculated air 再循环空气recoverable 可回收的，可恢复的、、air breather 通风装置,通风孔air balance 风量平衡、、、air barrel 空气室、、、air blanket 空气夹层air blast 强气流,鼓风,强制通风、、、、air blast cooling 吹风式冷却air blast connection pipe 风管、、、、、air blast freezer 强制通风冻结间air blast freezer tuunel 强制通风冻结隧道、、、air blast freezing 强制通风冻结air blast freezing plant 强制通风冻结装置、、、air bleed hole 排气孔air bleed system 抽气方式、、air bleeder 放气管、、、air blow aeration 散气式通风air blower 鼓风机、、、air blowing 吹气,空气吹污、、、、air blowpipe 吹气管air bottle 压缩空气瓶、、、air box 空气室、、、air brake 空气制动器Air valves 空气阀门、、、Brake valves 制动阀、、、Drainage valves 排水阀Exhaust valves 排气阀、、Pressure valve 压力（増压）阀、、Piping Pumps 管道泵afety Valves 安全阀、、、T-Cock 三通、、、Throttle Valves 节流阀3.最冷月或最热月平均温度temperature coldest month or hottest month (mean)年，月，平均温度，最高，最低temperature, yearly, monthly, mean, highest, lowest 最高或最低绝对温度absolute temperature, highest or lowest湿球温度wet bulb temperature、、干球温度dry bulb temperature采暖区region with heating provision、、不采暖区region without heating provision 冷凝水管 condensing pipe、、、导热性 thermal conductivity导热系数thermal coefficient of conduction、、、供热面 heating surface散热面 heat delivery surface、、、热气消耗 heat consumption热对流 thermal convection、、、热消耗 heat dissipation热扩散 thermal convection、、、热膨胀 thermal diffusivity热效率 thermal efficiency、、、热效应 heat effect热风循环 heated air circulation、、、通风 ventilation通风设施 ventilation installation、、、自然通风natural draft ventilation人工通风 artificial ventilation、、、、空气体积 air volume空气流量 air steam、、、、通风面积 ventilation area风量 air volume、、、、热量 heat volume、、、水量 water quantity风压 air pressure、、、状态点 state point、、、工况条件 operation condition制冷剂 refrigerant、、制冷量 refrigerating capacity、、制热量 heating capacity 进水温度 inlet temperature、、、出水温度 outlet temperature、、流量 flow水阻系数 water pressure factor、、、传热系数 transmission factor空气调节 air-conditioning 、air handling空气调节、、空气冷却 air cooling段落总结：A thermodynamic system is a region(区域) in space or a quantity(1.数目, 数量) of matter bounded(1.有界限的,) by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。

[精品]专业英语复习.doc

1・室内设计：internal decoration2.柱廊:colonnade3.住宅小区:neighborhood4.半独立式住宅：semidetached house5.电影院：movie theater6.T薪阶层：wage earners7.草图:skeleton8.经济住宅：tenement-house9・露台：terrace10. 建筑规范：building codes11・房地产：real estate12.物业管理：property management13.城镇体系：urban system14.旧城改造：urban redevelopment15.中央商务区；center bus in ess dis trict16.半地下室 :semi-basement17.抗压强度：compressive strength18.抗拉强度:tensile strength19.哥特式大教堂:Gothic Cathedral20.栏杆：balustrade21.耳房：apse22.悬臂梁：cantilever23.装饰物：ornament24.小礼拜堂：chapel25.围墙：enclosure26.排式平房：row house27.街区：block28.入口平台:entrance platform29.城市布局：urban layout30.风景区：scenic zone翻译：1.Furthermore, the movement of human beings within the buildingrequires halls stairs or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic・此外，在建筑内的人类活动要求了大厅楼梯和电梯的尺寸被预期的交通负荷所控制。

2.Wood, a fibrous material, withstands tension as readily as itdose compression.木材，一种纤维材料，承受张力和它承受压缩一样迅速。

专业英语复习

1. 洋流current2. 潮汐tide3.海拔高度altitude4. 生活水平living standard5. 峡湾fjord6. 生物资源biotic resource7. 地壳crust8. 地核core9. 矿产资源mineral resources10. 生态系统ecosystem11、市场比较法the comparative method12、重置成本法the contractor's method13、现金流量cash flow14、开发商the developer15、重置成本replacement cost1. 海洋与陆地交汇形成海岸线。

所以各大洲有各自不同的形状。

The meetings of land and water makes the coastline, so every continent has several shapes.2.高原与平原相似，但其海拔更高，有时被成为台地。

A plateau is much like a plain but has a higher elevation. Sometimes a plateau is called a tableland.3.生活在有季节性降雨地区的人们是幸运的，但绝大多数地区却没有这样的好运。

因为全球水资源分布极不均衡。

People who live in the places with good seasonal rainfall are luck. Most of the world does not have good fortune. Because the global water resources distribution is extremely imbalance.4.矿产资源不可再生。

但是只要人们明智地开发利用，资源是可以得到有效保护的。

Mineral resources are nonrenewable. But as long as people wisely develop and use , resources can be effective protected.5.利润法通常是适用于存在某种垄断的情况.The profits method is usually used where is some degree of monopoly. 6.总收入减去购买费用等于毛利润,净利润的一部分将用于支付租金. Total revenue minus purchases is equal to the gross profit.7.净利润的一部分将用于支付租金。