商务英语名词解释
商务英语考试名词解释（共五篇）
商务英语考试名词解释（共五篇）第一篇：商务英语考试名词解释Explanation(1)Brand:is a product, service, or concept that is publicly distinguished from other products,services, or concepts so that it can be easily communicated and usually marketed.(2)Protection: the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relativelyinefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.(3)Corporate culture-It represents a common perception held by the organization’s members.It communicates how people in an organization should behave, by establishing a value system conveyed throughrites, myths, legends, and actions.(4)Quota: a restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular product that a county impose.(5)Free trade: trade between nations without protective customs tariff(6)Marketing– the competitive process by which goods and services are offered for consumptionat a profit.It’s about building a reputation and making sales for cash and profits in particular markets.(7)Promotion is the combination of methods to generate public awareness, identity, confidence,desire and conviction in a product and usage by the general public.(8)Enterprise ethics refers to the enterprise in the specific social economic organization, relyingon public opinion, traditions and inner conviction to maintain, with good and evil evaluation standard on moral principles, ethics and moral activities combined.(9)Advertising : the action of calling something to the attention of the publicespecially by paidannouncements.(10)MoneyEnglish writingIncreased dramatically sinceIn 1987 the export figures stood at 400 million Finnish markkaa.There was a sharp increase between 1987 and 1989 when figures reached over 800 million.This was followed by a sharp decrease between 1989 and 1990 when Finnish paper exports to Japan dropped to 400 million.There was a slight rise between 1990 and 1991 when exports hit the 450 million mark but they fell again to 400 million in 1992.Between 1992 and 1995 there was a dramatic rise and exports of paper to Japan reached a peak of 1,300 million in 1995, before falling again to under 1,000 million in 1997.第二篇：商务英语考试2013下半年剑桥商务英语证书（BEC）报考简章报名条件与考试费用BEC报名不受年龄﹑性别、职业﹑地区﹑学历等限制，任何人均可持本人身份证件到当地考点报名。
商务英语这个专业怎么样
商务英语专业（Business English Program）隶属于外国语言文学学科，课程体系以英语与商 务知识和能力课程的有机交叉融合为核心，具有跨学科特点。常州大学商务英语专业是在2000年 我院设立英语专业的基础上、于2016年经教育部审批同意开始招生，学制四年。
内容介绍
在选择专业的时候，我们往往要考虑很多的因素，需要自己去搜集一些专业相关的东西，再结合 自己的个人爱好，最终决定就读一个什么专业，当然，在这个过程中，看看别人如何看待这个专 业也是很有参考价值的，那么下面我们一起来看看商务英语这个专业吧
方法/步骤
本专业方向主要培养具有扎实的英语 语言基础和较系统的国际商务治理理 论知识，具有较强的实践技能，能在 外贸、外事、文化、新闻出版、教育、 科研、旅游等部分从事翻译、治理、 教授教养、研究工作的英语高级专门 人才。
方法/步骤
主要学习基础英语、高级英语、英语 听力、英语口语、英语写作、翻译理 论与实践、英美文学史及选读、西方 经济学、国际贸易、国际商务、市场 营销等课程。学生毕业后授予文学学 士学位。
方法/步骤
一般来说，商英专业毕业生直接对口 的工作有：初级文书翻译，涉外文秘， 外贸跟单，外语客服等。你在1，2线 城市想找这类工作真是一找一大把。 所以其实就业不算难。
商务外语系成立于1998年，是以外语、外贸为主干课程特色的系。
参考资料：湖南涉外经济学商务英语专业
本专业旨在培养具有扎实的英语语言基础知识和语言运用能力，宽阔的国际视野，博通商务领域 （经济、管理和商法等）基本知识，具有较深厚的人文知识和第二外语运用能力，专精于贸易、 金融、国际营销、国际物流等领域内某一、两个方向专门知识，能承担或参与国有、民办和三资 企业中相关贸易、金融、结算、商法和商务谈判等工作的跨学科、高素质、复合型商务英语专门 人才。
商务英语名词总汇
Unit 1Acquisition 收购Alliance联合联盟Board 董事会Budget 预算Commitment 承诺许诺Confidentiality 保密Hierarchy 等级体系In-road 进展Jargon 行话Minutes 会议记录Panacea 万能药Rapport 友好关系交往Snippet 一小部分片段Strategy 行动计划策略Subsidiary 子公司Transit 运输运送Unit 2Advent 出现来临Bureaucracy 官僚机构Chassis 汽车，飞机底盘Commercial 广告Commission 佣金Constraint 限制Endorsement 签署Identification 认同密切相关之感Integration 一体化Promotion 宣传促销Slogan 标语口号Spectrum 系列范围幅度Sponsorship 赞助Teaser 广告战前的小序曲Turnover 营业额Wholesaler 批发商Unit 3Accessory 附件配件Bid 出价Correlation 相互关系关联Defect 缺陷Equation 综合体Flyer 小广告传单Franchise 产品经营特许权Imposition 强加Intermediary 中间人Rung 梯级Profile 简介概况Query 询问疑问Referral 介绍推荐Retention 保留保持Revenue 收入收益Takeover 接收接管Warranty 担保书保证Unit 4Chauffeur 汽车司机Chunk 相当大的数量Conglomerate 集团大企业Flair 生性天赋天才Forefront 最前列Fringe 边缘Haulage 公路或铁路托运Ingredient 因素成分Innovation 革新改革instalment 分期付款Intuition 直觉Logistics 后勤物流Mailshot 邮寄广告Nepotism 裙带关系Pulp 纸浆Recession 经济衰退Ruthlessness 坚定Stamina 持久力耐力毅力Unit 5Allotment 分配分派Appraisal 评价评估Bonus 奖金红利Bounty 奖励报酬Burnout 耗尽筋疲力尽Favoritism 偏爱厚待Incentive 鼓励奖励Laptop 笔记本电脑Masseur 男按摩师Morale 士气Paternity 父权父道Perk 额外补贴Redundancy 报酬Row 争吵Subsidy 补助津贴Tribunal 法院法庭Unit 6Accountancy 会计Agenda 议事日程Agent 代理人经纪人Apprehension 忧虑焦虑Catastrophe 灾难Consultancy 咨询公司Corruption 腐败Devaluation 贬值Extortion 勒索敲诈Fraud 诈骗Incidence 发生率Initiative 倡议Insolvency 破产Merchandise 商品Plethora 过多过剩Profile 注意形象Retailor 零售商Sanction 制裁Share 股份Unit 7Brokerage 经纪业Discount 打折折扣Drought 干旱E-commerce 电子商务Expenditure 费用Extranet 外联网Fad 时髦Fluctuation 波动起伏涨落Helpline 服务热线Invoice 发票清单Marketer 市场上的卖主Megastore 规模很大的商店Outlet 批发商店零售公司Overheads 管理费用Proposition 建议提议Segment 某一类市场特定的产品Unit 8Catalyst 刺激的因素Compensation 赔偿金补偿金Confines 界限范围Confrontation 对抗冲突Culprit 罪魁祸首Extrovert 性格外向的人Retribution 应得的惩罚Rivalry 竞争对抗Synergy 协同作用Unit 9Asset 资产Collateral 抵押物Concession 让步妥协Discrepancy 不同差异Equity 普通股Expertise 专门知识专技Interest 利息Liabilities 债务Overdraft 透支额Sanctuary 庇护所避难所Shark 放高利贷者Stake 股份股本Subsidy 补贴Unit 10Empathy 同感Equivalent 等价物Frills 无用的装饰虚饰Mortgage 抵押贷款Peak 顶点顶峰Refund 退款Teller 出纳员Unit 11Advert 广告Allegation 宣称Backup 备用替代Batch 一批Bribe 贿赂Casualty 死亡者受伤者Compassion 同情怜悯Contingency 意外事件紧急情况Ethics 道德规范Fine 罚金Fury 暴怒狂怒Hazard 危险危害Malpractice 玩忽职守Manifest 货物或旅客舱单Mission 任务Seepage 渗漏Stakeholder 利益相关者Unit 12Autocrat 独裁者Bugbear 吓人或讨厌的东西Depot 仓库Disparity 差距Echelon 领导系统中的等级High-flier 很有成就的人Indictment 控诉Initiative 首创精神进取心Parameter 参数Questionnaire 调查表问卷Trait 特征Workforce 工人总数Workload 工作量。
商务英语名词解释
1. Budget —预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2. Return —回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio —证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty —专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Patent —专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.6. Non-tariff barrier —非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Franchise —经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.8.Purchasing power —购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.9. PPP —购买力平价purchasing power parity10. tariff —关税tax levied by the customs11.barriers to trade —贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.12.primary commodities —初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials13.drawback —退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported14.specific duties —从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods15.ad valorem duties —从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods16.carriage —运费the price or cost of transportation17.voluntary offer —主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer18.contracting parties —缔约方signatories of an agreement19.force majeure —[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party20.firm offer —持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer21.offeree —受要约人the party to whom an offer is made22.hyperinflation —极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control23.inflation —通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.24.protectionism —贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports25.bilateral —双边的of two sides26.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together27.creditors —债权人a person to whom one owns money28.debtor —债务人a person who owes money29.default —违约fail to carry out an obligation30.draft —汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money31.remittance —汇款the sending of money or the money sent32.drawe r —出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter33.drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn34.credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment35.applicant of an L/C —出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C36.beneficiary —受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export37.confirming bank —保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C38.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent39.clean credit —光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment40.sight credit —即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft41.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer42.consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped43.shipping marks —唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation44.insurance policy —保险单a document used for covering possible risks45.title —抬头right to the possession of a position or property46.insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy47.premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract48.potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur49.claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy50.margin —利润amount above what is estimated as necessary51.underwriter —保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business52.invoice —发票a document for the general description of the goods and the pricepensation —赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss54.pooling —联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage55.multi-modal transportation —多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air56.redeem —兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock57.settlement —结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc58.exchange rate —汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency59.money circulation —货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services60.devaluation —货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies61.reserve —储备金money held aside to meet future demand62.investment —投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns63.quota —配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity64.VER —自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country65.intellectual property —知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy-right66.tax holiday —免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied67.joint venture —合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms68.gilts —金边债券stocks issued by government69.cost-effective —成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure70.anti-dumping —反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured71.mandate —授权authority given to perform a duty72.contracting party —缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement73.Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)74.Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.75.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.76.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.77.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.78.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.79.Franchising特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.80.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.81.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.82.GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.83.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.84.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.85.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.86.Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy87.Customs union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policymon market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.89.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.90.Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .91.Home county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.92.Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.93.Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)parative advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.1..International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.2.Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an area3.Export duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area4.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country5.Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.6.Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost7.Counter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer8.inflation : Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc9.Barter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.10.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.11.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.12.Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other13.Documentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.14.Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.15.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.ance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.17.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange . It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.18.bill of exchange —汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment19.Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)20.applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C21.Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.22.Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .23.Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is opened24.Correspondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to it25.Advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.26.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.27.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.28.Negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.29.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.30.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.31.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.32.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank33.Unconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bank34.Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证: The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.36.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.37.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred.38.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.39.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.mercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.41.Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by law42.Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.43.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.mon carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.45.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).46.Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.47.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).48.Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.49.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.50.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.51.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准52.Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.53.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.54.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.55.Medial rate中间价It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.56.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.57.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries. plan : 商业计划 future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc.59.collateral : property or an item of value acceptable as security fora loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产60.stock exchange:证券交易市场 a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.61.retail :零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.62.tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.63.policy :保单 the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人 by company.64.public relations :公关 PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it.65.depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业66.Trade deficit :贸易逆差 imports minus exports of goods and services.67.trade surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services.68.Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.69.trade sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo禁运 imposed against a country for violating human rights.70.trade reciprocity贸易互惠 : the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports.71.venture capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable. Also called risk capital风险资本：投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金，尤指用于高科技，其中亏损的风险和赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作 risk capital72.start-up: a biz or undertaking事业 that has recently begun operation.73.balance sheet 资产负债表, 缩写 B.S.: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time. 一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债和所有者投资的列表说明74.re-capitalization资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company.75.stock market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold.76.cash flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth.现金流出量：在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产，扣除税收和其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入，常用来衡量公司的价值bor-intensive : requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital.78.market share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures.79.intellectual capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc.80.publicly traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets.81.emerging markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence.82.portfolio investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies.83.stock turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time.84.lead time订货至交货的时间：the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them.85.dealerships ：A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area.商品代理权：在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权86.economic recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降87.depression : A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment.88.liquidity squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins.89.reverse merger(借壳上市) ：it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period. a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
商务英语名词解释
商务英语名词解释集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#1.Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2.Return—回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3.Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4.Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5.Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.6.Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7.Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.power—购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.9.PPP—购买力平价purchasing power parity10.tariff—关税tax levied by the customsto trade—贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.commodities—初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exportedduties—从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods valorem duties—从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods—运费the price or cost of transportationoffer—主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offererparties—缔约方signatories of an agreementmajeure—[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyoffer—持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made—极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports—双边的of two sides—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together—债权人a person to whom one owns money—债务人a person who owes money—违约fail to carry out an obligation—汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money—汇款the sending of money or the money sent—出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making paymentof an L/C—出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its exportbank—保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spentcredit—光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment credit—即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer —收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shippedmarks—唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportationpolicy—保险单a document used for covering possible risks—抬头right to the possession of a position or property—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contractloss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy—利润amount above what is estimated as necessary—保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business—发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price—赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss—联营a combination of funds formed for common advantagetransportation—多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air—兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock —结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etcrate—汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currencycirculation—货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services—货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies—储备金money held aside to meet future demand—投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns —配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity —自动出口限制a n agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another countryproperty—知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy-rightholiday—免税期a period of time during which tax is not leviedventure—合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms—金边债券stocks issued by government—成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure—反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured—授权authority given to perform a dutyparty—缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreementtrade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, . exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.( foreign direct investments)is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyunion关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policymarket共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.1..International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaduties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area(MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country/ enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.报盘: Estimate of how much something will costoffer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer:Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.purchase反向购买、互购贸易:The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.回购贸易:An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.汇付:This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherdraft跟单汇票:The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.draft即期汇票:The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.of exchange—汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment(Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)of an L/C:The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/Cbank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行:The bank that issues the credit.bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedband往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itbank通知行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.bank保兑行:The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.bank付款行:The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.bank议付行:The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.documentary credit跟单信用证:The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.credit可撤消信用证:The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.credit保兑信用证:The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankcredit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bankcredit即期信用证:The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftcredit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.credit可转让信用证:The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.credit不可转让信用证:The credit can not be transferred.credit无汇票信用证:The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.credit循环信用证:The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.invoice商业发票:The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawlist装箱单:The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.bill of lading记名提单:It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.carrier公共承运人:It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.carrier契约承运人:Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).被保险人，保户:The person who transfer risk.承保人:The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).insurance货物保险:It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.insurance海上保险:The insurance of ships and their cargoes.保险:It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价:A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=元外币为基准quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价:An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.rate买入价:It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.rate卖出价:It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.rate中间价It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.特别提款权:Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.反倾销:to restrict the export expansion of other countries.plan : 商业计划 future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc.: property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产exchange:证券交易市场 a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.:零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.:保单 the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人 by company.relations :公关 PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it.: a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业deficit :贸易逆差 imports minus exports of goods and services.surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services.of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo禁运imposed against a country for violating human rights.reciprocity贸易互惠 : the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports.capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable. Also called risk capital风险资本：投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金，尤指用于高科技，其中亏损的风险和赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作 risk capital: a biz or undertaking事业 that has recently begun operation.sheet 资产负债表, 缩写 .: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time. 一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债和所有者投资的列表说明资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company.market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold.flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth.现金流出量：在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产，扣除税收和其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入，常用来衡量公司的价值: requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital.share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures.capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc.traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets.markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence.investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies.turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time.time订货至交货的时间：the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them.：A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area.商品代理权：在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降: A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment.squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins.merger(借壳上市) ：it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period. a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
商务英语术语解释
一出口方面贸易顺差：当一个国家的出口总额大于进口总额时,这种贸易状态称为顺差。
贸易逆差：当一个国家的出口总额小于进口总额时，这种贸易状态称为逆差。
进口配额制：某些国家为了限制进口商品的数量（因为进口商品过多会对本土企业造成不利影响）,对进口商品数量的多少所进行的规定。
例如.规定外国公司生产的电脑每年只能进口100台.保税仓库：经海关核准的专门存放保税货物（可以享受免收部分甚至全部税率的产品，一般是进口和出口商品）的专用仓库（油库、堆场）。
二价格方面回佣：即回扣。
例如:A公司委托B公司卖电脑，每卖一台，B可从中赚取10元佣金.则10元就是回佣。
出口许可证：某些国家为了限制进口商品的数量，对出口商颁发许可证。
持有该证的商人才可从事出口买卖。
现货价格：某种商品现在的价格。
期货价格:某种商品在约定好的，未来某一时点的价格。
信用证：在国际贸易活动中,买卖双方可能互不信任，买方担心预付款后，卖方不按合同要求发货；卖方也担心在发货或提交货运单据后买方不付款。
因此需要两家银行作为买卖双方的保证人，代为收款交单，以银行信用代替商业信用。
银行在这一活动中所使用的工具就是信用证.保兑信用证：保兑信用证是指开证银行所开出的信用证，由另一银行保证对符合信用证条款规定的单据履行付款义务。
保兑行：对信用证加保兑的银行为保兑行。
通知行:应开证行的要求通知信用证的银行。
跟单信用证：有时也称为“银行家的商业信用证”，为国籍货物买卖的卖方提供担保,确保他能够在货物装运后获得付款，即使买方无法付款。
光票信用证:是不附单据、受益人可以凭收据或汇票在通知行领取款项的信用证。
在贸易中它可以起到预先支取货款的作用。
即期信用证：即指开证行收到符合信用证条款的跟单汇票或装运单据后，立即履行付款义务的信用证。
其特点是受益人收汇安全迅速,有利于资金周转。
远期信用证：是指开证行收到受益人交来的远期汇票后,并不立即付款,而是先行承兑,等汇票到期后再付款的信用证。
商务英语名词解释
商务英语名词解释ABAC (APEC Business Advisory Council) 亚太经合组织工商咨询理事会ACFTA (ASEAN–China Free Trade Area) 中国东盟自由贸易区ACIA (ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area) 东盟全面投资区域ACP (Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific) 非洲，加勒比海和太平洋ADP Agreement (Anti-Dumping Agreement) 《反倾销协定》AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) 东盟经济共同体AFTA (the ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区AMS（aggregate measurement of support）(农产品)综合支持量APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经济合作ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 东南亚国家联盟ASEAN-SAM (the ASEAN Single Aviation Market) 东盟单一航空市场ATC (the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing) 纺织品和服装协议BBS（bulletin board system）电子公告B/L (Bill of Lading) 提货单CA（certificate authority）CA认证CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) 共同农业政策CCC(china compulsory certification) 中国强制认证CCIC（china certification&inspection group）中检集团CCOIC（china chamber of international commerce）中国国际商会CEPT (Common Effective Preferential Tariff) 共同有效关税CFR(cost and freight) 成本加运费CFS（container freight station）集装箱货运站C.I.C（china insurance clause）中国保险条款CIETAC(china international economic&trade arbitration committee) 中国国际仲裁委员会CIF（cost insurance and freight）到岸价CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费和保险费付至CLP（container load plan）集装箱装箱单CISG (UN Convention on Conventions for the International Sale of Goods) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约CPE(central planned economy) 计划经济CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至CQC（china quality certification center）中国质量认证中心CTB/L（combined transport B/L）集装箱联运提单CU (Customs Union) 关税联盟C.W.O.（cash with order）随订单付现CY(container yard) 集装箱堆场DAT(delivered at terminal) 终点站交货DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货DDP（delivered duty paid）完税后交货DSB (Dispute Settlement Body) 争端解决机构D/A（docment against acceptance）承兑交单D/C(documentary collections) 跟单托收D/D（remittance by banker’s demand draft）票汇D/P(document against payment) 付款交单D/P T/R（D/P at days after sight to the issue trust receipt in exchange for documents ）D/R（dock receipt）场站收据EC（electronic commerce）电子商务EC (the European Community) 欧洲共同体ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) 西非国家经济共同体ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community) 欧洲煤钢共同体EDI (Electronic Data Exchange of Information) 电子数据交换信息EFTA (the European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易协定EFT（electronic fund transfer）电子货币EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) 经济货币联盟EMQ(environmental management systems) 环境管理系统EOS（electronic order system）电子订货ERP (effective rate of protection) 有效保护率E/R（equipment receipt）设备交接单ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) 估计到达时间EU (European Union) 欧盟EURATOM (the European Atomic Energy Community) 欧洲原子能共同体EXW（ex works）工厂交货FAK（freight for all kinds）FAK包箱费率F.A.Q( fair average quality) 良好平均品质FAS（free alongside ship）船边交货FCA（free carrier）货交承运人FCB（freight for class&basis）FCB包箱费率FCS（freight for class）FCS包箱费率FCL（full container load）整箱货FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 食品及药物管理局FDI (Foreign Direct investment) 对外直接投资FOB（free on board）离岸价格FPA（free of particular average）平安险FTZ(foreign trade zone) 对外贸易区GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) 服务贸易总协议GATT（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）关税暨贸易总协定GDP (gross domestic product) 国内生产总值G.M.Q(good merchantable quality) 上好可销品质GNP（Gross National Product）国民生产总值GSP (General System of Preference) 普遍优惠制GSPCO(generalised system of preference certificate of origin) 普惠制产地证ICC （the International Chamber of Commerce）国际商会I.C.C（institute cargo clauses）协会货物条款IFIA （the International Federation of Inspection Agencies）国际检验机构联合会IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织Incoterms(international commerce term) 国际贸易术语ISP（internet service provider）网络服务商ISO（the international organization for standardization）国际标准化组织L/C (Letter of credit) 信用证LCL（less than container load）拼箱货LDC (Less developed country) 欠发达国家MFA ( the Multifibre Arrangement ) 多种纤维协定MFN（Most Favored Nation）最惠国MT（metric ton）公吨M/T（mail transfer）信汇MTC (Multi-Modal Transport Contract) 综合运输合同MTD（multi-modal transport document）多式运输单据M/R（mate’s receipt）大副收据NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement) 北美自由贸易协定NGO（Non-Governmental Organization）非政府组织NTB (non-tariff barrier) 非关税壁垒NV (normal value) 标准值O/A（open account trade）赊账交易OEEC (the Organization for European Economic Cooperation) 欧洲经济合作组织QMS(quality management system) 企业质量管理体系OPEC（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）石油输出国家组织PICC（the people’s insurance company of china）中国人民保险公司QC (Quality Control) 品质控制ROI（return on investment）投资回报率、S/C（sales contact）销售合同SCM Agreement (The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures) 《补贴与反补贴施协议》SITC (Standard International Trade Classification) 联合国国际贸易标准分类SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) 中小企业S/O（shipping order）装货单TC（transnational corporation）跨国公司TCT（time charter on trip basis）航次期租TEU（twenty-foot equivalent unit）20英尺标准箱TMB（A Textiles Monitoring Body）纺织品监督机构T.P.N.D.（theft，pilferage and non-delivery）偷窃，提货不着险TPP（trans-pacific partnership agreement）跨太平洋伙伴关系TRIMs （the Trade-Related Investment Measures）与贸易有关的投资措施TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) 与贸易有关的知识产权协议T/T（telegraphic transfer）电汇U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟（1991年解体）UCP (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits ICC publication No.600) USP600 UEMOA (West African Economic and Monetary Union) 西非经济货币联盟UNCTAD（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development）联合国贸易暨发展会议URC(uniform rules for collections) 托收统一规则VER (voluntary export restraint) 自愿出口限制WB（the world bank）世界银行WIPO (the World Intellectual Property Organization ) 世界知识产权组织WPA(with particular average) 水险WTO (the World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织。
商务英语名词解释
11. Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2. Return—回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-how.6. Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.7. Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.8. Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.9. Turnkey contract—交钥匙工程one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.10. Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.21. Purchasing power—购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2. Assess—估价to judge an amount or value.3. spur—刺激to urge or encourage4. average—平均of an ordinary, common or usual kind in quality or amount5. Productive—多生产producing in high efficiency or in large quantity6. tap—开发to take what is needed from, to exploit7. Infrastructure—基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications, etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.8. recipient—接受者a person or an organization etc. that receives something9. consumerism—消费主义considerable desire to make purchase for consumption10. PPP—购买力平价purchasing power parity31 liberalization—自由化of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports2 integration—一体化combining into a whole3 tariff—关税tax levied by the customs4 barriers to trade—贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.5 mobility—流动性capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place.6 detour—绕道route that voids a blocked road; deviation7 banknote—纸币printed paper money issued by a bank, usu. the country’s central bank.8 erode—侵蚀wear away, eat into9 envisage—想象picture(an event, action, etc) in the mind as a future possibility; imagine10 veto—否决权right to reject or forbid something41 affiliate—分支机构a subsidiary company controlled by another2 assets—资产total resources of a business, as cash, accounts receivable, real estates etc.3 world company—全球公司a multinational whose national identity has been blurred4 facilities—设施something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service5 revenue—收益the total annual income of a state6 decentralize—使分权distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area7 nationalize—收归国有to bring under the control or ownership of a nation8 welfare—福利well-being9 framework—行为准则organization structure10 input—投资something that is put in business operation51 service—服务something done to help or benefit others2 abundant—大量的plentiful, more than enough3 specialization—专业化to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields4 primary commodities—初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials5 incentive—刺激that which incites, rouses or encourages a person6 alternative—替代物that may be had, used etc. in place of sth. else7 intuitive—直觉relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study8 efficient—有效的producing a desired or satisfactory result; able to perform duties well9 endowment—天赋a natural gift or ability10 exploit—利用to develop the use of, make the best use of61 drawback—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported2 highlight—重视to make prominent; to draw special attention3 bulky—庞大taking a lot of space, and often of a shape difficult to handle4 perishable—易碎easily to go bad5 tariff—关税duties imposed on goods imported and exported6 specific duties—从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods7 ad valorem duties—从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods8 unilaterally—单方面地done by one side or party only9 maritime—海上connected with the sea or navigation10 remittance—汇款money sent by post71 law suit—诉讼案件legal prosecution2 dispute—争端argument or controversy3 remedy—纠正method of putting right something that is wrong4 amendment—修正changes made to something5 Incoterms—贸易术语a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms6 present—提交submit7 premise—前提a tract of land including its buildings8 heading—标题category9 classification—分类the arrangement of things by groups10 carriage—运费the price or cost of transportation81 business line—商业领域goods dealt in by a company2 voluntary offer—主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer3 contract—合同an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties4 indispensable—必须物absolutely necessary5 contract proper—合同正文the main body of a contract6 contracting parties—缔约方signatories of an agreement7 force majeure—[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party8 purchase contract—购买合同a contract made by the buyer9 firm offer—持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer10 offeree—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made91.popular—受欢迎的liked and admired2.hyperinflation—极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control3.inflation—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansionof money supply, credit etc.4.protectionism—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing homecountries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports5.bilateral—双边的of two sides6.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together7.expertise—专门知识expert skill or knowledge8.creditors—债权人a person to whom one owns money9.transferable—可转移的possible to be handed over10.verified data—已证实的数据authentic materials101.debtor—债务人a person who owes money2.default—违约fail to carry out an obligation3.dubious—可疑的doubtful, uncertain, questionable4.draft—汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money5.remittance—汇款the sending of money or the money sent6.fluctuation—波动irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.)7.drawer—出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter8.sound—健康合理financially satisfactory财政上满意9.ban—禁止prohibit, forbid10.drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn111.credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in makingpayment2.substantial—大量的large, great, considerable3.constitute—组成make up; amount to; form4.applicant of an L/C—出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for theestablishment of an L/C5.beneficiary—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for itsexport6.discrepancy—不符difference; absence of agreement7.confirming bank—保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C8.bill of exchange—汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for thepurpose of payment9.underlying—作为基础forming the basis of10.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent121.clean credit—光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents forpayment2.cancel—作废not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon3.leading bank—主要银行major bank, most important bank4.impeccable—完美的faultless5.insolvent—无力偿还的unable to pay debts6.sight credit—即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made uponpresentation of the draft7.maturity—到期becoming due8.after sight—见票之后after presentation of draft9.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer andthe consumer10.sustain—遭受suffer131.documentation—证明文件the presentation and use of shipping documents2.consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped3.shipping marks—唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol foridentification in the course of transportation4.discrepancy—不符absence of agreement5.liability—责任what one is responsible for according to law6.apparent—表明上according to appearance; seeming7.insurance policy—保险单a document used for covering possible risks8.discount—折扣amount of money that may be taken off the full amount9.title—抬头right to the possession of a position or property10.invoice—发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price141 alternative—供选择a choice from two or more possibilities.2 modes—运输方式different forms of transportation3 fundamental—极其重要的very important4 ownership—所有权legal right of possession5 intermediate products—中间产品semi-manufactures6 commercial intercourse—商业交流business dealings between individuals or firms7 unload卸货—getting goods off a carrier8 package—包装combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit9 distribution—分布the marketing, transporting, merchandising, and selling of any item10 destination—目的地the terminal to which goods are sent151 insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy2 premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract3 potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur4 viability—能力ability to succeed in operation5 claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy6 margin—利润amount above what is estimated as necessary7 underwriter—保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business8 consumption—消费the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable value9 compensation—赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss10 pooling—联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage161 field—领域a sphere of activity2 incidence—发生occurrence3 multi-modal transportation—多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air4 diminish—减少降低the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss5 indemnity—赔偿compensation for loss6 subrogate—代为追偿to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person7 legal action—法律行动an action taken against someone in accordance with the law8 leader—领导者an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business9 deposit—存款money paid as part payment that is owned10 compulsory—义务that must be done171 peg—钉住to keep fixed or unchanged2 redeem—兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock3 settlement—结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc4 exchange rate—汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency5 fluctuations—波动upward and downward movements in the economic system6 gold reserves—黄金储备量the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.7 money circulation—货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services8 devaluation—货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies9 offset—补偿to set one value against another or as equal to another10 par—标准equal in value, on the same level181 affiliate—隶属a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern2 institutions—体系an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object3 productivity—生产力power of being productive4 loans—借贷something lent on condition of being returned, especially a sum of money lent at interest5 prerequisite—先决条件required as a condition for something else6 cyclical—周期循环recurring in cycles7 maturity—到期the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due8 reserve—储备金money held aside to meet future demand9 investment—投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns10 stringent—严格的strict, that must be obeyed191 quota—配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity2 VER—自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters o r government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country3 acquisition—获得company expansion through the phrase of other business4 synergy—协同作用benefits from combining different business, normally claimed by the promoters of mergers5 rebate—减少reduce6 intellectual property—知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, andcopy-right7 tax holiday—免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied8 return—收益the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment9 access—使用权a way by which a place, esp. property, can be reached or entered or used10 joint venture—合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms201 market place—市场a place in which securities are sold and bought2 securities—担保stocks and bonds3 gilts—金边债券stocks issued by government4 information—信息knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance5 qualifications—资格证书competence6 membership—成员the state of being a member of a certain organization7 practitioner—从业者a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation8 cost-effective—成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure9 shortfall—差额deficiency10 equities—股本company stocks211 ratify—批准make an arrangement or a treaty officially valid by signing it.2 controversy—争论public argument about sth. which many people disagree with3 biennial—两年一次happening every alternate year4 clout—权利influence5 anti-dumping—反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured6 mandate—授权authority given to perform a duty7 stillborn—死胎的(of a child) dead at birth; (of an idea or a plan) not developing further8 contracting party—缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement9 akin to—类似的similar, related to10 optimal—最佳的best or most favorable221 terms of trade—贸易条件the relation of export and import prices2 preference—优先权a practical advantage given to one over others3 export earnings—出口收入money earned on the sales of goods to other countries4 provisions—食品a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded5 tariffs—壁垒customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports6 invisible—无形trade in services7 board—董事会an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities ofa firm8 permanent—不变的lasting9 counterpart—副本，配对物a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function10 forum—论坛an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
《国际商务英语》名词解释
4 facilities—something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service
5 revenue—收益the total annual income of state
4 amendment—修正changes made to something
5 Incoterms—a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms
5. Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-how.
6. Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.
7. Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.
434国际商务名词解释大全
434国际商务名词解释大全1. 国际商务（International Business）：指跨越国界进行的商业活动，涉及跨国贸易、投资、合作等方面的经济活动。
2. 进出口贸易（Import and Export Trade）：指在国家间进行的商品和服务的买卖活动，包括商品的进口和出口。
3. 跨国公司（Multinational Corporation）：指在多个国家开展经营活动并拥有跨国经营能力的公司，通常在多个国家设有子公司或分支机构。
4. 外包（Outsourcing）：指企业将原本在内部完成的某些工作、业务或服务外部委托给其他公司或机构进行处理。
5. 直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment）：指一国企业或个人直接在其他国家投资设立企业并参与其经营活动。
6. 公司并购（Mergers and Acquisitions）：指一家公司通过购买或合并其他公司来扩大自身规模或进入新的市场。
7. 跨文化沟通（Cross-cultural Communication）：指在不同文化背景下进行交流和互动的过程，需要克服语言、价值观、行为习惯等方面的差异。
8. 贸易壁垒（Trade Barrier）：指国家为保护本国产业或市场而采取的措施，如关税、配额、技术壁垒等，对跨国贸易造成限制。
9. 跨国营销（International Marketing）：指企业根据不同国家或地区的市场需求和特点，制定不同的营销策略和方案。
10. 子公司（Subsidiary）：指一家公司控制或持有另外一家公司的股份，并能对其经营和决策产生影响。
11. 贸易平衡（Trade Balance）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内商品和服务的出口与进口之间的差额。
12. 竞争优势（Competitive Advantage）：指企业相对于竞争对手在市场中具备的特殊优势，包括技术、创新、成本、品牌等方面的优势。
13. 供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）：指企业在供应商、制造商、经销商和客户之间构建和协调的物流与信息流的整体运作体系。
(完整版)商务英语重要术语
individual proprietorship 个体经营partnership 合伙企业corporation 公司企业unlimited liability 无限责任limited liability 有限责任Home office 公司总部Business activities 经济活动operating activities 经营活动business house 商行；商号financial activities 筹资活动capital stock 股本trade association 贸易协会creditor 债权人to trade in 经营某商品business scope / frame 经营范围trading firm / house 贸易行，商行to do business in a moderate way 做生意稳重commercial channels 商业渠道commercial transaction 买卖，交易manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman 中间商，经纪人dealer 经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer 零售商tradesman 零售商merchant 商人（英）批发商，（美）零售商concessionaire, licensed dealer 授让人，特许权获得者stocks 存货，库存量bulk sale 整批销售，趸售wholesale 批发retail trade 零售业cash sale 现货hire – purchase 分期付款购买(美作：installment plan) registered trademark 注册商标registered office, head office 总公司，总店，总部public ownership 公有制private ownership 私有制foreign – funded enterprise 外资企业joint venture 合资企业cooperative enterprise 合作企业wholly foreign owned / funded enterprise 外资企业common ground 共同点adjustment and compromise调整和妥协common interest 共同利益advantageous contract 有利的合同bargaining range 谈判范围concede ground 让步，屈服bargaining strength 谈判实力concession trading 让步贸易bargaining 讨价还价conflicting interests利益冲突basic interests基本利益conflicting objectives冲突的目标behavioral norms 行为规范core outcomes 核心结果bottom line 谈判底线defensive - offensive posture 防守—进攻立场breakdown in negotiation 谈判破裂collective well - being 集体利益difficult decisions 决策困难dogmatic negotiator 独断的谈判者negotiation sketch 谈判简图equitable agreement 公平合理的协议negotiation skills 谈判技巧exaggerated positions 言过其实的的立场on the routine basis 在惯例的基础上expected benefits 期待的谈判结果one-off business 一锤子买卖face-to-face negotiation 面对面谈判opening position 初步价位factual information 实际信息optimal timing 最佳时机fail to reach any agreement 无法达成协议optimize the interests使利益最优化pull tricks 耍花招failure of negotiation 谈判失败renounce a negotiation 放弃谈判favorable outcomes 利好结果reservation price 保留价格give-and-take 给予和索取room for maneuver 周旋的余地good joint outcome 互惠的共同结果rough style 激烈的谈判风格scheduling of concessions 让步进程information loophole 信息空缺settle differences 解决分歧sham position 虚假立场signal firmness 表现出坚定立场knock-down fight 强力反击stakes 投资资金leverage 手段，优势straight compromise 彻底妥协mange concessions 掌握让步的分寸strategic activity 策略活动strategic ploy 战略手段margins of maneuver 机动空间strategy formulation 策略构想marked disadvantage 明显的劣势stumbling block 绊脚石maximize the interests 使利益最大化successful implementation 成功实施tactical moves 谈判技巧minimum level of acceptance 最底的接受底线terms and conditions 条款和条件negotiation processes 谈判过程access to power 利用权力choice assignments 选择权的分配achieve recognition 得到公认continual compliance 一味迁就acquire power 获取权力courage under fire 应对责难的勇气analytical ability 分析能力create opportunities 创造机会breed resistance 导致怨恨critical task 重要任务breed resistance 导致反抗decisional role 决策作用build reputation 树立威信delegate responsibilities 授权build trusting relationships 建立依赖关系direct intervention 直接干预eliminate the bottleneck 消除瓶颈问题chaotic situation 混乱局面enhance the power 增强权力norm of reciprocity 互利互惠的规范exert influence 施加影响exert information 提取信息office layout 办公室布局follow directions 遵从指示organizational capacity 组织目标formal influence 正式影响organizational principle 组织原则gain power 获得权力organizational structure 组织结构give recommendation 提供建议organizationally ambitious 对组织工作有远大抱负的good judgment 正确的判断organization’s ends 组织目标higher-up 上级personal attractiveness 个人魅力holder of an office 公职人员power acquisition 赢得权力individual goal 个人目标power seeker 权力的追求者induce cooperation 促使合作pressing deskwork 紧迫的案头工作informal influence 非正式影响promote visibility 提高显著程度informational function 信息功能public speaking skills 演讲技能interactions 相互交流relevance of the work 工作的实用性interpersonal activities 交际活动leader power 领导权力sense of timing 选择时机的意识leadership arts 领导艺术serve on committee 在委员会任职leadership position 领导职位sheer willingness 完全积极主动leadership responsibility 领导责任show one’s stuff 展现自我leadership science 领导科学sincere interest 真诚的兴趣legitimate reason 正当理由sneaky tactics 卑鄙的手段low-power position 低等的权利职务subgroup goal 子群体目标subordinate 下属make a good impression 留下好印象technical decision-making 技术决策technical expertise 专业技术managerial job 管理工作managerial skills 管理技能workers’ grievnances 工人的抱怨net influence 净影响account holder 开户人account number 账号automatic teller machine 自动取款机average rate of interest 平均利率balance 余额bank depositor 银行储户bank teller 银行出纳员banking regulations 银行管理制度bounce burglar alarm 被银行退票cancelled check 防盗警报certificate of deposit 已注销的支票checking account 存单close an account 结清账户demand account 活期账户demand deposit 活期存款deposit inducement 吸纳存款deposit interest 银行利息depositor 存款人deposit 存款overdrawn 透支的paid check 已付支票passbook saving 存折储蓄payee 收款人petty current deposit 小额活期存款predetermined maturity 预先规定的到期日rate limit 利率限制receiving teller 收款员record keeping 记账saver 储户saving account 储蓄账户saving deposit 储蓄存款savings bank 储蓄银行service charge 服务费source of funding 资金来源statement 结算清单early withdrawal 提前取款effective overall cost 实际总成本explicit interest 现付利息fixed maturity 规定到期日fixed rate 固定利率flexible maturity 灵活到期日insufficient funds 资金不足interest penalty 罚息interest – bearing deposit 计息liquidity reserves 流动性储备资金make additions 增加存款make withdrawals 提款maturity 到期日negotiable certificates of deposit 可转让存单negotiable instrument 流通票据negotiable order of withdrawal accounts 可转让提款单账户nonnegotiable 不能转让的note circulation 钞票流通open an account 开户头a order of withdrawal 提款命令out of business 破产outstanding check 未竞现支票overdrawn account 透支账户stop payment order 止付令stopping payment on a check 停付支票terminate the account 结束账户time deposit 定期存款trustworthy 可依赖的uniformed guard 便衣保安unobstructed counter 没有障碍的护栏variable – rate 浮动利率vaults 保管库volume of deposits 存款量withdrawal application 提款申请withdrawal order 提款命令，支取单withdrawal receipt 提款收据withdrawal 取款working balance 往来余额accounting 会计、会计学financial transactions 金融交易financial statements 财务报表public accountant 公共会计师、会计师certified public accountant 执业会计师Accepted Accounting Principles 公认会计原则audit 审计statement 报表periodic statements 定期报表balance sheet 资产负债表income statement 收益表、损益表asset accounts 资产账户current assets 流动资产revenue 收入、收益expenses 支出、开支net income 净利润operating income 营业收入interest expense 利息支出income before tax 税前收入gross profit 毛利depreciation 折旧accumulated depreciation 累计折旧owner’s equity 业主权益、业主产权bad debt 坏账备抵savings and loans 储蓄与放款、信用合作社brokerage firms 经纪人事务所control operations 控制经营活动cost – effectiveness balance 成本效益平衡原则creditor 债权人net profit margin 纯利润率notes payable 应付票据posting 过账solvency 偿付能力working capital 运营资本、流动资本informed decisions 精明的决策internal control 内部控制原则account payable 应付账款accounts receivable 应收账款accumulated deficit 累计亏损absentee ballot 缺席投票balance sheet 资产负债表better returns 更好的回报broker 股票经纪人business prospects 业务展望buy a call 买进期权call price 股票购进价格chart 走势图common stock 普通股company effect 公司的影响core businesses 核心行业current price of gold 黄金现价current share price 股票现价dividend 股息dominant factor 决定因素draw lines to find resistance 找阻力线draw lines to find support 找支持势线draw lines to find trends 画走势线earnings outlook 盈利潜能earnings per share 第股盈利earnings trend 赢利趋势economic uncertainty 经济不稳定exercise price 认购价exercise the option 行使有关期权external factor 外在因素financial ratios 财务比率financial strength 财务实力forward contract 远期合同fundamental analysis 基本面分析fundamental of the company 公司的基本面future price movement 未来股价走势futures contract 期货合同hire-purchase company 租赁信托公司historical records 历史记录income statement 损益表stock return 股票回报stock trading 股票交易strong economic growth强势经济增长superior returns 优厚的回报supply-demand balance 供求平衡sustain a loss 蒙受亏损balance sheet items 资产与负债表的项目indicator 指标，指数information economy 信息经济initial public stock offerings 公开发行的原始股intrinsic value 实际价值investor 投资人issue additional stock 增发股票joint stock company 合股公司market factor 市场因素market movement 市场行情market prices 市场价格market system 市场经济体制move in a uptrend 持续攀升normal economic forces 正常经济力量option 期权overwhelming evidence 非常明确的证据part – owner 合伙股东price movements 股价走势price of a stock 股价price of the call 买进期权的价格price of the put 卖出期权的价格price – earnings ratio 价格收益比率professional investor 专业投资者proxy 代理投票sell short the shares 卖空股票sequence of analysis 分析的先后顺序share price 股价shareholder 股东size of the loss 亏损程度stock exchange 证券交易所stock information 股票信息stock market 股市stock price 股价tech stock 高科技股票technical analysis 技术分析undervalued 贬值的unstableness of market 市场不稳定upward price trend 股价逐步升高volume of a stock 成交量voting power 表决权share, equity, stock 股票、股权bond, debenture, debts 债券negotiable share 可流通股份convertible bond 可转换债券treasury/ government bond 国库券/ 政府债券corporate bond 企业债券closed – end securities investment fund封闭式证券投资基金open – end securities investment fund 开放式证券投资基金fund manager 基金经理/ 管理公司fund custodian bank 基金托管银行market capitalization 市值p/ e (price/ earning) ratio 市盈率mark – to – market 逐日盯市payment versus delivery 银券交付clearing and settlement 清算/ 结算commodity/ financial derivatives 商品/ 金融衍生产品put/ call option 看跌/ 看涨期权margins, collateral 保证金rights issue/ offering 配股bonus share 红股dividend 红利/ 股息ADR (American Depository Receipt) 美国存托凭证/ 存股证GDR (Global Depository Receipt) 全球存托凭证/ 存股证retail/ private investor 个人投资者/ 散户institutional investor 机构投资者broker/ dealer 券商proprietary trading 自营insider trading/ dealing 内幕交易market manipulation 市场操纵prospectus 招股说明书IPO (Initial Public Offering) 新股/ 初始公开发行merger and acquisition 收购兼并marketing concept 营销观念，营销概念marketing program 营销计划marketing mix 营销组合marketing channel 营销渠道marketing research 市场调研，营销调研target market 目标市场marketer 市场商人，商家production-oriented 面向生产的consumer-oriented 面向消费者的consumer satisfaction 消费者感到满意distribution system 销售系统，分销渠道distribution channel 销售渠道sales force 销售队伍promotion 促销advertising 广告personal selling 向个人推销publicity 宣传，媒体宣传sales promotion 促销promotion activity 促销活动demonstration 展示，展示会sweepstake 抽奖free sample 免费赠送的样品coupon 赠券，订货附单resaler 转售商intermediary 中间商，中间人middleman 中间商，中间人mass selling 大批销售research method 研究方法potential customer 潜在客户primary data 原始数据，原始资料，第一手资料consumer reaction 消费者的反应inventory control 存货，库存warehousing 仓储storing 储存grading 分类，分级risk taking 承担风险wholesale 批发retail 零售to identify customer needs 认清客户需求to obtain information 获得信息to collect/ gather data 收集资料to interpret data 分析资料to run the risk of failure 冒失败的风险tangible product 有形产品intangible product 无形产品consumer product 消费产品industrial product 工业产品，供工业使用的产品competing product 竞争产品sample product 样品产品potential product 潜在产品life cycle of a product 产品生命周期introduction 引入期growth 成长期maturity 成熟期decline 衰退期potential profitability 潜在获利可能性marketing mix 营销组合promotion 促销promotion cost 促销成本gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值research and development (R&D) 研究与开发market research 市场调查product development 产品开发text marketing 试营销customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度distribution channels 销售渠道consumer taste 消费者爱好buying motive 购买动机purchasing habits 购买习惯expert examination专家鉴定opinion leader 引导舆论的专家或行家packaging 包装brand 商标，牌号label 标识，标签to make a purchase 购买to fend off competitors 排除竞争者to break even 收支相抵，持平to meet the needs and expectations of customers 满足消费者的需求和期望to be outdated 过时ad valorem tariff 从价关税balance of payment 国际收支balance – of – payments deficit 国际收支逆差bill of exchange 汇票business norms 商业准则capital resources 资本财源commercial credit 商业信用competitive advantage 竞争优势conflicts of interest 利益矛盾consumer protection 消费者保护currency 货币customs duty 关税deficit 逆差depreciate 贬值documentary credit 跟单信用证domestic demand 国内需求domestic trade 国内贸易dominate 支配，占优势dumping 倾销economic motivation 经济动机encash 兑现ethnocentric 种族中心倾向excessive interventionism 过度干预主义exchange rate 兑换率export intelligence department 出口信息部export market 出口市场export subsidies 出口补贴exportable commodities 可供出口的商品favorable balance of payments 国际收支顺差financial assistance 财政资助fluctuation 波动foreign currency 外币free interflow 自由流通free trading system 自由贸易体系government intervention 政府干预government purchases政府采购high technology 高科技技术import commitment 进口承诺importing agent 进口代理商importing and exporting firms 进出口公司importing channel 进口渠道independent currency system 独立货币体系infant industry argument 幼稚工业保护论international trade 国际贸易intervene with trade 干预贸易interventionist 干涉主义者invisible trade 无形贸易locally produced products 本地生产的产品market economy 市场经济mercantilism 营利主义mercantilist theory 重商主义者的理论merchant 商人monetary conversion 货币兑换national security 国家安全nonsubsidized industry 非补贴工业profit margins 利润幅度quota 配额redistribution of resources 资源重新分配register of shipping 船籍登记relative differences 相对差异retaliatory tariff 报复性关税run deficits 遭受逆差separate treatment 分别对待start – up period 起步阶段surplus 顺差tariff for retaliation 报复关税tariff 关税technical assistance 技术协助trade barrier 贸易壁垒Trade Protectionism 贸易保护主义trade restrictions 贸易限制trade surplus 贸易顺差trade theory 贸易理论trade – expanding devices 贸易扩张手段trade – restricting devices 贸易限制手段trading partner 贸易伙伴unfamiliar territories 陌生的地域unfavorable 逆差的values of imports 进口价值visible trade 有形贸易welfare economy 福利经济welfare state 福利国家career planning 职业计划career path 职业道路career development 职业发展self-assessment 自我评价career anchors 职业动机incentive compensation 奖金profit sharing 分红制frequency rate 频率stress 紧张role conflict 角色冲突union 工会local union 地方工会craft union 行业工会industrial union 产业工会national union 全国工会bargaining union 谈判组collective bargaining 劳资谈判arbitration 仲裁strike 罢工internal employee relations 内部员工关系discipline 纪律disciplinary action 纪律处分grievance 申诉demotion 降职transfer 调动promotion 晋升corporate culture 企业文化organizational culture 企业文化esprit de corps [法]团结精神；集体精神sense of identity 认同感sense of togetherness 团结一致的感觉shared values 员工共同拥有的价值观念organizational motto 企业格言role models 模范；学习榜样number 1 rule 最重要的规则；头等大事informal system of rules 不成文的规章制度bureaucracy 官僚主义company uniform 公司制服probation period 试用期proving period 证明自己的阶段；试用期standard of performance 衡量工作表现或业绩的标准quality product 优质产品timely service 及时服务rites and rituals 仪式employee stock ownership plan 员工拥有股份的计划profit-sharing program 利润分享方案to indoctrinate 灌输信仰或意识to brainwash 洗脑to communicate culture 传播企业文化to promote corporate culture 促进企业文化to fashion a specific value system 形成具体的价值体系to emulate somebody 学习某人to motivate employees 激励员工organization development, OD 组织发展survey feedback 调查反馈quality circles 质量圈management by objective, MBO 目标管理Total Quality Management, TQM 全面质量管理team building 团队建设cohesive force in enterprise 企业凝聚力detail management 细节管理core value 核心价值corporate principle 企业准则organizational effectiveness 机构效能result oriented 结果定向stability 稳定性innovation 创新initiative 主动human relationship 人际关系competitive 竞争enterprising 进取心loyalty 忠诚ambition 雄心cooperation 合作integrity 诚信teamwork 团队execution 执行tenacity 坚韧glory 辉煌ethics 道德标准business concept 经营理念cohesive force in enterprise 企业凝聚力corporate image (CI) / enterprise image 企业形象EOI 意向申请。
商务英语名词解释
2. Return —回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio —证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty —专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Patent —专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.6. Non-tariff barrier —非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Franchise —经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.power —购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.9. PPP —购买力平价purchasing power parity10. tariff —关税tax levied by the customsto trade —贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.commodities —初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exportedduties —从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goodsvalorem duties —从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods—运费the price or cost of transportationoffer —主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offererparties —缔约方signatories of an agreementmajeure —[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyoffer —持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made—极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports—双边的of two sides—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together—债权人a person to whom one owns money—债务人a person who owes money—违约fail to carry out an obligation—汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money—汇款the sending of money or the money sent—出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making paymentof an L/C —出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its exportbank —保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spentcredit —光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for paymentcredit —即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shippedmarks —唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportationpolicy —保险单a document used for covering possible risks—抬头right to the possession of a position or property—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contractloss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy—利润amount above what is estimated as necessary—保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business—发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price—赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss—联营a combination of funds formed for common advantagetransportation —多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air—兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock—结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etcrate —汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currencycirculation —货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services—货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies—储备金money held aside to meet future demand—投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns—配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity—自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another countryproperty —知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy-rightholiday —免税期a period of time during which tax is not leviedventure —合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms—金边债券stocks issued by government—成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure—反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured—授权authority given to perform a dutyparty —缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreementtrade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, . exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyunion关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policymarket共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.1..International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaduties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area(MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country/ enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.报盘: Estimate of how much something will costoffer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer: Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherdraft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.汇票:= Bill of exchange . It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.of exchange —汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment(Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/Cbank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedband往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itbank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.bank议付行: The b ank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankcredit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bankcredit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftcredit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证: The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred.credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawlist装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=元外币为基准quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.rate中间价It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries.plan : 商业计划 future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc.: property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产exchange:证券交易市场 a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.:零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.:保单 the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人 by company.relations :公关 PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it.: a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业deficit :贸易逆差 imports minus exports of goods and services.surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services.of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo 禁运 imposed against a country for violating human rights.reciprocity贸易互惠 : the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports.capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable. Also called risk capital风险资本：投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金，尤指用于高科技，其中亏损的风险和赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作 risk capital: a biz or undertaking事业 that has recently begun operation.sheet 资产负债表, 缩写 .: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time. 一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债和所有者投资的列表说明资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company.market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold.flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth.现金流出量：在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产，扣除税收和其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入，常用来衡量公司的价值: requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital.share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures.capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc.traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets.markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence.investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies.turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time.time订货至交货的时间：the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them.：A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area.商品代理权：在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降: A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment.squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins.merger(借壳上市) ：it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period.a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
常用商务英语术语
常用商务英语术语（张晓光汇编2015-12-28）1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。
3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。
4、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。
例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。
5、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。
收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。
6、捆绑销售（Bundling）捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段，出售两种产品的厂商，要求购买其中一种产品的客户，也要购买另一种产品。
7、资本收益（Capital gain）资本收益是指人们卖出股票（或其他资产）时所获得的超过原来为它支付的那一部分。
8、资本主义（Capitalism）资本主义是一种市场体系，它依赖价格体系去解决基本的经济问题：生产什么？如何生产？怎样分配？经济增长率应为多少？9、勾结（Collision）勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格、产量和其他事宜的协议。
10、互补品（Complements）如果X和Y是互补品，X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向变化。
11、贴现率（Discount rate）当利率用于计算投资的净现值时，它被称为贴现率。
12、可分散风险(Diversifiable risk）可以通过多样化来避免的风险是可分散风险。
13、有效市场假说（Efficient markets hypothesis）根据这一假设，投资者在买卖股票时会迅速有效地利用可能的信息.所有已知的影响一种股票价格的因素都已经反映在股票的价格中，因此根据这一理论，股票的技术分析是无效的。
商务英语名词解释
商务英语阅读名词解释Chapter11．global company : a company that integrates its international biz activities.2．Stable : the entire range of products a company has or produces3．Joint venture : a partnership that is formed by two or more parties cooperating in some special biz activities.4．Merger & acquisition : combining of two or more entities through the direct acquisition by the net assets of the other.5．Consumer market: an organized group of buyers and sellers of a particular product that are affected by its demand and supply.6．Distribution channel: all the organizations and people involved in the physical movement of goods and services from producer to consumer.7．Listed company : a company whose shares have been quoted by the Stock Exchange.8．Marketing savvy : understanding and knowledge of how goods and services are marketed.9．Industrial complex(工业生产基地) : a manufacturing area that consists of many different factories turning out different products.10. brand recognition : a product or products that has or have been recognized and appreciated by local consumers.11. specialty shop : an outlet that deals in or sells a particular line of products.12. household name : a brand, person, company, etc. that is known to all or very popular in a place.13. loss-maker : a biz that continually makes no profit.14. home country : the country on which a multinational corporation’s HQs is based.15. quota : a restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular product that a country impose.16. organizational culture : the common values, behavior patterns, institutions, and so on among employees of a corporation.17. market economy : an economy in which the market is used to determine resource allocation, prices, and investments.Chapter 21.new economy : a different form of economy that is mainly supported by IT sector andcharacterized by knowledge-based economy instead of manufacturing.bor force : all of the people in a country or in a region that are employed or are likely to beemployed in the future.3.bubble economy : an economy that primarily depends on banking, financial market and othertransient operation.4.venture capital : funds that are invested in new plants or hi-tech startups open to large risk ofloss. cycle : A period of time that a biz goes through consists of four stages---boom繁荣,recession衰退, depression萧条, recover复苏.6.stock market : a stock exchange that deals in stocks and shares.7.deregulation : the ending of the existing system of regulations, especially by the government.8.public offering : a nonexclusive issue to the general public either bonds or stock by a firm inorder to raise funds.9.bottleneck : difficulties or things that are more likely hinder normal production or preventsmooth economic development.rmation tech信息技术: all devices and knowledge that are required to manage any kindof data.11.Treasury bill短期国债：A short-term obligation of the U.S. Treasury, having a maturityperiod of one year or less and sold at a discount from face value.短期国库券：美国财政部发行的一种短期债券，一年或少于一年到期，以票面价值打折的形式出售.Treasury bond : 长期国债T-bonds have maturity’s greater than 10 years.T-note : 中期国债has maturity ranging from 2 to 5 years. plan : future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market,investment, etc.13.capital stock : The total amount of stock authorized for issued by a corporation, includingcommon and preferred stock. 股本(总额)：由一个公司授权发行的股票的总数额，包括普通股和优先股.14.product life cycle : a theory stating that certain kinds of products go through a cycle consistingof four stages, namely, introduction, growth, maturity and decline.15.junk bonds : an interest-bearing certificate of debt that promises to give a high yield but isissued by a company with low credit rating低信用等级.16．Seed money=seed capital启动资金: the initial equity capital used to start a new venture or biz.Chapter 31. liquidity : available cash or the capacity to obtain it on demand.2. exchange rate : the amount of one currency that can be bought with another.3. multinational company : a very large organization that owns companies in more than one country in order to obtain low-cost raw materials and make efficient use of a local workforce.4. benchmark : a standard by which something can be measured or judged.5. pricing policy : a plan or statement of prices set by an organization for its products and services.6. money market : the institutions and practices through with short-term funds are channeled to borrowers and entrepreneurs.7. capital market : a place where deals are made relating to long term investment needed by businesses and public authorities.8. collateral : property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产9. counterparty : a term used to identify the “other” party in a two-party transaction.10. stock exchange: a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.11. retail : the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.12. cheque : a printed form, used instead of money, to make payment from one’s bank account.13. economic integration : the integration of commercial & financial activities among countries through the abolishment/cancellation of economic discrimination.Chapter 41.Dow-Jones Industrial Average : an index of the share prices quoted on the New York StockExchange for a group of 30 leading industrial companies.2.Blue chip : a stock that sells at high price because of public confidence in its long record ofsteady earnings.3.Nasdaq : national association of securities dealers automated quotations4.social security社会保障: a government program that provides economic assistance topersons faced with unemployment, disability, or agedness, financed by assessment (税额) of employers and employees.5.tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.6.reinsurance ：the purchase of insurance by an insurance company from another insurance(reinsurer) to provide it protection against large losses on cases it has already insured.7.policy :保单the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issuedto the policyholder投保人by company.8.public relations : PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization andthe people outside it.9.depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterizedby decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业10.media ：a means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, or television.11.recession: An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutivequarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降Chapter 51．Sanction : the penalty for noncompliance specified in a law or decree.2．Trade deficit : imports minus exports of goods and services.3．Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.4．Downturn : a tendency downward, especially in biz or economic activity.5．Speculation投机: engagements in risky biz transactions on the chances of quick or considerable profit.6．Value added tax : an indirect tax imposed on consumption that is reflective of the incremental increases on the value of goods through the chain of production, from the raw material phase to final consumption.增值税是向消费征收的间接税，它反映了商品从原材料到最终消费的整个生产过程中的增加值。
商务英语权威定义
商务英语权威定义商务英语（BUSINESS ENGLISH ）是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的，内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。
商务英语课程不只是简单地对学员的英文水平、能力的提高，它更多地是向学员传授一种西方的企业管理理念、工作心理，甚至是如何和外国人打交道，如何和他们合作、工作的方式方法，以及他们的生活习惯等，从某种程度上说是包含在文化概念里的。
商务英语是指在商务领域中使用的英语语言，它是一种特殊的英语语言形式，具有其独特的语言结构、词汇和表达方式。
商务英语主要用于商务交流、商务谈判、商务文档的撰写和商务邮件的发送等商务场合。
商务英语的特点是简洁明了、准确规范、专业性强，它要求使用者具备较高的英语水平和商务素养，能够准确地表达商务信息、交流商务思想、协商商务合作等。
商务英语的词汇和表达方式也具有其独特的特点，如商务用语、商务缩略语、商务礼仪等。
商务英语在国际贸易、国际金融、国际商务等领域中具有重要的地位和作用，它是国际商务交流的重要工具之一。
同时，商务英语的学习也是提高商务素养和拓展国际商务视野的重要途径之一。
商务英语应当是在深厚的英语基础上，再强调商务。
戴尔把中国人的英语学习分为“背诵阶段”和“习惯阶段”，目前绝大多数学习者处在背诵阶段，还没有达到习惯阶段，无法实现“习惯性而非背诵性地运用英语进行交流”。
这里所说的“习惯”，并不是说，你掌握了多少的词汇量，而是你能否做到脱口而出。
在具备了这样的“习惯”以后，就可以通过商务英语的学习，就可以用专业的商务语言进行商务工作了。
商务英语的教学还是以语言为主。
因为来这里学习的学员?本身就具有商务背景。
教授给学员是如何在商务领域中运用英语是教学目的，教给学员在商务活动中必备的英语词汇、在合同、谈判、信函等商务环节的英语运用技巧等。
“商务英语”是商务和英语的结合，在“英语”和“商务”两个内容上权重是这样的。
英语占大约40%。
在这里，英语的语言水平是基本的要求。
商务英语概述
商务英语概述一、商务英语的定义与特点1.定义商务英语（Business English）是指在商务活动中所使用的英语语言能力，包括了口语、听力、阅读、写作等多个方面。
它是全球商务人士必备的专业技能之一。
2.特点商务英语具有以下几个特点：（1）专业性强：商务英语涉及到的领域广泛，如市场营销、财务管理、人力资源管理等。
因此，学习商务英语需要掌握相关的专业词汇和表达。
（2）实用性高：商务英语注重实际应用，学习过程中要注重培养口语交流、听力理解、阅读与写作等实际操作能力。
（3）跨文化意识：商务英语交流涉及到不同国家和地区，因此掌握跨文化交际能力至关重要。
二、商务英语的应用场景1.商务交流：商务英语在商务活动中发挥着重要作用，如商务洽谈、客户接待、商务会议等。
2.商务谈判：商务英语可以帮助商务人士更好地进行跨文化交流，增进彼此的了解，达成合作协议。
3.商务演讲：掌握商务英语的表达能力，可以使商务演讲更加专业、自信。
4.商务写作：商务英语在商务写作中同样具有重要地位，如撰写商务信函、报告、提案等。
三、商务英语的核心技能1.口语表达能力：商务英语口语要求清晰、准确、流利，并具备一定的应变能力。
2.听力理解能力：商务英语听力要求能够理解不同口音、语速和语调的英语，以便在实际商务场合中顺利进行交流。
3.阅读与写作能力：商务英语阅读要求快速获取信息，理解文章主旨；写作要求条理清晰、表达准确、符合商务礼仪。
四、提升商务英语水平的策略1.学习商务英语专用词汇和表达：积累商务英语常用词汇和短语，提高自己在商务场合的表达能力。
2.注重跨文化交际能力培养：了解不同国家和地区的文化差异，提高跨文化沟通能力。
3.参加商务英语培训课程：选择适合自己的商务英语培训课程，系统地学习商务英语知识。
4.多渠道实践与应用：积极参加商务英语实践活动，如模拟商务场景、参加商务讲座等，将所学知识应用于实际场景。
五、商务英语的未来发展趋势1.国际化需求：随着全球化进程的不断推进，商务英语作为国际交流的通用语言，需求将进一步增加。
商务专有名词
商务专业术语Order在商务英语中order通常表示“定单”、“所定的货”。
We place orders with them regularly.我们定期向他们定货。
We can supply your order within three weeks.我们能在三周内为贵方提供定货。
made out to order(提单)做成凭指示的。
order B/L指示提单full set of clean on board B/L made out to order and endorsed in blank.全套清洁已装船做成凭指示和空白背书的提单。
discount通常可指“折扣”You can get a 10% discount for paying cash.如付现，你可享受10%的折扣。
但如句子或文章谈的是票据的话就要注意，它可能指的是“贴现”。
The bill of exchange was bought at a discount.此票据是贴现购进的。
Accept无论是普通英语还是商务英语，accept 通常指“接受”。
We accept your order No.123.我方接受你方124号定单。
在谈及银行、票据时，指“承兑”。
The bill of exchange was accepted for payment.汇票以承兑付款。
Honor通常和accept 意义相同，表示“承兑”票据。
The bank refused to honor the cheque.银行拒绝承兑支票。
相反，dishonor 指拒绝承兑（支票、汇票）Presentation在商务英语中通常指“交付”或“出示”支票或汇票，要求兑现。
The bill was payable on presentation.这张是见票即付汇票。
Issueissue 作为动词表示银行开立信用证。
The bank is asked to issue the L/C next week.银行要于下周开证Issue a draft 出票Correspondent指代理银行The bank has no branch in that place but we can arrange for you to deal with its correspondent there.这家银行在当地没有分杭，我们可以为你安排与大地代理行接洽。
商务英语名词解释考试重点笔记
Non -tariff barriers ：非关税壁垒 Durable equipment :耐用设备 Creditor country :债权国 Dual -Ministerial Meeting :双部长会议Board of directors ：董事会 European commission :欧盟委员会 The parent MNE :多国公司母公司 National economic welfare :国家经济利益 self -sufficient :自给自足的 The legal jurisdiction :法律管理范围 perfect competition :完全竞争 output per many -year of labor :人均年产量 Cost advantage ：成本优势 Production capability ：生产能力Consumption preference ：消费偏好 Large -scale production ：大规模生产 Tariff barrier ：关税壁垒 Internationa l chamber of commerce :国际商会Incoterms :国际贸易术语解释通则 Binding obligation :有约束力的义务 International trunk call :国际长途 Cross -border contract :进出口合同 Clearing system :清算系统；清算制度 Leverage : 杠杆作用Auction 拍卖 Trade credit account : 贸易信贷往来账户 Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀 Centrally planned economy :中央计划经济 Net positions 实际寸头Counter trade 对销贸易、反向贸易 Cross -border contract 进出口合同 Protectionism 贸易保护注意Clearing system 清算系统（制度） Compensation trade 补偿贸易Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Consignment 寄售Processing trade 加工贸易Centrally planned economies 中央计划经济国家Trade fair :交易会competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值Leasing trade 租赁贸易Securities market 有价证券市场 Stock Exchange 证券交易所Foreign exchange market 外汇市场 Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Poliy objective 政策目标 Foreign exchange shortages 外汇短缺Financial standing 财务状况= fin ancial status = financial strength Credit worthiness 资信可靠状况 Periodic payments 分阶段付款Reimburse 偿付Unit price 单价 Partial shipment 分批装运The uniform customs and practice of documentary credits 跟单信用证统一惯例Open account 记账交易 The carrying vessel 载货船只 Non -trade settlement 非贸易结算 Leading /Prime/First rate 主要银行 A particular transaction 一笔特定的交易Capital turnover 资金周转 Documents 单据Consignee 收货人 Documentation 单据的制作或使用 Commission 佣金Consignor 托运人 Bill of lading 提（货）单 Notify party 到货通知人、被通知人 Airway bill 空运（提）单 Insurance policy 保险单（大保单） Insurance certificate 保险单（小保单） Cargo receipt 铁路运单、货运收据 Commercial invoice 商业发票: Customs /Consular invoice 海关/领事发票Railway bill 收货单（铁路） Shipping advice 装船通知Certificate of quality 品质证书Certificate of weight 重量证书Certificate of quantity 数量证书Certificate of health 健康证书 Certificate of disinfection 消毒证书 Certificate of origin 产地证书 Veterinary certificate 兽医证书 Port of shipment 发货港、装运港、起运港Packing list 装箱单Finished products 制成品Cost economies 节约成本成本节约 Intermediate products 中间产品、成品Production approach Natural product province 领域Shipper 托运人= Consigner Inventory 存货、库存Broker Logistics 物流Transshipment 转运 Just -in -time inventory system 存Known premium 已知的保险费 Private carrier 自有承运人Representative carriers 载工具Destination port :目的港Transportation and freight tation 运输和货物运输: Consignee 收货人Voidable 无效的 Margin 保证金Client 客户，主顾Jeopardy 危险，风险Literature 说明书Underwriter 保险公司 Values exposed to loss 损失的价值Release of funds 腾出资金Terms of sale 价格条件、买卖条款 All Risks 全险、一切险、综合险Forwarding charges 转运费Adversely affected 受到负面影响 Reserve currency 储备货币 Clean float 清洁浮动、自由浮动 Dirty float 肮脏浮动、管理浮动 Idle funds 游资、热钱、闲置资金 Par value 平价（货币的票面价格）Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 Fixed exchange rate / Flexible hange rate 固定汇率/浮动汇率Financial resources 资金Private or 私营经济Equity investment 投资Grace period 优惠期、宽限期 Capital infrastructure 基础建设资金Economic restructuring 整Investment returns 投资收益 Voting power 投票权Borrowingpower 借款权Gold tranche 额Gold reserve 黄金储备 Standby arrangement 安排Customer mobility 客户流动 Tax holiday 免税期Joint venture 资企业Jobber 股票买卖经纪人 The strategic alliance 战略联合Discount rate 贴现率 Securities 有价证券Pro rata 按比例Stock exchange 证券（股票）Secondary capital market 市场Great Depression 大萧条 Primary capital raising 初级/本市场Long -term capital 长期资本Market floor =trading floor 厅Market maker 买和销售的公司Listed market 挂牌证券交易市场Gilt -edged stocks / securities 债券Cost -effective 划算的Public Sector Borrowing Requirement 公共部门借贷需求Listed company / corporation 公司= the list companyThe gilt -edged market 场The traded options market 交易市场Money market 货币市场The foreign equities market 票市场Discount market 贴现市场ecurities market 证券市场Foreign exchange market 外汇市场Escape clauses 免责条款、Non -discrimination principle (ple of non -discrimination t )无差别待遇New international onomic order 国际经济新秩序 Differential treatment 差别待遇 Preferential customs tariffs 特惠税 Transfer of technology 技术转让 Non -discriminate principle 则Tariff concession 关税减让 Contracting party 缔约国、缔约方 Tariff quota 关税限额制、关税配额Counter -veiling measures。
商务英语名词解释
1、Budget —预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu、a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements、2、Return —回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment、3、Portfolio —证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4、Royalty —专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu、at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product、5、Patent —专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process、6、Non-tariff barrier —非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc、7、Franchise —经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products ina certain area、8、Purchasing power —购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services、9、PPP —购买力平价purchasing power parity10、tariff —关税tax levied by the customs11、barriers to trade —贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country、12、primary commodities —初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials13、drawback —退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded whenre-exported14、specific duties —从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc、of the goods15、ad valorem duties —从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods16、carriage —运费the price or cost of transportation17、voluntary offer —主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer18、contracting parties —缔约方signatories of an agreement19、force majeure —[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party20、firm offer —持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer21、offeree —受要约人the party to whom an offer is made22、hyperinflation —极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control23、inflation —通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc、24、protectionism —贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports25、bilateral —双边的of two sides26、bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together27、creditors —债权人a person to whom one owns money28、debtor —债务人a person who owes money29、default —违约fail to carry out an obligation30、draft —汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money31、remittance —汇款the sending of money or the money sent32、drawe r —出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter33、drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn34、credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment35、applicant of an L/C —出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C36、beneficiary —受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export37、confirming bank —保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C38、reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent39、clean credit —光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment40、sight credit —即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft41、middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer42、consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped43、shipping marks —唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation44、insurance policy —保险单a document used for covering possible risks45、title —抬头right to the possession of a position or property46、insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy47、premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract48、potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur49、claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy50、margin —利润amount above what is estimated as necessary51、underwriter —保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business52、invoice —发票a document for the general description of the goods and the price53、compensation —赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss54、pooling —联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage55、multi-modal transportation —多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air56、redeem —兑换to repay or pay off, esp、loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock57、settlement —结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc58、exchange rate —汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency59、money circulation —货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services60、devaluation —货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies61、reserve —储备金money held aside to meet future demand62、investment —投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns63、quota —配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity64、VER —自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country65、intellectual property —知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, andcopy-right66、tax holiday —免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied67、joint venture —合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms68、gilts —金边债券stocks issued by government69、cost-effective —成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure70、anti-dumping —反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured71、mandate —授权authority given to perform a duty72、contracting party —缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement73、Visible trade有形贸易 : The form of commodity trade, i、e、exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resalein another、(including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)74、Invisible trade无形贸易 : The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc、is called invisible trade or service industries、75、FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country、76、Portfolio investment证券投资 : Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling、77、Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest、78、Licensing许可经营 : In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country、They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty、79、Franchising特许经营 : a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty、80、Franchiser特许方 : A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty、81、Franchisee被特许方 : A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another、82、GNP国民生产总值 : Gross national Product、The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy、83、GDP国内生产总值 : Gross Domestic Product、The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy、84、Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值 : It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers、85、Income distribution收入分布 : The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people、86、Free trade area自由贸易区 : The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy87、Customs union关税同盟 : The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy88、Common market共同市场 : The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy、89、Economic Union (EU)经济同盟 : The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency、90、Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司,总部 is the original investing multinational corporation 、It is also the international headquarters of the MNE 、91、Home county母国 : The country where the headquarter of the investor is located、92、Host country东道国 : The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates、93、Absolute advantage绝对利益 : It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)100、Comparative advantage比较利益 : Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade、1、、International trade国际贸易 : The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient、2、Import duties进口关税 : Tariffs levied on goods entering an area3、Export duties出口关税 : Taxes levied on goods leaving an area4、Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇 : A tariff treatment under whicha country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country5、Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价 : It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms、6、Quotation报盘 : Estimate of how much something will cost7、Counter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer8、inflation : Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc9、Barter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed ina short period of time、10、Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country、11、Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment、12、Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other13、Documentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents、14、Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date、15、Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee、16、Usance draft远期汇票 Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee、17、Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange 、It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future、18、bill of exchange —汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment19、Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C、(the importer)20、applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C21、Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit、22、Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank 、23、Beneficiary受益人 :The exporter in whose favor the credit is opened24、Correspondent band往来行、关系行 :The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to it25、Advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received、26、Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit、27、Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange、28、Negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it undera credit、29、The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft、30、Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary、31、Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证 : The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned、32、Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank33、Unconfirmed credit不保兑信用:The credit isn’t confirmed by another bank34、Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft35、usance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证: The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight、36、Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties、37、Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred、38、Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft、39、Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made、40、Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price、41、Legal holder合法持有人 is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by law42、Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc、43、Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill、44、Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination、45、Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company)、46、Insured被保险人,保户: The person who transfer risk、47、Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter)、48、Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters、49、Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes、50、Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk、51、Direct quote / quotation(汇率)直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency、1美元=6、8元外币为基准52、Indirect quote / quotation(汇率)间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency、53、Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency、54、Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency、55、Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate、56、SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right、It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF、57、Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries、58、biz plan : 商业计划future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc、59、collateral : property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation、担保物:被接受作为抵押或其她义务担保的财产60、stock exchange:证券交易市场a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand、61、retail :零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers、62、tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income、63、policy :保单the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人by company、64、public relations :公关PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it、65、depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment、萧条,不景气:国家(或国际)经济不景气的一段时期,其特征就是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业66、Trade deficit :贸易逆差imports minus exports of goods and services、67、trade surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services、68、Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports、69、trade sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo禁运imposed against a country for violating human rights、70、trade reciprocity贸易互惠: the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its tariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports、71、venture capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable、Also called risk capital风险资本:投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金,尤指用于高科技,其中亏损的风险与赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作risk capital72、start-up: a biz or undertaking事业that has recently begun operation、73、balance sheet 资产负债表, 缩写B、S、: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time、一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债与所有者投资的列表说明74、re-capitalization资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company、75、stock market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold、76、cash flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth、现金流出量:在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产,扣除税收与其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入,常用来衡量公司的价值77、labor-intensive : requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital、78、market share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures、79、intellectual capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc、80、publicly traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets、81、emerging markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence、82、portfolio investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies、83、stock turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time、84、lead time订货至交货的时间:the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them、85、dealerships :A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area、商品代理权:在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权86、economic recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product、衰退:经济活动普遍而持续地衰败,尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降87、depression : A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment、88、liquidity squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins、89、reverse merger(借壳上市) :it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period、a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
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Acceptance承兑P119
An acceptance credit call for drafts to be drawn at a tenor for acceptance by the issuing bank or any drawee nawed in the credit.汇票承兑信用证要求汇票按规定在一定期限内由开证行或者其他在信用证上签名的收款人来检验。
a letter of credit信用证P116
A banker’s document letter of credit is a credit instrument.A common means of payment in international trade.一种在国际贸易中常见的支付手段。
Containing a writer undertaking in the part of the issuing bank to pay a certain amount to a third party against the surrender of stipulated documents.
collection托收P133
entrust banks as intermediaries to collect the money for the goods
委托银行作中间人收取款项
Bill票据
a statement of money owed for goods or services; demand payment
tax 税收P197
charge against a citizen's person or property or activity for the support of government; levy a tax on
hedge套期保值P144
capture slight differences in price;
foreign exchange markets perform four major functions:tranfer of payments;provision of credits;payment at a distance;allowing hedging against exchange risk.外汇市场主要从事四种功能：转移支付；提供信贷；异地支付；提供外汇风险防范。
arbitrage套汇P139
buy at the lower price and sells at the higher price;
Is the use of discrepancies in currency exchange rates to transform one unit of a currency into more than one unit of the same currency.利用不同的外汇市场各种货币在同一时刻的汇率和汇率上的差异，同时买进和卖出有关货币的现汇和期汇，以赚取汇率或利率上的差价收益的交易。
option期权P144
the right to buy or sell property at an agreed price; the right is purchased and if it is not exercised by a stated date the money is forfeited在外汇交易中，以契约形式规定的在某一特定日期或在未来某一日期，按规定的价格买（看涨期权）或卖（看跌期权）特定数量的基础票据权利。
future期货
A currency future,also FX future or foreign exchange future.is a futures contract to exchange one currency for another at specified date in the future at a price(exchange rate 买卖双方约定于未来某一特定日期，以约定价格买卖的约定数量的商品。
foreign exchange汇率,外汇
price by one currency for other currency;
means the system utilized in financing international payments.一个用于支付国际金融付款的系统。
oligopoly寡占；寡头垄断P233
the industry composed of a limited number of large firms.由少数大企业构成的行业。
An industry in which four firms control 80 percent of a domestic market.一个行业若四家国内公司掌握国内市场的80%，那该行业就是寡头。
tax break减税，所得税宽减额
a tax deduction that is granted in order to encourage a particular type of commercial activity
franchise licensing特许经营
direct often…to operate a store in sp;
an authorization to sell a company's goods or services in a particular place; a business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company's goods or services in a particular area
statement资产负债表
a document showing credits and debits
product line生产线P174
it is a group of closely related product manufactured制造or sold by a business product planning
involves making decisions about the production andsale of a business’s products. product mix 产品组合
includes all the different products that a company makes or sells.指一个公司制造和销售不同的产品
product item 产品品种
it is specific model,brand,or size 商标牌子型号of a product within a product line product width 产品宽度
refers to the number of different product lines a business manufactures or sells生产线的数量
product depth 产品深度
refer to the number of product items offered within each product line产品种类的数量barter易货交易
trade by the direct exchange of goods.
monopoly垄断
one seller but many buyers.
withholding tax代扣所得税P202
are those imposed by governments on dividend interest and royalty payments to foreign investors.代扣所得税是政府向国外投资者的股息、利息和特许权使用费的收入征收的税。
value-added tax增值税P199
this tax is typically levied on the value added at each stage of production每一个产品增加的价值or distribution
corporate income tax企业所得税
is probably more widely used to generate government revenue than any other major tax with the possible exception of customsduties
balance of payments 国际收支平衡P246
accounts keep track of both its payments to and its receipts from other countries.。