期末练习题 (4)

Ten

Ⅰ

. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false

1.If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of

what constitutes our essential humanity.

2. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound and cannot be further analyzed.

3.Anthropological linguistics refers to the approach which studies language over various

periods of time and at various historical stages.

4.The features that define our human languages can be called distinctive features.

5.The stimulus-response model provides the point of departure for behaviorist research.

6.V oice is a grammatical category of verbs which expresses the subjective attitude of the

speaker towards the state of affairs described by the utterance.

7.“The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language” defined by Chomsky is

communicative competence.

8.AUTHORIAL STYLE looks closely at how linguistic choices help to construct textual

meaning. When we examine it, we will need to examine linguistic choices which are intrinsically connected with meaning and effect on the reader.

9. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.

10. Slips of the tongue or pen made by either foreign language learners or native speakers are generally referred to as lapses.

11. A lingua franca has to be a native language currently spoken by particular people.

12. Manner of Articulation is the only way by which we tell whether a sound is a consonant or not.

13. Noun phrases, verb phrases and prepositional phrases usually form endocentric constructions.

14. Embedding is the means by which one clause is included in the main clause in syntactic subordination.

15. Meaning is extracted from text or speech by relating what is presented to information stored in short-term memory.

16. In English some books is a case of number relativism.

17. T he belief that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently is the notion of language relativism.

18. A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.

19. Blending is a form of compounding, in which a new word is created by cutting the final part, initial part or cutting both the initial and the final of a word.

20. Parole is the term used by Saussure to refer to utterances.

Ⅱ

. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word with the hint of the initial letter (W rite complete word forms on your answer sheet).

1.The r________ theory of meaning which related the meaning of a word to the real world.

2.R________ is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular

style of language and its context of use.

3.V_______ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is

[k] as in cat.

4.Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere of the brain comes

from researches in d_______ listening tasks.

5. A major theory in p_______ is the theory of conversational implicature, proposed by Grice.

6.In the aspect of sense relation, when a word is a hyponym of itself, it is called an a_________.

7.Bound morphemes contain two types: roots and a________.

8.The p_________ function of language can extend to control of reality as on some magical or

religious occasions.

9.Foreign language learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning the foreign

language and this is called language t_________.

10.When two words are c________ antonyms, one always presupposes the other.

Ⅲ

. Mark the choice that best completes the statement

1._____ function constructs a model of experience and logical relations.

A. Interpersonal

B. Textual

C. Metalingual

D. Ideational

2.______ is not the term used to classify the English consonants in terms of manner of articulation.

A. Approximant

B. Lateral

C. Plosive

D. Bilabial

3.In the following word _______, the articulation of bilabial is not manifested.

A.pet

B. met

C. how

D. web

4.Triphthongal glides in English can be heard in the word _______.

A.tide

B. toy

C. how

D. wire

5.In the words maps, dogs, watches, mice and sheep, each of /s/, /z/, /iz/, /ai/ and /i:/ is a(an) ______ of the plural form.

A.allomorph

B. allophone

C. similar phoneme D .counter phoneme

6.In the word international, national is ________.

A.a suffix

B. a root

C. a stem

D. a prefix

7.The agent of the sentence Sam was hit by a truck running behind a car is ________.

A.a car

B. Sam

C. a truck

D. none of the above

8.The following statements are in accordance with Halliday's opinions on language EXPECT _______.

A.The use of language involves a network of systems of choices

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0017918706.html,nguage is never used as a mere mirror of reflected thought

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0017918706.html,nguage is a system of abstract forms and signs

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0017918706.html,nguage functions as a piece of human behavior

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0017918706.html,ponential Analysis is a way proposed by the _______ semanticists to analyze the word meaning.

A. structural

B. cognitive

C. behavioral

D. functional

10. Of the following pairs of words, ____belongs to the type of complementary antonyms.

A. employer/employee

B. captive/free

C. rich/poor

D. Fast/slow

11. The following are factors that help to produce near synonyms EXCEPT___

A. conceptual difference

B. stylistic difference

C. dialectal difference

D. connotative difference

12. The research purposes of sociolinguistics include all the following EXCEPT____

A. to generalize the societal rules that explain and constrain language behavior

B. to discover the relationship between speakers’ social status and their phonological variations

C. to determine the symbolic value of language varieties for their speakers

D. to draw inferences about the relationship between register and kinds of change in language

13.The presence of a conversational implicature relies on all the following factors EXCEPT____

A. the Principle of Manner

B. the conventional meaning of words used

C. the CP

D. the linguistic and situational contexts

14. The following statement “There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman” is an example of ____

A. metonymy

B. synecdoche

15.The utility of the corpus is increased when it has been_______

A.encoded

B. sorted

C. annotated

D. programmed

16.To know how much a learner has mastered the content of a particular course, a teacher should set up _____ test.

A.an aptitude

B. an achievement

C. a diagnostic

D. a proficiency

17.The opinion that " Errors show that the learner has not changed his mother tongue habits into desired habits of the new language" is very likely to be held by______

A.structuralists

B. functional grammarians

C. transformational-generative grammarians

D. formalists

18.Which of the following findings concerning basic processes in reading is NOT true?

A.The reader is believed to carry out the processes required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word is encountered.

B.The reader's eyes move across a page of text smoothly.

C.The perceptual span encompasses fewer letters to the left of fixation but more to the right.

D.The perceptual span covers almost 20 letters.

19.Firth did not regard language as_____

A.a social process

B.a set of agreed-upon semiotics and signals

C.a means of doing things and making others do things

D.a means of social life

20. MOOD and MODALITY in Systemic Functional Grammar help to realize _______ function.

A.ideational

B. textual

C. interpersonal

D. metalingual

21.In a syllable, a vowel often serves as ________.

A.Peak or Nucleus

B. Onset

C. Coda

D. Stress

22.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into _________.

A.grammatical words and lexical words

B.content words and lexical words

C.grammatical words and function words

D.full words and empty words

23.Ploy-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into _________.

A.roots and affixes

B.bound morphemes and free morphemes

C.free morphemes

D.roots and free morphemes

24._________ can best describe the following group of words.

A.inflection and compound

B. compound and derivation

C. inflection and derivation

D. derivation and blending

25. In English, CASE is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of preposition and noun, and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT .

A.inflection

B. following a preposition

C. word order

D. following an adjective

26. Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech’s seven types of meaning?

A. Connotative meaning

B. Referential meaning

C. Contextual meaning

D. Affective meaning

27. studies the internal structure of simple propositions.

A. Predicate calculus

B. Propositional calculus

C. Sentential calculus

D. Truth value

28. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, also called as Linguistic determinism, has alternatively been referred to as .

A. Linguistic resemblance

B. Linguistic relativity

C. Linguistic universality

D. Linguistic rationality

29. Four categories of Maxims in Grice’s Cooperative Principle include all the following EXCEPT .

A. MANNER

B. RELATION

C. CANCELLABILITY

D. QUANTITY

30. The following are MT research methods EXCEPT .

A. The linguistic approach

B. The interlingual approach

C. The transfer approach

D. The corpus-based

31. The sense relation which holds the pair of words here----there is .

A. homonymy

B. complementary antonymy

C. gradable antonymy

D. converse antontmy

32. The sense relation which holds the pair of words before----after is .

A. homonymy

B. complementary antonymy

C. gradable antonymy

D. converse antontmy

33. The sense relation which holds the pair of words sweet-suite is .

A. homonymy

B. complementary antonymy

C. gradable antonymy

D. synonymy

34. The sense relation which holds the pair of words richer-poorer is .

A. homonymy

B. complementary antonymy

C. gradable antonymy

D. converse antontmy

35. The sense relation which holds the pair of words morning star-evening star is .

A. synonymy

B. hyponymy

C. gradable antonymy

D. homonymy

36. The sense relation which holds the pair of words potato chips-junk food is .

A. synonymy

B. hyponymy

C. Homonymy

D. converse antontmy

37. In plain English CAUSE(x, (~HA VE(x,y))) means .

A. x gives y x

B. x does not have y

C. x causes y not to have x

D. x causes x not to have y

38. The connective implication cprresponds to the English .

A. “if…then”

B. “if and only if…”

C. “and”

D. “or”

39. Cognitive linguists look at the sentence I fell into a depression as a case of metaphors.

A. ontological

B. structural

C. orientational

D. vertical

40. Pair falls into the syntagmatic association.

A. pen-write

B. black-white

C. judge-guard

D. farm-harm

IV. Answer the following questions briefly

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0017918706.html,e your linguistic knowledge of sense relations to explain what makes the following

humorous. (10 points)

a.Question: Why was Six afraid?

Answer: Because Seven Eight Nine.

b. Education kills by degrees.

2.What design feature/s of language does each of the following language phenomena show?

Explain briefly why you think so. (20 points)

a. cir encircle or circular

b. 我感冒了= I have a cold/ I caught a cold. (English)

= Hargab baa ku haya. (Somali)

=Tá slaghdán ort. (Irish)

= ?????. (Korean)

c. 小虎：妈妈，我昨晚梦见你带我去迪斯尼乐园了。

d. As captain of the plane, Helen took her place in the henpit and started the engin

e.

3.Specify what type/branch of linguistic study will most likely deal with each of the following

research questions. (10 points)

A.Which lexeme has the highest frequency on the data?

B.What factors have brought new words into our daily use of the language?

C.Is it possible to use this device to recognize the kidnapper’s voice among thousands of

calls you get every day?

D.What are the drawbacks of using logical forms to translate a complex sentence?

E.What are the differences between real-world tasks and pedagogical tasks?

F.Does the universal quantifier presuppose the existence of an entity named by the

argument?

G.What factors will cancel the presence of a conversational implicature?

H.How does language represent the way human beings perceive and conceptualize the

world?

I.Is touchable in the word untouchable a stem or a root with a suffix?

J.In what kind of context the production of a sound will be influenced by a neighboring sound?

V. Answer the following essay questions. (40 points)

1. Use the underlined sentences in the following dialogue as examples to explain the function of language. (10 points)

Tom: I’ve got an extra ticket for the opera on Sunday. Do you know anyone who might like to go? Mary: Not offhand. But I’ll ask around.

Tom: Well, thanks.

Mary: Hey, come to think of it, I am free! I’d love to go.

Tom: Great! Do you mind driving?

Marry: Not at all. Pick you up at seven？

2. Use your knowledge of morphology to invent a brand name for a pet shampoo which will be marketed in English speaking countries. Explain your reasons. (10 points)

3. In the English speaking world, there is variation in the use of “-ing” in words such morning, and laughing. The variants are [i?]—the standard variant—and [in], a nonstandard variant. The following table shows the results of a study which investigated whether the sex of addresser had an effect on which variant was used by two informants when they greeted people with “Morning, or Good morning”.

Variant used Male addresser Female addresser

[i?] 26% 72%

[in] 74% 26% How would you account for these findings? (20 points)