Revision of American__ Literature美国文学回顾
美国文学史-殖民时期Rev[1].
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Textbook Assessment
Class performance (attendance, presentations and tests) 40% A final exam 60%
五经：The Five Classics: The Book of Songs 《诗经》 The Book of History 《书经》 The Book of Changes 《易经》 The Book of Rites 《礼记》 The Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋》
protestant reformer) Emphasis of Predestination “预定论”
Total depravity (Original Sin) 彻底的堕落 (因原罪而起）
Unconditional election Limited atonement 有限的赎罪
Note: If the student is five times absent from class, no grade will be submitted to him.
Major stages of American Literature
1. The Colonial and Revolutionary Period: 1607 --1800
Historical Background : The ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱolonization of North America
Indians of North America 1492, Christopher Columbus Migration from Europe 1607, more than 120 British men founded the first
童明《美国文学史》（增订版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解
我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、电子书和题库。
《美国文学史》（增订版）（童明主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英美文学教材，被很多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地使用该教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分27章，每章由三部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是课后习题详解，对该书的课后思考题进行了详细解答；第三部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，归纳核心考点。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，对核心考点进行了归纳总结。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书对童明主编的《美国文学史》（增订版）每章的课后思考题均进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
4．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。
本书精选名校近年考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。
所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
第1部分 早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2章 殖民地时期的美国文学：1620—1763 2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3章 文学与美国革命：1764—18153.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2部分 美国浪漫主义时期：1815—1865第4章 美国浪漫主义时期4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5章 早期浪漫主义5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题和典型题详解第6章 超验主义和符号表征6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题和典型题详解第7章 霍桑、麦尔维尔和坡7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题和典型题详解第8章 惠特曼和狄金森8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题和典型题详解第9章 文学分支：反对奴隶制的写作9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3部分 美国现实主义时期：1865—1914第10章 现实主义时期10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题和典型题详解第11章 地区和地方色彩写作11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题和典型题详解第12章 亨利·詹姆斯和威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题和典型题详解第13章 自然主义文学13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题和典型题详解第14章 女性作家书写“女性问题”14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题和典型题详解第4部分 美国现代主义时期：1914—1945第15章 美国现代主义15.1 复习笔记15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题和典型题详解第16章 现代主义的演变16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题和典型题详解第17章 欧洲的美国现代主义17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题和典型题详解第18章 两次世界大战间的现代小说18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题和典型题详解第19章 现代美国诗歌19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题和典型题详解第20章 非裔美国小说和现代主义20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5部分 多元化的美国文学：1945年至新千年第21章 新形势下的多元化文学21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解21.3 考研真题和典型题解析第22章 美国戏剧：三大剧作家22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解22.3 考研真题和典型题详解第23章 主要小说家：1945年至60年代23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解23.3 考研真题和典型题详解第24章 1945年以来的诗学倾向24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解24.3 考研真题和典型题详解第25章 20世纪60年代以来的小说发展状况25.1 复习笔记25.2 课后习题详解25.3 考研真题和典型题详解第26章 当代多民族文学和小说26.1 复习笔记26.2 课后习题详解26.3 考研真题和典型题详解第27章 美国文学的全球化：流散作家27.1 复习笔记27.2 课后习题详解27.3 考研真题和典型题详解第1部分 早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Discoveries of America（发现美洲大陆）Who discovered America?谁发现了美洲？1 The credit is often attributed to Christopher Columbus. Yet this argument is controversial.一种说法是哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。
1 History of American Literature 美国文学史 英语简介
Brief Introduction of the American Literature History
1. The Colonial Period (1607-End of the 18th C) 2. The Romantic Period (19th C-1865) 3. The Age of Realism (1865-1918) 4. The Modern Period (1918-1945) 5. The Postwar Period (1945- )
regarded as one of the American authors writing in the Modernist tradition of the 1920s)
The Modern Period (19181945)
The 1920s African American literature (Harlem Renaissance) Langston Hughes The 1930s Left or socialist-oriented writers: John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck
Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville
The Age of Realism (18651918)
William Dean Howells Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;
Frank Norris
Dreiser
(McTeagaue,
美国文学Chapter 9-2
In Spanish civil war, Hemingway recognized a beautiful journalist. In 1940, he married the third wife and published his third important novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls.《丧钟为 谁而鸣》
Ernest Hemingway
厄内斯特·海明威
打不垮的硬汉（tough guy）
——the spokesman of The Lost Generation
The Lost Generation
The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women were haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.
Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.
Upstairs I met the nurse coming down the hall. "I just called you at the hotel," she said. Something dropped inside me. "What is wrong?" "Mrs. Henry has had a hemorrhage." "Can I go in?" "No, not yet. The doctor is with her." "Is it dangerous?" "It is very dangerous." The nurse went into the room and shut the door. I sat outside in the hall. Everything was gone inside of me. I did not think. I could not think. I knew she was going to die and I prayed that she would not. Don't let her die. Oh, God, please don't let her die. I'll do anything for you if you won't let her die. Please, please, please, dear God, don't let her die. Dear God, don't let her die. Please, please, please don't let her die. God please make her not die. I'll do anything you say if you don't let her die. You took the baby but don't let her die. That was all right but don't let her die. Please, please, dear God, don't let her die.
美国文学回答问题
1. What are the characteristics of Edgar Allen Poe’s writing?Poe and the Short Story: Poe bore two relations to the short story. He gave the first definition of the short story, and in the second place, he wrote memorable examples of this type of literature. In his definition he emphasized brevity and unity of impression. The latter is the all-important element, and by unity Poe meant totality or oneness of impression. Poe stresses brevity because he thought, quite rightly, that unity of impression would be blurred and lost in the mass of details inevitable in a long story or novel. He insisted that the writer must first determine the effect that he wished to produce and then deliberately choose incidents to assist in the creation of such an effect.Poe‟s principles for the short story are best illustrated in his review of Hawthorne‟s Twice- T old T ales. The very first sentence ought to help to bring out the “single effect” of the story. A tale should reveal some logical truth with “the fullest satisfaction,” and should end with the last sentence, leaving a sense of finality with the reader.The poem, he says, should be short, readable at one sitting. Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader. Melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones. Poe stresses rhythm, defines true poetry as “ the rhythmical creation of beauty,” and declares that “music is the perfection of the soul, or idea, of poetry.”As a short–story writer, Poe was a fascinating man of imagination i nterested in deduction and induction. Indeed, Poe places the subconscious condition of the mind under investigation and probes beneath the surface of normal existence.As a result of all these, Poe‟s fictional characters are mostly neurotics. He was the fi rst author in American literature to make the neurotic the heroic figure, the protagonist, in his stories.Poe‟s position in the world literature is secure. His influence is world-wide in modern literature. His aesthetics and conscious craftsmanship, his a ttack on “the heresy of the didactic‟ and his call for “the rhythmical creation of beauty” have influenced French symbolists and the devotees of “art for art‟s sake.” Poe was father of many things, one of which is psychoanalytic criticism, the other being the detective story.2. What are the characteristics of Whitman’s poems?1) In his poem, the sprawling lines of the poem are often extremely long. They are the indication of the use of an organic form. He was not constrained by the number of beats in a line.2) The line link is visual for Whitman. The reader could see how long the lines were and could compare and contrast the short lines with the long ones.3) Parallelism is a technique of the Biblical poetry, of repeating the idea in verse lines, but there might be minor changes in wording. Whitman created the new form which in fact originated from the ancient Hebrew tradition in the Bible. His poems are distinguished by Biblical cadences and impressive repetition.4) His poetry is religious. This accords with Whitman‟s desire to express spiritual truth based on his mystical experience.5) His poetic structure is called the enveloped structure. Often in Whitman‟s poetry, the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.6) His verse unit is unique: A. There is no regular pattern. Seldom did Whitman follow a regular pattern. Whitman might have two lines, then one, four, three, one, and nine. And the length of the lines is irregular. B. The verse unit is usually an independent clause. C. Each verse unit is a complete statement.7) He used the catalogue technique. Catalogue means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.8) Whitman seems to work according to thoughts. He would take one line to develop a thought. Thought rhythm is something that is uniquely Whitman. He has influences some poets in the 20th century to write in the same way.9) Oratory was one of the ways that Whitman used democracy as a basis for his poetry. Oration gives people a comfortable feeling to hear the same word repeated several times. He wanted so much to get his message across clearly.10) The influence of opera on his poetry is evident. “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” is the best example of this. This opera had a very important influence on hi poetic form.11) His poems are composed like mosaic.12) He often wrote in the third person about his own experience.13) He used slang words, foreign words, technical words, sexual words, and learned words. He mixed them all up in his poems. Whitman often coined new words and gave old words new meanings. Above all, Whitman wanted the language of his poems to be understood by the common people.14) Whitman‟s mysticism refers to an experience that teaches people that there is some divine power greater than human intelligence.In his poems, he celebrated new America rather regretted it. Whitman celebrated the body, enjoyed the body, because he said that through the physical people learned the spiritual. He held that poetry should include the lowly, the profane, and even the obscene.3. What are the characteristics of O. Henry’s writing?His stories are usually short. The plots are exceedingly clever and interesting, humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local color. His own speech was always chaste and clever.4. What’s the difference between Henry James’ realism and Mark Twain’s realism?Although James and Twain both worked for realism, there were obvious differences between them. In thematic terms, for example, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society. T echnically, James pursued an “imaginative” treatment of reality or psychological realism, but Mark Twain‟s contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style.5.What’s Jack London’s writing style and theme?In general, naturalism is the literary movement that provides the best context for Jack London. London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience. Most of Jack London…s stories are set in the outdoors. By using the outdoors as a backdrop, London offers a unique perspective to the story …s themes and different character types. Many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican ("The Mexican"), Asian ("The Chinago"), and Hawaiian ("Koolau the Leper") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired muchabout Japanese customs and capabilities.6. Summarize American poetic revolution of the 20th century.The years 1912-1914 witnessed the appearance of all kinds of innovations. Here were indications that a new poetic revolution was taking place, comparable in scope and significance to the one Whitman represented in 1855. The new poets wrote poetry that defied most of the accepted rules, and dealt with subjects which had not been dealt with except, perhaps, by Whitman, thus pushing the boundaries of poetry further back. And they wrote in new ways and techniques. These people were in effect creating a poetic revolution in America and also a very large American poetry reading audience. This audience was in large a very fragmented one. The new verse was responsive to the fragmentized nature of modern life. Within a little over two decades, it scored a complete triumph over old poetry. Pound, Eliot, Williams, etc. made their presence felt and Eliot became, by 1925, the acknowledged leader of the new verse and criticism.7.Make a summary about Black American literature.African-American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. The genre traces its origins to the works of such late 18th century writers as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano, reaching early high points with slave narratives and the Harlem Renaissance, and continuing today with authors such as T oni Morrison, Maya Angelou and Walter Mosley being ranked among the top writers in the United States. Among the themes and issues explored in African American literature are the role of African Americans within the larger American society, African-American culture, racism, slavery, and equality. African American writing has also tended to incorporate within itself oral forms such as spirituals, sermons, gospel music, blues and rap.As African Americans' place in American society has changed over the centuries, so, too, have the foci of African American literature. Before the American Civil War, African American literature primarily focused on the issue of slavery, as indicated by the subgenre of slave narratives. At the turn of the 20th century, booksby authors such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington debated whether to confront or appease racist attitudes in the United States. During the American Civil Rights movement, authors such as Richard Wright and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote about issues of racial segregation and black nationalism. Today, African American literature has become accepted as an integral part of American literature, with books such as Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, and Beloved by Toni Morrison achieving both best-selling and award-winning status.8. Make a comparison between free verse and blank verse.Free Verse is poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence recurring, with variations of phrases, images, and syntactical patterns rather than the conventional use of meter. In other words, free verse has no rhythm scheme or pattern. However, much poetic language and devices are found in free verse. Rhyme may or may not be used in free verse, but, when rhyme is used, it is used with great freedom. In other words, free verse has no rhyme scheme or pattern. Free verse does not mean rhyme cannot be used, only that it must be used without any pattern.Blank verse consists of unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter (ten syllables with the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth syllables accented). The form has generally been accepted as the best for dramatic verse in English and is commonly used for long poems whether dramatic, philosophical, or narrative.While blank verse appears easy to write, good blank verse demands more artistry and genius than most any other verse form. The freedom gained through the lack of rhyme is offset by the demands for required variety.9. Make a summary about the America Drama.American drama begins in the American colonies in the 17th century and continues to the present. Most American plays of the 18th and 19th centuries strongly reflected British influence. In fact, no New Y ork City theater season presented more American plays than British plays until 1910. Although the British repertory dominated the American stage for so long, American drama had begun to diverge from British drama by the time of Andrew Jackson's presidency, from 1828 to 1836. American drama was not born until the end of World War I (1914-1918).By the end of the 19th century American drama was moving steadily toward realism, illuminating the rough or seamy side of life and creating more believable characters. Realism remained the dominant trend of the 20th century in both comedies and tragedies. American drama achieved international recognition with the psychological realism of plays by Eugene O'Neill .As the century advanced, the number of topics considered suitable for drama broadened to encompass race, gender, sexuality, and death.。
A Survey of American Literature
美国文学简史（第二版）A Survey of American Literature作者：刘炳善编著出版社：河南人民出版社出版时间：2007-1-1版次：3页数：463字数：700000印刷时间：2009-10-1开本：16开纸张：胶版纸印次：1I S B N：9787215045385包装：平装内容简介：本书第一版自1990年问世以来，作为教育部选定的高校文科教材及美国文学研究的重要参考书，在国内广泛使用，畅销不衰。
全书精述17世纪早期至当今时代的美国文学发展史，评价主要作家及其代表作品，解析引领时代风气或主导作家创作的重要文学思潮和流派等。
本书第二版吸收了近年来美国文学研究方面的新发现、新成果，增补了50余位当代作家作品的评介，论述了后现代主义特征在战后美国文坛特别是诗歌、小说、戏剧创作当中的表现；此外，新版还注重收入近几十年来评论界对美国文学的新定义、新解释，增加了对少数民族作家的介绍，如美国黑人作家、印第安人作家、美国亚裔作家、美国拉丁裔作家等，上述群体的崛起使美国文学凸现多样化格局，增添了艺术背景的真实性。
本书作者常耀信教授，长期潜心于美国文学研究，任教于大洋两岸，主讲英美文学逾20年；始终孜孜以求，在研究中不断吸收、融汇美国文学创作及文学批评最新发展，故该书既体现了作者本人数年的教学、研究成绩，又荟萃了中外多家学者的研究发现。
本书一直被用作高校英语专业美国文学教材，新版仍适用于大专院校英专学生，还可作英专考研必读书和学术研究参考书，最佳配套课本为常销不衰的《美国文学选读》（上、下）系常教授携其优秀同事合力编著，该系列还将有考研复习伴侣读要及中文版精华缩编本奉献给广大读者！作者简介：常耀信：教授，博士生导师，任教于中国南开大学及美国关岛大学，研究方向为英美文学。
著有《希腊罗马神话》、《漫话英美文学》、《美国文学简史》（英文版）、《美国文学史（上）》（中文版）；主编有《美国文学研究选读》（上、下）、《美国文学研究评论选》（下、下）及《自选评论文集——文化与文学中的比较研究》等。
The Literature of Colonial America
Irving:
inspire the American romantic imagination Cooper offers a fictional version of the American national experience of adventure into the wilderness of the west. the frontier and the wilderness in American literature was firstly illustrated in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales.
preparation and participation: You should preview the related reading material in the textbook before each class meeting in order to follow and participate in class discussions.
The
English government originally treated the new continent as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables. A large number of settlers left their home in England and arrived at the continent in early 17th century. They came here to escape from religious persecution and also to seek for an ideal place to worship their thought as true Christians. There were vast expanse of virgin forests, lands and wilderness. These puritans believed that they were chosen by God to establish a new commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, to restore the lost paradise and to rebuild the Garden of Eden.
American literature chapter 4
visual image made a total poetic statement. His technique came from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry. On one hand the stressed clarity, precision, and economy of language. On the other hand, Pound mused（ 沉思） the traditional rhyme and meter in order to, as Pound put it, ―compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome（节拍）‖.
Lost Generation
a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members include Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T.S Eliot. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein (―You are all a lost generation‖) as epigraph to his novel, The Sun Also Rises. More generally, the term is being used for the yound adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were ―lost‖ because after the war many of them were disllusioned with the world in general and unwilling to move ino a settled life.
外研版九年级下册英语RevisionModuleA部分课文翻译
外研版九年级下册英语RevisionModuleA部分课文翻译翻译既是一门技巧,又是一门艺术，关于外研版九年级下册英语Revision ModuleA部分的课文翻译有哪些呢?接下来是店铺为大家带来的关于外研版九年级下册英语Revision ModuleA部分课文翻译，希望会给大家带来帮助。
外研版九年级下册英语Revision ModuleA部分课文翻译(一) Conversation A会话A1.What does John think about fishing?约翰认为钓鱼怎么样?a)lt is fun and exciting.有趣而且令人兴奋。
b)lt is a weekend hobby.那是个周末爱好。
c)lt is not interesting.没有趣。
2.Who caught the most fish;n the fishing competition?在钓鱼比赛中谁抓到的鱼最多?a)John.约翰。
b)John's mother.约翰的母亲。
c)Johns father.约翰的父亲。
3.What did John's mother catch?约翰的母亲抓到了什么?a) The smallest fish.最小的鱼。
b) The nicest fish.最好的鱼。
c) The biggest fish.最大的鱼。
Conversation B会话B4.What is wrong with Tony?托尼怎么了?a)He has gota headache.他头痛。
b) He has got a fever。
他发烧了。
c)He has got a bad cold.他得了重感冒。
5.What did the doctor say?医生怎么说?a)He had a fever.他发烧了。
b) He was all right他没事。
c)lt was nothing serious.没什么严重的。
review American__ Literature 美国文学复习提纲
An American Tragedy The Trilogy of Desire The Octopus
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Terms in this period
• • • • Realism Local Colorism Tall Tale Naturalism
2011-6-21
11
Modernism Poetry
2011-6-21 12
•
• •
Modernism Fiction
• F. Scott Fitzgerald (spokesman of Jazz Age)(p124): This Side of Paradise: The Great Gatsby Tender Is the Night The Last Tycoon • Ernest Hemingway(p120) (Nobel Prize winner, typical writer of lost generation) : The Old Man and the Sea; The Sun Also Rises; A Farewell to Arms ; For Whom the Bell Tolls Short story : A Clean Well-lighted Place • William Faulkner (Nobel Prize winner)(p197) :(Yoknapatawhpa County) The Sound and the Fury; Light in August; Abslom, Abslom, Go down, Moses • John Steinbeck(130): The Grapes of Wrath; Of Mice and Men
美国文学史及选读2复习笔记
History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume Ⅱ) 美国文学史及选读2 Part Ⅳ The Literature Of Realism 现实主义文学1. 美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. 2. 现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth ” in the depiction of ordinary ordinary life. life. life. ““现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William ,William Dean Dean Dean Howells(Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material ”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life ” as being being the the the more more more ““American American””, , insisting insisting insisting that that that American American American was was was truly truly truly a a a land land land of of of hope hope hope and and and of of of possibility possibility possibility that that that should should should be be reflected in its literature. 3. 美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。
美国文学史Chapter Seven
• 5. Poe’s assumption seems to be that every mind is half mad or capable of slipping into insanity. As a result of this, his fictional characters are mostly neurotics. • 6. Poe’s heroes are mostly “isolatoes”, with no sense of identity, no names even, alienation from society. • 7. Poe was also a full rational human being with an intuitive faculty; he was immensely interested in deduction and induction. He wrote half a dozen detective stories on the ratiocinative basis. • 8. Poe’s style is too traditional to reflect the peculiarity of his theme, which is responsible for his difficult prose.
VI. Poe as a Poet
• • • • • His Poetry “A Dream Within A Dream” “Annabel Lee” “The Bells” "The City in the Sea" "The Conqueror Worm"
"Eldorado" "Lenore" "The Haunted Palace" “Sonnet – To Science” "The Raven" "Ulalume" “Israfel”
美国文学史及选读henry james
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
Psychological Realism
Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.Such realism is therefore only the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it,which may not be the same life as it “really” is. “The Ambassadors” is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
Stage Three
The Wings of the Dove (鸽翼) The Ambassadors (专
使)
The Golden Bowl (金碗)
College of Foreign Languages, CTGU
HISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
3. Intellectualized and Highly Sensitive Female Protagonists Most protagonists are females, such as Daisy in Daisy Miller, Isabel in The Portrait of a Lady, Milly in The wings of the Dove, and Maggie in The Golden Bowl. They are often wealthy enough to have wide freedom of choice in their personal lives, leisure for minute self scrutiny, and usually with enough intelligence to express subtle feelings and moral hesitation.
专四专八：美国文学简史笔记
A Concise History of American LiteratureWhat is literature?Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI. Background: Puritanism1. features of Puritanism(1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3) Total depravity(4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2. Influence(1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.(2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.(3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.II. Overview of the literature1. types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2. writers of colonial period(1) Anne Bradstreet(2) Edward Taylor(3) Roger Williams(4) John Woolman(5) Thomas Paine(6) Philip FreneauIII. Jonathan Edwards1. life2. works(1) The Freedom of the Will(2) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3) The Nature of True Virtue3. ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism(1) The spirit of revivalism(2) Regeneration of man(3) God’s presence(4) Puritan idealismIV. Benjamin Franklin1. life2. works(1) Poor Richard’s Almanac(2) Autobiography3. contribution(1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.(2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”.(3) Everything seems to meet in this one man – “Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?An approach from ancient Greek: PlatoA literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)Schlegel Bros.I. Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1. subjectivity(1) feeling and emotions, finding truth(2) emphasis on imagination(3) emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1) unrestrained by classical rules(2) full of imagination(3) colloquial language(4) freedom of imagination(5) genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3. back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau)II. American Romanticism1. Background(1) Political background and economic development(2) Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2. features(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. III. Washington Irving1. several names attached to Irving(1) first American writer(2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3) father of American literature2. life3. works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)(3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5) The Alhambra4. Literary career: two parts(1) 1809~1832a. Subjects are either English or Europeanb. Conservative love for the antique(2) 1832~1859: back to US5. style – beautiful(1) gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2) avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4) vivid and true characters(5) humour – smiling while reading(6) musical languageIV. James Fenimore Cooper1. life2. works(1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2) The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3) Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3. point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4. style(1) highly imaginative(2) good at inventing tales(3) good at landscape description(4) conservative(5) characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6) language and use of dialect not authentic5. literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’sLeatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.Section 2 Summit of Romanticism – American TranscendentalismI. Background: four sources1. Unitarianism(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5) Continued progress of mankind(6) Divinity of mankind(7) Depravity of mankind2. Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3. Oriental m y s t i c i s m b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 8 " > C e n t e r o f t h e w o r l d i s o v e r s o u l b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 9 " > 4 . P u r i t a n i s m b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 0 " > E l o q u e n t e x p r e s s i o n i n t r a n s c e n d e n t a l i s m b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 1 " > I I . A p p e a r a n c e b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 2 " > 1 8 3 6 , N a t u r e b y E m e r s o n b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 3 " > I I I . F e a t u r e s b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 4 " > 1 . s p i r i t / o v e r s o u l b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 5 " > 2 . i m p o r t a n c e o f i n d i v i d u a l i s m b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 6 " > 3 . n a t u r e s y m b o l o f s p i r i t / G o d b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 7 " > g a r m e n t o f t h e o v e r s o u l b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 8 " > 4 . f o c u s i n i n t u i t i o n ( i r r a t i o n a l i s m a n d s u b c o n s c i o u s n e s s ) b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 9 " > I V . I n f l u e n c e b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 0 " > 1 . I t s e r v e d a s a n e t h i c a l g u i d e t o l i f e f o r a y o u n g n a t i o n a n d b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e i d e a t h a t h u m a n c a n b e p e r f e c t e d b y n a t u r e . I t s t r e s s e d r e l i g i o u s t o l e r a n c e , c a l l e d t o t h r o w o f f s h a c k l e s o f c u s t o m s a n d t r a d i t i o n s a n d g o f o r w a r d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n e w a n d d i s t i n c t l y A m e r i c a n c u l t u r e . b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 1 " > 2 . I t a d v o c a t e d i d e a l i s m t h a t w a s g r e a t n e e d e d i n a r a p i d l y e x p a n d e d e c o n o m y w h e r e o p p o r t u n i t y o f t e n b e c a m e o p p o r t u n i s m , a n d t h e d e s i r e t o g e t o n o b s c u r e d t h e m o r a l n e c e s s i t y f o r r i s i n g t o s p i r i t u a l h e i g h t . b r bd s f i d = " 2 4 2 " > 3 . I t he l p e d t o c r e a t e t h ef i r s t A m e r i c a n r e n a i s s a n c e o n e o f t h e m o s t p r o l i f i c pe r i o d i n A m e r i c a n l i t e r a t u r e . b r b d sf i d = " 2 4 3 " > V . R a l p h W a l d o E m e r s o n b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 4 " >1 . l i f e b r b d s f i d = "2 4 5 " > 2 . w o r k s b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 6 " > ( 1 ) N a t u r e b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 7 " > ( 2 ) T w o e s sa y s : T h e A m e r i c a n S c h o l a r , T h e P o e tb r b d s f i d = " 2 4 8 " > 3 . p o i n t o f v i e w b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 9 " > ( 1 ) O n e m a j o r e l e m e n t o f h i s p h i l o s o p h y i s h i s f i r m b e l i e f i n t h e t r a n sc e nde n c e of t h e o v e r s o u l . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 0 " > ( 2 ) H e r eg a r d s n a t u r e a s th e p u r e s t , a n d t h e m o s t s a n c ti f y i n g m o r a l i n f l u e n c e o n m a n , a n d a d v o c a t e d a d i r e c t i n t u i t i o n o f a s p i r i t u a l a n d i m m a n e n t G o d i n n a t u r e . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 1 " > ( 3 ) I f m a n d e p e n d s u p o n h i m s e l f , c u l t i v a t e s h i m s e l f a n d b r i n g s o u t t h e d i v i n e i n h i m s e l f , h e c a n h o p e t o b e c o m e b e t t e r a n d e v e n p e r f e c t . T h i s i s w h a t E m e r s o n m e a n s b y t h e i n f i n i t u d e o f m a n . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 2 " > ( 4 ) E v e r y o n e s h o u l d u n d e r s t a n d t h a t h e m a k e s h i m s e l f b y m a k i n g h i s w o r l d , a n d t h a t h e m a k e s t h e w o r l d b y m a k i n g h i m s e l f . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 3 " > 4 . a e s t h e t i c i d e a s b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 4 " > ( 1 ) H e i s a c o m p l e t e m a n , a n e t e r n a l m a n . b r b d s f i d = "2 5 5 " > ( 2 ) T r u e p o e t r y a n d t r u e a r t s h o u l d e n n o b l e . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 6 " > (3 ) T h e p o e t s h o u l d e x p r e s s h i s t h o u g h t i n s y m b o l s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 7 " > (4 ) A s t o t h e m e , E m e r s o n c a l l e d u p o n A m e ri c a n a u t h o r s t o c e l e b r a t e A m e r i c a w h i c h w a s t o h i m a l o n e p o e m i n i t s e l f . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 8 " >5 . h i s i n f l u e n c e b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 9 " > V I . H e n r y D a v i d T h o r e a u b r b d s f i d = " 26 0 " > 1 . l i f e b r b d s f id = " 2 6 1 " > 2 . w o r k s b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 2 " > ( 1 ) A We e k o n t h e C o n c o r d a n d M e r r i m a c k R i v e r b r b d s fi d = " 2 6 3 " > ( 2 ) W a l d e n b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 4 " > ( 3 ) A P l e a f o r J o h n B r o w n ( a n e s s a y ) b r b d s f i d = " 2 65 " > 3 . p o i n t o f v i e w b r b d s f i d = " 26 6 " > ( 1 ) H e d i d n o t l i k e t h e w a y a m a t e r i a l i s t i c A m e r i c a w a sd e v e l o p i n g a n d w a s v e h e m e n t l y o u t s p o k e n o n t h e p o i n t . b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 7 " > ( 2 ) H e h a t e d t h e h u m a n i n j u s t i c e a s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s l a v e r y s y s t e m . b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 8 " > ( 3 ) L i k e E m e r s o n , b u t m o r e t h a n h i m , T h o r e a u s a w n a t u r e a s a g e n u i n e r e s t o r a t i v e , h e a l t h y i n f l u e n c e o n m a n s s p i r i t u a l w e l l - b e i n g . b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 9 " > ( 4 ) H e h a s f a i t h i n t h e i n n e r v i r t u e a n d i n w a r d , s p i r i t u a l g r a c e o f m a n . b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 0 " > ( 5 ) H e w a s v e r y c r i t i c a l o f m o d e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n . b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 1 " > ( 6 ) S i m p l i c i t y & s i m p l i f y ! b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 2 " > ( 7 ) H e w a s s o r e l y d i s g u s t e d w i t h t h e i n u n d a t i o n s o f t h e d i r t y i n s t i t u t i o n s o f m e n s o d d - f e l l o w s o c i e t y . b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 3 " > ( 8 ) He h a s c a l m t r u s t i n t h ef u t u r e a n d h i s a r d e n t b e l i e f i n a n e wg e n e r a t i o n o f m e n . b r b d s f i d = " 2 74 " > S e c t i o n 3 L a t e R o m a n t i c i s m b r b d s f i d = " 2 75 " > I . N a t h a n i e l H a w t h o r n e b r b d s f i d = " 2 76 " > 1 . l i f e b r b d s f i d = " 27 7 " > 2 . w o r k s b r b d s f i d = " 2 78 " > ( 1 ) T w o c o l l e c t i o n s o f s h o r t s t o r i e s : T w i c e - t o l d T a l e s , M o s s e s f r o m a n d O l d M a n s e b r b d s f i d = " 2 79 " > ( 2 ) T h e S c a r l e t L e t t e r b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 0 " > ( 3 ) T h e H o u s e o f t h e S e v e n G a b l e s b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 1 " > ( 4 ) T h e M a r b l e F a u n b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 2 " > 3 . p o i n t o f v i e w b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 3 " > ( 1 ) E v i l i s a t t h e c o r e o f h u m a n l i f e , t h a t b l a c k n e s s i n H a w t h o r n e b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 4 " > ( 2 ) W h e n e v e r t h e r e i s s i n , t h e r e i s p u n i s h m e n t . S i n o r e v i l c a n b e p a s s e d f r o m g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n ( c a u s a l i t y ) . b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 5 " > ( 3 ) H e i s o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t e v i l e d u c a t e s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 6 " > ( 4 ) H e h a s d i s g u s t i n s c i e n c e . b r b d s f i d = "2 8 7 " > 4 . a e s t h e t i c i d e a s b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 8 " > ( 1 ) H e t o o k a g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n h i s t o r y a n d a n t i q ui t y . T o h i m t h e s e f u r n i s h t h e s o i l o n w h i c h h i s m i n d g r o w s t o f r u i t i o n . b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 9 " > ( 2 ) H e w a s c o n v i n c e d t h a t r o m a n c e w a s t h e p r e d e s t i n e d f o r m o f A m e r i c a n n a r r a t i v e . T o t e l l t h e t r u t h a n d s a t i r i z e a n d y e t n o t t o o f f e n d : T h a t w a s w h a t H a w t h o r n e h a d i n m i n d t o a c h i e v e . b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 0 " > 5 . s t y l e t y p i c a l r o m a n t i c w r i t e r b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 1 " > ( 1 ) t h e u s e o f s y m b o l s b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 2 " > ( 2 ) r e v e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s p s y c h o l o g y b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 3 " > ( 3 ) t h e u s e o f s u p e r n a t u r a l m i x e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 4 " > ( 4 ) h i s s t o r i e s a r e p a r a b l e ( p a r a b l e i n f o r m ) t o t e a c h a l e s s o n b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 5 " > ( 5 ) u s e o f a m b i g u i t y t o k e e p t h e r e a d e r i n t h e w o r l d o f u n c e r t a i n t y m u l t i p l e p o i n t o f v i e w b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 6 " > I I . H e r m a n M e l v i l l e b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 7 " > 1 . l i f e b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 8 " > 2 . w o r k s b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 9 " > ( 1 ) T y p e e b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 0 " > ( 2 ) O m i o b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 1 " > ( 3 ) M a r d i b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 2 " > ( 4 ) R e d b u r n b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 3 " > ( 5 ) W h i t e J a c k e t b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 4 " > ( 6 ) M o b y D i c k b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 5 " > ( 7 ) P i e r r e b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 6 " > ( 8 ) B i l l y B u d d b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 7 " > 3 . p o i n t o f v i e w b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 8 " > ( 1 ) H e n e v e r s e e m s a b l e t o s a y a n a f f i r m a t i v e y e s t o l i f e : H i s i s t h e a t t i t u d e o f E v e r l a s t i n g N a y ( n e g a t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s l i f e ) . b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 9 " > ( 2 ) O n e o f t h e m a j o r t h e m e s o f h i s i s a l i e n a t i o n ( f a r a w a y f r o m e a c h o t h e r ) . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 0 " > O t h e r t h e m e s : l o n e l i n e s s , s u i c i d a l i n d i v i d u a l i s m ( i n d i v i d u a l i s m c a u s i n g d i s a s t e r a n d d e a t h ) , r e j e c t i o n a n d q u e s t , c o n f r o n t a t i o n o f i n n o c e n c e a n d e v i l , d o u b t s o v e r t h e c o m f o r t i n g 1 9 c i d e a o f p r o g r e s s b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 1 " > 4 . s t y l e b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 2 " > ( 1 ) L i k e H a w t h o r n e , M e l v i l l e m a n a g e s t o a c h i e v e t h e e f f e c t o f a m b i g u i t y t h r o u g h e m p l o y i n g t h e t e c h n i q u e o f m u l t i p l e v i e w o f h i s n a r r a t i v e s . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 3 " > ( 2 ) H e t e n d s t o w r i t e p e r i o d i c c h a p t e r s . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 4 " > ( 3 ) H i s r i c h r h y t h m i c a l p r o s e a n d h i s p o e t i c p o w e r h a v e b e e n p r o f u s e l y c o m m e n t e d u p o n a n d p r a i s e d . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 5 " > ( 4 ) H i s w o r k s a r e s y m b o l i c a n d m e t a p h o r i c a l . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 6 " > ( 5 ) H e i n c l u d e s m a n y n o n - n a r r a t i v e c h a p t e r s o f f a c t u a l b a c k g r o u n d o r d e s c r i p t i o n o f w h a t g o e s o n b o a r d t h e s h i p o r o n t h e r o u t e ( M o b y D i c k ) b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 7 " > R o m a n t i c P o e t s b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 8 " > I . W a l t W h i t m a n b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 9 " > 1 . l i f e b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 0 " > 2 . w o r k : L e a v e s o f G r a s s ( 9 e d i t i o n s ) b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 1 " > ( 1 ) S o n g o f M y s e l f b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 2 " > ( 2 ) T h e r e W a s a C h i l d W e n t F o r t h b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 3 " > ( 3 ) C r o s s i n g B r o o k l y n F e r r y b r b d s f i d = "3 24 " > ( 4 ) D e m o c r a t i c V i s t a s b r b d s f i d = " 3 25 " > ( 5 ) P a s s a g e t o I n d i a b r b d s f i d = " 3 26 " > ( 6 ) O u t o f t h e C r a d l e E n d l e s s l y R o c k i n g b r b d s f i d = " 3 27 " > 3 . t h e m e s C a t a l o g u e o f A m e r i c a n a n d E u r o p e a n t h o u g h t b r b d s f i d = " 3 28 " > H e h a d b e e n i n f l u e n c e d b y m a n y A m e r i c a n a n d E u r o p e a n t h o u g h t s : e n l i g h t e n m e n t , i d e a l i s m , t r a n s c e n d e n t a l i s m , s c i e n c e , e v o l u t i o n i d e a s , w e s t e r n f r o n t i e r s p i r i t s , J e f f e r s o n s i n d i v i d u a l i s m , C i v i l W a r U n i o n i s m , O r i e n t a l i s m . b r b d s f i d = " 3 29 " > M a j o r t h e m e s i n h i s p o e m s ( a l m o s t e v e r y t h i n g ) :。
AmericanLiterature《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）
AmericanLiterature《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentali sm:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured andsinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na?ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the wit ch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass”and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I”t o stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to thesuccessful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructiblespirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2. The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s lang uage is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strang eness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.。
notes for 20th century American__ literature 美国文学要点
Towards a definition of modernism:Modernism is generally defined as the new artistic and literary styles that emerged in the decades before 1914 as artists rebelled against the late 19th century norms of depiction and literary form, in an attempt to present what they regarded as a more emotionally true picture of how people really feel and think.Shorthand version of definition: Modernism is the attempt to create something new in the space of modern crisis and change.A more complicated version of definition given by Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms: (Modernism is) a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature (and other arts) of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Data, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of the unaffiliated writers. Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of the 19th century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader: the conventions of realism, for instance, were abandoned by Franz Kaflka and other novelists, and by expressionist drama, while several poets rejected traditional meters in favor of free verse. Modernist writers tended to see themselves and avant-garde disengaged from bourgeois values, and disturbed their readers by adopting complex and difficult new forms and styles. In fiction, the accepted continuity of chronological development was upset by Joseph Conrad, Marcel Proust, and William Faulkner, while Jame s Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted new ways of tracing the flow of characters’ thoughts in their stream-of- consciousness styles. In poetry, Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot replaced the logical exposition of thoughts with collages of fragmentary images and complex allusions. Luigi Pirandello and Bertolt Brecht opened up the theatre to new forms of abstraction in place of realist and naturalist representation. Modernist writing is predominantly cosmopolitan, and often expresses sense of urban cultural dislocation, along with an awareness of new anthropological and psychological theories. Its favored techniques of juxtapostion and multiple points of view challenge the reader to reestablish a coherence of meaning from fragmentary forms.Cultural Background of Modernism:Modernism in literature is the result of many forces acting upon literature. As Alan Friedman points out in his pioneering analysis of modern fiction, The Turn of Novel, published in 1966, ―The roots of the change in the novel lie tangled deep in the modern experience. Causes in fields other than literature there doubtless were --- a confluence of psychological, philosophical, scientific, social, economic, and political causes, analogues, and explanations.New Science and Technology:Theories of Relativity: EinsteinInterpretation: No law or observation can be universally reliable, but depends, among other factors, on the position of the individual observers.Uncertainty Principle: HeisenbergInterpretation: It stresses the incapacity of science to establish anything about the physical universe with absolute rigor, logic or certainty.Comment: The new science not only exploded the world, but exploded the novel by proving that the old certainties have faded and nothing is absolute in the universe.The rapid development of modern technology suddenly made people find themselves among the Gallery of machines, the world dominated by new powers. It drives both the modern world and the modern mind into chaos.The result is the modernist writings are heavily tainted with despair, loss of identity and dehumanization of world of materialism.Philosophical Background:Nietzsche:Nietzsche shook the whole world by his famous statement that God is dead, which is proclaimed through a madman in his book Parable of the Madman.Interpretation: The death of God means that the center that used to guide the thinking of the Western world – the―Father‖ in Heaven who supposedly rewards the good and punished evil – is finally gone. In another word, life is not governed by rational principles and there are no absolute standards of good and evil. Human beings are left alone in this godless and absurd world.Comment: This should not be understood as pessimistic view of modern world. To Nietzsche, the death of God is not necessarily a bad news since it opens up a new era in which life is viewed from plural perspectives, not just by the single perspective of the God.The result is it freed the modern minds of the bondage of moral traditions, but it also left them at a loss when there are no new moral codes coming up.Psychological Background:Oedipus ComplexA Freudian term to designate attraction on the part of the child toward the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry and hostility toward the parent of its own. Freud introduced the concept in his Interpretation of Dreams (1899). The term derives from the Theban hero Oedipus of Greek legend, who unknowingly slew his father and married his mother.According to Freud, Oedipus complex occurs during the phallic stage of the psycho-sexual development of the personality, approximately years three to five. Resolution of the Oedipus complex is believed to occur by identification with the parent of the same sex and by the renunciation of sexual interest in the parent of the opposite sex. Freud considered this complex the cornerstone of the superego and the nucleus of all human relationship. Many psychiatrists, while acknowledging the significance of the Oedipal relationships to personality development in the culture, ascribe love and attraction toward one parent and hatred and antagonism toward the other not necessarily to sexual rivalry but to resentment of parental authoritarian power.The Linguistic TurnSaussure: leading people to think more about the nature of language and its reliability and validity as a tool.Since Saussure: the synchronic and structural dimension has been emphasized.Saussure viewed language as a system of signs, which are combinations of signifier and signified, and are the product of ―system of difference.His famous statement —―there are only differences‖ — suggests that the meaning of language is arbitrary. Wittgenstein: putting forward his theory of ―language-game‖.His logic: different ways of using language have different rules, yet meaning can arise within all of them.The conclusion: the use of language determines the meaning of language.The effect of the linguistic turn:The effect of linguistic turn is enormous. Since its function as a reliable tool is doubtful, language becomes ―a real problem‖ for them. In the work of these modernist writers, language is a ―prism‖. Reading such work, the reader has to examine the prism. So language in modernist writings has undergone a sort of revolution: it is made strange or unfamiliar.The Impact of the WarsThe war made men lost, the world a waste land.Bitter disillusionment: During WWI, many idealistic young Americans volunteered to take part in ―the war to end wars‖. But they discovered that modern warfare was not glorious or heroic. They saw the best youth being slaughtered and their ideals for a better world being bargained away for power and profits in the Treaty of Versailles.Frantic pursuit of individual success and personal enjoyment:The rapid economic growth resulted from WWI filled postwar-America with pleasure seeking and materialism. Mass production and modern technologies helped to turn America into a greedily consuming society.The result is the loss of faith, the loss of self, the groundlessness of value and morality, the violence of war, alienation and a nameless, faceless anxiety came under the pens of modernist writers.。
美国文学American Literature
Emily Dickinson（艾米莉. 迪金森） •an American woman poet •was regarded after her death as a great poet as Whitman in America of the 19th century
writing style
Westward Expansion in the 18th and 19th Century of the USA
• Jefferson purchased Louisiana in 1803
• many European immigrants began arriving in the US in the 1840s
Puritans
Henry David Thoreau亨利. 大卫. 梭罗 （1817——1862）
Walden《瓦尔登湖》/ Life in the Woods《林中 生活》(1854)
Post-Romanticism (1830s — 1875)
power of imagination
concentrated on human imagination and emotion rather
•Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔. 霍桑（1804 —— 1864）
the most influential American romantic novelist in the 19th century
The Scarlet Letter《红字》
(1850)
Post-Romanticism (1830s — 1875)
in Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Grass《草叶集》(1855)
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Modern Period Steinbeck (Nobel Prize winner) : The Grapes of Wrath ; Of Mice and Men
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Important terms in Modern Period
Imagism The Lost Generation the jazz age American dream Stream of consciousness Hemingway code hero
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Realism period
Mark Twain (the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens) :The Gilded Age; Innocents Abroad ;The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer ;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Hemingway once said that all modern American literature comes in )
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pay attention to representatives and masterpieces in each period
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the important literary terms of each period
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War of independent period
Washington Irving ( Father of American literature) :The Sketch Book James Fenimore Cooper :The Leather-stocking Tales William Bryant: Ralph Waldo Emerson (the founder of transcendentalism): Nature, Self Reliance Henry David Thoreau :Walden
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Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville :Moby Dick Henry Wadsworth Longfellow :The Song of Hiawatha Walt Whitman (the pioneer of American poem revolutionary): Leaves of Grass, Song of myself Emily Dickinson :
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Terms: The Gilded Age American Naturalism
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Modernism period
Ezra Pound (the founder of imagism movement): The cantos T.S. Eliot (Nobel Prize winner) :The Wasted Land (William said that the publish of The Wasted Land like an atom, destroy our world.) Edwin Alington Robinson: Richard Cory; Robert Frost: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening; The Road not Traveled By ; After Apple Picking Wallace Steavens: Anecdote of a Jar; The Ice Cream Emperor Carl Sandburg : The Fog; Chicago; The harbor
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Modernism period
F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway (Nobel Prize winner) :The Old Man and the Sea; The sun also rises; A farewell to arms William Faulkner (Nobel Prize winner) :The Sound and the Fury; Light in August; Abslom, Abslom,
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Period of Romanticism
Edgar Allan Poe (Father of detective story, The first American literary theorist; poet): The Fall of The House of Usher; The Purloined Letter Terms: Transcendentalism over soul Free verse The New England Renaissance Leather stocking tales
Benjamin Franklin :Autobiography Thomas Paine :Common sense Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence Philip Freneau:
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Period of Romanticism
American Literature Revision
五个时期
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Colonial period Period of Revolution Romantic Period Realism period Modernism period ( modern literature start with poet )
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Henry James: The Portrait of a Lady; Jack London: The Call of the Wild; Martin
Eden
Theodore Dreiser :Sister Carrie( ban novel); An
American Tragedy