04 Measuring Conditions by Element Furnace Analysis Metho岛津原子吸收光谱应用手册(石墨炉篇)
全国大学英语CET四级考试试卷及答案指导(2025年)
2025年全国大学英语CET四级考试模拟试卷及答案指导一、写作（15分）CET-4 Writing SectionDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled “The Importance of Teamwork”. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Sample Essay: The Importance of TeamworkIn today’s fast-paced and highly competitive world, the concept of teamwork has become more crucial than ever. It is often said that one can go fast alone, but to go far, one must go together. This saying underlines the importance of teamwork in achieving common goals effectively and efficiently.Teamwork allows for the pooling of diverse skills and talents, which leads to more innovative solutions and better decision-making. When individuals with different backgrounds and expertise collaborate, they bring unique perspectives to the table, fostering an environment where creativity thrives. Furthermore, working as a team builds a support system, enabling members to rely on each other during challenging times, thus reducing stress and increasing job satisfaction.Another significant benefit of teamwork is the ability to accomplish tasksthat would be impossible for an individual to handle. By dividing work among team members based on their strengths, teams can tackle complex projects, ensuring all aspects are thoroughly covered. This not only improves the quality of work but also accelerizes the completion time.In conclusion, the value of teamwork cannot be overstated. It is through collaboration and mutual support that we can achieve great things, overcome obstacles, and reach our full potential. Embracing the spirit of teamwork is essential for both personal and professional success in our interconnected world.Analysis:•Introduction: The essay begins with a clear statement about the increasing significance of teamwork in the modern era, setting up the main argument.•Body Paragraphs:•The first body paragraph discusses how teamwork enhances innovation and decision-making by combining varied skills and viewpoints.•The second body paragraph highlights the supportive nature of teamwork, emphasizing its role in managing stress and boosting morale.• A third point is made about the efficiency and effectiveness gained from dividing labor according to individual strengths, allowing for thesuccessful execution of complex tasks.•Conclusion: The concluding paragraph reinforces the thesis, summarizing the key benefits of teamwork and linking them to broader concepts ofachievement and personal growth.This sample response adheres to the word limit (156 words), maintains a coherent structure, and provides specific examples to support the main points, making it a strong example for the CET-4 writing section.二、听力理解-短篇新闻（选择题，共7分）第一题News Item 1:A new study has found that the popularity of online shopping has led to a significant increase in the use of plastic packaging. The researchers analyzed data from various e-commerce platforms and discovered that the amount of plastic packaging used in online orders has doubled over the past five years. This has raised concerns about the environmental impact of e-commerce and the need for more sustainable packaging solutions.Questions:1、What is the main issue addressed in the news?A) The decline of traditional shopping methods.B) The environmental impact of online shopping.C) The growth of e-commerce platforms.D) The advantages of plastic packaging.2、According to the news, what has happened to the use of plastic packaging in online orders over the past five years?A) It has decreased by 50%.B) It has remained stable.C) It has increased by 25%.D) It has doubled.3、What is the primary concern raised by the study regarding online shopping?A) The increase in the number of e-commerce platforms.B) The high cost of online shopping.C) The environmental impact of plastic packaging.D) The difficulty in returning products.Answers:1、B) The environmental impact of online shopping.2、D) It has doubled.3、C) The environmental impact of plastic packaging.第二题Section B: Short NewsIn this section, you will hear one short news report. At the end of the news report, you will hear three questions. After each question, there is a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.News Report:The World Health Organization announced today that it has added the ChineseSinovac COVID-19 vaccine to its list of vaccines approved for emergency use. This move will facilitate the distribution of the vaccine in lower-income countries participating in the COVAX initiative aimed at ensuring equitable access to vaccines globally. The WHO praised the Sinovac vaccine for its easy storage requirements, making it ideal for areas with less sophisticated medical infrastructure.Questions:1、According to the news report, what did the WHO announce?A)The end of the pandemicB)Approval of a new vaccineC)Launch of a global health campaignD)Increased funding for vaccine researchAnswer: B) Approval of a new vaccine2、What was highlighted about the Sinovac vaccine by the WHO?A)It is the most effective vaccine availableB)It requires simple storage conditionsC)It is cheaper than other vaccinesD)It has no side effectsAnswer: B) It requires simple storage conditions3、What is the purpose of the COVAX initiative mentioned in the report?A)To speed up vaccine developmentB)To provide financial support to vaccine manufacturersC)To ensure equal access to vaccines worldwideD)To promote travel between countriesAnswer: C) To ensure equal access to vaccines worldwide三、听力理解-长对话（选择题，共8分）第一题Part Three: Long ConversationsIn this section, you will hear 1 long conversation. The conversation will be played twice. After you hear a part of the conversation, there will be a pause. Both the questions and the conversation will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Now, listen to the conversation.Conversational Excerpt:M: Hey, Jane, how was your day at the office today?W: Oh, it was quite a challenge. I had to deal with a lot of issues. But I think I handled them pretty well.M: That’s good to hear. What were the main issues you faced?W: Well, first, we had a problem with the new software we’re tryin g to implement. It seems to be causing some technical difficulties.M: Oh no, that sounds frustrating. Did you manage to fix it?W: Not yet. I’m still trying to figure out what’s wrong. But I’m workingon it.M: That’s important. The company can’t afford a ny downtime with this software.W: Exactly. And then, I had to deal with a customer complaint. The customer was really upset because of a delayed shipment.M: That’s never a good situation. How did you handle it?W: I tried to be understanding and offered a discount on their next order. It seemed to calm them down a bit.M: That was a good move. Did it resolve the issue?W: Yes, it did. They’re satisfied now, and I think we’ve avoided a bigger problem.M: It sounds like you had a busy day. But you did a good job handling everything.W: Thanks, I’m glad you think so.Questions:1、What was the main issue the woman faced with the new software?A) It was causing problems with the computer systems.B) It was taking longer to install than expected.C) It was causing technical difficulties.D) It was not compatible with their existing systems.2、How did the woman deal with the customer complaint?A) She escalated the issue to her supervisor.B) She offered a discount on the customer’s next order.C) She apologized directly to the customer.D) She sent the customer a refund check.3、What was the woman’s impression of her day at work?A) It was uneventful and unchallenging.B) It was quite stressful but rewarding.C) It was a day filled with unnecessary meetings.D) It was a day where she didn’t accomplish much.4、What did the man say about the woman’s day at work?A) He thought it was unproductive.B) He felt she had handled everything well.C) He thought she should have asked for help.D) He believed she should take a break.Answers:1、C2、B3、B4、B第二题对话内容:Man:Hey, Sarah. I heard you’re planning to go on a trip next month. Where are you heading?Sarah:Oh, hi, Mike! Yes, I’m really excited about it. I’m going to Japan. It’s my first time there.Man:That sounds amazing! How long will you be staying? And what places are you planning to visit?Sarah:I’ll be there for two weeks. My plan is to start in Tokyo and then travel to Kyoto, Osaka, and Hiroshima. I’ve always been fascinated by the mix of traditional and modern culture in Japan.Man: Two weeks should give you plenty of time to see a lot. Are you going alone or with someone?Sarah:Actually, I’m going with a group of friends from college. We all decided to take this trip together after graduation. It’ll be great to experience it with them.Man:That’s wonderful! Do you have everything planned out, like accommodations and transportation?Sarah:Mostly, yes. We’ve booked our flights and hotels, and we’re using the Japan Rail Pass for getting around. B ut we’re leaving some room for spontaneity too. Sometimes the best experiences come unexpectedly!Man:Absolutely, that’s the spirit of traveling. Well, I hope you have an incredible time. Don’t forget to try some local food and maybe bring back some souvenirs!Sarah:Thanks, Mike! I definitely won’t miss out on trying sushi and ramen, and I already have a list of gifts to buy for family and friends. I can’t waitto share my adventures with everyone when I get back.1、How long is Sarah planning to stay in Japan?•A) One week•B) Two weeks•C) Three weeks•D) One month答案: B) Two weeks2、Which of the following ci ties is NOT mentioned as part of Sarah’s itinerary?•A) Tokyo•B) Kyoto•C) Sapporo•D) Hiroshima答案: C) Sapporo3、Who is Sarah going to Japan with?•A) By herself•B) With her family•C) With a group of friends•D) With coworkers答案: C) With a group of friends4、What has Sarah and her friends prepared for their trip besides booking flights and hotels?•A) They have hired a personal guide.•B) They have reserved spots for cultural workshops.•C) They have purchased a Japan Rail Pass.•D) They have enrolled in a language course.答案: C) They have purchased a Japan Rail Pass.四、听力理解-听力篇章（选择题，共20分）第一题Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, check what you have written.Passage:In recent years, the concept of “soft skills” has become increasingly popular in the workplace. These are skills that are not traditionally taught in schools but are essential for success in the professional world. Soft skills include communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and time management.1、Many employers believe that soft skills are just as important as technical skills because they help employees adapt to changing work environments.2、One of the most important soft skills is communication. Effectivecommunication can prevent misunderstandings and improve relationships with colleagues.3、Teamwork is also crucial in today’s workplace. Being able to work well with others can lead to better productivity and innovation.4、Problem-solving skills are essential for overcoming obstacles and achieving goals. Employees who can think creatively and solve problems efficiently are highly valued.5、Time management is another key soft skill. Being able to prioritize tasks and manage time effectively can help employees meet deadlines and reduce stress.Questions:1、What is the main idea of the passage?A) The importance of technical skills in the workplace.B) The definition and examples of soft skills.C) The increasing popularity of soft skills in the workplace.D) The impact of soft skills on employee performance.2、Why do many employers believe soft skills are important?A) They are easier to teach than technical skills.B) They are not necessary for most jobs.C) They help employees adapt to changing work environments.D) They are more difficult to acquire than technical skills.3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a soft skill in the passage?A) Communication.B) Leadership.C) Problem-solving.D) Time management.Answers:1、C) The increasing popularity of soft skills in the workplace.2、C) They help employees adapt to changing work environments.3、B) Leadership.Second Part: Listening Comprehension - Passage QuestionsListen to the following passage carefully and then choose the best answer for each question.Passage:Every year, millions of people flock to beaches around the world for their vacations. While enjoying the sun and sand, few give much thought to the tiny organisms that make up the very sand they’re lying on. Sand is actually made from rock particles that have been broken down over time by natural processes. However, on some unique beaches, like those found in Hawaii, the sand has a significant component of coral and shell fragments, giving it a distinctive white color. Beaches not only provide relaxation but also play a crucial role in supporting marine life and protecting coastal areas from erosion.Questions:1、What do millions of people go to the beaches for annually?2、What makes the sand on Hawaiian beaches distinctive?3、Besides providing relaxation, what other important role do beaches serve?Answers:1、Vacations.2、The presence of coral and shell fragments.3、Supporting marine life and protecting coastal areas from erosion.第三题PassageThe rise of e-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop. With just a few clicks, customers can purchase products from all over the world and have them delivered to their doorstep. However, this convenience has also brought about some challenges, particularly in terms of logistics and environmental impact.One of the biggest concerns is the environmental impact of packaging. Traditional packaging materials, such as plastic bags and boxes, are not biodegradable and often end up in landfills, contributing to pollution.E-commerce companies have started to address this issue by offering packaging-free options and promoting the use of sustainable materials.Another challenge is the issue of returns. With the ease of online shopping, customers often order more items than they need, leading to a high rate of returns. This not only increases the carbon footprint of shipping but also creates additional waste. Some companies have introduced policies to encourage customers to return fewer items, such as offering incentives for reuse or donation.Despite these challenges, the e-commerce industry is not standing still. There are innovative solutions being developed to make the process more sustainable. For example, some companies are experimenting with drone delivery to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. Others are investing in energy-efficient data centers to power their operations.1、What is one of the main concerns related to e-commerce packaging?A)The high cost of shipping materials.B)The environmental impact of non-biodegradable materials.C)The difficulty in recycling packaging materials.2、How does the high rate of returns affect e-commerce?A)It increases the demand for new packaging materials.B)It leads to a decrease in the cost of shipping.C)It creates additional waste and increases the carbon footprint.3、What is an innovative solution being developed to make e-commerce more sustainable?A)The use of reusable packaging.B)The implementation of strict return policies.C)The introduction of drone delivery.Answers:1、B2、C3、A五、阅读理解-词汇理解（填空题，共5分）First QuestionPassage:In today’s fast-paced world, conservation has become a major concern for environmentalists and policymakers alike. Preserving natural resources is not just about protecting the environment; it also plays a critical role in ensuring sustainable development and improving the quality of life for future generations. Innovative methods are being explored to achieve this goal, including the use of renewable energy sources and promoting eco-friendly practices in industries.Questions:1、The word “conservation” in the passage most likely means:A) The act of using something economically or sparingly.B) The protection of natural resources from being wasted.C) The process of changing something fundamentally.D) The act of restoring something to its original state.Answer: B) The protection of natural resources from being wasted.2、The word “innovative” in the passage is closest in meaning to:A) Outdated.B) Traditional.C) Creative.D) Unchanged.Answer: C) Creative.3、Based on the context, t he term “eco-friendly” would be best described as:A) Practices that are harmful to the environment.B) Practices that are beneficial to the environment.C) Practices that have no impact on the environment.D) Practices that focus solely on economic growth.Answer: B) Practices that are beneficial to the environment.4、The phrase “sustainable development” in the text refers to:A) Development that uses up all available resources quickly.B) Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.C) Development that focuses only on immediate economic gains.D) Development that disregards environmental concerns.Answer: B) Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.5、When the passage mentions “quality of life,” it implies:A) A decrease in living standards over time.B) An improvement in the overall conditions under which people live and work.C) The absence of any efforts to improve living conditions.D) The focus on increasing industrial activities regardless of their impact.Answer: B) An improvement in the overall conditions under which people live and work.This format closely follows the structure you might find in an actual CET Band 4 exam, with a passage followed by vocabulary questions that test understanding of context and word meanings.第二题Reading PassagesIn today’s fast-paced world, staying informed about current events is more important than ever. One of the best ways to keep up with the news is to read newspapers. However, not all newspapers are created equal. Here is an overview of some of the most popular newspapers in the world.1.The New York Times (USA): Established in 1851, The New York Times is one of the most prestigious and influential newspapers in the world. It covers a wide range of topics, including national and international news, politics, business, science, technology, and culture.2.The Guardian (UK): The Guardian is a British newspaper that has been in circulation since 1821. It is known for its liberal bias and its commitment to investigative journalism. The Guardian covers a variety of issues, including politics, the environment, and social justice.3.Le Monde (France): Le Monde is a French newspaper that was founded in 1944. It is one of the most widely read newspapers in France and is known for its in-depth reporting and analysis of global events.4.The Times (UK): The Times is another British newspaper that has been in circulation since 1785. It is a conservative newspaper that focuses on politics, business, and finance.5.El País (Spain): El País is a Spanish newspaper that was founde d in 1976. It is one of the most popular newspapers in Spain and is known for its comprehensive coverage of national and international news.Vocabulary UnderstandingChoose the best word or phrase to complete each sentence. Write your answers in the spaces provided.1、The____________of The New York Times is that it is one of the most prestigious and influential newspapers in the world.a.reputationb.historyc.popularityd.bias2、The Guardian is known for its____________bias and its commitment to investigative journalism.a.liberalb.conservativec.moderated.biased3、Le Monde is one of the most widely read newspapers in France and is known forits____________reporting and analysis.a.shallowb.superficialc.in-depthd.brief4、The Times is a conservative newspaper that focuses on____________issues.a.socialb.economicc.politicald.cultural5、El País is one of the most popular newspapers in Spain and is known for its comprehensive____________of national and international news.a.reportingb.analysisc.coveraged.editorialAnswers:1、a. reputation2、a. liberal3、c. in-depth4、c. political5、c. coverage六、阅读理解-长篇阅读（选择题，共10分）第一题Reading Passage OneIn recent years, with the rapid development of the internet and mobile technology, online learning has become increasingly popular among students. Online courses, such as those offered by MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses), provide students with convenient access to high-quality educational resources from around the world. However, despite the benefits of online learning, there are also some challenges and considerations that need to be addressed.1.The following passage is about:A. The advantages and disadvantages of online learningB. The impact of online learning on traditional educationC. The history of MOOCs and their role in educationD. The challenges faced by students in online learning2.According to the passage, what is one of the main benefits of online learning?A. It allows students to study at their own paceB. It provides access to a wider range of educational resourcesC. It increases the interaction between students and teachersD. It reduces the cost of education3.The passage mentions that online learning has become increasingly popular due to:A. The advancements in internet technologyB. The decline of traditional education systemsC. The desire for flexible learning schedulesD. All of the above4.What is one of the challenges mentioned in the passage that online learners may face?A. Limited access to technological devicesB. Difficulty in maintaining self-disciplineC. Lack of face-to-face interaction with teachersD. All of the above5.The passage suggests that in order to succeed in online learning, students should:A. Attend online classes regularlyB. Engage in active discussions with peersC. Set clear goals and deadlines for their studiesD. All of the above答案：1.A2.B3.D4.D5.D第二题Reading Passage OneThe rise of the Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and accessinformation. One of the most significant impacts has been the transformation of education, with online learning becoming increasingly popular. This passage explores the benefits and challenges of online learning.The Benefits of Online Learning1.Flexibility: Online learning offers students the flexibility to study at their own pace and on their own schedule. This is particularly beneficial for working professionals and those with other commitments.2.Access to a Wide Range of Resources: Online courses often provide access to a wealth of resources, including textbooks, videos, and interactive materials that can enhance the learning experience.3.Diverse Learning Opportunities: Online learning platforms offer a wide variety of courses, ranging from traditional academic subjects to specialized and niche areas of study.4.Cost-Effective: Online courses can be more affordable than traditional classroom-based programs, especially for those who live far from educational institutions.The Challenges of Online Learning1.Self-Discipline: Online learning requires a high level of self-discipline and motivation, as students must manage their time and stay focused without the structure of a traditional classroom.2.Limited Interaction: Online courses often lack the face-to-face interaction that is common in traditional classrooms, which can impact the learning experience and social development of students.3.Technical Issues: Online learning relies heavily on technology, which can lead to technical issues that disrupt the learning process.4.Quality Assurance: With the proliferation of online courses, ensuring the quality and integrity of these courses can be a challenge.Questions:1、What is one of the main advantages of online learning mentioned in the passage?A. It is more expensive than traditional education.B. It requires students to be self-disciplined.C. It provides flexibility in studying.D. It lacks face-to-face interaction.2、According to the passage, what can online learning platforms offer that traditional classrooms might not?A. Limited access to textbooks.B. Fewer specialized courses.C. More interactive learning materials.D. No video resources.3、Which of the following is a challenge that online learning may present?A. Students can easily attend classes at a local university.B. There are no technical issues with online learning.C. It is difficult to ensure the quality of online courses.D. Online learning is always more affordable than traditional education.4、The passage suggests that online learning can be beneficial for:A. Students who prefer face-to-face interaction.B. Individuals with other commitments.C. Those who want to avoid textbooks.D. People who have no access to technology.5、What is one potential drawback of online learning that the passage discusses?A. The ability to study at any time.B. The use of a wide range of resources.C. The possibility of technical disruptions.D. The convenience of studying from home.Answers:1、C2、C3、C4、B5、C七、阅读理解-仔细阅读（选择题，共20分）第一题Reading PassagesIn the following passage, there are some blanks. For each blank there arefour choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage.The digital revolution is changing the way we live, work, and communicate. One of the most significant changes is the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). AI refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, and decision-making.The potential of AI is enormous. It has the potential to transform industries, improve efficiency, and make our lives more convenient. However, with great power comes great responsibility. The ethical implications of AI are complex and multifaceted.1、The passage is mainly aboutA. the benefits of the digital revolutionB. the rise of artificial intelligenceC. the challenges of the digital revolutionD. the ethical implications of AI2、What is the main concern regarding AI mentioned in the passage?A. Its potential to disrupt traditional industriesB. Its potential to replace human jobsC. Its potential to be used for unethical purposesD. Its potential to cause social inequalities3、The author suggests that AI has the potential to。
小学上册L卷英语第五单元暑期作业
小学上册英语第五单元暑期作业英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Which of these animals can live both in water and on land?A. FishB. FrogC. BirdD. CatB2.How many legs does a spider have?A. SixB. EightC. FourD. Ten3. A ________ (植物保护意识) fosters community involvement.4.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. CocoaB. MilkC. SugarD. ButterA5.The kids are ___ in the park. (running)6. A ______ has unique patterns on its skin.7.The chemical formula for sodium bicarbonate is _____.8.The fish swims in the ___ (water/air).9.What do we call a sweet baked dish made from flour, sugar, and eggs?A. CakeB. BreadC. BiscuitD. Pie10.What is the capital of Haiti?A. Port-au-PrinceB. Santo DomingoC. NassauD. San JuanA Port-au-Prince11.My friend has a pet _____ (仓鼠).12.The Nile River flows __________.13.What do you call a scientist who studies animals?A. BotanistB. ZoologistC. GeologistD. ChemistB14.My cousin is a wonderful __________ (朋友).15.The _____ (小牛) grazes in the field.16.I have a collection of _____ (乐高) bricks.17.What is the main function of the roots of a plant?A. PhotosynthesisB. SupportC. Absorb water and nutrientsD. ReproduceC18._____ (spore) is used by ferns to reproduce.19.My dad is teaching me to ____ (cook) new recipes.20.__________ (化学反应速率) can change based on conditions like temperature.21.What do we call the person who designs buildings?A. EngineerB. ArchitectC. ContractorD. CarpenterB22.What is the smallest continent by land area?A. AfricaB. EuropeC. AustraliaD. AntarcticaC23.The ________ is a great friend to have.24.The action figure can do many ______.25.The density of a substance is its mass per _____.26.rainfall) is important for growing crops. The ____27.What is the name of the device used to take photographs?A. TelescopeB. MicroscopeC. CameraD. ProjectorC28.The __________ is a famous city in Spain.29.Certain herbs are known for their ______ (美容效果).30.This book is very _______ (迷人的).31.What is the main ingredient in soup?A. WaterB. BreadC. RiceD. MeatA32.What instrument has a bow and strings?A. FluteB. ViolinC. TromboneD. ClarinetB33.The __________ (历史游戏) can teach through engagement.34.My parents encourage me to donate some of my old ________ (玩具名) to children in need. I think it’s a ________ (形容词) idea!35.The girl loves to ________.36.She is a _____ (设计师) who makes fashion accessories.37. A chemical equation uses symbols to represent a _____.38.The first man to discover penicillin was _______. (弗莱明)39.The soup is _____ (hot/cold) today.40. A chemical reaction can involve the decomposition of _____.41.The _______ (海龟) swims in the ocean.42.The __________ (印度独立) movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi.43.My aunt is very _______ (形容词) with kids. 她总是 _______ (动词).44.The _______ of an object can be tested by measuring its mass.45.Chinchillas have very ______ (柔软的) fur.46.When I visit the zoo, I always look forward to seeing this animal. I like to watch how it ______ and interacts with the other animals. Sometimes, the zookeepers give them ______ to play with, which is really fun to see.47.I see a ___ on the shelf. (book)48.The fish swims in the _________. (水池)49.What is the first letter of the alphabet?A. AB. BC. CD. D50.The cake is very ___. (rich)51.Which is a flying mammal?A. BatB. MouseC. SquirrelD. Rabbit52. A substance made up of two or more elements is known as a ________.53. A _______ is a process that involves cooling.54.Let’s _______ (一起) play a game.55.The ______ (种子发芽) process requires optimal conditions.56.What is the name of the famous artist known for his paintings of sunflowers?A. Van GoghB. PicassoC. MonetD. Da Vinci57.What is the main language spoken in Brazil?A. SpanishB. PortugueseC. FrenchD. Italian58.I want to _______ (参观)新地方.59.I enjoy _______ on a rainy day.60. A crab can be found in ______ (沙滩) and rocky areas.61.The __________ (历史的存在) affirms identity.62.The country famous for chocolate is ________ (以巧克力闻名的国家是________).63. A chemical reaction that occurs at room temperature is called a ______ reaction.64.What do we call the process of planting and growing crops?A. FarmingB. HarvestingC. GardeningD. CultivatingA65.What is the capital of Japan?A. SeoulB. BeijingC. TokyoD. Bangkok66. A magnet has a north and a ______ pole.67.The balloon is ___ (floating/deflating).68.How many zeros are in one hundred?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 469.During a heatwave, we should drink lots of ______ (水).70.What animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. LionC. GiraffeD. Tiger71.The stars are shining ___. (brightly)72.What do we call the large, wild cat that lives in Africa?A. LeopardB. TigerC. LionD. CheetahC73.The Himalayas are home to Mount _______.74.Which of these is a common pet?A. LionB. DogC. ElephantD. CrocodileB75. A ________ has soft fur and likes to hop.76.n River basin is known for its diverse ________ (亚马逊河流域以其多样的________而闻名). The Amaz77.What is the name of the process that plants use to make food using sunlight?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. DigestionD. FermentationB78.What do we call a scientist who studies the brain?A. NeurologistB. PsychologistC. PsychiatristD. NeuroscientistA79.What do you call the instrument used to measure weight?A. BalanceB. ScaleC. MeterD. RulerB80.I have two ______. (brothers)81.How many teeth does a typical child have?A. 20B. 24C. 28D. 32A82.What is the shape of a basketball?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Oval83.The capital city of France is __________.84.What type of animal is a shark?A. MammalB. FishC. ReptileD. AmphibianB85.What do we call the first book in the Bible?A. GenesisB. ExodusC. LeviticusD. NumbersA86.The ______ of a leaf can indicate how much sunlight it receives. (叶片的形状可以表明它接受多少阳光。
发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展
张鹏，赵金山，臧金红，等. 发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（2）：380−391. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030223ZHANG Peng, ZHAO Jinshan, ZANG Jinhong, et al. Progress of Research on the Relationship between Characteristic Flavor and Microorganisms in Fermented Meat Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(2): 380−391. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023030223· 专题综述 ·发酵肉制品中的特征风味与微生物之间的关系研究进展张 鹏1,2，赵金山2,3, *，臧金红1,2, *，彭传涛1,2（1.青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院，山东青岛 266109；2.青岛特种食品研究院，山东青岛 266109；3.青岛农业大学动物科技学院，山东青岛 266109）摘 要：发酵肉制品是指在自然或者人工的控制条件下，以新鲜的肉类为原料，通过微生物或酶的发酵作用制成的一类产品。
发酵肉制品中特征风味物质种类繁多，其中主要有酯类、醛类、醇类、酸类以及游离氨基酸等。
由于消费者对发酵肉制品风味品质要求的提高，风味物质的控制已经成为提升发酵肉制品品质的关键指标之一。
发酵肉制品中的部分微生物特别是乳酸菌、酵母菌和葡萄球菌促进了肉制品中碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的分解，从而促进发酵肉制品独特风味的形成。
本文详细介绍了国内外不同发酵肉制品中的主要风味物质、风味形成途径和检测方法，进一步归纳总结了能够产生这些风味物质的关键微生物以及产风味物质的微生物筛选方法，以期为后续发酵肉制品风味品质的提升提供参考。
船舶甲板部物料英语词汇分类汇总
凡立水varnish
稀释剂thinner
牛油grease
煤油kerosene
钢丝绳油wire dressing oil/ tar oil
去漆水
撇缆绳heaving line
测水绳sounding rope
榔头hammer
长柄铲刀long hand flat scraper
地板胶
万能胶水general purpose glue
手摇钻hand drill
量油尺oil gauging tape
封舱胶布seal adhesive tape
油布tarpaulin
二副物料
尼龙旗绳halyard nylon
国旗national flag
海图橡皮eraser , rubber
秒表stop watch
双头开口扳手spanner
活动扳手adjustable spanner
手电锯electric saw machine
不锈钢尺stainless steel ruler
量水尺wooden sounding ruler
量水绳sounding rope
门锁lock
三合板three-lay board
五合板five-lay board
Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate
Panama Canal Tonnage Certificate
Certificate of Port of Registery
USEFUL PHRASES
modification regarding items of registry
be ready for mooring
备考2023年高考英语二轮专题：阅读理解(自然与环保)
备考2023年高考英语二轮专题：阅读理解（自然与环保）一、阅读理解(共40题；共80分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Curtin University research has found a simple and affordable method to determine which chemicals and types of metals are best used to store and supply energy, in a breakthrough for any battery-run devices and technologies relying on the fast and reliable supply of electricity, including smart phones and tablets.Lead author Associate Professor Simone Ciampi from Curtin's School of Molecular and Life Sciences said this easy, low-cost method of determining how to produce and keep the highest energy charge in a capacitor (电容器) could be of great benefit to all scientists, engineers and start-ups looking to solving the energy storage challenges of the future."All electronic devices require an energy source. While a battery needs to be recharged over time, a capacitor can be charged instantly because it stores energy by separating charged ions (离子), found in ionic liquids, " Ciampi said.There are thousands of types of ionic liquids, a type of "liquid salt", and until now, it was difficult to know which would be best suited for use in a capacitor. What our team has done is designing a quick and easy test, able to be performed in a basic lab, which can measure both the ability to store charge when a solid electrode touches a given ionic liquid—a simple capacitor—as well as the stability of the device when charged."The simplicity this test means anyone can apply it without the need for expensive equipment. Using this method, researchers found that charging the device for 60 seconds produced a full charge, which did not ‘leak' (渗漏) and begin to diminish for at least four days, " Mr Belotti said.The next step is to use this new screening method to find ionic liquid with an even longer duration in the charged state and larger energy density.1．（2分）What can the new method be used to do in the future?A．Help to choose smart phones.B．Find materials used as energy.C．Research energy sources of the future.D．Settle the problem of storing energy.2．（2分）What was the challenge in making a capacitor?A．Choosing the best ionic liquid.B．Figuring out the storing ability.C．Devising a quick and easy test.D．Recharging a battery instantly.3．（2分）What does the underlined word "diminish" in paragraph 5 probably mean?A．Charge.B．Develop.C．Decrease.D．Expand.4．（2分）What would be a suitable title for the text?A．The Importance of Selecting Ionic LiquidB．A Good Method to Seek Perfect Ionic LiquidC．Types of Ionic Liquids for Use in a CapacitorD．A Simple and Affordable Battery阅读短文，回答问题When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier(冰川)on the Swiss Alps' Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche's(崩塌)critical characteristics.Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. "This was different," Johnson says. "A signature of a new material has been detected with infrasound."Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier's main body—is a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken large fields of ice. A glacier "can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break— offs," says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. "The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this," she says. Isolating the relevant signal helpsthe researchers monitor an ice avalanche's speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice cascade's physical details.5．（2分）What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?A．Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.B．Ice avalanches are a bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.C．Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches.D．Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.6．（2分）Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar?A．The combination with other relevant signals.B．The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche.C．The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.D．The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.7．（2分）The underlined word "this" in Paragraph 4 refers to________.A．distinguishing different components of a signalB．detecting multiple avalanches at the same timeC．calculating the speed and path of ice avalanchesD．monitoring the specific location of ice break—offs8．（2分）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A．From Fire to Ice B．Glacier WhispersC．Nature is Warning D．Secret of Ice Avalanches阅读理解Hoping to live on the moon one day? Your chances just got a tiny bit better. Researchers found that lunar pits and caves reach stable temperatures, making them potentially suitable for human life.Planetary scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles have been doing the research. Although much of the moon's surface temperatures ranges from as high as 260 degrees during the day to as low as 280 degrees below zero at night, the moon has pits and caves where temperatures stay at roughly 63 degrees Fahrenheit, making human habitation a possibility, according to their new research.For perspective, a day or night on the moon equals a little over two weeks on the earth—making long-term research and habitation difficult with such extremely hot and cold temperatures. Researchers say these stable spots could transform the future of lunar exploration and long-term habitation. The shadowed areas of these pits could also offer protection from harmful elements, such as solar radiation, universal rays and micrometeorites (微小陨石).About 16 of the over 200 discovered pits most likely come from collapsed lava tubes—tunnels that form from cooled lava or crust, according to Tyler Horvath, a UCLA doctoral student and head of the research. The researchers think overhangs inside of these lunar pits, which were initially discovered in 2009, could be the reason for the stable temperature.The research team also includes UCLA professor of planetary science David Paige and Paul Hayne at the University of Colorado Boulder. "Humans evolved living in caves, and to caves we might return when we live on the moon," said Paige in a UCLA press release.There are still plenty of other challenges to establishing any sort of long-term human residence on the moon—including growing food and providing enough oxygen. The researchers made clear that NASA has no immediate plans to establish a base camp or habitations there.9．（2分）What did the researchers find?A．Humans like the life on the moon.B．People lived in lunar pits and caves.C．Steady temperature exists somewhere on the moon.D．Temperatures in caves and pits vary a lot on the moon.10．（2分）What do the shadowed areas act as protection against?A．Solar heat.B．Harmful liquids.C．Universal gases.D．Micrometeorites.11．（2分）What does the underlined word "evolved" probably mean in paragraph 5?A．Appeared.B．Developed.C．Hunted.D．Escaped.12．（2分）Why does NASA not establish any habitation there at present?A．It has no such plans.B．Food there tastes bad.C．Many challenges exist.D．There is no oxygen.阅读理解A new study combining linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence has traced the origins of thefamily of languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Mongolian and the people who speak them to millet (粟) farmers who inhabited a region in northeastern China about 9, 000 years ago.The findings detailed on Wednesday document a shared genetic ancestry for the hundreds of millions of people who speak what the researchers call Transeurasian languages across an area stretching more than 8, 000 kilometers.The findings illustrate how humankind's embrace of agriculture following the Ice Age powered the movements of some of the world's major language families. Millet was an important early crop as hunter-gatherers transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle.There are 98 Transeurasian languages. This language family's beginnings were traced to millet farmers in the Liao River valley, an area including parts of the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and the region of Inner Mongolia. As these farmers moved across northeastern Asia, the descendant languages spread north and west into Siberia and east into Korea and over the sea to Japan over thousands of years.The research stressed the complex beginnings for modern populations and cultures."Accepting that the roots of one's language, culture or people lie beyond the present national boundaries is a kind of surrender of identity, which some people are not yet prepared to make," said comparative linguist Martine Robbeets, lead author of the study published in the journal Nature."Powerful nations such as Japan, Korea and China are often pictured as representing one language, one culture and one genetic profile. But a truth is that all languages, cultures and humans, including those in Asia, are mixed," Robbeets added.The origins of modem Chinese languages arose independently, though in a similar fashion, with millet also involved. While the ancestors of the Transeurasian languages grew millet in the Liao River valley, the originators of the Sino-Tibetan language family farmed millet at roughly the same time in China's Yellow River region, paving the way for a separate language expansion.13．（2分）What is the new study mainly about?A．The migration routes of millet farmers.B．The ancient origins of a large language family.C．The different ancestries of Transeurasian speakers.D．The shared features of some neighboring languages.14．（2分）What fueled the spread of Transeurasian languages?A．The transition of power.B．The diversity of lifestyles.C．The interaction of cultures.D．The adoption of farming.15．（2分）According to Robbeets, who may feel uncomfortable about the new findings?A．Those from agricultural countries.B．Those who deny their cultural identity.C．Those with a strong sense of nationalism.D．Those who are afraid to cross boundaries.16．（2分）What is the main function of the last paragraph?A．To draw a conclusion.B．To present likely consequences.C．To highlight the theme.D．To offer additional information.阅读理解A "secretive" new species of frog has been discovered on the forest floor in India's Western Ghat mountain range. Named the starry dwarf frog after the markings on its dark brown back, it is just 2 centimeters long.The frog, whose closest relatives are a group of species native to India and Sri Linka, is the only member of an ancient lineage (血统) dating back to millions of years ago, according to researchers from India and the US. It is unclear whether the species is descended from African or Asian frogs.A group of Indian and US researchers first came across the local species hidden in leaf-litter as part of a wider project to look for new frogs, lizards and snakes in the richly biodiverse region and stored it in a jar for later study. Genetic testing and a closer look at its shape, colouring and other features has shown that it doesn't match any existing species.Kartik Shanker of the Indian Institute of Science, who helped design the study, says while it is common to find new frogs in India, this one needs to be noticed. "This particular species not just is a new species, but also belongs to a new genus (属), and that makes it a little more special, " says Shanker.The number of known species of frog identified in India has climbed from around 200 to above 400 over the past two decades. While many species new to science are frequently immediately sorted as endangered, it is too early to say whether the starry dwarf frog is threatened. "They are very secretive," says Shanker, adding that the team didn't know the size of its population. The frog is active at night and lives near water.Habitat loss is a serious risk to frogs in tropical forests around the world, alongside threats such as a deadly fungus (真菌) that has been killing off amphibians (两栖动物) for the past four decades. But the newspecies was found in a reserved forest, meaning it will enjoy a degree of protection by Indian government agencies.17．（2分）What can we learn from paragraph 3?A．The species was discovered by tourists.B．The species was found in a rich region.C．The species was finally set free.D．The species was further studied.18．（2分）What can we say about the new frog?A．It is in small quantities.B．It is an endangered species.C．It is well worth attention.D．It is related to African or Asian frogs.19．（2分）What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A．Habitat loss is the chief threat to frogs.B．The new species may face less dangers.C．Tropical forests in India are all under protection.D．The Indian government determines to save frogs.20．（2分）Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．A rare frog species protected in IndiaB．A rise in species of frog seen in IndiaC．A secretive frog species discovered in IndiaD．A risk of habitat loss for frogs removed in India阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
BECODISC P 系列高纯度细胞化胶原浓缩过滤芯说明书
Technical Data Sheet Depth FiltrationBECODISC® P RangePremium Depth Filter Medium with High-Purity CelluloseBECODISC P stacked disc cartridges arecharacterized by unparalleled purity. The ion andendotoxin content is significantly lower than forconventional depth filter media.In Eaton’s innovative BECODISC P stacked disccartridge’s range, high-purity celluloses form aunique structure, which even for microbe removaldoes not require mineral components.The specific advantages of BECODISC P stacked disccartridges:-Minimum endotoxin contents. This ensures productsafety-Increased endotoxin retention-Without the addition of mineral components,therefore minimum ion content particularly ofcalcium, magnesium and aluminum ions-Very high chemical resistance and mechanicalstability-Rinsing volume reduced by up to 50%, resulting inreduced process costs- A Validation Guide is available upon requestIngredientsBECODISC P stacked disc cartridges are made only ofhigh-purity cellulose and wet strength agents.Areas of ApplicationBECODISC P stacked disc cartridges can be used for filtration of all liquid media. Application options range from coarse filtration to microbe removal.BECODISC P Stacked Disc Cartridges BECODISC P stacked disc cartridges are cationic. They are characterized by adsorption charge-related during filtration. Additionally, the depth filter medium has a very low content of soluble ions, especially of calcium, magnesium and aluminum. The chemical resistance and bursting strength is extremely high. BECODISC P stacked disc cartridges are suitable for applications involving mechanical separation of particles and adsorptive retention of negatively charged particles. Due to the minimum endotoxin contents and the increased endotoxin reduction the depth filter medium is ideal for pharmaceutical processes. Guide to Choosing the Right BECODISC P Stacked Disc CartridgeB171Microbial removal and increased endotoxin retention B271Microbial and endotoxin reductionB351Fine filtration, activated carbon removalB551Clarifying filtration, particle separationB581Coarse filtration, particle separationPhysical DataThis information is intended as a guideline for the selection of BECODISC stacked disc cartridges.The water throughput is a laboratory value characterizing the different BECOPAD ® P depth filter medium types. It is not the recommended flow rate. 2 2B171 BECOPADP 1700.2 – 0.4 0.15 (3.9) < 1 > 21.8 (150) 1.9 (77) < 0.025 B271 BECOPAD P 2700.5 – 0.7 0.15 (3.9) < 1 > 21.8 (150) 3.3 (135) < 0.025 B351 BECOPAD P 3500.7 – 1.0 0.15 (3.9) < 1 > 21.8 (150) 3.9 (160) < 0.025 B551 BECOPAD P 5502.0 –3.00.15 (3.9)< 1 > 21.8 (150) 14.0 (570) < 0.025 B581 BECOPAD P 5808.0 – 10.0 0.15 (3.9)< 1> 21.8 (150)87.6(3571)< 0.025*B = Polypropylene version (e.g. B171)** 100 kPa = 1 bar*** Endotoxin content analysis after rinsing with 0.61 gal/ft² (25 l/m²) of WFI (Water for Injection)Ordering Information1 Flat adapter/Double O-ring adapter |2 With cell spacer rail |3 Cannot be combined with double O-ring adapterExample: B17162SFPolypropylene stacked disc cartridge with BECOPAD P170 depth filter sheets, nominal retention range from 0.2 to 0.4 µm, 16 filter cells, 10.9 in (276 mm) high , 12", with silicone gaskets and flat adapter.BECODISC 12", Ø 11.6 in (295 mm) BECODISC 16", Ø 15.8 in (402 mm)Number of cells 16 14 91 9 5 16 14 91 9 5 Filter surface area [ft² (m²)]20.5 (1.9) 17.8 (1.65) 11.8 (1.1) 11.8 (1.1) 6.4 (0.59) 39.8 (3.7) 34.4 (3.2) 22.6 (2.1) 22.6 (2.1) 12.4 (1.15) Pre-coat volume [gal (l)]²- 0.9 (3.6) 2.1 (8.0)- -- 1.8 (7.0) 4.1 (15.4)- -Overall height flat adapter [in (mm)]10.9 (276) 10.9 (276) 10.9 (276) 7.7 (195) 4.4 (101) 10.9 (276) 10.9 (276) 10.9 (276) 7.7 (195) 4.4 (101) Overall height double O-ring adapter [in (mm)] 13.0 (329) 13.0 (329) 13.0 (329) 10.0 (248) -13.0 (329) 13.0 (329) 13.0 (329) 10.0 (248) -Cell spacer rail- - ✓ - -- - ✓ - -1 Special stacked disc cartridge configuration with cell spacer rails providing increased mechanical stability forholding filter cake | 2 Calculated values (BECO depth filter sheets with 0.16 in/4.0 mm thickness)171BECOPAD depth filter sheet 171 = P 170 271 = P 270 351 = P 350 551 = P 550 581 = P 580BDesignB = Polypropylene6Construction (overall height)16 = 16 filter cells(10.9/13.0 in) (276/329 mm) 4 = 14 filter cells(10.9/13.0 in) (276/329 mm) 7 = 9 filter cells 2(10.9/13.0 in) (276/329 mm) 9 = 9 filter cells(7.7/10.0 in) (195/248 mm) 5 = 5 filter cells 3(4.4 in) (101 mm)2Size2 = 12", ∅ 11.6 in(295 mm) 4 = 16", ∅ 15.8 in(402 mm)SGasket material E = EPDM F = FEP-coatedsilicone core S = Silicone V = FluoroelastomerFAdapterF = Flat adapter S = Double O-ringadapter Y = Flat adapter withgrounding deviseCompliance NoticeBECO depth filter sheets fulfill the requirements of Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 as well as the FDA Guideline 21 CFR §177.2260 test criteria. The polypropylene components comply with Regulation (EU) 10/2011. The polypropylene meets FDA requirements, 21 CFR § 177.1520. The sealing materials (silicone, EPDM) meet FDA requirements, 21 CFR § 177.2600. The depth filter sheet and the polypropylene components of the BECODISC P stacked disc cartridges meet the requirements of the USP Plastic Class VI – 70 °C test. For further details on individual components and materials see the declaration of conformity.Ion Concentration after Extraction with 40% EthanolCa < 50Mg < 25Fe < 5Al < 5* After rinsing with 0.61 gal/ft² (25 l/m²) of 40% EthanolRecommendations for Avoiding Damage BECODISC stacked disc cartridges can be used only in the specified flow direction. This applies to product filtering as well as sanitizing with hot water, and sterilizing with the stacked disc cartridges with saturated steam. In order to avoid damage to the filter cells, the system should be protected with a suitable non-return valve.Refer to the insert included with each BECODISC stacked disc cartridge carton for detailed application information.Depending on the filtered liquids, the operating temperature should not exceed 176 °F (80 °C). Please contact Eaton regarding filtration applications at higher temperatures.Intermediate PlatesIf more than two BECODISC stacked disc cartridges (12" or 16") with double O-ring adapters are stacked in the housing, install a central spindle for safety reasons. In the event, more than one 16" BECODISC stacked disc cartridge (flat adapter/double O-ring adapter) is used in the housing, Eaton recommends the installation of stainless steel intermediate plates between the BECODISC stacked disc cartridges. When silicone/FEP coated gaskets are used the stainless steel plates are mandatory. Sanitizing and Sterilizing (Optional)Sterilizing with Hot WaterThe hot water temperature should be 185°F (85 °C). A differential pressure of 21.8psi (150 kPa, 1.5 bar) must not be exceeded when sterilizing with hot water. Sterilization time: At least 30 minutes once a temperature of 185°F (85 °C) is reached at all filter openings. In the interest of energy conservation, the water may be circulated provided the specified temperatures are maintained.Sterilizing with SteamThe wetted BECODISC stacked disc cartridges can be sterilized with saturated steam up to a maximum temperature of 250 °F (121 °C) as follows:Steam quality: The steam must be free of foreignparticles and impurities. Temperature: Max. 250 °F (121 °C)(saturated steam)Duration: Approx. 20 minutes after steam exitsfrom all filter valvesRinsing: After sterilizing with 0.61 gal/ft²(25 l/m²) at 1.25 times the flow rateFilter Preparation and FiltrationUnless already completed after sterilization, rinse the stacked disc cartridges with 0.61 gal/ft² (25 l/m²) of water at 1.25 times the flow rate prior to the first filtration. Check the entire filter for leakage at maximum operating pressure.High-proof alcoholic solutions and products that cannot be rinsed with water should be circulated with the product. Discard the rinsing solution after rinsing. Differential PressureTerminate the filtration process once the maximum permitted differential p ressure of 43.5psi (300 kPa,3 bar) is reached. A higher differential pressure could damage the depth filter sheet material. For safety reasons, a differential pressure of 21.8psi (150 kPa, 1.5 bar) should not be exceeded in applications for separating microorganisms.SafetyWhen used and handled correctly, there are no known unfavorable effects associated with this product. Further safety information can be found in the relevant Material Safety Data Sheet, which can be downloaded from our website.DisposalDue to their composition, BECODISC stacked disc cartridges can be disposed of as harmless waste. Comply with relevant current regulations, depending on the filtered product.StorageBECODISC stacked disc cartridges must be stored in a dry, odor-free, and well ventilated place.Do not expose the BECODISC stacked disc cartridges to direct sunlight.BECODISC stacked disc cartridges are intended for immediate use and should be used within 36 months after production date.Quality Assurance According to DIN EN ISO 9001 The Quality Management System of Eaton Technologies GmbH has been certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001.This certification verifies that a fully functioning comprehensive Quality Assurance System covering product development, contract controls, choice of suppliers, receiving inspections, production, final inspection, inventory management, and shipment has been implemented.Extensive quality assurance measures incorporate adherence to technical function criteria and chemical purity and quality recognized as safe under the German legislation governing the production of foods and beverages.All information is given to the best of our knowledge. However, the validity of the information cannot be guaranteed for every application, working practice and operating condition. Misuse of the product will result in all warrantees being voided.Subject to change in the interest of technical progress.North America44 Apple StreetTinton Falls, NJ 07724Toll Free: 800 656-3344 (North America only)Tel: +1 732 212-4700Europe/Africa/Middle EastAuf der Heide 253947 Nettersheim, Germany Tel: +49 2486 809-0 Friedensstraße 4168804 Altlußheim, Germany Tel: +49 6205 2094-0An den Nahewiesen 2455450 Langenlonsheim, Germany Tel: +49 6704 204-0 ChinaNo. 3, Lane 280,Linhong RoadChangning District, 200335Shanghai, P.R. ChinaTel: +86 21 5200-0099Singapore100G Pasir Panjang Road #07-08Singapore 118523Tel: +65 6825-1668BrazilRua Clark, 2061 - Macuco13279-400 - Valinhos, BrazilTel: +55 11 3616-8400For more information, pleaseemail us at ********************or visit /filtration© 2018 Eaton. All rights reserved. All trademarks andregistered trademarks are the property of their respectiveowners. All information and recommendations appearing inthis brochure concerning the use of products describedherein are based on tests believed to be reliable. However,it is the user’s responsibility to determine the suitability forhis own use of such products. Since the actual use byothers is beyond our control, no guarantee, expressed orimplied, is made by Eaton as to the effects of such use orthe results to be obtained. Eaton assumes no liabilityarising out of the use by others of such products. Nor is theinformation herein to be construed as absolutely complete,since additional information may be necessary or desirablewhen particular or exceptional conditions or circumstancesexist or because of applicable laws or governmentregulations.EN1 A 2.8.210-2018。
安装与维护手册 VK300 和 VK3000 三口和五口直接操作喷气阀说明书
Installation and Maintenance ManualSeries VK300 and VK3000 3 Port and 5 Port Direct Operating Solenoid ValvesThis Manual should be read in conjunction with the current product CatalogueFor future reference,please keep this manual in a safe placeThese safety instructions are intended to prevent a hazardous situation and/or equipment damage.These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard by label of “Caution”,“Warning”or “Danger”.To ensure safety,be sure to observe ISO4414 (Note1),JIS B 8370 (Note2)and other safety practices.Note 1:ISO 4414:Pneumatic fluid power – Recommendations for the application of equipment to transmission and control systems.Note 2:JIS B 8370:Pneumatic system axiom.CAUTION :Operator error could result in injury orequipment damage.WARNING:Operator error could result in serious injury or loss of life.DANGER :In extreme conditions, there is apossible result of serious injury or loss of life.1.The compatibility of pneumatic equipment is theresponsibility of the person who designs the pneumatic system or decides its specifications.Since the products specified here are used in various operatingconditions,their compatibility for the specific pneumatic system must be based on specifications or after analysis and/or tests tomeet your specific requirements.2.Only trained personnel should operate pneumaticallyoperated machinery and equipment.Compressed air can be dangerous if an operator is unfamiliar with it.Assembly,handling or repair of pneumatic systems should be performed by trained and experienced operators.3.Do not service machinery/equipment or attempt toremove component until safety is confirmed.1) Inspection and maintenance of machinery/equipment shouldonly be performed after confirmation of safe locked-out control positions.2) When equipment is to be removed,confirm the safety processas mentioned above.Switch off air and electrical supplies and exhaust all residual compressed air in the system.3)Before machinery/equipment is re-started,ensure all safetymeasures to prevent sudden movement of cylinders etc.(Bleed air into the system gradually to create back-pressure,i.e.incorporate a soft-start valve).4.Contact SMC if the product is to be used in any of thefollowing conditions:1)Conditions and environments beyond the givenspecifications,or if product is used outdoors.2)Installations in conjunction with atomic energy,railway,airnavigation,vehicles,medical equipment,food and beverage,recreation equipment,emergency stop circuits,press applications,or safety equipment.3)An application which has the possibility of having negativeeffects on people,property,or animals,requiring special safety analysis.Ensure that the air supply system is filtered to 5 micron.ENSURE THAT THE EXHAUST PORTS ARE LEFT OPEN WHEN CONVERTING A VALVE TO 3 PORT CONFIGURATION.VK300-TFM71Specifications Type of operation Direct operated 2-position single solenoid Operating fluid AirStandard Operating pressure rangeVacuum Ambient temperature and operating fluid temperature MAX.50 ºC Standard * Response timeLow wattManual Operation Non-lock push type LubricationUnnecessary Mounting positionAny position ** Impact,vibration resistance 300m/s 2,50m/s ProtectionIP65*In accordance with the dynamic performance test of JIS B 8374-1981 (at the rated voltage,**Impact resistance:No malfunction from test using drop impact tester to axis and right angle direction of main valve and armature,one time when energised and de-energised.Vivration resistance:No malfunction from test with from 8.3 to 2000Hz 1 sweep to axis and right angle direction of main valve andarmature each time when energised and de-energised (Value in the initial stage).Solenoid Specifications Electrical entry DIN type terminal (D)AC Rated voltage DC Allowable voltage ±10%Inrush Apparent power Holding Standard Power consumptionLow watt AC Surge voltage protection circuit Fig 1PlugPlug231425134242513513M3X26Screw W/Spring washer Manifold gasketDXT199-23-4M3X8Screw W/Spring washer Blanking plate VK300-33-3VK3000-7-1Manifold gasket for blanking plateVK3000-6-3M3X26Screw W/Spring washer DXT199-23-4VK3120-OG-01VK3140-OGVK3000-6-1Manifold gasket VK3000-6-2Applicable base Model VV5k3-20Model VV5k3-21Manifold base}Applicable base VK3000-9-1Model VV5k3-40Model VV5k3-(S)41Model VV5k3-(S)42Manifold baseSubplate }(3) Blanking plate Ass’y Parts No.:VK3000-7-1AApplicable base:common for all VV5k3 modelsFig 2(1) Model VK332(2) Model VK334M3X26Screw W/Spring washerManifold gasket DXT199-23-4M3X26Screw W/Spring washer DXT199-23-4VK332-OG-01VK334-OGVK300-41-1VK300-33-3Manifold gasketVK300-41-2Applicable base Model VV3k3-20Model VV3k3-21Model VV5k3-20Model VV5k3-21Manifold baseManifold baseSubplate }Applicable baseVK300-45-1Model VV3k3-40Model VV3k3-(S)42Model VV5k3-40Model VV5k3-(S)41Model VV5k3-(S)42(3) Blanking plate Ass’y Parts No.:VK300-42-1A M3X8Screw W/Spring washer VK300-42-1Blanking plate VK300-41-3Manifold gasket for blanking plateApplicable base:common for all VV3k3 models}Mixed Mounting of VK300 Series and VK3000 Series (Fig 4)It is possible to mount the VK300 onto the Manifold base of the VK3000 Series.When specifying VV5K3-20 or VV5K3-40,ensure that theappropriate Exhaust Port on the Manifold base is PLUGGED using a rubber plug part No.VK3000-8-1,as this Exhaust port becomes redundant when mounting 3 port Valves.The 3 port Valve can also be mounted on additional Manifolds i.e.VV5K3-21,VV5K3-(S)41 and VV5K3-(S) 42 without additional modifications.CAUTION•When converting a 5 port Valve,from 3 ports back to 5 ports ensure that the exhaust plug is removed.•When a 3 port Valve (VK300) is Mounted onto the Manifold base of the VK3000 Series,the Valve function will be NORMALLY CLOSED.If a NORMALL Y OPEN function is required plug port No.of a 5 port Valve.•When piping from the Manifold base,the port No.Valve becomes the port No.4 of the 5 port Valve.possibility of incorrect piping to the port No.port No.2 is plugged.Model VV5K3-20VK332-OG-01VK3120-OG-01Plug VK3000-8-1Plug VK3000-8-1Notch mark (Recession)Notch mark (Recession)VK334-OGModel VV5K3-40VK3140-OGConnection Method for Lamp/Surge Voltage Protection Circuit (Fig 7)When using a DIN connector with DC voltage connect the positive side (-) to the symbol 2 of the terminal block.Part No.of the connector without lamp:VK300-82-1Part No.of the connector with lamp:Refer to the following table Rated voltage *Marking Parts No.AC100V 100V VK300-82-2-01AC110V 110V VK300-82-2-03AC200V 200V VK300-82-2-02AC220V 220V VK300-82-2-04AC240V 240V VK300-82-2-07DC6V 6V VK300-82-4-51DC12V 12V VK300-82-4-06DC24V 24VD VK300-82-3-05DC48V48VDVK300-82-3-53*Indicated on the terminal block.Changing the Direction of the Connector (Cable)After separating the Terminal block from the housing,the cable direction can be changed 4 ways at 90º intervals.WARNINGIf the connector is fitted with a lamp,ensure that the lamp is not damaged by the lead wire of the cable.Applicable Cable.( 2 conductors or 3* conductors)Outside diameter of the cable should be ø3.5 ~ ø7mm.Note 3 Conductor cables are used when connecting to Ground.CAUTIONEnsure that the connector is straight during insertion or removal.Piping tightening torque Connecting screwAppropriate tightening torqueN•m {kgf•cm}M5 1.5~2{15~20}Rc (PT) 1/87~9 {70~90}LubricationThe valve has been lubricated for life on assembly and requires no additional lubrication.element.Keep the residual leakage voltage to 20% or less of the rated voltage for AC coils and 2% or less of the rated voltage for DC coils.MaintenanceWARNINGWhen changing the rated voltage the valve MUST be replaced,as it is NOT possible to change the coil.It is NOT possible to dismantle the valve due to its design.Application of undue force to the valve may damage the valve section.Neon glow lamp with DC,connect the positive side to the Red lead wire and the Negative side to the Black the Blue lead wire is for 100VAC,and the Red Fig 7Varistor Varistor LED LED V a r i s t o rNo.1No.2No.2No.1(+)No.2(-)DiodeNo.1(+)2D i o d eRed (+)Black (-)Surge voltage protection circuitFig 9When you enquire about the product,please contact the following SMC Corporation :ENGLAND Phone 01908-563888TURKEY Phone 212-2211512ITALY Phone 02-92711GERMANY Phone 6103-402-0HOLLAND Phone 020-*******FRANCE Phone 01-64-76-10-00SWITZERLAND Phone 052-396 31 31SWEDEN Phone 08-603 07 00SPAIN Phone 945-184100AUSTRIA Phone 02262-62-280Phone 902-255255IRELAND Phone 01-4501822GREECE Phone 01-3426076DENMARK Phone 70 25 29 00FINLAND Phone 09-68 10 21NORWAY Phone 67-12 90 20BELGIUM Phone 03-3551464POLAND Phone 48-22-6131847PORTUGAL Phone 02-610 8922*Marking*MarkingFor AC and DC 12V or less For DC 24V or moreLight (built in connector)Surge voltage protection circuit (built into the terminal block)AC circuit drawingNL:Neon lamp R:ResistorDC circuit drawing 12V or lessLED:Light emitting diode R:ResistorDC circuit drawing 24V or moreD:Protective diodeLED:Light emitting diode R:Resistor*C o n t a c t p o i n tC -R e l e m e n tCurrent leakageVoltage leakageValvePower sourceC o i lC o i lCoilCoil CoilCoil No.1No.2No.1No.2No.1Neon glow lamp DiodeD i o d eNo.2No.12No.1V a r i s t o rFig 6Fixing screwHousing(Code)Refer to table below Terminal screw (3 places)Slotted area(Light installation position)Terminal block Grommet (Rubber)WasherGland nut。
202D963-100 180-0 热枫包裹引线引导，直型，铸造部分形状代码202，带边，100，1
202D963-100/180-0Heat Shrink Boots, Straight, Molded Part Shape Code 202, Lipped, 100, 100,Adhesive Pre-Coat, Operating Temperature Range -30 – 105 °C [-22 – 221 °F]Harnessing>Heat Shrink Components>Heat Shrink BootsMaterial Systems Code:100Material Code:100Lipped:YesMolded Part Shape Code:202Molded Part Shape:StraightFeaturesProduct Type FeaturesMolded Part Shape StraightConfiguration FeaturesLipped YesBody FeaturesMaterial Code100Material Systems Code100Adhesive Pre-Coat YesMaterial Low Fire Hazard MaterialDimensionsWire/Cable Outside Diameter.157 in, .177 in, .18 in, .2 in, .236 in, 4 mm, 5mm, 6 mmCable Diameter Range 3.6 – 7.8 mm[3.6 – 7.9 in]Usage ConditionsOperating Temperature Range-30 – 105 °C[-22 – 221 °F]Flammability Low Fire HazardOperation/ApplicationPower Cable Accessory NoIndustry Standards202D963-100/180-0 ACTIVERaychemTE Internal #:980867-000Heat Shrink Boots, Straight, Molded Part Shape Code 202, Lipped,100, 100, Adhesive Pre-Coat, Operating Temperature Range -30 –105 °C [-22 – 221 °F]View on >Approved Standards BR1326 listed Class G, BS-G-198-5-DF, DEFStd 59-97 Issue 3 Type DF, IEC 62329-3-101 Government Qualified NoOtherMolded Part Shape Code202Fluid/Chemical Resistance Long-Term Exposure at High TemperatureProduct ComplianceFor compliance documentation, visit the product page on >EU RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU CompliantEU ELV Directive 2000/53/EC CompliantChina RoHS 2 Directive MIIT Order No 32, 2016No Restricted Materials Above ThresholdEU REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006Current ECHA Candidate List: JUN 2020(209)Candidate List Declared Against: JAN 2020(205)Does not contain REACH SVHCHalogen Content Low Halogen - Br, Cl, F, I < 900 ppm perhomogenous material. Also BFR/CFR/PVCFreeSolder Process Capability Not applicable for solder process capabilityProduct Compliance DisclaimerThis information is provided based on reasonable inquiry of our suppliers and represents our current actual knowledgebased on the information they provided. This information is subject to change. The part numbers that TE has identified asEU RoHS compliant have a maximum concentration of 0.1% by weight in homogenous materials for lead, hexavalentchromium, mercury, PBB, PBDE, DBP, BBP, DEHP, DIBP, and 0.01% for cadmium, or qualify for an exemption to theselimits as defined in the Annexes of Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS2). Finished electrical and electronic equipment productswill be CE marked as required by Directive 2011/65/EU. Components may not be CE marked. Additionally, the partnumbers that TE has identified as EU ELV compliant have a maximum concentration of 0.1% by weight in homogenousmaterials for lead, hexavalent chromium, and mercury, and 0.01% for cadmium, or qualify for an exemption to these limitsas defined in the Annexes of Directive 2000/53/EC (ELV). Regarding the REACH Regulation, the information TE provideson SVHC in articles for this part number is based on the latest European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) ‘Guidance onrequirements for substances in articles’ posted at this URL: https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-reachCompatible PartsTE Model / Part #394627300199M0111-14-2LTE Model / Part #754379300199M0111-18-9TE Model / Part #1-1478162-0BNC Str Plg MC 75Ohm Silver Pltd URM70TE Model / Part #2820350-2C/A, INTERNAL HD MINI SAS, 100 OHM, STRTE Model / Part #1879665-5H8 13K7 0.1% 15PPMTE Model / Part #756165-000202D921-100/180-0TE Model / Part #967059-000202D211-100/180-0TE Model / Part #2-2205131-2CA MINI IO MINI IO TYPE ITE Model / Part #CJ2087-000HL2010E-KIT-120VCustomers Also BoughtDocumentsProduct Drawings202D963-100/180-0EnglishDatasheets & Catalog Pages1654025_Sec4_-100EnglishRaychem Molded Parts Visual GuideEnglishProduct SpecificationsProduct SpecificationEnglishProduct Environmental ComplianceSafety Datasheet Safety DatasheetGermanGerman Safety Datasheet German Safety Datasheet EnglishSafety Datasheet EnglishSafety Datasheet EnglishSafety Datasheet EnglishSafety Datasheet EnglishSafety Datasheet Safety Datasheet Safety Datasheet FrenchSafety Datasheet FrenchSafety Datasheet Safety Datasheet Safety Datasheet Safety Datasheet Safety Datasheet Safety Datasheet Safety Datasheet。
描写小动物的英语作文(外貌,生活习性)
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：描写小动物的英语作文(外貌,生活习性)全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Delightful Squirrel: A Captivating Companion in NatureAs a nature lover and avid observer of the world around me, I have found immense delight in studying the fascinating creatures that inhabit our parks and forests. Among theseremarkable beings, one particular species has captured my heart and ignited a deep sense of wonder – the squirrel. These agile and endearing rodents have become my constant companions during my outdoor adventures, providing me with endless entertainment and a profound appreciation for the marvels of the natural world.Physical Appearance: A Captivating Blend of Grace and CharmSquirrels are undoubtedly one of the most adorable and visually appealing creatures in the animal kingdom. Their compact bodies, adorned with a soft, fluffy coat, exude an aura of warmth and coziness. The vibrant hues of their fur, ranging from rich reds and grays to striking blacks and whites, create a mesmerizing display of nature's artistry.One of the most striking features of these delightful creatures is their bushy tails. These appendages, often as long as their bodies, serve not only as a counterbalance during their acrobatic leaps but also as a cozy blanket on chilly days. Watching a squirrel meticulously groom its tail, fluffing it up to achieve the perfect level of fluffiness, is a sight that never fails to bring a smile to my face.Their small, nimble paws and sharp claws are perfectly adapted for climbing trees and navigating the intricate branches with remarkable dexterity. It is truly awe-inspiring to witness these little athletes scampering up towering trunks, defying gravity with each effortless bound.Yet, perhaps the most captivating feature of squirrels is their expressive faces. Their large, inquisitive eyes seem to sparkle with intelligence and curiosity, inviting onlookers to engage with them on a deeper level. The twitching of their delicate whiskers and the occasional flick of their perky ears only add to their endearing charm.Life in the Trees: An Acrobatic ExistenceSquirrels are true masters of the arboreal realm, navigating the intricate network of branches with unparalleled agility and grace. Their daily routines are a mesmerizing display of athleticism and determination, as they leap from limb to limb, seemingly defying the laws of gravity.One of the most fascinating aspects of their lives is their ability to construct intricate nests, known as dreys, within the safety of the tree canopy. These meticulously woven abodes, crafted from twigs, leaves, and other natural materials, provide shelter and warmth for their families. Watching a squirreldiligently gather and weave these materials is a testament to their ingenuity and resourcefulness.Foraging is another integral part of a squirrel's life, and their remarkable ability to locate and store food is truly impressive. Whether burying nuts and seeds for later consumption or raiding bird feeders with lightning-fast precision, these clever creatures are masters of securing sustenance for themselves and their kin.Survival Strategies: Thriving in a Challenging WorldDespite their diminutive stature, squirrels possess an array of remarkable survival strategies that enable them to thrive in the face of adversity. Their lightning-fast reflexes and keen senses allow them to evade predators with remarkable agility, often performing death-defying leaps and daring maneuvers to escape danger.One of their most impressive tactics is their ability to communicate through a variety of vocalizations and tail movements. From their high-pitched chirps and chatters to their tail-flicking signals, squirrels have developed a sophisticated language that helps them warn their kin of potential threats and coordinate their activities.Squirrels also exhibit remarkable adaptability, seamlessly adjusting their behavior and habitats to suit the ever-changing environments they encounter. Whether navigating urban landscapes or thriving in dense forests, these resilient creatures have mastered the art of coexistence, finding ways to cohabit with humans while maintaining their wild and free spirits.A Lasting Impression: Lessons from our Furry FriendsObserving and studying squirrels has not only provided me with countless moments of joy and wonder but has also imparted valuable life lessons that I will carry with me forever. Their unwavering determination, resilience, and adaptability serve as inspiring reminders of the qualities needed to overcome life's challenges.Moreover, witnessing their playful antics and carefree spirits has taught me the importance of embracing joy and cherishing the simple pleasures that nature has to offer. In a world often consumed by the hustle and bustle of modern life, squirrels remind us to slow down, appreciate the beauty around us, and revel in the present moment.As I continue my journey of exploration and discovery, I know that squirrels will forever hold a special place in my heart. Their endearing presence and captivating ways have enrichedmy understanding of the natural world and instilled in me a deep respect for the intricate tapestry of life that surrounds us.To all those who have yet to fully appreciate the wonders of these delightful creatures, I implore you to take a moment and truly observe them. Allow their boundless energy, their unwavering determination, and their sheer joy for life to inspire you. For in the realm of nature's marvels, the humble squirrel reigns supreme as a true embodiment of resilience, adaptability, and unbridled delight.篇2The Delightful Dwarf Hamster: A Tiny Bundle of JoyAs a student with a passion for animals, I've had the pleasure of keeping many different pets over the years. However, there's one particular furry friend that has truly captured my heart – the dwarf hamster. These tiny creatures are an absolute delight, and I can't help but marvel at their unique charm and captivating personalities.Physical AppearanceDwarf hamsters are among the smallest members of the hamster family, typically measuring only 2 to 4 inches in length. Despite their diminutive size, they are packed with an abundanceof cuteness that is simply irresistible. Their plump, round bodies are covered in soft, velvety fur that comes in a variety of colors, from golden brown to shades of white, gray, and even black.One of the most striking features of these little critters is their large, protruding eyes. These big, black orbs seem to sparkle with curiosity and intelligence, giving them an almost comical appearance. Their tiny, triangular ears are always alert, twitching at the slightest sound, while their diminutive noses constantly twitch, taking in the world around them.Perhaps the most endearing aspect of the dwarf hamster's appearance is their adorably small size. When they curl up into a tiny ball, they fit perfectly into the palm of your hand, making you feel like a gentle giant cradling a precious treasure.Habitat and BehaviorIn the wild, dwarf hamsters are found in the deserts and grasslands of Russia, Kazakhstan, and northern China. They are remarkably well-adapted to these harsh environments, with the ability to store food in their expandable cheek pouches and enter periods of torpor (a state of reduced metabolism) to conserve energy during extreme conditions.Despite their wild origins, these little creatures make wonderful pets and thrive in a well-maintained habitat. A spacious cage with plenty of bedding material, a secure hideaway, and an exercise wheel are essential for theirwell-being. Dwarf hamsters are incredibly active and love to burrow, climb, and explore every nook and cranny of their enclosure.One of the most fascinating aspects of owning a dwarf hamster is observing their unique behaviors. They are primarily nocturnal, meaning they are most active during the night. It's not uncommon to hear the sound of their tiny feet scampering across the cage or the squeaking of their exercise wheel as they diligently run for miles on end.Dwarf hamsters are also known for their impressive hoarding tendencies. They will meticulously gather and store food in their cheek pouches, creating a cozy stash for themselves. It's always entertaining to watch them stuff their faces to the point of looking like they've swallowed a golf ball, only to carefully transport their treasures back to their nest.Caring for a Dwarf HamsterOwning a dwarf hamster is a rewarding experience, but it also comes with responsibilities. These little beings require aspecific diet consisting of high-quality hamster food supplemented with fresh fruits and vegetables. They also need access to plenty of clean, fresh water at all times.Regular cage cleaning is essential to maintain a healthy environment for your furry friend. Dwarf hamsters are generally clean animals, but their enclosures can quickly become soiled with their droppings and leftover food. Proper hygiene is crucial to prevent the buildup of ammonia, which can be harmful to their delicate respiratory systems.While dwarf hamsters are generally solitary animals, they do enjoy human interaction and can form strong bonds with their owners. However, it's important to handle them gently and with care, as their small size makes them fragile. With patience and gentle handling, they can become remarkably tame and even enjoy being held and petted.ConclusionOwning a dwarf hamster has been one of the most rewarding and delightful experiences of my life as a student and animal lover. These tiny creatures are a constant source of joy, fascination, and amusement. From their adorable appearance to their quirky behaviors and unique personalities, they never fail to bring a smile to my face.If you're considering adding a furry companion to your life, I wholeheartedly recommend the dwarf hamster. These little bundles of energy and curiosity will undoubtedly steal your heart and provide you with countless moments of pure happiness and wonder. Just be prepared to fall head over heels for their tiny charms and become utterly smitten with their delightful ways.篇3Encounters with Small Wonders: Observing Nature's Tiny MarvelsAs a student fascinated by the natural world, I have always found immense joy in observing the behaviors and characteristics of Earth's countless creatures, both great and small. However, it is the diminutive beings that have truly captured my heart – those unassuming yet remarkably resilient animals that often go unnoticed by the casual observer. Through patient observation and a keen eye for detail, I have been privileged to glimpse the extraordinary lives of these tiny marvels.One such marvel is the humble honey bee, a creature whose importance to our ecosystem cannot be overstated. These industrious insects are true artists, meticulously crafting intricatehoneycomb structures with an architectural precision that would put human engineers to shame. Their fuzzy, striped bodies buzz with tireless energy as they flit from flower to flower, collecting the precious nectar that sustains their colony.But the honey bee is more than just a pollinator; it is a highly social creature, living in a complex matriarchal society governed by a single queen. Within the confines of their hive, a strict hierarchy exists, with worker bees tending to the brood, foraging for food, and defending the colony from intruders, while the drones' sole purpose is to mate with the queen and ensure the perpetuation of their species.Another captivating creature that has stolen my heart is the delicate ladybug, or ladybird beetle. With their vibrant red shells adorned with distinctive black spots, these diminutive insects are not only visually striking but also incredibly beneficial to gardeners and farmers alike. Voracious predators of aphids and other plant-damaging pests, ladybugs play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of our agricultural ecosystems.Beyond their practical value, however, ladybugs possess an enchanting quality that has endeared them to people of all ages. Their endearing appearance and gentle nature have made them beloved symbols of luck and prosperity in many cultures aroundthe world. To witness a ladybug unfurling its intricate wings and taking flight is to experience a fleeting moment of pure wonder.In stark contrast to the ladybug's gentle demeanor, the praying mantis is a formidable predator that commands respect and awe. With its elongated body, triangular head, and spiked forelegs folded in a posture reminiscent of prayer, this insect is both fascinating and terrifying. Its ability to strike with lightning speed and precision, coupled with its camouflage abilities, make it a formidable hunter, lying in wait for unsuspecting prey.Yet, despite its fearsome reputation, the praying mantis possesses an undeniable grace and elegance. Its movements are deliberate and hypnotic, and its ability to swivel its head almost 180 degrees adds to its otherworldly allure. Perhaps most remarkable is the female mantis's unique reproductive strategy, which involves devouring her mate after mating – a brutal yet pragmatic approach to ensuring the survival of her offspring.In the realm of the truly microscopic, I have been enthralled by the world of tardigrades, also known as water bears or moss piglets. These microscopic creatures, measuring a mere 0.5 millimeters in length, are among the most resilient lifeforms on Earth. Capable of surviving extreme temperatures, pressures, andeven the vacuum of space, tardigrades are a testament to the incredible adaptability of life itself.When observed under a microscope, these tiny beings resemble miniature bears or plump caterpillars, with their plump bodies and eight stubby legs protruding outwards. Their ability to enter a state of suspended animation, known as cryptobiosis, allows them to withstand desiccation and harsh environmental conditions that would prove fatal to most other organisms.Despite their microscopic size, tardigrades play a vital role in the intricate web of life, contributing to the decomposition of organic matter and serving as a food source for larger creatures. Their resilience and ability to thrive in the harshest of environments serve as a reminder of the remarkable diversity and adaptability of life on our planet.As I continue my journey of exploration and discovery, I am constantly in awe of the incredible diversity and complexity of the natural world, even at its smallest scales. Each encounter with these tiny marvels fills me with a profound sense of wonder and appreciation for the intricate tapestry of life that surrounds us.Whether it is the industrious honey bee, the delicate ladybug, the fierce praying mantis, or the resilient tardigrade, these small wonders remind us that greatness often comes in the mostunassuming packages. By taking the time to observe and appreciate the intricate lives of these diminutive beings, we not only gain a deeper understanding of the natural world but also cultivate a sense of humility and respect for the incredible diversity of life that graces our planet.。
河北省2024-2025学年高三上学期开学考试英语试题(无答案)
高三英语考生注意：1. 本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分。
满分150分，考试时间120分钟。
2. 答题前，考生务必用直径0. 5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将密封线内项目填写清楚。
3. 考生作答时，请将答案答在答题卡上。
选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；非选择题请用直径0. 5毫米黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上各题的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效，在试题卷、草稿纸上作答无效。
4. 本卷命题范围：高考范围。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1. 5分，满分7. 5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. £19. 15.B. £9. 18.C. £9. 15.答案是C。
1. What will the girl do next?A. Play a game.B. Do her homework.C. Read a book.2. Which train was late?A. The first train.B. The last train.C. The connecting train.3. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. The weather.B. Weekend plans.C. Their feelings.4. Why did Brian go to the head office?A. For the sales report.B. For the annual bonus.C. For the year-end party.5. Where are the speakers?A. In a coffee shop.B. Near a shopping center.C. Next to a post office.第二节（共15小题；每小题1. 5分，满分22. 5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
today,you can buy a pair of sneakers 阅读理解
阅读理解：Today,you can buy a pair ofsneakers【题目】阅读理解。
Today, you can buy a pair of sneakers (运动鞋) partially made from carbon dioxide pulled out of the atmosphere. But measuring the carbon-reduction benefits of making that pair of sneakers with carbon dioxide is complex. There’s the carbon dioxide that stayed in the ground, a definite carbon reduction. But what about the energy cost of cooling the carbon dioxide into liquid form and transporting it to a production facility? And what about when your kid outgrows the shoes in six months and they can’t be recycled into a new product because those systems aren’t in place yet?Researchers are trying to help companies figure out how to account for each step in a product’s life.As companies try to reduce their carbon footprint, many are doing life cycle assessments to measure the full carbon cost of products, from the obtaining of materials to energy use in manufacturing, from product transport to users’ behavior and end-of-life disposal (处理). It’s an impressively complex measurement, but such bean-counting is needed to hold theplanet to a livable temperature, says low-carbon systems expert Andrea Ramirez Ramirez of the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.Carbon use can be reduced at many points along the production chain—by using renewable energy in the manufacturing process, for instance, or by adding atmospheric carbon dioxide to the product. But if other points along the chain like transporting consume more energy or give off more carbon dioxide, Andrea notes, the final record may show a decrease rather than a reduction. A product is carbon-reduction only when its production actually removes carbon from the environment, temporarily or permanently.In the rush to create products that can fight climate change, however, some companies have been charged with “greenwashing”—making products appear more environmentally friendly than they really are. Examples include labeling (用标签表明) plastic garbage bags as recyclable when their whole purpose is to be thrown away; using labels such as “eco-friendly” or “100% Natural” without official certification; and claiming a better carbon footprint without acknowledging the existence of even better choices.1. How does the author lead in the topic of the text?A．By listing specific figures.B．By putting up questions.C．By referring to documents.D．By offering some solutions.2. What does Andrea think of measuring the carbon cost of products?A．Difficult but meaningful.B．Expensive but promising.C．Energy-saving and affordable.D．Time-consuming and valueless.3. What can be defined as reducing carbon use in the production chain?A．Using renewable energy in production.B．Changing carbon dioxide into material.C．Reducing carbon footprint in products’ life.D．Cutting down carbon dioxide in transporting.4. What can we know from the last paragraph?A．Companies are sparing no efforts to reduce carbon use.B．Plastic garbage bags must be labeled as “eco-friendly”.C．Most products are less environmentally friendly than before.D．There is a long way to cut somecompanies’ ”greenwashing“.【答案】1、B2、A3、C4、D【解析】1、推理判断题，根据第一段的两个问题“But what about the energy cost ofcooling the carbon dioxide into liquid form andtransporting it to a production facility? And what about when your kid outgrows the shoes in six months and they can't be recycled into anew productbecause those systems aren't in place yet?(但是，将二氧化碳冷却成液态并将其运送到生产设施的能源成本如何呢?如果你的孩子在6个月后就穿不下了，而这些鞋子又不能被回收制成新产品，因为这些系统还没有到位，那该怎么办?)”可知，作者是通过提问题来引入话题的。
英语介绍阔耳狐
英语介绍阔耳狐Fennec Fox Introduction:The Fennec Fox is a unique and fascinating creature known for its distinctive appearance and interesting characteristics. It is the smallest species of fox, native to the desert regions of North Africa and the Sahara Desert specifically. Here are some key points about the Fennec Fox:1. Size: Fennec Foxes are small in size, measuring around 9-16 inches in length, with a tail length of about 7-12 inches. They weigh around 2-3 pounds, making them the smallest species of fox.2. Appearance: One of the most distinct features of the Fennec Fox is its large, bat-like ears, which can reach up to 6 inches in length. These ears help the foxes to dissipate heat and enhance their hearing ability, crucial for locating prey in the arid desert environment. They also have thick fur, mainly beige or light cream in color, which aids in camouflage.3. Adaptations: The Fennec Fox has numerous physical adaptations to survive the harsh desert conditions. Their large ears help to regulate their body temperatures by dissipating excess heat. They also have fur on the soles of their feet, which protects them from the hot sand. Additionally,they can go without water for long periods, getting sufficient moisture from their food.4. Behavior: Fennec Foxes are nocturnal animals, primarily active during the night, which helps them avoid the extreme daytime temperatures in their habitat. They are social animals and usually live in small family groups. Their diet consists of insects, small rodents, reptiles, and occasionally fruits and vegetation.5. Conservation Status: The Fennec Fox is currently listed as a species of "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, they face some threats, including habitat loss due to human activities and illegal pet trade.In conclusion, the Fennec Fox, with its adorable appearance and unique adaptations, is a fascinating creature. Though small in size, it has managed to thrive in the harsh desert environment through various adaptations. Protecting their habitat and ensuring their conservation is crucial to maintaining the ecological balance in the desert regions where they reside.。
兔子的外形特点英语作文
兔子的外形特点英语作文Rabbit, a small mammal belonging to the family Leporidae, possesses several distinct physical featuresthat distinguish it from other animals. Here, I will elaborate on the external characteristics of rabbits in detail.Firstly, rabbits are renowned for their long ears, which serve multiple purposes. These ears, typically measuring several inches in length, are not merely aesthetic but also highly functional. They play a crucial role in the rabbit's survival by enabling exceptional hearing abilities. The large surface area of the ears helps in capturing sound waves effectively, allowing rabbits to detect potential threats or predators even from a considerable distance.Secondly, rabbits exhibit a soft and dense fur coat covering their entire body. This fur, varying in color depending on the rabbit's breed, environment, and geneticfactors, serves as insulation against harsh weather conditions. The fur traps air close to the rabbit's skin, providing warmth during colder temperatures and aiding in regulating body temperature in warmer climates. Additionally, the fur of rabbits is often prized for its softness and is utilized in various industries, such as the production of textiles and clothing.Another prominent feature of rabbits is theirdistinctive teeth structure, characterized by long incisors that continuously grow throughout their lives. Rabbits are herbivores with a diet primarily consisting of fibrous vegetation, such as grasses and leafy greens. The constant growth of their teeth is necessary to compensate for the wear and tear incurred from chewing on tough plant material. Additionally, the sharpness of their incisors enablesrabbits to efficiently graze and process food, facilitating digestion.Furthermore, rabbits possess large, expressive eyes situated on either side of their head, providing them witha wide field of vision. These eyes are adapted fordetecting movement and potential threats in their surroundings, aiding in their survival instinct against predators. The placement of their eyes allows rabbits to have nearly 360-degree vision, minimizing blind spots and enhancing their awareness of their environment.Additionally, rabbits have powerful hind limbs, which are significantly longer and stronger than their forelimbs. These hind limbs enable rabbits to achieve remarkableagility and speed, essential for evading predators and navigating their habitat. The musculature of their hind legs, coupled with their unique skeletal structure, allows rabbits to execute swift hops and leaps with precision and efficiency.In conclusion, rabbits possess a distinctive set of external characteristics that contribute to their survival and adaptability in various environments. From their long ears and dense fur coat to their specialized teethstructure and agile hind limbs, each feature serves a specific function in the rabbit's physiology and behavior. Understanding these physical attributes provides insightinto the evolutionary adaptations that have shaped rabbits into the fascinating creatures they are today.。
安东尼·波尔碳类分布仪产品介绍说明书
Carbon Type Distribution of Petroleum Oils with SVM™ 4001and AbbematRelevant for: Petroleum Industry - Research, production and incoming quality control of base oils, lube oilsand process oils.Measure the required parameters and calculate carbon distribution and ring content of oilsaccording to ASTM D3238 in one go within minutes.1 Why determine carbon type distribution? The carbon type distribution serves to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum into paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic components. It is one of the most important parameters for the qualification of base oils, lube oils, process oils, or plasticizer because it directly correlates to critical product performance properties. According to the standard ASTM D3238, the carbon distribution and ring content of olefin-free petroleum oils is calculated from measurements of refractive index, density and molecular weight (n-d-M method). The mean molecular weight can be calculated following ASTM D2502 from viscosity measurements at 37.78 °C and 98.89 °C (100 °F and 210 °F).So the following basic parameters are required: •kinematic viscosity at 37.78 °C and 98.89 °C (obtained from SVM™ 4001)•refractive index at 20 °C (obtained from the refractometer)•density at 20 °C (calculated from the measured density values by the SVM™ software)Further, the mean molecular weight is required. It is calculated from kinematic viscosity at 37.78 °C (100 °F) and 98.89 °C (210 °F) according toASTM D2502.From all these parameters, the carbon distribution (C A, C N, C P) and ring content (R T, R A, R N) are deter-mined according to the formulas in ASTM D3238. This report describes specifically how to test petroleum oils with the SVM™ 4001 (according to ASTM D7042, D4052 and D2502) in combination with an Abbemat refractometer to get the carbon type distribution according to ASTM D3238.2 Which instruments are used?For the viscosity and density measurement, theSVM™ 4001 Stabinger Viscometer™ with two measuring cells for simultaneous viscosity measurement at two temperatures is used.For the RI measurement, the Abbemat 550 is used. Connected via CAN interface, it is a module controlled by the SVM™ 4001 as master instrument.Tip: Any other Anton Paar refractometer from the Performance/ Performance Plus Line (300/350 or 500) or from the Heavy Duty line (450/650) can be used.3 Which samples are tested?Five oil samples as listed below were tested:SampleNytro 4000X Severely hydrotreated insulating oilT110 Severely hydrotreated base oil Nyflex 3150 Severely hydrotreated process oil Nypar 315 Severely hydrotreated process oil Samples were kindly provided by Nynas AB, Sweden.4 Sample measurement4.1 Instrument setupMethod: "SVM 4001 VI + Abbemat"SVM™ 4001:According to ASTM D7042, the following settings are predefined by default:•Measuring temperatures:Cell 1: 37.78 °C, Cell 2: 98.89 °C•Precision class "Precise"•RDV limit 0.10 %•RDD limit 0.0002 g/cm³• 5 determinations•Automatic prewetting: yes•Sulfur correction: activated (enter the value if the sulfur content is 0.8 % or higher to improve theaccuracy of the CTC calculation)•Drying time: 150 s (built-in air pump)when using compressed air at 2 bar: 60 s Abbemat refractometer:The method SVM + Abbemat includes the following settings for the refractometer:•Temperature: 20 °C•Measurement accuracy "Most Precise"•Hold time: 1 s•Timeout: 200 s•Wavelength: 589.3 nm (fixed parameter)4.2 CalibrationUse only a calibrated instrument. The calibration shall be performed periodically using certified reference standards. According to ASTM D7042, the reference standards shall be certified by a laboratory, which meets the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 or a corresponding national standard. Viscosity standards should be traceable to master viscometer procedures. The uncertainty for density standards must not exceed 0.0001 g/cm³. For each certified value the uncertainty should be stated (k = 2; 95 % confidence level). Use one or more standard(s) in the viscosity range of your oil sample(s). If required, apply a calibration correction to improve the reproducibility. To perform calibration (correction), refer to the SVM X001 Reference Guide. For the refractometer perform at least a water check. For checks and adjustments of the Abbemat refer to the documentation of the Abbemat.4.3 Sample preparationIf the sample is not freshly drawn from a production line or else, homogenizing the test specimen may improve the measurement repeatability. For some samples degassing may be required. Refer to the SVM™ X001 Reference Guide.4.4 Filling10 mL single-use syringes are recommended to have enough sample for refills. Never use syringes with rubber seals, as the rubber is chemically not resistant and these syringes tend to draw bubbles.Ensure that the system (measuring cells and hoses) is leak tight, clean and dry. For flow-through filling, inject approx. 4.5 mL as first filling. After prewetting refill at least 1 mL or until the sample in the waste hose is free of bubbles. The typical amount for valid results is approx. 7 mL, where the volume can vary depending on the sample.4.5 Cleaning4.5.1 SolventsEnsure that the solvent starts boiling at a temperature higher than the measuring temperature. Otherwise a lack of cleaning in the hot upper cell may impact the measuring results.Petroleum benzine 100/140 (aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent mixture with a boiling range of 100 to 140 °C respectively 212 to 284 °F) is a universal solvent, suitable for most oils.Some oils may require an aromatic solvent, as they are not completely soluble in petroleum benzine. If so, use toluene or xylene as first solvent and the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent as drying solvent.Avoid using acetone or ethanol, as these solvents start boiling below the temperature of the upper cell and as they are not suitable for most oils.For details, see the SVM™ X001 Reference Guide. 4.5.2 Cleaning Procedure•Tap the cleaning button to open the cleaning screen. Observe it during cleaning to get infor-mation on the cleaning status of the SVM™. •Remove the sample from the cells (push through using an air-filled syringe).•Fill approx. 5 mL of solvent using a syringe and leave the syringe connected (a 5 mL syringe forworks well for cleaning purposes).•Tap the motor speed button to improve the cleaning performance in the viscosity cell and stop it again.•Move the plunger of the syringe back and forth (motor at filling speed) to improve the cleaningperformance in the cells of SVM™ and Abbemat. •Blow air for some seconds through the cells to remove the sample-solvent-mixture.•Repeat the procedure until the liquid has reached approx. the solvent’s viscosity while the motor isturning at high speed.•Perform a final flush with a drying solvent to remove any residues.•Observe the cleaning screen. Dry the measuring cells until the cleaning value turns green and stays steadily green.•Set a sufficiently long drying time to ensure that also the Abbemat cell (at 20 °C) is completely dry. For details, see the SVM™ X001 Reference Guide.5 ResultsFor this report, the measurement and calculation results obtained from SVM™ 4001 and Abbemat 550 and the reference values on the respective data sheets (PDS, CoA) are compared.Carbon type analysis:Carbon distribution:T110 13.80 34.73 51.40 Nypar 315 0.20 30.55 69.23 Nyflex 3150 9.63 29.03 61.30 Nytro 4000X 2.35 47.30 50.40 Table 1: ASTM D3238 (n-d-M) Carbon distribution (mean of 4measurements)Ring content:T110 3.00 0.68 2.32 Nypar 315 1.58 0.01 1.57 Nyflex 3150 2.95 0.58 2.37 Nytro 4000X 1.96 0.08 1.88 Table 2: ASTM D3238 (n-d-M) Ring content (mean of 4measurements)Carbon distribution, deviations:T110 IR: -1.20D2140: 2.804.28 -1.40 Nypar 315 Fulfilled ** 3.45 4.22Nyflex 3150 IR: 0.63D2140: 2.63-3.98 1.30 Nytro 4000X IR: -1.65 IR: 2.30 IR: -0.60Table 3: Deviation to typical sample values *(dev. in percentage points)* Reference values / typical values were obtained by different methods. Where not mentioned, the value was determined by ASTM D2140.** Value must be < 1.Refractive Index:Sample RI meas. [nD] RI typ. [nD] Dev. [nD] T110 1.5035 1.502 0.0015 Nypar 315 1.4681 1.468 0.0001 Nyflex 3150 1.4949 1.494 0.0009 Nytro 4000X 1.4746 n.a. n.a. Table 4: Refractive Index and deviation to typical values at 20 °C ASTM D2502 Mean Molecular Mass:[g/mol] rangemeets rangevalueT110 399.59 352 ... 408 OKNypar 315 371.59368 ... 392 OKNyflex 3150 494.49 468 ... 505 OKNytro 4000X 273.01 n.a. n.a.Table 5: Mean molecular mass6 ConclusionThe assembly of SVM™ 4001 with Abbemat is perfectly suitable for determining the carbon type analysis of petroleum oils, provided that all requirements according to section 4, "Sample measurement" are fulfilled.Figure 1: SVM™ 4001 with Abbemat 5507 Literature•ASTM D7042: Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by StabingerViscometer (and the Calculation of KinematicViscosity)•ASTM D3238: Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-MMethod•ASTM D2502: Standard Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Molecular Mass ofPetroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements •Anton Paar Application Report SVM™ 3001 with Abbemat for Transformer Oils Doc. No.D89IA013EN.Contact Anton Paar GmbHTel: +43 316 257-0****************************APPENDIXAppendix A. Carbon type analysisCarbon-type analysis expresses the average amount of carbon atoms which occur in aromatic, naphthenic and paraffinic structures, reporting•the percentage of the carbon atoms in aromatic ring structures (% C A),•the percentage in naphthenic ring structures (% C N) and•the percentage in paraffinic side chains (% C P). There are several physical property correlations for carbon type analysis.In this application report the n-d-M method (refractive index – density – mean relative molecular mass), standardized as ASTM D3238, is described. Besides, a further empiric procedure exists, the VGC-r i method (viscosity gravity constant – refractivity intercept), standardized as ASTM D2140.Why carbon type analysis?Base oils, process oils and other petroleum oils are checked for their carbon type distribution. Oils with specified carbon type distribution are designed for different industries. Carbon type analysis according to ASTM D3238 is further used to determine the quantification of aromatics in diesel fuel.Major groups for this kind of analysis are process oils. To know the carbon type analysis is important to improve product properties, the process efficiency and reliability. Process oils are used in various fields e.g.: •as plasticizer in the rubber and polymer industrye.g. for automotive tires, sealants, footwear orother rubber products. Properties of the ready touse product like elasticity, grip, durability, lowtemperature performance, environmentalsustainability on the one hand, further solvencyand compatibility with the rubber compound during production highly depend on the used process oil.Such oils can be aromatic, naphthenic or paraffinic types.•as textile auxiliary formulations in the production process of yarns. They are used to reducerespectively avoid dust formation, prevent wearand rupture of fibers, electrostatic charging andmore. Such oils should have very low aromatichydrocarbon content and a high viscosity index. •in the production of cosmetics. Such oils need to have very low aromatic hydrocarbon content andmust meet the requirements for medical white oil.Nevertheless, there are also process oils, which are analyzed according to ASTM D2140. ASTM D3238 (n-d-M)“Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method”This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density and mean relative molecular mass.The refractive index and density of the oil are determined at 20 °C. The mean relative molecular mass is estimated from measurements of viscosity at 37.78 °C and 98.89 °C (100 °F and 210 °F).These data are then used to calculatethe carbon distributionpercentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic rings (% C A), naphthenic rings (% C N) and paraffinic chains (% C P) orthe ring analysisproportions of aromatic rings (R A) and naphthenic rings (R N), and paraffinic chains (C P) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule.ASTM D2502 - Mean relative molecular mass "Standard Test Method for Estimation of Molecular Weight (Relative Molecular Mass) of Petroleum Oils From Viscosity Measurements”The mean relative molecular mass is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize hydrocarbon mixtures.This procedure covers the estimation of the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils or hydrocarbon fractions from kinematic viscosity measurements at 37.78 °C and 98.89 °C."SVM™ 4001 VI + Abbemat" MethodBeside the measurement results of the incoming parameters for the carbon type analysis and the analysis results according to ASTM D3238, this method offers a lot of additional useful parameters characterizing your oil:•kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C(extrapolated according to ASTM D341) •Viscosity Index (according to ASTM D2270) •Carbon type composition according toASTM D2140 including the viscosity-gravity-constant (VGC) following ASTM D2501 •Density 20 °C•API Spec. Gravity 15.56 °C (60 °F)•Viscosity Gravity Constant according toASTM D2501。
熊猫刚出生的样子英语作文
熊猫刚出生的样子英语作文The arrival of a newborn panda is a truly remarkable sight to behold. These captivating creatures, with their distinctive black and white markings, are undoubtedly one of nature's most endearing wonders. When a panda cub first emerges into the world, it is a truly awe-inspiring moment, as these delicate and vulnerable beings take their first tentative steps on their journey of life.Newborn pandas are remarkably small, weighing in at a mere 4 to 6 ounces on average. Their tiny bodies are covered in a fine layer of downy fur, which is initially a pale pink color. As they grow and develop, this fur will gradually darken, eventually taking on the iconic black and white pattern that is so iconic of the panda species. At birth, their eyes are tightly closed, and they are unable to see or hear, relying entirely on their sense of touch and smell to navigate their new surroundings.One of the most striking features of newborn pandas is their remarkably small size in comparison to their mothers. Adult female pandas can weigh up to 250 pounds, yet their newborn cubs aredwarfed in comparison, measuring only around 6 to 7 inches in length. This tiny size is an evolutionary adaptation that allows the cubs to be born relatively underdeveloped, as pandas have a very short gestation period of only 3 to 5 months.Despite their diminutive size, newborn pandas are incredibly resilient and determined. They are born with a strong instinct to cling to their mothers, using their tiny but powerful limbs to grasp onto the soft fur of their parent's belly. This close physical contact is crucial for the cub's survival, as it helps to regulate their body temperature and provides them with the nourishment they need in the form of their mother's nutrient-rich milk.As the cub grows and develops, their physical features begin to change and evolve. Their tiny paws, which are initially little more than pink nubs, will gradually develop the distinctive black and white markings that are so iconic of the panda species. Their ears, which are folded tightly at birth, will begin to unfurl and become more pronounced, and their eyes will slowly open, revealing the deep, soulful gaze that has captivated so many people around the world.One of the most remarkable aspects of newborn pandas is their incredible resilience and determination. Despite their small size and fragile appearance, these cubs are remarkably strong and tenacious, fighting against the odds to survive and thrive in their often-challenging environment. From the moment they are born, they are faced with a multitude of threats, from predators to harsh weather conditions, yet they continue to persevere, driven by an innate will to live and a deep connection to their mothers and their species.As the cub grows and develops, its relationship with its mother becomes increasingly important. Pandas are highly social animals, and the bond between a mother and her cub is truly special. The mother panda will spend countless hours grooming and caring for her offspring, teaching them the skills they need to survive in the wild. This close physical and emotional connection is crucial for the cub's development, as it helps to shape their behavior, their social skills, and their overall well-being.In the wild, newborn pandas face a number of challenges and threats to their survival. Their small size and fragile nature make them particularly vulnerable to predators, such as leopards and wolves, and they are also at risk from harsh weather conditions, such as extreme cold or heavy snowfall. Additionally, the panda's natural habitat, the bamboo forests of China, are under constant threat from deforestation and human encroachment, making it increasingly difficult for these animals to thrive and reproduce.Despite these challenges, conservation efforts around the world have been working tirelessly to protect and preserve the pandapopulation. Through initiatives such as habitat restoration, anti-poaching measures, and captive breeding programs, the number of pandas in the wild has slowly but steadily been on the rise. This is a testament to the resilience and determination of these incredible creatures, and to the dedication of the people who are committed to ensuring their survival.As we continue to learn more about the panda and its remarkable life cycle, it is clear that these animals are truly remarkable creatures. From their tiny, vulnerable beginnings to their eventual growth and development into the iconic black and white bears we know and love, pandas represent the incredible diversity and beauty of the natural world. By protecting and preserving these animals, we not only safeguard a unique and irreplaceable species, but we also ensure that future generations will be able to marvel at the wonder and majesty of the newborn panda.。
英语怎么写作文动物的外貌
英语怎么写作文动物的外貌When writing an essay about the appearance of animals in English, it's important to use descriptive language to create a vivid picture for the reader. Here's a structured approach to writing such an essay:Introduction:Begin by introducing the topic and the specific animal you will be describing. Set the tone for the essay.Example:"The animal kingdom is a tapestry of diverse and fascinating creatures, each with its own unique set of features. In this essay, I will delve into the majestic appearance of the king of the jungle, the lion, and explore the characteristics that make it such an imposing figure."Body Paragraph 1: Size and ProportionsDescribe the size and proportions of the animal, giving the reader a sense of its physical presence.Example:"Lions are large and muscular, with males typically weighing between 150 to 250 kilograms and measuring up to 3.2 meters in length, including the tail. Their powerful build, with a broad chest and robust forelimbs, reflects their status as apex predators."Body Paragraph 2: Fur and ColorationDiscuss the animal's fur or skin, including its color and any patterns that are distinctive.Example:"The most recognizable feature of the lion is its golden-yellow fur, which not only serves as a symbol of royalty but also provides excellent camouflage in the grasslands. The distinctive mane of the male lion, which can grow up to 25 centimeters long, is a ruff of hair around the neck, giving them an even more formidable appearance."Body Paragraph 3: Facial Features and ExpressionsDetail the animal's facial features, including eyes, nose, mouth, and any unique expressions they might have.Example:"A lion's face is a study in contrasts, with piercing amber eyes that convey both wisdom and intensity. Its large, round pupils can dilate and constrict rapidly, adapting to the changing light conditions of the savannah. The black tuft at the end of its tail adds a touch of elegance and is a feature unique to the species."Body Paragraph 4: Posture and MovementDescribe how the animal carries itself and how it moves, which can say a lot about its character and mood.Example:"Lions are known for their stately posture and deliberatemovements. When a lion walks, it carries its head high, surveying its domain with a sense of entitlement. In contrast, when hunting, it can move with stealth and agility, its muscles rippling beneath its fur, showcasing the perfectblend of power and grace."Conclusion:Summarize the key points and reflect on the significance ofthe animal's appearance.Example:"In conclusion, the lion's appearance is a testament to its role as a symbol of strength and authority. Its size, fur, facial features, and the way it carries itself all contribute to the aura of majesty that surrounds it. The lion's appearance not only serves practical purposes in its environment but also captivates the human imagination, making it an enduring icon across cultures."Note: This essay structure can be adapted for describing the appearance of any animal. The key is to use sensory details and active language to engage the reader and help them visualize the animal clearly.。
东北虎外貌英语描述
东北虎外貌英语描述The Northeast tiger, also known as the Siberian tiger, is a majestic and powerful animal that lives in the cold regions of northeastern China, as well as parts of Russia and North Korea. In this article, we will be taking a closer look at the appearance of the Northeast tiger and describing it in English.1. Body size and shapeThe Northeast tiger is a large and muscular animal, with a characteristic orange-colored coat that is marked with black stripes. Male tigers can grow up to 11 feet in length (including their tail) and can weigh up to 660 pounds. Females are slightly smaller, usually measuring around 9 feet in length and weighing around 330 pounds.2. Fur and markingsAs mentioned earlier, the Northeast tiger's fur is abeautiful shade of orange with black stripes, which helps it to blend in with its surroundings in the forest. The fur is long, thick, and soft to the touch, providing excellent insulation in the cold winter months. The tiger's face is also marked with distinctive black stripes, which give it a fearsome and striking appearance.3. Head and facial featuresThe Northeast tiger has a large, powerful head with a short snout and strong jaws. Its eyes are large and round, with bright amber irises that allow it to see well in low light conditions. The tiger's ears are also large and can move independently, helping it to detect sounds from differentdirections.4. Claws and teethThe Northeast tiger's claws are some of its most impressive physical features. Unlike other big cats, the tiger has retractable claws that it can extend and retract at will. These claws are extremely sharp and can be up to 4 inches long, allowing the tiger to grip prey firmly and climb trees with ease. The tiger's teeth are also very sharp and can crush bones and tear through tough hide.In conclusion, the Northeast tiger is a magnificent animal that is well-adapted to its environment. Itsdistinctive orange coat and black stripes make it instantly recognizable, while its sharp claws and teeth make it a formidable predator. By understanding the appearance of this amazing animal, we can better appreciate the beauty and power of nature.。
电热丝在腐蚀环境中的选型标准
电热丝在腐蚀环境中的选型标准英文回答：When selecting electric heating elements for corrosive environments, there are several key factors to consider. These factors will help ensure that the chosen heating element is capable of withstanding the corrosive conditions and providing reliable and long-lasting performance.1. Material Compatibility: The first and most important factor to consider is the compatibility of the heating element material with the corrosive environment. Different materials have varying resistance to corrosion, and it is essential to choose a material that can withstand the specific corrosive media present. For example, in acidic environments, materials like Incoloy or titanium are commonly used due to their high corrosion resistance.2. Temperature Range: The temperature range in which the heating element will operate is another crucialconsideration. Corrosion rates can vary significantly with temperature, and it is essential to select a heating element that can withstand the anticipated temperature range without experiencing accelerated corrosion. The material's corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures should be evaluated to ensure its suitability for the intended application.3. Surface Finish: The surface finish of the heating element can also impact its resistance to corrosion. A smooth and polished surface finish can provide better protection against corrosive attack compared to a rough or pitted surface. Additionally, certain coatings or platings can be applied to the heating element to enhance its corrosion resistance further.4. Design Considerations: The design of the heating element should also be taken into account. Factors such as the element's shape, size, and configuration can influence its resistance to corrosion. For example, a heating element with a larger surface area may have better resistance to corrosive attack compared to a smaller one.5. Operational Conditions: The specific operational conditions, such as the presence of impurities or contaminants in the corrosive media, should also be considered. These factors can accelerate corrosion and may require additional measures, such as filtration or chemical treatment, to protect the heating element.To illustrate the importance of material compatibility, let's consider an example. Suppose I need to select a heating element for a chemical processing plant where sulfuric acid is used. In this case, I would choose a heating element made of Incoloy, a nickel-based alloy known for its excellent resistance to sulfuric acid corrosion. This material would ensure that the heating element can withstand the corrosive environment and provide reliable performance.中文回答：在选择耐腐蚀环境中的电热丝时，有几个关键因素需要考虑。
热喷涂国标
热喷涂铝及铝合金涂层试验方法(ISO2063)(由GB/T 9793-1997代替)
八、、喷、涂 '锌锌 |涂'/丿方\V V V]\111代1_1/
GB 8642 88
热喷涂层结合强度的测定(由GB/T 8642-2002代替)
GB 8641-88
热喷涂层抗拉强度的测定
GB 8640-88
ASTM F1580-01
Standard Specificationfor Titanium and Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 VanadiumAlloy Powders for Coatings of Surgical Implants
DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung)
热喷涂 热喷涂结构的质量要求 第1部分:选择和使用指南
GB/T 19352.2-2003/ISO 14922-2:1999
热喷涂 热喷涂结构的质量要求 第2部分:全面的质量要求
GB/T 19352.3-2003/ISO 14922-3:1999
热喷涂 热喷涂结构的质量要求 第3部分:标准的质量要求
GB/T 19352.4-2003/ISO 14922-4:1999
ASTM F1160-05
Sta ndard Test Method for Shear and Bending Fatigue Testi ng of Calcium Phosphate and Metallic Medical and Composite Calcium Phosphate/Metallic Coat ings
ASTM F1978-00e1
Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the TaberTMAbraser
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ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY COOKBOOKSection 4Measuring Conditions by Element of Furnace Analysis MethodAtomic Absorption Spectrophotometry CookbookSection 4CONTENTS7. Measuring Conditions by Element of Furnace Analysis Method (1)7.1 Measuring conditions (1)7.2 Application to actual samples (2)7.3 Types and life of graphite tube (2)7.4 Interference and background absorption and measuring cautions (3)7.5 Measuring conditions by element (5)1) Silver (Ag) (6)2) Aluminum (A l) (8)3) Arsenic (As) (10)4) Gold (Au) (12)5) Beryllium (Be) (14)6) Bismuth (Bi) (16)7) Calcium (Ca) (18)8) Cadmium (Cd) (20)9) Chromium (Cr) (22)10) Cobalt (Co) (24)11) Copper (Cu) (26)12) Iron (Fe) (28)13) Potassium (K) (30)14) Lithium (Li) (32)15) Magnesium (Mg) (34)16) Manganese (Mn) (36)17) Molybdenum (Mo) (38)18) Sodium (Na) (40)19) Nickel (Ni) (42)20) Lead (Pb) (44)21) Platinum (Pt) (46)22) Rhodium (Rh) (48)23) Antimony (Sb) (50)24) Selenium (Se) (52)25) Silicon (Si) (54)26) Tin (Sn) I (56)27) Tin (Sn) II (58)28) Strontium (Sr) (60)29) Titanium (Ti) (62)30) Vanadium (V) (64)31) Zinc (Zn) (66)7. Measuring conditions by element of furnace analysis method7.1 Measuring conditionsThe solution prepared on the basis of the standard sample preparation method (cookbook section 2 - 3) was used to make the calibration curve in the standard concentration range. Analysis conditions stored in AA-6401 or 6501 were mainly used. HCL, BGC-D2, and BGC-SR methods were used according to the respective element. The relationship between the ashing temperature, the atomization temperature, and sensitivity is also shown. However, they are omitted for some elements.According to the data, a Step heating stage comes after the Ramp heating stage. Better repeatability can be expected by inserting another Ramp heating stage up to the Ashing temperature between the two. A cleaning stage is set after the Atomization stage it neccessary.The high density graphite tube or the pyrolytic graphite tube was used depending on the characteristic of each element and its selection is written in each data.As the atomization condition, there are two modes: the standard mode (0. 0) and the high sensitivity mode (0. 0H) are available and two types of data are shown.The standard mode and high sensitivity mode are used as shown below.∙Standard mode (0. 0)The absorbance sensitivity is 1/3 to 1/2 of that obtained in the high sensitivity mode, depending on the element.However, this mode is effective for the measurement of the sample which is susceptible to influences from co-existent substances. Background absorbance is also small.∙High sensitivity mode (0. 0H)The highest sensitivity can be obtained in this mode but, at the same time, background is higher.This is particularly effective for the measurement of trace elements in city water, ultra-pure water and other samples which contain small co-existent substances.However, the standard mode is better for measurement of the sample which easily causes background absorption.This data is measured at the inner gas flow of 0 l/min in the atomization mode. Absorbance sensitivity can be controlled by flowing the inner gas (0 to 1.5 l/min) in this step. When the inner gas flow is 1.5 l/min, absorbance sensitivity drops to about 1/5 and the high concentration calibration curve can be prepared.7.2 Application to actual samplesThe temperature program of this data is designed for the standard solution. Good results may not be obtained in the heating condition described here, because matrix components, concentration, and the type and concentration of co-existent substances are different in the actual sample.Therefore, when a matrix component is contained or the concentrations of co-existent substances are high, the suitable conditions for the actual sample should be set by the method of the analysis condition in the cookbook section 2-2-2 Furnace Analysis Method, on the basis of the heating condition of this data.7.3 Types and life of graphite tubeThe following three types of graphite tubes are supplied, and used depending on the element to be measured and the interference level.∙High density graphite tubeThis can be used for the measurement of most elements and can obtain excellent results in repeatability of the absorption signal. However, with B, Ca, Mo and other metals which easily react on carbon, the target component does not volatilize completely during atomization and memory effect occurs. With an organic solvent type sample, penetration into the graphite tube increases and sensitivity may drop sharply or memory effect may occur.∙Pyrolytic graphite tubeA surface treatment is done on the high density graphite tube to make a pyrolytic tube. Becausesample penetration into the tube is small, excellent results can be obtained with an organic solvent type sample. The memory effect hardly occurs with B, Ca, Mo, etc. mentioned above.Its absorbance sensitivity is two to three times higher than that of the high density graphite tube withA l and Si and 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8 groups (Ti, V, Cr, Mo, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc.) and lanthanoids in theperiodic table of elements.Its repeatability of the absorption signal may be worse than that of the high density graphite tube.∙Platform type graphite tubeA graphite plate of 1 mm thickness and several mm2size is set in the graphite tube to make theplatform type graphite tube. Because this tube heats the sample indirectly and evenly, interference of co-existent substances and background absorption decrease. This is effective for the analysis of metal samples containing matrix components and elements and in blood or sea water; particularly for analysis of Cd, Pb and other metals which have low boiling points.The graphite tube can be used until it is broken, unless a sensitivity or repeatability drop occurs.This life varies widely depending on liquid properties of the sample to be measured. It can be used 2000 times with the sample which hardly contains any acid or co-existent substances.However, its use may be limited to 300 times with the sample which has high acid concentration ora lot of co-existent substances.Therefore, it is recommended to count service times of the graphite tube in measurement and check the tube life for the sample in advance. The AA-6401 or 6501 has the program to count service times of the tube, so this can be used to know the time when the tube should be changed.7.4 Interference, background absorption, and measuring cautionsCautions for measuring each element and interference are enumerated below.Some samples may not be measured properly simply by devising the heating program. In such case, good results may be obtained if the matrix modifier is added in accordance with the cookbook section 2-5.3 (Chemical interference and its correction method).When background absorption correction is done, a sensitivity drop occurs in the BGC-SR method, as compared with BGC-D2 method for the principle reason. If the element being analyzed is at the 430 nm or longer wavelength range, the BGC-SR method should be used for better correction accuracy.Al Ar gas is used as the gas. When N2 gas exists, strong monocyanide is produced.As Sensitivity slightly increases by using N2 rather than Ar as the sheath gas. The ashing temperature can be increased by adding Mg(NO3)2 or Ni(NO3)2.Ca Because the graphite tube produces a carbide, use of the pyrolytic graphite tube is preferable.Attention must be given to the ambient atmosphere, the regent, and distilled water being used for microchemical analysis.Cd Ashing temperature can be increased by adding about 1% (NH4)2 HPO4.Co Interference occurs if a halogenide co-exists.The sensitization effect can be expected by adding 0.5% Fe(NO3)2.2)Cr Ar gas is preferable as the sheath gas.If a halogenide co-exists, use the pyrolytic graphite tube. Chromium volatilizes even at low temperature settings. It becomes CrCl3 under the co-existence of NaCl.Cu Interference occurs if a halogenide co-exists.3) It is preferable to decompose it by wet ashing, or add nitric acid, before the drying or ashing condition is set.Fe It is relatively insusceptible to interferences from other elements. However, attention must be given to Fe impurities in the graphite tube and ambient atmosphere during microchemical analysis.Ga It is recommended to use HNO3 to treat a standard or unknown sample. The double sensitization effect can be expected with the mixed solution of HNO3 + H2O2.1)K Attention must be given to distilled water and the ambient atmosphere during microchemical analysis.It is desirable to narrow the slit width for measurement, because emission from the graphite tube is strong in this wavelength range.Mg Ar gas is preferable as the sheath gas. Attention must be given to distilled water and impurities in the reagent.Mn It is susceptible to interference if a hologenide co-exist. It is expected that the ashing temperature can be increased from 1100 to 1150o C by adding HNO3.Mo Carbide is produced by carbon from the graphite tube or the sample, and sensitivity drops.Therefore, using the pyrolytic graphite tube is recommended.Na Attention must be given to the ambient atmosphere, and distilled water during microchemical analysis.Ni Volatization is small even if ashing temperature is set from 900 to 1000o C.Pb Volatization increases when ashing temperature is set from 600 to 650o C or higher.Se It is desired that the ashing temperature is 300o C or lower. It is expected that the ashing temperature is increased from 1000 to 1100o C by adding Cu, Ni and Mo.Si The use of N2 gas is preferable to Ar as the sheath gas.Using the pyrolytic graphite tube is recommended.Sn Ar is preferable as the sheath gas, and higher sensitivity can be obtained with a smaller flow.Ti Sensitivity is low and the atomization temperature is 2700 to 3000o C. The pyrolytic graphite tube is used.V Volatization is small even if the ashing temperature is set at 700o C. The use of the pyrolytic graphite tube is preferable.Zn Attention must be given to the atmosphere and distilled water during microchemical analysis. The sensitization effect can be obtained by adding Al (NO3)2.4)Reference1) R. D. Ediger, At. Absorpt. Newsl., 14, 127-130 (1975)A Analysis with the Graph ite Furnace Using Matrix Modification”.2) R. B. Cruz and J. C. Van Loon, Anal. Chim. Acta, 72, 231-243 (1974). Critical study of Graphite Furnace Non-Flaml AAS to the Determination of Trace Base Metals in Complex Heavy Matrix Sample Solutions”.3) W. J. Price, Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption, HEYDEN.4) F.J.M. Maesen, J. Balke and R. Massee, Spectrochim.Acta, 33B, 311-324 (1978)on-Spectral Interferences in Flameless AAS Using Graphite Mini-Tube Furnaces”.7.5 Measuring conditions by elementStandard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve ∙ Lighting conditionsCurrent ; 10 mA/0 mA ; 10 mA/400 mA Wavelength ; 328.1 nm ; 328.1 nm Slit width ; 0.5 nm ; 0.5 nmLighting mode; BGC-D 2; BGC-SR∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), High density graphite tubeSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLINGPreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 400 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 400 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF515003#10.0HSTEPON2∙ Calibration curve in BGC-D 2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 328.1nm 1 0.0000 0.0039 2 2.0000 0.2014 3 6.0000 0.5895410.00000.9301[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9999K0= 0.0016, K1= 0.1043, K2= –0.0011∙ Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 328.1nm 1 0.0000 0.0057 2 2.0000 0.0868 3 6.0000 0.2843410.00000.4801Silver (Ag)[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9991 K0= 0.0012, K1= 0.0479∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), High density graphite tubeSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLINGPreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 400 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 400 3 #1 0.0 STEP OFF515003#10.0STEPON2∙ Calibration curve in BGC-D 2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 328.1nm 1 0.0000 0.0033 2 2.0000 0.1217 3 6.0000 0.3734410.00000.6077[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9999 K0= 0.0010, K1= 0.0629, K2= –0.0002∙ Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 328.1nm 1 0.0000 0.0062 2 2.0000 0.0572 3 6.0000 0.1828410.00000.3060[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9991 K0= 0.0018, K1= 0.0303∙ Ashing temperature, atomization temperature and sensitivity (Solution: HNO 3, AgNO 3)Ashing condition Atomization conditionSilver (Ag)Standard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve ∙ Lighting conditionsCurrent ; 8 mA/0 mA ; 10 mA/600 mA Wavelength ; 309.3 nm ; 309.3 nm Slit width ; 0.5 nm ; 0.5 nmLighting mode; BGC-D 2; BGC-SR∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), Pyrolytic graphite tubeSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLINGPreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 700 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 700 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF524003#10.0HSTEPON2∙ Calibration curve in BGC-D 2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 309.3nm 1 0.0000 0.0035 2 4.0000 0.0896 3 12.0000 0.2846420.00000.4353[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9989 K0= 0.0010, K1= 0.0255, K2= –0.0002∙ Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 309.3nm 1 0.0000 0.0028 2 4.0000 0.0381 3 12.0000 0.1298420.00000.1950[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9949 K0= 0.0030, K1= 0.0098∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), pyrolytic graphite tubeSTAGE#TEMP.(o C)TIME (sec)GAS(l/min)HEATSAMPLINGPreTIMEAluminum (A l)1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 700 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 700 3 #1 0.0 STEP OFF5 2400 3 #1 0.0 STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 309.3nm1 0.0000 0.00352 4.0000 0.04973 12.0000 0.16534 20.0000 0.2914[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9975K0= –0.0030, K1= 0.0145∙Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl) STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 309.3nm1 0.0000 0.00372 4.0000 0.02193 12.0000 0.08024 20.0000 0.1399[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9953K0= 0.0010, K1= 0.0069∙Ashing temperature, atomization temperature and sensitivity (Solution: HC l Metal) Ashing condition Atomization conditionArsenic (As)Standard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve∙Measuring conditionsCurrent ; 12 mA/0 mA ; 12 mA/500 mAWavelength ; 193.7 nm ; 193.7 nmSlit width ; 0.5 nm ; 2.0 nmLighting mode ; BGC-D2 ; BGC-SR∙Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), high density graphite tube, Pd 10 ppm addedSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLING PreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 600 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 600 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF5 2200 3 #1 0.0H STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 193.7nm1 0.0000 0.01132 4.0000 0.09963 12.0000 0.24564 20.0000 0.3922[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9989K0= 0.0174, K1= 0.0189∙Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 193.7nm1 0.0000 0.00852 4.0000 0.03663 12.0000 0.08384 20.0000 0.1219[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9945K0= 0.0119, K1= 0.0056∙Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), High density graphite tube, Pd 10 ppm added STAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLING PreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 600 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 600 3 #1 0.0 STEP OFF5 2200 3 #1 0.0 STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 93.7nm1 0.0000 0.01582 4.0000 0.05693 12.0000 0.15344 20.0000 0.2412[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9994K0= 0.0114, K1= 0.0114∙Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 193.7nm1 0.0000 0.01202 4.0000 0.02433 12.0000 0.04764 20.0000 0.0750[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9987K0= 0.0116, K1= 0.0031∙Ashing temperature, atomization temperature and sensitivity (Solution: NaOH, As2O3)Ashing condition Atomization conditionStandard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve ∙ Lighting conditionsCurrent ; 12 mA/0 mA ; 10 mA/400 mA Wavelength ; 242.8 nm ; 242.8 nm Slit width ; 0.5 nm ; 0.5 nmLighting mode; BGC-D 2; BGC-SR∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), High density graphite tubeSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLINGPreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 500 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 500 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF517003#10.0HSTEPON2∙ Calibration curve in BGC-D 2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 242.8nm 1 0.0000 0.0023 2 10.0000 0.1088 3 30.0000 0.3908450.00000.6341[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9984 K0= –0.0056, K1= 0.0129, K2= –0.0000∙ Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 242.8nm 1 0.0000 0.0061 2 10.0000 0.0796 3 30.0000 0.2228450.00000.3609[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+KO r 2=1.0000 K0= 0.0061, K1= 0.0074, K2= –0.0000∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), High density graphite tubeSTAGE#TEMP.(o C)TIME (sec)GAS(l/min)HEATSAMPLINGPreTIMEGold (Au)1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 500 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 500 3 #1 0.0 STEP OFF5 1700 3 #1 0.0 STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 242.8nm1 0.0000 0.00292 10.0000 0.09223 30.0000 0.27844 50.0000 0.4494[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9999K0= 0.0013, K1= 0.0095, K2= –0.0000∙Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 242.8nm1 0.0000 0.00732 10.0000 0.06003 30.0000 0.18204 50.0000 0.2959[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9996K0= 0.0055, K1= 0.0058, K2= 0.000∙Ashing temperature, atomization temperature and sensitivity (Solution: Aqua Regia, Metal) Ashing condition Atomization conditionStandard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve∙Lighting conditionsCurrent ; 16 mA/0 mAWavelength ; 234.9 nmSlit width ; 0.5 nmLighting mode ; BGC-D2∙Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), Pyrolytic graphite tube STAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLING PreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 600 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 600 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF5 2600 3 #1 0.0H STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.1 0.0000 0.00412 0.2000 0.13673 0.6000 0.43074 1.0000 0.7463[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9991K0= 0.0054, K1= 0.7441∙Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), Pyrolytic graphite tube STAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLING PreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 600 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 600 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF5 2600 3 #1 0.0H STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.1 0.0000 0.00412 0.2000 0.04123 0.6000 0.13894 1.0000 0.2434[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9973K0= 0.0019 K1= 0.2416Standard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve ∙ Lighting conditionsCurrent ; 10 mA/0 mA ; 10 mA/300 mA Wavelength ; 223.1 nm ; 223.1 nm Slit width ; 0.5 nm ; 0.5 nmLighting mode; BGC-D 2; BGC-SR∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), High density graphite tubeSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLINGPreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 450 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 450 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF517003#10.0HSTEPON2∙ Calibration curve in BGC-D 2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 223.1nm 1 0.0000 0.0069 2 10.0000 0.1326 3 30.0000 0.4847450.00000.7950[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9981 K0= –0.0065, K1= 0.0161∙ Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 223.1nm 1 0.0000 0.0072 2 10.0000 0.0624 3 30.0000 0.2143450.00000.3764[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9967 K0= 0.0030, K1= 0.0075∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), High density graphite tubeSTAGE#TEMP.(o C)TIME (sec)GAS(l/min)HEATSAMPLINGPreTIMEBismuth (Bi)1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 450 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 450 3 #1 0.0 STEP OFF5 1700 3 #1 0.0 STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 223.1nm1 0.0000 0.00802 10.0000 0.03583 30.0000 0.13344 50.0000 0.2464[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9901K0= –0.0032, K1= 0.0048∙Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 223.1nm1 0.0000 0.00712 10.0000 0.02053 30.0000 0.06374 50.0000 0.1107[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9938K0= 0.0031, K1= 0.0021∙Ashing temperature, atomization temperature and sensitivity (Solution: HNO3, Metal) Ashing condition Atomization conditionStandard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve ∙ Lighting conditionsCurrent ; 10 mA/0 mA Wavelength ; 422.7 nm Slit width ; 0.5 nmLighting mode; BGC-D 2∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), Pyrolytic graphite tubeSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLINGPreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 700 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 700 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF525003#10.0HSTEPON2∙ Calibration curve in BGC-D 2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 422.7nm 1 0.0000 0.0438 2 0.4000 0.2778 3 1.2000 0.680742.00001.0625[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9998 K0= 0.0477, K1= 0.5690, K2= –0.0312Calcium (Ca)∙ Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), Pyrolytic graphite tubeSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLINGPreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 700 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 700 3 #1 0.0 STEP OFF525003#10.0STEPON2∙ Calibration curve in BGC-D 2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl )STD. CONC. ABS. No. (ppb) 422.7nm 1 0.0000 0.0302 2 0.4000 0.2305 3 1.2000 0.579542.00000.9083[ABS]=K2*[C]2+K1*[C]+K0 r 2=0.9999 K0= 0.0331, K1= 0.4904, K2= –0.0267∙ Ashing temperature, atomization temperature and sensitivity (Solution: HC l , CaCO 3)Ashing condition Atomization conditionStandard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve∙Lighting conditionsCurrent ; 8 mA/0 mA ; 8 mA/300 mAWavelength ; 228.8 nm ; 228.8 nmSlit width ; 0.5 nm ; 0.5 nmLighting mode ; BGC-D2; BGC-SR∙Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), High density graphite tube STAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLING PreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 300 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 300 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF5 1500 3 #1 0.0H STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 228.8nm1 0.0000 0.01292 0.1000 0.07513 0.3000 0.19714 0.5000 0.3340[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9992K0= –0.0109, K1= 0.6395∙Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.1 0.0000 0.00472 0.1000 0.03633 0.3000 0.10054 0.5000 0.1577[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9993K0= 0.0057, K1= 0.3072∙Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), High density graphite tube STAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLING PreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 300 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 300 3 #1 0.0 STEP OFF5 1500 3 #1 0.0 STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 228.8nm1 0.0000 0.01382 0.1000 0.04533 0.3000 0.12244 0.5000 0.1894[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9989K0= –0.0127, K1= 0.3558∙Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 20 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 228.8nm1 0.0000 0.00602 0.1000 0.02113 0.3000 0.05684 0.5000 0.0951[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9985K0= 0.0045, K1= 0.1791∙Ashing temperature, atomization temperature and sensitivity (Solution: HNO3, Metal) Ashing condition Atomization conditionStandard substance and standard solution preparation methodRefer to Section 3 - 3 for the standard solution preparation methodMeasuring conditions and calibration curve∙Lighting conditionsCurrent ; 10 mA/0 mA ; 10 mA/600 mAWavelength ; 357.9 nm ; 357.9 nmSlit width ; 0.5 nm ; 0.5 nmLighting mode ; BGC-D2; BGC-SR∙Graphite furnace temperature program (High sensitivity mode 0. 0H), Pyrolytic graphite tube STAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLING PreTIME1 120 20 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF2 250 10 #1 1.0 RAMP OFF3 700 10 #1 1.0 STEP OFF4 700 3 #1 0.0H STEP OFF5 2500 3 #1 0.0H STEP ON 2∙Calibration curve in BGC-D2 mode (Sample injection volume 10 μl)No. (ppb) 357.9nm1 0.0000 0.01082 1.0000 0.08073 3.0000 0.21584 5.0000 0.3478[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9999K0= 0.0123, K1= 0.0673∙Calibration curve in BGC-SR mode (Sample injection volume 10 μl)STD. CONC. ABS.No. (ppb) 357.9nm1 0.0000 0.00432 1.0000 0.04443 3.0000 0.12684 5.0000 0.2121[ABS]=K1*[C]+K0 r2=0.9999K0= 0.0034, K1= 0.0416∙Graphite furnace temperature program (Standard mode 0. 0), Pyrolytic graphite tubeSTAGE# TEMP.(o C) TIME (sec) GAS (l/min) HEAT SAMPLING PreTIME。