BRITISH LITERATURE.doc1英美文学

合集下载

UnitBritishLiterature(英国文学)必备学习

美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育地特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见地考核学生学习成果地方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文<含毕业论文）等.研究生presentation 及seminar 地机会更是占很大地比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例.如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好地成绩,是本文提供给有志留学地有心人参考地目地. 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式地教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力地优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹地利基.反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作地训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告地写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成.通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries>,本文(Texts>以及参考资料(References>三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一> 篇首：封面(Title>序言(Preface>谢词(Acknowledge>提要(Summary>目录(Tables and Appendixes>(二> 本文：引言(Introduction>主体,含篇(Part>、章(Chapter>、节(Section> 、以及注释 (Footnotes>(三>参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography>附录资料(Appendix>.进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达地主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目.题目可以提供研究者：一.研究地方向二.研究地范围三.资料搜集地范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用.构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 地先前步骤, 大纲是论文、报告地骨干, Proposal 是研究地架构、流程及范围地说明书.如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前地必要准备工作.好地论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实地资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要地来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构地报告、科技或商业方面地杂志,及会议性质地资料.此外现代地电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校地电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要地资料.当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如 Seminar 式地报告.就算是小报告,也至少应含(一>TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期(二>Summary：即主要地结论(三>Introduction：包括理论背景及内容(四>Technical Sections：是论文地主体,为最重要地部份应再细分为几个片断.(五>Conclusions：即扼要地结论(六>Appendixes：复杂公式地导引及叁考资料和电脑程式地报表可附加在此项美式报告地撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完地字要以音节来连接.写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表地需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺地,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界地重要工具,文书处理更是最基本地要求,因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎地工具.此外在英文语法、文法上地润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好.论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation>,用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时.投影机及麦克风地使用对讲演地效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众地反应,切中主题,避免太多数字地导引.Unit 6British Literature (英国文学>一、本单元重点内容1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗地名字,同时也是此诗中地英雄地名字>}2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》>3. Stories about King Arthur (关于亚瑟王和他地骑士们地故事>4. William Shakespeare (威廉·莎士比亚>5. the Romance writers in the 19th century (19世纪浪漫派作家>6. The Brontes (布朗特三姐妹>7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯>8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特>9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森>10. Modernism (现代主义>11. Postmodernism (后现代主义>12. Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德>13. Virginia Woolf (维吉尼亚·吴尔夫>14. wrence (D.H.·劳伦斯>15. E.M Foster (EM·福斯特>二、本单元重、难点辅导1. early writing1>. British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells2>. Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11thC.地盎格鲁˙撒克逊地英语> literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD>3>. Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400>The most important work in Middle English (中古英语：11th C. AD—15th C. AD> Literature. It’s made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain eac h other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in south-east England. It’s quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style of the stories they tell.杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要地作品.故事讲述了31个朝圣者结伴到英格兰东南部地坎特伯雷去朝圣.途中,每个人讲一个故事,来缓解旅途地劳顿. 值得注意地是,这部故事集体现地多样性,这些朝圣者来自不同地阶层,几乎涵盖了当时地所有社会阶层,他们讲故事地风格也各不相同. (中古英语：指11世纪到15世纪地英语>4>. the stories of King Arthur and his knightsKing Arthur was the King of England in the 5th Century and was the central figure of many legends. History of the Kings of Britain published in 1138 well established King Arthur in literary form. The book invented material to fill the broad gaps in the historical record. The stories of King Arthur’s court, his knights and th eir famous round table and the search for the Holy Grail were mainly based on a very few vague “facts”. The ruined castle at Tintagel in Cornwall mentioned in the legends of King Arthur is now a popular tourist destination.2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24>---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”--- drama: the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development--- the 1st professional theatre opened in London in 1576--- thegreattrio (the best of the famous playwrights>1> Christopher Marlowe (克里斯托弗·马洛>—the earliest of the trio Dr Faustus《浮士德博士》2> William Shakespeare (1564--1616>— an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three categories: tragedies (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, etc.>, comedies (Merchant of Venice, The Dreams of the Midsummer Nigh t, etc.> and history plays (Henry VI, Charles II etc. >威廉·莎士比亚是伊丽莎白时期地英国剧作家和诗人.他通常被认为是英国文学中最伟大地剧作家.他地作品分为三类：悲剧、喜剧和历史剧,悲剧有《哈姆莱特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等,喜剧有《威尼斯商人》、《仲夏夜之梦》等,历史剧有《亨利6世》《查理二世》等.3> Ben Jonson3. the 19th C. literatureRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.粗略地讲,19世纪地前30几年构成英国文学地浪漫主义时期.浪漫派作家更多地关注人类地想象力和情感,而不是理性地力量.A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治合编地《抒情歌谣集》被认为是浪漫派诗歌地“独立宣言”.济慈,拜伦和雪莱这三位伟大地诗人把浪漫主义运动推向高潮.浪漫主义地精神在小说中也有体现.The Romantics saw themselves as free spirits, emphasizing nature, originality, the emotional and personal, rather than the “rational” in their work. This was a change fr om the emphasis on imitating classical (meaning Ancient Greek and Roman> conventions and forms.---novels1>. Jane Austen—6 novels Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma2>. Bronte sisters—daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Though poor, they were educated and respectable. They all died young, but were remembered long after their death for their contribution to English literature. —Charlotte (Jane Eyre>, Emily (WutheringHeights> and Ann.她们是约克郡一个乡村教会地牧师地女儿,分别叫夏洛特,爱M莉和安.虽然很穷,但她们都受过良好地教育,非常受人尊敬.她们很年轻就去世了,但是因为她们对英国文学地贡献,在她们去世后那么久都没有被人遗忘.夏洛特地名篇是《简爱》,爱M莉地名篇是《呼啸山庄》.为了书出版,她们都得用男性化地笔名.3>. Elizabeth Gaskell (盖斯凯尔,a woman writer> (friend of Charlotte。

British Literature(1)

meter(格律/韵律)：foot number & foot pattern in a line. foot: division or unit of a line, each has one strong syllable
and one or more weak syllables.

Rhyme: The repetition of sounds in two or more words close to each other in a poem. internal rhyme: Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king. Man proposes, God disposes. alliteration: the initial sounds of two or more words are the same. Farewell, my friends! Farewell, my foes! end rhyme: 1. couplet(双韵): aabbccdd… 2. triplet: aaa 3. quatrain(四行体)押韵有aabb, abab, abba, abcb, aaba approximate rhyme: look-lack, prove-love
Beowulf《贝奥武夫》 Romance
1. Old English Period (449-1066)

大不列颠岛的土著居民aborigines是来自比利牛斯半岛的伊比利亚人Iberian，他们以创造了巨石文化而著称。后来，凯尔特人Celtic从大陆进入大不列颠岛，同化了土著居民，形成盎格鲁-撒克逊人的最早基础。 449年, 日耳曼人Teuton中的盎格鲁人Anglo、撒克逊人Saxon进入不列颠。他们同化、消灭了一部分凯尔特人，将另一部分凯尔特人驱赶到西南和西北部的山区。 1066年，来自法国的诺曼人Norman征服了不列颠，他们在英法百年战争后融合在盎格鲁-撒克逊人中。

英美文学主要内容

英美文学作品选读Selected Readings of British LiteratureThis subject is about the historical development of British literature, it describes the lives and careers of the great and major writers, especially their representative works.英国1. 中古英国文学（8世纪-14世纪）2. 文艺复兴时期（14世纪-17世纪中）3. 新古典主义时期（17世纪中-18世纪）4. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪中-19世纪中）5. 维多利亚时期（1836- 1901）6. 现代主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪）Mediaeval times (the 8th ~ 14th century)1)The Anglo-saxon period:About Teutons: before the invasion of Britain, the Teutons inhabited the central part of Europe as far as the Rhine, a tract which in a large measured coincides with the modern Germany. The Jutes, Angles and Saxons were different tribes of Teutons. These ancestors of the English dwelt in Danmark and in the lands extending southward along the North Sea.The literature form of this period falls into two divisions –pagan and Christian. The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral saga. The latter represents the writings developed under the teaching of the monks. Two important poets in this period are Caedmon and Cynewulf.The Song of Beowulf: the poem can be justly termed England’s national epic, its hero Beowulf is one of the national heroes of the English people. Thematically, the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles again the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.2)The Anglo-Norman period: the literature of this period is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales oflove and adventure, in contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the representative. Its theme is a series of the tests on faith, courage, purity and human weakness for self-preservation. The story presents a profoundly Christian view of man’s character and his destiny. By placing self-protection before honour, and deceit before his trust in the love of God, Gawain has sinned and fallen and become an image of Adam. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is undoubtedly a romance told with the purpose of portraying ideal character in action.3)Geoffrey Chaucer,the ‘father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the London dialect, so profusely used by the poet. Chaucer’s masterpiece is the Canterbury Tales, one of the most famous works in all literature, which has given us a picture of contemporary English life, its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled. These people include young squire, yeoman, forester, Prioress, miller, ploughman, etc.文艺复兴时期文学The Renaissancethe 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art, this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance, which originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism (vagueness).In Elizabethan period, English literature developed with a great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry, remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling. In the renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievement of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English renaissance.1. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets in the world. He has also been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. His greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. His greatest comedies are: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the Merchant of Venice, as you like it and Twelfth Night. In them, he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, love and ideal of happiness. They trust in themselves and their efforts are crowned with success. The general spirit is optimism.The Merchant of Venice: A moneyless young man Bassanio loves a rich beauty Portia. He wants to marry to her, so he appeals to his friend Antonio for help. To aid Bassanio in his courtship, he borrows money from Shylock the Jewish usurer. Shylock agrees to lend the money on the condition that if the loan is not paid in three months, he may cut a pound of flesh from Antonia’s body. Unfortunately, Antonio can’t pay the money because his ship doesn’t return on time. Shylock demands his pound of flesh and Antonio is in danger now. At the critical moment, a young doctor of law comes to help him. He asks Shylock to take no more or no less than one pound of flesh and spilling no drop of blood. Shylock can’t do this, so Antonia is saved. The man who saves the life of Antonio is no other than Portia in disguise! Portia: she is one of S hakespeare’s ideal women--- beautiful, cultured, courteous（谦恭）and capable of rising to an emergency. Shylock: he is an avaricious money-lender and a Jew of pride and deep religious instincts. He has suffered much in the hands of the Christians. His revolting bond is counterbalanced by Antonio’s arrogant treatmen t of him. We can see his loud protest against racial discrimination.Hamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole story shows how hamlet, who represents good and justice, fights against his uncle in whom all the evil things can be seen. The famous line in the play “to be or not to be” by hamlet is often quoted by people. He is a hero of the renaissance. He loves good and hates evil. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and the 17th century.Othello is a splendid Moorish general in Venice. He marries to a beautiful girl and they live happily together. Iago is a very bad man and he envies his happiness. He tells Othello that his wife betrayed him. He believes him and kills his wife. But at last he knows the truth and regrets very much, so he killed himself. It is a tragedy of humanism and a tragedy of the colored people in a society of racial prejudice. Othello is a great warrior and too noble-minded to suspect those whom he loves. Though his kin is dark, he has great moral beauty. He loves Desdemona dearly because he finds her to be the embodiment of integrity, sincerity and loftiness of mind. Their tragedy shows that noble-minded people maybe led astray by evil forces in an evil society and commit mistakes if they can not distinguish falsehood from truth, and evil from good.King Lear: Lear is the king of Britain and he is a self-wild old man, intends to divide his realm among his three daughters by asking them how much they love him. The two elder daughters win his trust by fine words. But his little daughter Cordelia says she loves him according to her duty, not more or less. Her father is angry and decides to give her nothing.Sonnet: the sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme scheme.Francis Bacon:an outstanding prose writer in time. His works may be divided into three classes, the philosophical (the Advancement of Learning), the literary (Essays - Of Truth, Of Death, Of Friendship), and the professional (Reading on the Status of Uses) works.17世纪文学(The Period of Revolution and Restoration)The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.1. John Milton is the greatest writer of the 17th century. He is often considered the greatest English poet after Shakespeare. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of renaissance and Reformation combine and receive their most intense and intelligent expression. His works include paradise lost, paradise regained and Samson Agonistes. Milton has noble thought and splendid imagery. He is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous. His works are marked by cosmic themes and lofty religious idealism. Paradise lost is his masterpiece and the greatest English epic. In the poem, god is no better than a selfish despot, who is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan, the rebel. Adam and Eve embody his belief in the powers of man. Satan is the real hero of the poem.2. John Bunyan. The Pilgrim’s Progress.The story starts with a dream in which the author sees Christian the Pilgrim, with a heavy burden on his back, reading the Bibble, from which he learns that the city in which he and his family live shall be burnt down in a fire. He tries to convince his family and his neighbours of the on coming disaster and asks them to go with him i search of salvation, but most of them simply ignore him. so he starts off with a friend Pliable. Pliable turns back after they stumble into a pit, the Slough of despond. Christian struggles on by himself. Then he is misled by Mr. Worldly Wiseman and is brought back onto the right road by Mr. Evangelist. There he joins Faithful, a neighbor who has set out later but has made better progress. The two go on together through many adventures, including the great struggle with Apollyon, who claims them to be his subjects and refuses to accept their allegiance to God. After many other adventures, they come to the Vanity Fair where both are arrested as alien agitators. They are tried and Faithful is condemned to death. Christian, however, manages to escape and goes on his way, assisted by a new friend, Hopeful. Tired of the hard journey, they are attempted to take a pleasant path and are thn captured by Gelestial City at last. There they enjoy eternal life in the followship of the blessed.The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in English language. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journey –is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scenes presented are typical English scenes, but throughout details. Here the strange is combined with familiar and trivial joined to the divine, and at the same time, everything is based on universal experiences. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for story-telling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally instructive.Th secret of its success is probably simple. It is, first of all, not a procession of shadows repeating theauthor’s declamations, but a real story, the first extended story in English. The Puritans may have read it because they found in it true personal experience told with strength, interest humour, in a word, with all qualities that cuch a story should possess. Young people have read it, first, for its intrinsic worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lured them on to the very end; and second, because it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having an story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.18世纪文学(the age of Enlightenment in England)After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development.Enlightenment: it was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society is enlightenment or education for the people.Realism. The eighteenth century was the golden age of the English novel. The novel of this period spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. What the writers described in their works were social realities and the main characters were usually common men. The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment held that man is good and noble by nature but many succumb to an evil environment.1. Daniel Defoe has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel. Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascination. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. Crusoe was a sailor, a merchant and a slave-owner. On the voyage to Africa, he met a shipwreck and found himself cast by the sea waves upon the shore of an uninhabited island. He managed the livelihood there by himself. Finally, he was saved and got married in England. At last, he sailed back to the island and established a colony there.2. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s travels ; A Modest Proposal3. Joseph Addison. Sir Roger at Church; Sir Roger at the Assizes.3. Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones4. William Blake songs of innocence, songs of experience- the chimney-sweeper, London and the tiger. It shows the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world.5. Robert burns a red, red rose. He wrote poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom.浪漫主义时期The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet. His major poets include I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The solitary reaper. His poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of its language.2. George Gordon Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English romanticism. His literary career was closely associated with the struggle and progressive movement of his age. She walks in beauty and Don Juan. Don Juan is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth. T he long poem describes Don Juan’s adventures in many countries.3. Percy Bysshe ShelleyHis short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output. His best love lyrics are Ode to the west wind and to a skylark. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is a famous line in ode tothe west wind.4. John KeatsHis famous works are ode to a nightingale, ode on a Grecian Urn and ode to autumn. Ode is his main form of poetry. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is beauty in truth, truth beauty. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form.5. Walter ScottWaverley, Rob Roy and Ivanhoe. He is the first novelist to recreate the past. In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals. He is always mindful of the role and fates of the ordinary people.In a sense, his literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane AustenHer major works are Pride and prejudice, Emma, sense and sensibility. She was popular all through the 19th century. Pride and prejudice is his masterpiece. The central character is Elizabeth Bennet, one of the daughters in the Bennets. Elizabeth meets a young man Darcy and has prejudice against him because she thinks he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, misunderstandings disappear and they are happily united. The plot is simple, but Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of English country society. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her dialogues are admirably true to life. 维多利亚时期文学The Victorian AgeCritical realism appeared during this period. Dickens is the representative writer. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. The 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representation of social and political events, and one of the fate of individuals and of whole social class.1. Charles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism. He wrote lots of famous works, such as a tale of two cities. David Copperfield, Hard times and.Oliver Twist,Oliver Twist is one of the best works of Dickens. Oliver Twist is an orphan boy. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under cruel conditions. Then he runs to London and meets a gang of thieves. They try to convert Oliver into a thief. He is rescued by a rich man, but the thieves kidnap him, make him join them again. At last, he is saved and adopted by the kind man. His vivid description of the thieves’ den and the underworld of London shows the sympathy for the lower classes. Among the characters of the lower strata, Oliver is the only one who emerges happy and successful in the end. This happy issue shows his optimistic belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil.2. William Makepeace Thackeray is a representative of critical realism in 19th century. He is a realist, a satirist and a moralist.Vanity fair: the title was taken from Bunyan’s pilgrim’s Progress. The main characters are Amelia and Becky. Amelia is a simple but kind girl and Becky is a craft and resourceful girl. Becky is an orphan and tries to make her way into the upper society. She is a classic example of those who grub money by all means.3. Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre is a story about an orphan girl called Jane Eyre. Maltreated by her aunt, she goes to a charity school. Later she becomes a governess of Mr. Rochester. He loves her. Before their wedding, she learns that he has got a mad wife. Shocked by the news, she left him. When she heard that his house is destroyed in a fire and he becomes blind, she returned to him and became his wife. In the novel, Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men. Charlotte also aims to criticize the bourgeoisie educational system.4. Emily Bronte:Wuthering Heights it deals with the story of the hero Heathcliff who is a gipsy. He ispicked up by Me. Earnshaw and brought up together with his children. Healthcliff and the daughter Miss Catherine have loved each other since childhood. When he grows up, he joins the army and three years later he becomes a rich man. When he comes back, he finds his lover has been married to another man. Later, he becomes the master of the family and takes revenge upon the next generation. It’s a powerful attack on the bourgeoisie marriage system.5. George Eliot: has three remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The mill on the floss, silas marner. The hero of Adam Bede is a village carpenter, an honest young man. He falls in love with a girl, but the girl gives her heart to a selfish squire. Later the girl is put into prison for deserting her own child. Adam and a woman preacher get married.7. Alfred Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England. His main poetical works include Ulysses; break, break, break; Crossing the Bar. He has a total mastery of the sounds and rhythms of the English language. He has genius for evoking moods and states of mind in his poems. No poet could surpass him at linking descriptions of nature to the state of the mind.8. Robert Browning is realistic, optimistic and believes in the progress of mankind. His contribution to poetry is his dramatic monologues.现代作家—twentieth century literature.In modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and the objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself. 1. John Galsworthy is one of the greatest novelists in the early 20th century. He was born in a wealthy family. After graduation from Oxford, he began to devote himself to literary work. His style is noted for its strength and elasticity. His language is simple, clear and straightforward.The forsyte saga has been regarded as his masterpiece. It includes three novels and two interludes. And the man of propert y marks the peak of critical realism in all Galsworthy’s works. Forsyte is the central figure of the story, who is the man of property. He has married a girl, but pays no attention to her thoughts and feelings, regarding her as a piece of his property. Then his wife loves another who is killed by a car.2. Bernard Shaw was a greatest dramatist in the 20th century. He used stage to criticize the evils of capitalism. He is a critical realist writer and a humorist. His play deals with contemporary social problems. His major plays include widowers’ houses, the apple cart, Major Barbara, Mrs. Warren’s profession and heartbreak house. Widowers’ houses satirizes bourgeois businessmen whose ill-gotten money is squeezed out of poor, suffering people. An English businessman Mr. Sartorius and his daughter meet a young doctor Harry Trench while traveling in Germany. The two youth fall in love with each other and plan to get married. Then Trench finds that his future father-in-law makes his money by renting slum housing to the poor, so he refuses to marry her daughter. Later, Sartorius reveals that Trench's income is as dirty as the money made by Sartorius. At last, Harry and Blanche reunite.3. David Herbert Lawrence was an English author, poet, playwright and literary critic. In his works, he confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, human sexuality and instinct. He is best known for his novels Sons and Lovers, the Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley's Lover. Within these Lawrence explores the possibilities for life and living within an Industrial setting. In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships that can be had within such settings. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence's use of his characters can be better understood with reference to his philosophy. His use of sexual activity, though shocking at the time, has its roots in this highly personal wayof thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in human touch behavior and that his interest in physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore our emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be western civilization's slow process of over-emphasis on the mind.Sons and Lovers is Lawrence’s semi-autob iographical novel. It tells the story of a coal miner’s family with the son Paul as the central character. The thread of the story evolved around Paul’s love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother Mrs. Morel.4. James Joyce was born in Dublin. His major novels include: a portrait of the artist as a young man, Ulysses and Dubliners. James Joyce is the founder of stream of consciousness.He tried not merely to describe how a character might think, but also to present a record of the character’s thoughts.5. Thomas Hardy1)The underlying theme of Hardy’s writing is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rulesthe world, brings misfortune into his life and predetermines his fate. 2) fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings. 3) Hardy has a strong sense of humor and often describes nature with charm and impressiveness.Tess of the D’Urbervilles, His masterpieces are Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the major of Casterbridge, far from the madding crowed and Jude the obscure. Tess is a poor dairymaid who has been seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, a wealthy villain, and gives birth to a child. Later she falls in love with a man called Clare. On their wedding night, she confesses to her husband that she has been seduced and given birth to a child. He husband can not accept the fact and goes abroad. Some years later, he comes back and wants Tess to come back to him. Tess murders her seducer and is arrested and hanged. The tragedy of Tess is an exposure of the wicket oppressors represented by Alec.The son’s veto。

British Literature

A survey OfBritish LiteratureI. What is British literatureBritish literature refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, Channel Island s, as well as to literature from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, prior to the formation of the UK. By far the largest part of British literature is written in the English language, but there are bodies of written works in Latin, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Scots, Cornish, Manx and other languages. Northern Ireland has a literary tradition in English, Ulster Scots and Irish. Irish writers have also played an important part in the development of English-language literature.Ulster ['ʌlstə] n. 乌尔斯特, 原为爱尔兰一地区, 今为北爱尔兰及爱尔兰共和国所分割II. Early Celtic literatureFor a comparatively small country, Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches. The Irish literature that is best known outside the country is in English, but the Irish language also has the most significant body of written literature, both ancient and recent, in any Celtic language, in addition to a strong oral tradition of legends and poetry.The Ulster Cycle written in the 12th century, is a body of medieval Irish heroic legends and sagas[ˈsɑ:gə] (n.英雄传奇) of the traditional heroes of the Ulaid in what is now eastern Ulster and northern Leinster, particularly counties Armagh, Down and Louth. The stories are written in Old and Middle Irish, mostly in prose, interspersed [ˈintəˈspə:s](v.散布，点缀) with occasional verse passages. The language of the earliest stories is dateable to the 8th century, and events and characters are referred to in poems dating to the 7th.III. Old English literature 449–1066The earliest form of English literature developed after the settlement of theSaxon s ['sæksn] and other Germanic [dʒə:'mænik] tribes in England after the withdrawal of the Romans and is known as Old English or Anglo-Saxon.Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known. Cædmon's only known surviving work is Cædmon's Hymn, probably dating from the late 7th century. The poem is one of the earliest attested examples of Old English and is, with the runic Ruthwell Cross and Franks Casket inscriptions, one of three candidates for the earliest attested example of Old English poetry. It is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language.The epic poem Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English. A hero of the Geats, Beowulf battles three antagonists [ænˈtægənist]（n.敌手，对手）: Grendel, Grendel's mother, and a Dragon. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex. The precise date of the manuscript is debated, but most estimates place it close to the year 1000.Chronicles contained a range of historical and literary accounts; one notable example is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which contains various heroic poems inserted throughout.The Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity after their arrival in England. A popular poem, The Dream of the Rood, was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross. Judith is a retelling of the story found in the Latin Bible's Book of Judith of the beheader of the Assyrian general Holofernes. The Old English Martyrology [.mɑ:tə'rɔlədʒi] (n. 殉教史) is a Mercian collection of hagiographies. Ælfric of Eynsham was a prolific 10th century writer of hagiographies and homilies.IV. Late medieval literatureThe linguistic diversity of the islands in the medieval period, with each of the languages producing literatures at various times which contributed to the rich variety of artistic production, made British literature distinctive and innovative( [ˈinəuveitiv] a.革新的，新颖的).Latin literature circulated among the educated classes. Gerald of Wales's most distinguished works are those dealing with Wales and Ireland, with his late 12th century two books in Latin on his beloved Wales the most important: Itinerarium Cambriae and Descriptio Cambriae which tell us much about Welsh history and geography.Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the development of Anglo-Norman literature in the Anglo-Norman realm introduced literary trends from Continental Europe such as the chanson de geste. However, the indigenous（[inˈdidʒənəs]adj.本土的）development of Anglo-Norman literature was precocious in comparison to continental literature: Geoffrey Gaimar produced the earliest rhymed chronicle; Benedeit, the earliest adventure narrative inspired by Celtic sources; Jordan Fantosme, the earliesteyewitness historiography ([.histɔ:ri'ɔgrəfi] n. 编史, 史料编纂法); Philippe de Thaun, the earliest scientific literature.Religious literature continued to enjoy popularity. Hagiographies（/.hægi'ɔgrəfi/ n. 圣徒传, 圣徒言行录）continued to be written, adapted and translated: for example, The Life of Saint Audrey, Eadmer's contemporary biography of Anselm of Canterbury, and the South English Legendary.The Roman de Fergus was the earliest piece of non-Celtic vernacular([vəˈnækjulə] n.本国语，地方语) literature to come from Scotland. As the Norman nobles of Scotland assimilated to indigenous culture they commissioned Scots versions of popular continental romances, for example: Launcelot o the Laik and The Buik o Alexander.While chroniclers such as William of Malmesbury and Henry of Huntingdon attempted to weave such historical information they had access to into coherent narratives, other writers took more creative approaches to their material.Geoffrey of Monmouth was one of the major figures in the development of British history and the popularity for the tales of King Arthur. He is best known for his chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain) of 1136, which spread Celtic motifs to a wider audience, including accounts of Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, wizard Merlin, and sword Caliburnus (named as Excalibur[eks'kælibə(r), n. 亚瑟王之神剑] in some manuscripts of Wace).Culhwch and Olwen is a Welsh tale about a hero connected with Arthur and his warriors, and is the longest of the surviving Welsh prose tales. It is perhaps the earliest extant Arthurian tale and one of Wales' earliest extant prose texts.Wace, the earliest known Jersey poet, developed the Arthurian legend and chronicled the Dukes of NormandyThe 12th century Jersey poet Wace is considered the founder of Jersey literature and contributed to the development of the Arthurian legend in British literature. His Brut showed the interest of Norman patrons in the mythologising of the new English territories of the Anglo-Norman realm by building on Geoffrey of Monmouth's History, and introduced King Arthur's Round Table to literature. His Roman de Rou placed the Dukes of Normandy within an epic context.The Prophecy of Merlin is a 12th-century poem written in Latin hexameters by John of Cornwall, which he claimed was based or revived from a lost manuscript in the Cornish language. Marginal notes on Cornish vocabulary are among the earliest known writings in the Cornish language.At the end of the 12th century, Layamon's Brut adapted Wace to make the first English language work to discuss the legends of Arthur and the Knights of the RoundTable. It was also the first historiography written in English since the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba is a short chronicle of the Kings of Alba. It was written in Hiberno-Latin but displays some knowledge of contemporary Middle Irish orthography and probably put together in the early 13th century by the man who wrote de Situ Albanie. The original text was without doubt written in Scotland, probably in the early 11th century, shortly after the reign of Kenneth II, the last reign it relates.Early English Jewish literature developed after the Norman Conquest with Jewish settlement in England. Berechiah ha-Nakdan is known chiefly as the author of a 13th century set of over a hundred fables, called Mishle Shualim, (Fox Fables), which are derived from both Berachyah's own inventions and some borrowed and reworked from Aesop's fables, the Talmud, and the Hindus.The collection also contains fables conveying the same plots and morals as those of Marie de France. The development of Jewish literature in mediaeval England ended with the Edict of Expulsion of 1290.Matthew Paris wrote a number of works in the 13th century. Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited historical source.In the later medieval period a new form of English now known as Middle English evolved. This is the earliest form which is comprehensible to modern readers and listeners, albeit not easily. Middle English Bible translations, notably Wyclif's Bible, helped to establish English as a literary language. Romances appear in English from the 13th century, with King Horn and Havelock the Dane, based on Anglo-Norman originals such as the Romance of Horn.William Langland's Piers Plowman is considered by many critics to be one of the early great works of English literature along with Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (most likely by the Pearl Poet) during the Middle Ages. It is also the first allusion to a literary tradition of the legendary English archer, swordsman, and outlaw Robin Hood.Geoffrey Chaucer, father of English literatureThe most significant Middle English author was Geoffrey Chaucer who was active in the late 14th century. Often regarded as the father of English literature, Chaucer is widely credited as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin. The Canterbury Tales was Chaucer's magnum opus, and a towering achievement of Western culture. The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is in Chaucer's Parlement of Foules 1382, and sending Valentine's Day cards became hugely popular in Britain in the late 18th century, a practice that has since spread to other nations.The multilingual audience for literature in the 14th century can be illustrated by the example of John Gower, who wrote in Latin, Middle English and Anglo-Norman.Women writers were also active, such as Marie de France in the 12th century and Julian of Norwich in the early 14th century. Julian's Revelations of Divine Love (circa 1393) is believed to be the first published book written by a woman in the English language, Margery Kempe (c. 1373 – after 1438) is known for writing The Book of Margery Kempe, a work considered by some to be the first autobiography in the English language, which chronicles, to some extent, her extensive pilgrimages to various holy sites in Europe and Asia.Dafydd ap Gwilym's main themes were love and nature. The influence of wider European ideas of courtly love, as exemplified in the troubadour poetry of Provençal, is seen as a significant influence on Dafydd's poetry. He was an innovative poet who was responsible for popularising the metre known as the "cywydd" and first to use it for praise. But perhaps his greatest innovation was to make himself the main focus of his poetry. By its very nature, most of the work of the traditional Welsh court poets kept their own personalities far from their poetry. Dafydd's work is full of his own feelings and experiences.Since at least the 14th century, poetry in English has been written in Ireland and by Irish writers abroad. The earliest poem in English by a Welsh poet dates from about 1470. The Latin and English poem Flen flyys written around 1475, is chiefly famous for containing in coded form the first known written usage in English of a particular profane term in the English language.Among the earliest Lowland Scots literature is Barbour's Brus (14th century). Whyntoun's Kronykil and Blind Harry's Wallace date from the (15th century). From the 13th century much literature based around the royal court in Edinburgh and the University of St Andrews was produced by writers such as Henrysoun, Dunbar, Douglas and Lyndsay. The works of Chaucer had an influence on Scottish writers.In the Cornish language Passhyon agan Arloedh ("The Passion of our Lord"), a poem of 259 eight-line verses written in 1375, is one of the earliest surviving works of Cornish literature. The most important work of literature surviving from the Middle Cornish period is An Ordinale Kernewek ("The Cornish Ordinalia"), a 9000-line religious drama composed around the year 1400. The longest single surviving work of Cornish literature is Bywnans Meriasek (The Life of Meriasek), a play dated 1504, but probably copied from an earlier manuscript.Le Morte d'Arthur, is Sir Thomas Malory's 15th century compilation of some French and English Arthurian romances, was among the earliest books printed in England, and was influential in the later revival of interest in the Arthurian legends.Thomas More book Utopia, illustration of imaginary island, 1516Sir Thomas More coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in Utopia, written in Latin and published in 1516.The landmark work in the reign of James IV of Scotland was Gavin Douglas's Eneados, the first complete translation of a major classical text in an Anglian language, finished in 1513. Its reception however was overshadowed by the Flodden defeat that same year, and the political instability that followed in the kingdom. Another major work, David Lyndsay's Ane Pleasant Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis, later in the century, is a surviving example of a dramatic tradition in the period that has otherwise largely been lost. At the end of the 16th century, James VI of Scotland founded the Castalian Band, a group of makars and musicians in the court, based on the model of thePléiade in France. The courtier and makar Alexander Montgomerie was a leading member. However this cultural centre was lost after the 1603 Union of the Crowns when James shifted his court to London. From 1603, London was the unrivalled cultural capital of the isles.V. Early Modern English literature: Elizabethan and Jacobean erasThe English Renaissance dated from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. The sonnet form and other Italian literary influences arrived in English literature. The sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century.In the later 16th century English poetry was characterised by elaboration of language and extensive allusion to classical myths. The most important poets of this period included Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney.English Renaissance theatre was among the most important literary achievements of the English Renaissance. William Shakespeare, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language, wrote over 35 plays in several genres, including tragedy, comedy and history. Other major playwrights of the time included Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe, and Thomas Kyd.John Milton, religious epic poem Paradise Lost published in 1667.At the Reformation, the translation of liturgy and Bible into vernacular languages provided new literary models. The Book of Common Prayer and the Authorized King James Version of the Bible have been hugely influential. The King James Bible as one of the biggest translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English from the original languages that began with the work of William Tyndale (previous translations into English had relied on the Vulgate). It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time.Philosopher Sir Francis Bacon wrote the utopian novel New Atlantis, and coined the phrase "Knowledge is Power".The prolific Jacobean playwright and poet Thomas Middleton's The Revenger's Tragedy, is an early example of illegitimacy in fiction. Other Jacobean playwrights include John Fletcher and John Webster.English poets of the early 17th century are crudely classified by the division into Cavalier poets and metaphysical poets, the latter being much concerned with religion. The division is therefore along a line approximating to secular/religious. Major poets of the 17th century included John Donne, Andrew Marvell, and George Herbert. Thomas Carew was among poets who wrote country house poems. John Milton's 1644 Areopagitica, is an influential and impassioned philosophical defence of the principle of a right to freedom of speech, written in opposition to licensing and censorship, as an eloquent defence of press freedom. Milton's religious epic Paradise Lost was first published in 1667.VI. 19th century English language literatureRomanticismMajor political and social changes at the end of the 18th century, particularly the French Revolution, prompted a new breed of writing known as Romanticism. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge began the trend for bringing emotionalism and introspection to English literature, with a new concentration on the individual and the common man. The reaction to urbanism and industrialisation prompted poets to explore nature, for example the Lake Poets. The third major Lake poet, Robert Southey, enjoys lasting popularity, although perhaps his most enduring contribution to literary history is the immortal children's classic, The Story of the Three Bears, the basis of the original Goldilocks story.Around the same period, the iconoclastic printer William Blake, largely disconnected from the major streams of elite literature of the time, was constructing his own highly idiosyncratic poetic creations, while the Scottish nationalist poet Robert Burns was collecting and adapting the folk songs of Scotland into a body of national poetry for his homeland.The major "second generation" Romantic poets included George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron. They flouted social convention and often used poetry as a political voice. Amongst Lord Byron's best-known works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. Another key poet of the Romantic movement was John Keats, whose poems such as Ode to a Nightingale expound on his aesthetic theory of negative capability, and remain among the most celebrated byany author of the period. To Autumn is the final work in a collection of poems known as "Keats's 1819 odes". Percy Shelley, famous for his association with Keats and Byron, was the third major romantic poet of the second generation. Critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language, Shelley is most famous for such widely anthologized verse works as Ozymandias, and long visionary poems which include Prometheus Unbound. Shelley's groundbreaking poem The Masque of Anarchy calls for nonviolence in protest and political action. It is perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.[23]Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance was influenced and inspired by Shelley's verse, and Gandhi would often quote the poem to vast audiences.[23][24]The 19th century novelAt the same time, Jane Austen was writing highly polished novels about the life of the landed gentry, seen from a woman's point of view, and wryly focused on practical social issues, especially marriage and money. Austen's Pride and Prejudice 1813, is often considered the epitome of the romance genre, and some of her other most notable works include Sense and Sensibility, Mansfield Park, Persuasion and Emma.Walter Scott's novel-writing career was launched in 1814 with Waverley, often called the first historical novel, and was followed by Ivanhoe. His popularity in England and further abroad did much to form the modern stereotype of Scottish culture. Other novels by Scott which contributed to the image of him as a Scottish patriot include Rob Roy. Scott was the highest earning and most popular author up to that time.Mary Shelley is best known for her novel Frankenstein 1818, infusing elements of the Gothic novel and Romantic movement. Frankenstein's chilling tale suggests modern organ transplants, tissue regeneration, that remind readers of the moral issues raised by today's medicine. Shelley's 1826 novel The Last Man is often identified as the first work of modern apocalyptic fiction.John William Polidori wrote The Vampyre 1819, creating the literary vampire genre. His short story was inspired by the life of Lord Byron and his poem The Giaour. Another major influence on vampire fiction is Varney the Vampire 1845, where many standard Vampire features originated — Varney has fangs, leaves two puncture wounds on the neck of his victims, has hypnotic powers, superhuman strength, and was also the first example of the "sympathetic vampire", who loathes his condition but is a slave to it.From the mid-1820s until the 1840s, fashionable novels depicting the lives of the upper class in an indiscreet manner, identifying the real people whom the characters were based, dominated the market. It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading form of literature in English. Most writers were now more concerned to meet the tastes of a large middle-class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The 1830s saw a resurgence of the social novel, where sensationalized accounts and stories of the working class poor were directed towardmiddle class audiences to incite sympathy and action towards pushing for legal and moral change. Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South contrasts the lifestyle in the industrial north of England with the wealthier south.Sir John Barrow's descriptive 1831 account of the Mutiny on the Bounty immortalised the Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty and her people. The legend of Dick Turpin was popularized when the 18th century English highwayman's exploits appeared in the novel Rookwood in 1834.Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the 1830s, confirming the trend for serial publication. Dickens wrote vividly about London life and struggles of the poor, often, as in Oliver Twist, employing a popular style which would prove accessible to readers of all classes. The festive tale A Christmas Carol he called his "little Christmas book". Great Expectations is a quest for maturity. A Tale of Two Cities is set in London and Paris. Dickens early works are masterpieces of comedy, such as The Pickwick Papers. Later his works became darker, without losing his genius for caricature.The emotionally powerful works of the Brontë sisters: Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights and Anne's Agnes Grey were released in 1847 after their search to secure publishers. William Makepeace Thackeray's satirised British society in Vanity Fair 1847, while Anthony Trollope's novels portrayed the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England.Although pre-dated by John Ruskin's The King of the Golden River in 1841, the history of the modern fantasy genre is generally said to begin with George MacDonald, influential author of The Princess and the Goblin and Phantastes 1858. William Morris was a popular English poet who wrote several fantasy novels during the latter part of the 19th century.Literature for children was published during the Victorian period, some of which has become globally well-known, such as the works of Lewis Carroll, notably Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, while Anna Sewell wrote the classic animal novel Black Beauty.Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Moonstone 1868, is often considered the first detective novel in the English language.[27]The Woman in White is regarded as one of the finest sensation novels.The novels of George Eliot, such as Middlemarch, were a milestone of literary realism, and combine high Victorian literary detail with an intellectual breadth that removes them from the narrow confines they often depict. Novels of Thomas Hardy and others, dealt with the changing social and economic situation of the countryside.Penny dreadful publications were an alternative to mainstream works, and were aimed at working class adolescents, introducing the infamous Sweeney Todd. The premier ghost story writer of the 19th century was Sheridan Le Fanu. His worksinclude the macabre mystery novel Uncle Silas 1865, and his Gothic novella Carmilla 1872, tells the story of a young woman's susceptibility to the attentions of a female vampire. Bram Stoker, author of seminal horror work Dracula, featured as its primary antagonist the vampire Count Dracula, with the vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing his arch-enemy. Dracula has been attributed to a number of literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, gothic novel and invasion literature.H. G. Wells, who alongside Jules Verne, is referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction", invented a number of themes that are now classic in the science fiction genre. The War of the Worlds 1898, describing an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry, is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. The Time Machine is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively. The term "time machine" coined by Wells, is now universally used to refer to such a vehicle.Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Scotland of Irish parents but his Sherlock Holmes stories have typified a fog-filled London for readers worldwideSir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is a brilliant London-based "consulting detective", famous for his intellectual prowess, skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Holmes' archenemy Professor Moriarty, is widely considered to be the first true example of a supervillain, while Sherlock Holmes has become a by-word for a detective. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, from 1880 up to 1907, with a final case in 1914. All but four Conan Doyle stories are narrated by Holmes' friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.The Lost World literary genre was inspired by real stories of archaeological discoveries by imperial adventurers. H. Rider Haggard wrote one of the earliest examples, King Solomon's Mines in 1885. Contemporary European politics and diplomatic manoeuvrings informed Anthony Hope's swashbuckling Ruritanian adventure novels The Prisoner of Zenda 1894, and Rupert of Hentzau, 1898.F. Anstey's comic novel Vice Versa 1882, sees a father and son magically switch bodies. Satirist Jerome K. Jerome's Three Men in a Boat 1889, is a humorous account of a boating holiday on the river Thames. Grossmith brothers George & Weedon's Diary of a Nobody 1892, is also considered a classic work of humour.In the latter years of the 19th century, precursors of the modern picture book were illustrated books of poems and short stories produced by English illustrators Randolph Caldecott, Walter Crane, and Kate Greenaway. These had a larger proportion of pictures to words than earlier books, and many of their pictures were in colour. Some British artists made their living illustrating novels and children's books, include Arthur Rackham, Cicely Mary Barker, W. Heath Robinson, Henry J. Ford, John Leech, and。

文件-1-英美文学（第一章-第四章）练习

文件-1-英美文学（第一章-第四章）练习第一部分：Exercises of the First Part of the British Literature Section One: Multiple-choice questions1. “Upon a great adventure he was bond, / That greatest Gloriana to him gave.” These two lines are taken from[A] Milton's Samson Agonistes [B] Spenser's The Faerie Queene[C] Beowulf [D] Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard2. "O prince, O chief of many throned powers,That led th' embattled Seraphim to warUnder thy conduct, and in dreadful deedsFearless, endangered Heaven's perpetual King. "In the first line of the above passage quoted from Milton's Paradise Lost, the phrase "O prince, O chief of many throned powers” refers to________.[A] Satan [B] God [C] Adam [D] Eve3. Shakespeare claims through the mouth of Hamlet that the "end" of the dramatic creation is to give ________ of the social realities of the time.[A] faithful reflection [B] instructive representation[C] imaginative narration [D] allegorical description4. Humanists of the Renaissance turned to the spirit of ________ culture for inspiration.[A] Anglo-Saxon [B] Italian and French[C] Greeek and Roman [D] medieval5. Paradise Lost is composed in blank verse, which permits the ________ Milton needed for his subject.[A] epic grandeur [B] narrative sweep[C] descriptive subtlety [D] intellectual grasp6. Donne?s famous analogy of parting lovers to a drawing compass affords a prime example of________[A] dramatic style [B] exaggeration[C] paradox [D] conceit7. ________ is a study of the lust for wealth, which centers on Barabas, the Jew, a terrible old money lender.[A] The Jew of Malta [B] The Merchant of V enice[C] Tamburlaine the Great [D] The Tempest8. In his conception of tragedy, Marlowe perceived that tragic action must issue from, and be reflected in, ________.[A] the Renaissance hero [B] endless aspiration for knowledge[C] the individual [D] human dignity and capacity9. In The Faerie Queene, the Red Cross Knight, who stands for true religion of ________ , sets out on the orders of Queen of Faerie, who represents ________.[A] the Anglican Church, Queen Elizabeth [B] the Roman Catholic Church, Pope[C] Christianity, Christ [D] humanism, divine truth10. What figure of speech is used in the lines: "Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, / And summer's lease too short a date"?[A] Simile [B] Metonymy[C] Personification [D] Hyperbole11. The underlined part in "My deeds upon my head! I crave the law, / The penalty and forfeit of my bond. " (from TF, chant of V enice) means ________.[A] What is done can't be undone [B] Let me responsible for what I do[C] I would give anything for fulfilling my bond [D] I deservewhat I demand12. The line "When we have shuffled off this mortal coil" be, or not to be" soliloquy means________.[A] when we have got rid of this coil that is doomed to die[B] when we have unloaded this heavy burden like a coil[C] when we have taken off this coat made of coils[D] when we are relived from the trouble of mortal life wound around us like coils13. What does the word "humour" mean in the following quotation from "Of Studies": "to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of “a scholar”?[A] funniness [B] Wit[C]character [D] A sudden whim14. The Spenserian stanza is a group of eight lines of iambic pentameter followed by a six-stress line, with a rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.[A] trochaic [B] iambic[C] anapestic [D] dactylic15. In Satan?s speech: …if he, whom mutual league, / United : thoughts and .counsels, equal hope / And hazard in the glorious enterprise, /.joined with me once . . . " What does "the glorious enterprise refer to?[A] The former scheme to overthrow God.[B] stealing the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil[C] Finding means of evil out of good.[D] corrupting Adam and Eve.16. What is the tone in the following lines: " Saucy pedantic .go wretch, go chide / Late school-boys, and sour prentices"?[A] Ironic [B] Sarcastic [C]Humorous [D] Understated17. In the best metaphysical poetry, feeling and ________ fuse in an image that is alwaysingenious and appropriate, though it may be disconcerted at first in the shock of bringing incongruities together.[A] imagery [B] conceit [C] thought [D] colloquialism18. The sonnet "Death Be Not Proud" is written in the strict______ pattern. It reveals the poet's belief that _________.[A] Shakespearean, death is only a sleep, after which we live eternally[B] Petrarchan, death is but momentary while hal v death is eternal[C] Elizabethan, death is not as strong as people think he is[D] Portuguese, death is like a long sleep that offer, for the soul19. In the line "And every fair from fair sometime decline Shakespeare's Sonnet 18), what does the first and second “fair” mean?[A] Light complexion; beauty. [B] Loveliness; beautiful women.[C] The beautiful person or thing; beauty. [D] Sound reason; justice.20. In the court scene of The Merchant of V enice, when says to Shylock: "We all expect a gentle answer, Jew. punning on the word "gentle". He means a merciful but also means ______.[A] an amiable and tender answer [B] a noble answer[C] a Gentile's as opposed to a Jew's answer [D] a generous answer21. In his "T o be, or not to be" soliloquy, Hamlet gives the why he wants to commit suicide. Apart from his personal revenge, that he________ is another reason.[A] is unable to restore his earlier idealized image of his mother[B] thinks the next world is far better than this one[C] is mentally tormented by his father's words[D] cannot bear the social injustice and grievances22. By advancing the theory of＿＿＿＿＿, Bacon shows the empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticists.[A] inductive reasoning [B] deductive reasoning[C] education [D] scientific experimentation23. The central figure of Tamburlaine, the Great represents for infinite _________.[A] knowledge and happiness [B] power and authority[C] ambition and conquest [D] success and adventure24. The shepherd's Calender set the ________ fashion in English literature, and inaugurated the great 16th century.[A] rustic [B] ornate [C] rustic [D] pastoral25. In King Leur, Shakespeare has shown to us the two-fold exerted by the feudalisi corruption and __________ gradually corroded the ordered society.[A] Anarchy and rebellion [B] supernatural forces[C] super natural forces [D] tyranny[B] power and authority success and adventure fashion in English lyrical poetry of the lastSection T wo(Reading comprehension)1.So pure and innocent, as that same lambe,She was in life and every vertuous lore,And by descent from royall lynage cameOf ancient Kings and Queenes, that had of yoreTheir scepters stretcht from east to westerne shore,And all the world in their subjection held;Till that infernall feend with foule uproreForwasted all their land, and them expeld;Whom to avenge, she had this knight from far compeld. " Questions:A. Identify the poet and the poem.B. What does "this knight" refer to?C. What idea does the quotation express?2. "Within this circle is Jehovah's nameForward and backward anagrammatized,The breviated names of holy saints,Figures of every adjunct to the heavensAnd characters of signs and erring stars,By which the spirits are enforced to rise. " Questions:A. Identify the author and the work.B. Who does "Jehovah" refer to?C. What idea does the quotation express?2."Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought;And enterprises of great pith and moment,With this regard, their currents turn awryAnd lose the name of action. "Questions:A. Identify the author and the work.B. Who is the speaker of the quoted passage?C. What idea does the quotation express?4."Some men there are love not a gaping pig,Some that are mad if they behold a cat,And others, when bagpipe sings i' th' nose,Cannot contain their urine for affection,Mistress of passion, sways it to the moodOf what it likes or loathes. "Questions:A. the author and the work.B. Who is the speaker of the quoted passage?C. What idea does the quotation express?5. “If her eyes have not blinded thine,Look, and tomorrow late, tell me,Whether both the Indias of spice and mineBe where thou left'st them, or lie here with me.Ask for those kings whom thou saw'st yesterday,And thou shalt hear, all here in one bed lay. "Questions:A. Identify the poet and the poem.B. What does the word "thou" in the last line of the quotation refer to?C. What idea does the quotation express?Section T wo Questions and answers1. Make a brief analysis of the "quality of mercy" speech by Portia,.Merchant of V enice, and try to explain why it is regarded most famous speech in the play.2. Make a brief comment on the theme of Paradise Lost.3. Make a brief summary of the historical and cultural background to English Renaissance.4. Make a brief analysis of "Death, Be Not Proud".5. What is Francis Bacon's contribution to English literature?Section Four (Topic discussion)1. Comment on Hamlet's inaction.2. What are the main characteristics of metaphysical poetry?英美文学第二阶段（新古典主义时期）综合练习II. ExercisesA. Multiple-choice questions :(Each of the statements below by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets . )1. In field of literature, the Enlightenment brought about a(n) _________the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.A. revived interest inB. antagonism againstC. rebellion againstD. rational scrutiny of2. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress is a ( n ) _________.A. allegoryB. romanceC. comedy of mannersD. realistic novel3. As a literary figure, Belinda appears in Alexander Pope's _________.A. An Essay on CriticismB. The DunciadC. The Rape of the LockD. "Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot"4. In lines "With gold jewels cover every part, /And hide with ornamentstheir want of art", Pope rejects _________.A. the "Follow Nature" fallacyB. artificialityC. aesthetic orderD. good taste5.Which of the following is NOT a typical aspect of________ Defoe'slanguage?A. Vernacular.B. Colloquial.C. Elegant.D. Smooth.6. "He has a servant called Friday". "He" in the quoted sentence is acharacter in ________.A. Gulliver's TravelsB. Tom JonesC. Robinson CrusoeD. The Rape of the Lock7. Which of the following is a typical feature of Swift's writings?A. Great wit.B. Bitter satire.C. Rich mythic allusions.D. Complicated sentence structures8. In which of the following works can you find the proper names "Lilliput","Brobdingnag", "Houyhnhnm" and "Yahoo"?A. The Pilgrim's ProgressB. The Fairie QueeneC. Gulliver's travelsD. The School for scandel9. "Of all the 18th-century novelists, he was the first to set out, both in theoryand practice, to write specifically a `comic epic in prose' , the first to givethe modern novelists " structure and style. In the above sentence, "he"refers to ________.A. Jonathan SwiftB. Daniel DefoeC. Samuel RichardsonD. Henry Fielding10. "The novel is structured around the discovery of the hero's origin. " Thisnovel is most probably________.A. David CopperfieldB. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingC. Wuthering HeightsD. The Vicar of the Wakefield11. "To be so distinguished, is an honor, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge." T he above sentence is presented in a ( n ) ________ tone.A. ironicB. indifferentC. delightfulD. jealousy12. The ________ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.A. RomanticismB. HumanismC. EnlightenmentD. Sentimentalism13. Who was the greatest dramatist in the 18th century?A. Oliver GoldsmithB. Richard B. SheridanC. Laurence SterneD. Henry Fielding14. "As shades more sweetly recommend the light, So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit; For works may have more wit than does ?em good As bodies perish through excess of blood. " In the above lines, Pope tries to say that ________.A. more wit will make better poetryB. plainness is more important than wit in poetryC. too much wit will destroy good poetryD. plainness will make wit dull15. Fielding's method of presentation, namely________, enables him to write inthe fullest, freest, clearest and most straight-forward manner and also makes it possible for him to add explanations in places when necessary.A. telling the story through a series of lettersB. telling the story through the mouth of the principal characterC. the author acting as the narratorD. revealing the story through a framework16. The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope is written in the form of a mock________ , which describes the triviality of high society in a grand style.A. epicB. elegyC. sonnetD. ode17. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe created the image of an enterprising Englishman,typical of the English bourgeoisie in the________ century.A. 17thB. 19thC. 18thD. 20th18. In The Pilgrim's Progress , John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a________ tone.A. delightfulB. solemnC. sentimentalD. satirical19. Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literaryworks should be judged by ________ rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.A. classicalB. romanticC. sentimentalD. allegorical20. Of all the 18th-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, bothin theory and practice, to write specifically a "_______ in prose", the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.A. tragi-comicB. comic epicC. romanceD. romantic epic21. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Samuel Johnson'slanguage style?A. His sentences are long and well structured.B. His sentences are interwoven with parallel phrases.C. He tends to use informal and colloquial words.D. His sentences are complicated, but his thoughts are clearly expressed. .22. The School for Scandal, one of the great classics in English drama, is a________ on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th-century England.A. high praiseB. sharp satireC. great ironyD. bitter lament23. In "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" , Thomas Gray comparesthe common folk with the great ones, wondering what the commo nscould have achieved if they had had the________.A. loveB. chanceC. moneyD. material wealth24. In his works, Defoe gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy________ and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.A. middle-class peopleB. working peopleC. Irish farmersD. aristocrats25. "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Awaits alike the inevitable hour. The paths of glory lead but to the grave. "In the above quoted passage, Thomas Gray intends to say that great family, power, beauty and wealth ________.A. will never make people lead to the same destina tion-paths of gloryB. will inevitably make people realize their glorious dreamsC. are the very best things to lead people to their gloriesD. will never prevent people from reaching their final destination-graveB. Blank-filling: (Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase. )1. The Neoclassical Period is also known as the Age of Enlighten ment or the Ageof ________.2. Modern English novel is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and asymbol of the growing importance of the English ________ class.3. Joseph Andrews was first intended as a burlesque of the dubious morality andfalse sentimentality of Richardson's ________.4. As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as theauthor of the firstEnglish________.5. ________ was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenthcentury. His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal , are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.6. Jonathan Swift's ________ is generally regarded as a model of the best satirenot only in this time but also in the whole English literary history.7. The Pilgrim's Progress, which describes a Christian's journey to the CelestialCity, is a well-known religious ________.8. Henry Fielding was the first 18th century writer to try to realize, both intheory and practice, “________ the modern novel its structure and style. 9. In "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard", Gray reflects on - with a touchof his personal melancholy.10. Bunyan's style was modeled after that of the English________, with concreteand living language and carefully observed and vividly presented details.C. T-F statements: (Decide whether the following statements are true or falseand write your answers in the brackets. )( ) 1. Samuel Richardson is regarded as the first writer of the English novel of character.( ) 2.The Pilgrim's Progress is one of the most popular piecesof Christian writing produced during the Romantic Age.( ) 3. The Enlightenment was a progressive working-class movement throughoutWestern Europe in the 18th century.allegory.( ) 5. Alexander Pope strongly advocated Romanticism, emphasizing the special qualities of each individual's mind.( ) 6.Jonathon Swift was the most remarkable satirist in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic society of his age without mercy.( ) 7.In contrast to his contemporary writers, Thomas Gray'literary output was small.( ) 8. In The Pilgrim's Progress, the Celestial City stands for Heaven or the kingdom of God.( ) 9.In The Rape of the Lock Pope bemoans the fate of the lords and ladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society.( ) 10. Unlike Pope, Samuel Johnson is seldom didactic and never tries to moralize in his writings.D. Works-author pairing-up.l. The Castle of Otranto A. John Bunyan2. The Mysteries of UdUdolpho B. Alexander Pope3. The Pilgrim's Progress C. Jonathan Swift4. The Rape of the Lock D. Henry Fielding5. Robinson Crusoe E. Horace Walpole6. Gulliver's Travels F. Richard B. Sheridan7. The History of T om Jones, G. Ann Radcliffea Foundling H. Thomas Gray8. The Lives of Poets I. Daniel Defoe9. The School for Scandal J. Samuel Johnson10. "Elegy Written in a countryChurchyard"E. Define the literary terms listed below:1. The Enlightenment2. The Gothic Novel3. Neoclassicism4. The Heroic CoupletF. Reading comprehension:( For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it . )1. "Here is the Britain Row, the French Row, the Italian Row, the Spanish Row, the German Row, where several sorts of vanities are to be sold. But, as in other fairs, some one commodity is as the chief of all the fair, so the ware of Rome and her merchandise is greatly promoted in this fair: only our English nation, with some others, have taken a dislike thereat. "2. "True wit is Nature to advantage dressed,What oft was thought, but ne'er so well expressed;Something whose truth convinced at sight we find,That gives us back the image of our mind. "3. "`Is not a patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help?"'G. Questions: (For each of the following questions you are asked to give abrief answer, explaining what you know about it. You should write no more than 100 words for each answer, and, therefore, concen trate on those essential points. )1. What are the artistic features of Thomas Gray's poetry?2. What is the theme of Sheridan's The School for Scandal ?3. What are the features of Swift's prose?H. Essay questions: ( In this part you are asked to write a short essay on eachof the giv en topics. You should write no more than 150 words on each one.Therefore, you should concentrate on those most important Points. try your best to be logical in your essay, and keep your writing clear and tidy. )1. Comment on the features of "comic epic in prose" in the selected reading ofTom Jones.2. Comment on the rope-dances and the leaping and creeping games described inGulliver?s Travels.3. Comment on the theme and images of "Elegy Written in a CountryChurchyard".E. Define the literary terms listed below:1. The Enlightenment2. The Gothic Novel3. Neoclassicism4. The Heroic Couplet浪漫主义时期文学Exercises IIII. Multiple-choice questions1. The two major English novelists produced in the Romantic Age are_______.[A] Byron and Shelley [B] Wordsworth and Coleridge[C] Scott and Austen [D] Lamb and Hazlitt2. "And because I am happy and dance and sing, / They think they havedone me no injury, /And are gone to praise God and his priest and king, / Who make up a heaven of our misery. The above four lines are taken from_______.[A] Song of Experience [B] Song of Innocence[C] Poetical Sketches [D] Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard3. _______ is central to Blake's concern in his Songs of Innocence andSongs of Experience .[A] Politics [B] Religion[C] Childhood [D] Manhood4. Which of the following statements about Wordsworth is NOT true?[A] He is regarded as a "worshipper of nature".[B] He thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest.[C] His deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry.[D] He changes the course of English poetry by using allusive speech of thelanguage.5. Coleridge's actual achievement as a poet can be divided into tworemarkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational. Which one of the following poems belongs to the conversational group? [A] The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. [B] Christabel.[C] Kubla Khan. [D] Frost at Midnight.6. Which of the following words is NOT appropriate to describe thecharacteristic features of the "Byronic hero"?[A] Proud. [B] Mysterious.[C] Rebellious. [D] Pious.7. In the conversation with Mrs. Bennet in Chapter One of Pride andPrejudice, Mr. Bennet uses a teasing tone and_______ humor.[A] ironic [B] joyous[C] black [D] sarcastic8. Which of the following works i s NOT a poetic drama written by Byron?[A] The Prisoner of Chillon [B] Manfred[C] Childe Harold's Pilgrimage[D] Don Juan9. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of agood fortune must be in want of a wife. " This sentence is presented in a(n) _______tone.[A] ironic [B] indifferent[C] delightful [D] Jealousy10. Which of the following works is an elegy written by Shelley?[A] Adonais[B] Lycidas[C] Isabella [D] Queen Mab11. In the poem "She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways" ending lines golike this: "But she is in her grave, and, Oh. The difference to me!" Theword "me" in the quoted line probably refer to _______.[A] the poet [B ] the reader[C] her lover [D] her father12. In the early 19th-century England, the heavily exploited workersexpressed themselves in the popular outbreaks of machine-breaking known as the ______ riots.[A] Chartist [B] Peterloo[C] Enclosure [D] Luddite13. "Those ungrateful drones who would/Drain your sweat—nay, drink yourblood?" The word "drones" in the above two 1ines written by Shelley is used as a(n) ______. .[A] irony [B] metaphor[C] metonymy [D] synecdoche14. In his poem, "Ode to the West Wind", Shelley intends to present hiswind as a central______ around which the poet weaves various cycles of death and rebirth.[A] synecdoche [B] symbol[C] simile [ D] metonymy15. Byron's "Song for the Luddites" contains three five-lined stanzas of______ movement. The rimes in each stanza are abba .[A] iambic [B] anapestic[C] trochee [D] dactylic16. Byron's masterwork, Don Juan , is based on the _______.[A] Bible [B] Greek myth[C] Roman myth [D] Spanish legend17.. "The Isles of Greece" is among Byron's most effective poeticalutterances on national freedom and consists of sixteen six-lined stanzas of_______ tetrameter, with a rime scheme of ababcc. All the 16 stanzas are supposed to have been sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast of Don Juan and Haidee.[A] iambic [B] anapestic[C] trochee [D] dactylic18. In Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790), the word "marriage" , to Blake,means the _______. .[A] subordination of the one to the other[B] co-existence of the conflicting parts[C1 fighting of the conflicting parts[D] reconciliation of the contraries19. Wordsworth defines poetry as " the spontaneous overflow of powerfulfeelings, which originates in emotion recollected in_______.[A ] memory [B] observation[C] tranquility [D1 nature20. The stanza Shelley invents for this Ode to the West Wind is a highlycomplicated fusion of the sonnet and of _______ rima, with no division into octave and sestet. Shelley's rhyme scheme :or his stanzas may be. represented as aba bcb cdc ded ee.[A] free [B] end[C] internal [D] terza21. The poetic view of _______ can be best understood from his remarkabout poetry: " all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. "[A] Samuel Taylor Coleridge [B] John Keats[C] William Wordsworth [D] Percy Bysshe Shelley.22. By contrasting the freedom of the ancient Greece ard the enslavement ofthe present Greece in "The Isles of Greece appealed to the Greek people to fight for _______.[ A ] love [B] happiness[C] peace [D] liberty23. Most of the important issues explored in the novel, Pride and Prejudice ,are presented from the _______ viewpoint.[A] masculine [B] objective[C] feminine [D] neutral24. In the conversation with Mrs. Bennet in Chapter One of Pride andPrejudice , Mr. Bennet uses a_______ tone and sarcastic humor.[A] solemn [B] harsh[C] intimate [D] teasing25. "And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills Where blossomedmany an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery. "The above lines are probably taken from _______.[A] Wordsworth's "The Solitary Reaper"[B] Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper"[C] Coleridge's "Kubla Khan"[D] Keats's "Ode on an Grecian Urn"II.. 阅读理解题(Reading comprehension)1."Wherefore, Bees of England, forge /many a weapon, chain, andscourge,That these stingless drones may spoil?。

英语专业学生原版阅读参考书目

《英语专业学生原版阅读参考书目》你看过多少，你又知道几个名字？后附链接。

作者书名中文译名1. British LiteratureKingsley Amis 金斯莱.艾米斯Lucky Jim《幸运的吉姆》Jane Austen 简·奥斯丁Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂·勃朗特Jane Eyre《简.爱》Emily Bronte 艾米莉勃朗特Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Samuel Butler 塞缪尔·巴特勒The Way of All Flesh《如此人生》Lewis Carroll 路易斯·卡罗尔Alice's Adventures in Wonderland《爱丽斯漫游奇境记》Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》Lord Jim《吉姆老爷》Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔德》Daphne Du Maurier 达夫妮·杜穆里埃Rebecca《蝴蝶梦》E. M. Forster 福斯特 A Passage to India《印度之行》John Fowles 约翰·福尔斯The FrenchLieutenant's Woman《法国中尉的女人》John Galsworthy 约翰·高尔斯华绥The Man of Property《有产业的人》William Golding 威廉·戈尔丁Lord of the Flies《蝇王》Thomas Hardy 托马斯.哈代Tess of theD'Urbervilles《苔丝》James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯A Portrait of theArtist as a Young Man《一个青年艺术家的画像》D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》George Orwell 乔治·奥威尔Nineteen Eighty-four《1984》Salman Rushdie 萨尔曼?鲁西迪Midnight Children《午夜的孩子》Sir Walter Scott 瓦尔特·司各特Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Robert Louis Stevenson Treasure Island《金银岛》罗伯特·斯蒂文森Johnathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》William M. Thackeray 威廉. 萨克雷Vanity Fair《名利场》H. G. Wells 赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯The Invisible Man《隐形人》Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙Mrs. Dalloway《达罗卫夫人》To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚Hamlet《哈姆雷特》2. American LiteratureBenjamin Franklin 本杰明.富兰克林The autobiography《自传》Sherwood Anderson 伍德·安德森Winesburg, Ohio《小镇畸人》Kate Chopin 凯特·肖邦The Awakening《觉醒》Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩The Red Badge ofCourage《红色英勇勋章》Theodore Dreiser 西奥Sister Carrie《嘉丽妹妹》多·德莱塞Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫.埃里森Invisible Man《看不见的人》William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》F. Scott Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby《伟大的盖茨比》Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑The Scarlet Letter 《红字》Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒Catch-22《第22条军规》 Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威 The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》 Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》Jack London 杰克.伦敦The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》Martin Eden《马丁·伊登》Norman Mailer 诺曼·梅勒The Naked and the Dead《裸者与死者》Margaret Mitchell 玛格丽特·米切尔Gone with the Wind《飘》Toni Morrison 托妮·莫瑞森The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》Vladimir Nabokov 纳博科夫Lolita《洛丽塔》J. D. Salinger 杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格The Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦培克The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Harriet Beecher Stowe哈里特·比彻·斯托Uncle Tom's Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Mark Twain 马克·吐温The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn《哈克贝利历险记》The Adventures of TomSawyer《汤姆·索耶历险记》Alice Walker 艾丽丝•沃克The Color Purple《紫颜色》Thomas Wolfe 托马斯•沃尔夫Look Homeward, Angel《天使望故乡》Herman Wouk 赫尔曼·沃克The Winds of War《战争风云》Richard Wright 理查德·赖特Native Son《私生子》3. Canadian LiteratureMorley Callaghan 莫利·卡拉汉That Summer in Paris《在巴黎的那个夏天》Northrop Frye 诺斯洛普·弗莱The Great Code《伟大的密码》Margaret Laurence 玛格丽特·劳伦斯The Stone Angel《石头天使》Stephen Leacock 斯蒂芬·里柯克Sunshine Sketches of aLittle Town《小镇艳阳录》Malcolm Lowry 马尔科姆·劳里Under the Volcano《在火山下》Hugh MacLennanThe Watch That Endsthe Night《守夜退出》L.M.Montgomery 蒙哥马利Anne of Green Gables《绿山墙的安妮》4. AustralianLiteratureMartin Boyd 马丁?博伊德L ucinda Brayford《露辛达.布雷福特》 Peter Carey 彼得·凯瑞 Oscar and Lucinda《奥斯卡与露辛达》Miles Franklin 麦尔丝·弗兰克林My Brilliant Career《我的璀璨生涯》Thomas Keneally 托马斯·基尼利Schindler's Ark《辛德勒的方舟》Alex Miller 亚历克斯·米勒The Ancestor Game《祖先游戏》 Henry Handel Richardson 亨利·汉德尔·理查森 The Fortunes of Richard Mahony 《理查德·麦昂尼的命运》Christina Stead 克里斯蒂娜·斯特德 The Man Who Loved Children 《一个热爱孩子的男人》Randolph Stow 伦道夫·斯托To the IslandsPatrick White Voss 帕特里克.怀特. 沃斯 The Tree of Man《人树》5. Chinese CultureYung Ming 容闳My Life in China and America 《我在中国和美国的生活》Tcheng Ki Tong 陈季同 Chiang monlin Tides 《望海潮》from the WestThe Chinese Painted by Themselves《中国人自画像》Ku Hung Ming 辜鸿铭The Spirit of theChinese People《中国人的精神》Fei Hsiao Tung 费孝通 Peasant Life in China《中国农民的生活》Ch'ien Chung-shu 钱钟书 F ortress Besieged《围城》Lin Yu Tang 林语堂My Country and My People《吾国与吾民》The Art of Life《生活的艺术》个人表示鸭梨很大！英美文学当初学了点，但是还是一些几乎不知道。

BritishLiterature英国文学英美文化

British Literature
• Early Writing • The Elizabethan Age • The 19th Century
Romanticism Female novelists in the 19th century Realist Writers in the 19th Century
the Shakespearean sonnet
• 3 quatrains + 1 the couplet
• rhyming ABABABABABABCC
• a sequence of metaphors or ideas, one in each quatrain & either a summary or a new take on the preceding images or ideas in the couplet
•
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
•
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
•
No more; and by a sleep to sache and the thousand natural shocks
history plays : Henry VI , Richard III , King John , Henry V
Romeo and Juliet
• the tragic fate of two young lovers victimized by the feuds and misunderstandings of their elders
• Life
William Shakespeare

British literature 1英国文学

V. Romanticism
* William Wordsworth: ―Lyrical Ballads‖
* Samuel Coleridge: ―The Ancient Mariner‖
* George Gordon Byron: ―Don Juan‖
* Percy Bysshe Shelley: ―Prometheus Unbound‖ * John Keats: ―Ode to a Nightingale‖
* Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels * Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe * Henry Fielding: Tom Jones * William Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell * Sentimentalism: Oliver Goldsmith: ―The Deserted Village‖ Thomas Gray: ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖
* other forms: natural science philosophy history law graphic novels/comic books films, videos and broadcast have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction. iii. Expectation of you 1. To get acknowledged with the history and framework of British literature. 2. To view literature from a literary perspective and accomplish one mid-term essay. 3. To fulfill the assignment after class.

英美国家概况Unit 6 British Literature (英国文学)

Unit 6 British Literature (英国文学)
一、本单元重点内容
1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗的名字，同时也是此诗中的英雄的名字)}
2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》)
1). British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells
2). Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11th C.的盎格鲁˙撒克逊的英语) literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD)
2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24)
---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”
7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯)
8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特)
9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森)
10. Modernism (现代主义)

英美概况之英国文学

Early Writing & Elizabethan DramaEarlFra bibliotek Writing
Book of Kells Beowulf Middle Ages
Much early British writing was concerned with Christianity:AngloSaxon produced beautifully illusteated versions of the Bible:the most famous of these is the Book of Kells.It is today kept in the library of Trinity College in Dublin, the capital of Ireland.
British literature (that dating from before the 16th centuray), is little read outside of university literature departments, because iit's too difficult. But there are a few wellknown ones from these early"Old English" literature works.The most famous one should be the long poem-Beowulf. The poem tells the story of the Sweden hero Beowulf ,who died in the act of killing a fire dragon that is menacing his people. He is the spiritual symbol of that time,so to speak.

英美国家概况 Unit 6 BRITISH_LITERATURE

VIRGINIA WOOLF
Virginia
Woolf is regarded as a modernist writer and one of the most famous writers of the century. Her works are concerned with the individual consciousness, especially female consciousness. Her novels have become important to feminists for the way they show women’s personalities to be limited by society. In her writing, she uses the technique called the stream of consciousness. One of her best novels is Mrs. Dalloway.-意识流
The
development of drama in the Renaissance William Shakespeare：Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
He
was an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three categories: tragedies such as Hamlet, comedies such as Merchant of Venice and historical plays like Charles II.

英美文学赏析

Highlights of British and American Literature 《英美文学精品选读》Part I An Appreciation of English Literature 上篇：英国文学Chapter 1 Medieval Literature 中世纪英国文学Jeffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟The Canterbury Tales (General Prologue)Chapter 2 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期英国文学William Shakespeare 威廉•莎士比亚Sonnet 18Sonnet 29Romeo and Juliet: Part of Scene IIChapter 3 English Romantic Poetry 英国浪漫主义诗歌1. Robert Burns 罗伯特•彭斯A Red, Red RoseMy Heart’s in the Highlands2. William Wordsworth 威廉•华兹华斯I wandered lonely as a cloudComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 18023. Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西•比西•雪莱To---Ode to the West Wind4. Jane Austen 简•奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice (Chapter I)Chapter 4 The Victorian Age 维多利亚文学时期1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯•狄更斯A Tale of Two Cities ( Chapter I)2. Bronte Sisters 布朗特姐妹Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特•布朗特Jane Eyre (Chapter XXXVIII)Emily Bronte 艾米莉•布朗特Wuthering Heights (Chapter XV)3. Robert Browning 罗伯特•布朗宁My Last Duchess FerraraMeeting At NightParting at Morning4. Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白•巴雷特•布朗宁Sonnets from the Portuguese: 14Sonnets from the Portuguese: 43Chapter 5 Twentieth Century Literature 二十世纪文学时期1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯•哈代Tess of the D’Urberbilles (Chapter XXXV)2. Virginia woolf 维吉尼亚•沃尔夫Mrs. Dalloway (The beginning part)Part II An Appreciation of American Literature 下篇：美国文学Chapter 1: The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期文学1. Washington Irving 华盛顿•欧文Rip Van Winkle (The beginning part)2. Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生Nature (Chapter I)3. Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加•艾伦•坡The Raven4. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) 纳撒尼尔•霍桑The Scarlet Letter (Chapter I, II)Chapter 2: The Literature of Realism 现实主义文学时期1.Walt Whitman 惠特曼Leaves of Grass: O Captain! My Captain!Leaves of Grass: I Hear America singing2. Emily Dickinson 艾米丽•狄金森HopeI’m NobodyI heard a Fly buzz—when I died—3. Mark Twain 马克•吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （Chapter I）Chapter 3: Twentieth-century Literature 二十世纪文学时期1. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉•庞德In a Station of the MetroThe River-Merchant’s Wife: A Let ter2. Robert Frost 罗伯特•弗洛斯特The Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening3. Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯•斯特尔纳斯•艾略特The Waste Land (Subtitles: The Burial of the Dead)4. Francis Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯•司各特•菲兹杰拉德The Great Gatsby （Chapter III）5. Ernest Hemingway 厄尼斯特•海明威The Old Man and the Sea （Chapter XXVII, XXVIII, XXXVIIII）6. William Faulkner 威廉•福克纳A Rose for Emily （Chapter I, II, III, IV）《英美文学精华选读》将简要介绍英美各时期的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派和代表作家。

英美文学史简介

英美文学史简介Part A British LiteratureⅠEarly and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学1. “Beowulf”, the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），完成于八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。

是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇。

是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

2. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。

在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。

ⅡThe Renaissance [ri′neis(ə)ns] 文艺复兴时期文学1.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚（1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。

莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧play，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。

此外，他还写有154首十四行诗sonnet和三、四首长诗poem。

四大喜剧： A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜四大悲剧:Hamlet 哈姆雷特(To be, or not to be, that is the question)Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白其他：Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶2.Francis Bacon 培根（1561-1626 ）The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.代表作：散文Of Studies 《论学习》ⅢThe period of English Bourgeois [buə′ʒwɑ:] Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学1.John Milton 米尔顿Paradise Lost 《失乐园》2. John Bunyan 班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》ⅣEighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学1. Daniel Defoe: 笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》2. Jonathan Swift：斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》3. Henry Fielding 菲尔丁the Founder of the English Realistic Nov 英国现实主义小说奠基人Joseph Andrew 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》4. William Blake 布莱克and Robert Burns彭斯: PoetⅤRomanticism in England 浪漫主义时期文学1. William Wordsworth 华滋华斯the representative poet of the early romanticism. 标志着浪漫主义的开始2. George Gordon Byron 拜伦Don Juan 《唐·璜》3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?4. John Keats 济慈Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》5. Jane Austen 简·奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》ⅥThe Victorian Age 维多利亚时期文学1. Charles Dickens 狄更斯代表作：Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》、A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》、David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》2. William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷代表作：Vanity Fair 《名利场》3. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4. The Brontë Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Brontë夏洛蒂·勃朗特：Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Brontë艾米莉·勃朗特：Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》Annie Brontë安妮·勃朗特5. The Brownings 勃朗宁夫妇Husband: Robert BrowningWife: Elizabeth BrowningSonnets from the Portuguese 《葡语十四行诗集》ⅦTwentieth Century English Literature 20世纪英国文学1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥3. Oscar Wilde 王尔德Poet，dramatist, novelist and essayist.The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和其他故事》4. George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳the most important English dramatist5. D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》6. Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙Feminism, the stream of consciousness意识流女权主义与现代主义小说的先驱7. James Joyce 乔伊斯Ulysses《尤里西斯》the stream of consciousness意识流Part B American LiteratureⅠThe Literature During the Colonial American and the American Revolution殖民地时期及独立战争时期的文学Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林ⅡAmerican Romanticism and New England Literature 浪漫主义及新英格兰时期文学1. Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859)the first American to achieve an international literary reputation. 是美国文学的奠基人之一。

英美文学导论论文

Survey of British Literature材控1102班付兰平2011010883Abstract: As we all know,literature is a kind of arts and reflect social reality.For British literature,we can devided it into seven different periods.From these periods,we can understand about all the British literature.Key words: Old and Medieval periods, Medieval periods, The Renaissance Period, The Neoclassical Period, The Romantic Period, The V ictorian Period, Twentieth Century Literature1.Old and Medieval periods (450---1066)After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal Celtic population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of Angles , Saxons and Jutes who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part Anglia , or England.For nearly four hundred years prior to the coming of the English , Britain had been a Roman province . In 410 A.D. the Romans withdrew their legions from Britain to protect Rome herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders . About 449 a band of Teutons , called Jutes , left Denmark , landed on the Isle of Thanet .W arriors from the tribes of the Angles and the Saxons soon followed , and drove westward the original inhabitants.The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions , ---Religious and Secular . In reading the earliest poetry of England it is well to remember that all of it was copied by the monks , and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero Beowulf ---one of the national heroes of the English people .The only existing manuscript of The Song of Beowulf was written by an unknown scribe at the beginning of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1750 .The Song was composed much earlier , and reflects events which took place on the Continent approximately at the beginning of the 6th century , when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the Scandinavian peninsula and maintained close relations with kindred tribes , e.g. with the Danes who lived on the other side of the straits.2.Medieval periods (1066---mid-14th century)In the year 1066 , at the battle of Hastings , the Normans headed by William , Duke of Normandy , defeated theAnglo-Saxons.The Normans were originally a hardy race of sea rovers inhabiting Scandinavia . In the tenth century they conquered a partof northern France , which is still called Normandy , and rapidly adopted French civilization and the French language . Their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William , Duke of Normandy , began with the battle of Hastings in 1066 .The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright , romantic tales of love and adventure , in marked contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry . During the strength three centuries Anglo-Saxon speech simplified itself by dropping of its Teutonic inflection , absorbed eventually a large part of the French vocabulary , and became the English language . English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements .3.The Renaissance Period (mid-14th ---mid-17th century)The 16th century in English was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism .Manufactories were developing and the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk . The enclosure of commons drove thousands of peasants off their lands and many of them settled in towns .New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art .Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance .The greatest of all English authors , William Shakespeare belongs to those rare geniuses of mankind who have become landmarks in the history of world culture . The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism , a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations .His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry Ⅵ,parts two and three , the first part having been written earlier by another dramatist and only retouched by Shakespeare . During the twenty-two years of his literary work he produced 37 plays , two narrative poems and 154 sonnets .His literary work may be divided into three major periods : the first period from 1590 to 1600 , the second from 1601 to 1608 , and the third from 1609 to 1612 .Hamlet is considered to be summit of Shakespeare’s art . It was written in 1602-1620 and first published in 1603 . Shakespeare took a certain story of Prince Amleth from old sources which can betraced to the 12th century .Under Shakespeare’s pen the medieval story assumed new meaning and significance . Danish names could not hide from the spectators and readers the fact that it was English which the great writer described in his play . The whole tragedy is permeated with the spirit of Shakespeare’s own time . Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life .A study of Bacon takes us beyond the limits of the reign of Elizabeth , but not beyond the continued influences of that reign . Bacon belongs with Sidney and Raleigh in that group of Elizabethans who aimed to be men of affairs , politicians , reformers ,explorers , rather than writers of prose or poetry . He was of noble birth , and from an early age was attached to Elizabeth’s court . Bacon was the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon , Lord Keeper of the Seal , and of the learned Ann Cook ,sister-in-law to Lord Burleigh , greatest of the queen’s statesmen . From these connections , as well as from native gift , he was attracted to the court , and as a child was called by Elizabeth her “Little Lord Keeper” .On a December day in 1680 , while Shakespeare was still writing his great plays , another great English poet was born inLondon . He was John Milton.Milton’s father made a business of preparing law papers , and was a prosperous man . He was a prosperous man .He was a Puritan , but not so harsh as most of the Puritans of his day , for he loved music and taught his boy to love it . He also loved books , and young John Milton began to show , when a very small boy , that he loved them , too . His father had a private teacher for him , and when scarcely more than ten years old the boy wrote good verses and sat up later than was good for him over his studies .4.The Neoclassical Period(1660-1700)The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history . It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in English and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility . The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst .To Defoe is often given the credit for discovery of the modern novel ; but whether or not he deserves that honour is an open question . Even a casual reading of Robinson Crusoe (1719), which generally heads the list of modern fiction , shows that this exciting tale is largely an adventure story , rather than the study of human character which Defoe probably intended it to be .The drama of the eighteenth century was extensive , but very little of it has permanent literary or acting value . W e have noted the dramatic work of Addison and Steele in the early part of the century . Within the Age of Johnson several men tried their hands at dramatic work . Thomson , the poet , wrote dramas which are now all but forgotten . Y oung produced a tragedy called The Revenge . Johnson , who appears in all forms of literature , was the author of a cold and stately classical tragedy named Irene . Fielding wrote a number of comedies before he found his true vocation as a novelist , but none of them would have preserved his fame to posterity . Of the many minor dramatists there is no occasion to speak . Only two men , Goldsmith and Sheridan , produced works which are of high literary quality and which still retain their interest upon the stage . Goldsmith’s two comedies The Good-Natured Man and She Stoops to Conquer, having already received due attention , and it only remains to speak briefly of the dramatic works of Sheridan.5.The Romantic Period (1798---1832)Romanticism as a literary movement came into being in English early in the latter half of the 18th century . It first made its appearance in English as a renewed interest in medieval literature . The movement was ushered by Thomas Percy , James Macpherson and Thomas Chatterton . William Blake and Robert Burnsrepresented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism .George Gordon , Lord Byron , was born in 1788 , of a noble family notorious for their passionate temper , their amatory adventures , and their thriftlessness . To his extraordinary physical beauty , his lameness added a touch of pathos . Personal fascination was his from the first . He mastered his little world of school-fellows at Harrow with the same power of personality which later took captive the imagination of Europe . His first volume of poems , Hours of Idleness, an immature little book , was mercilessly ridiculed in the Edinburgh review . Byron nursed his revenge , and in 1809 he published a vigorous onslaught upon his critics , entitled English Bards and Scotch Reviewers .This poem is written in the manner of Pope , for whom Byron always professed admiration , and is not unworthy of his school , either in mastery of the heroic couplet or in energy of satire . It is significant that Byron’s first performance should have been conceived in a satiric vein , and educed by a blow to his personal pride.Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in 1972 , just when the eyes of all Europe were fixed in hope and fear upon France , and the stars fought in their courses for the triumph of a new order . The short remainder of his life is marked by many great poems , some of considerable length , like the Sensitive Plant and Adonais; othersshorter , among them the wonderful Old to the W est Wind , and the best known of all Shelley’s lyrics , To a Sky Lark .6.The Victorian Period (1836---1901)The precisian may limit the V ictorian period to the years between the Queen’s accession in 1837 and her dearth in 1901 , but a new era really began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer W ar in 1902 . The seven decades between these two dates are often divided into three phrases of national life , what is called the “Mid-V ictorian”period being considered as embracing the years 1855 to 1879 from the ascendancy of Palmerston to the great economic depression .Out of the vast host of V ictorian novelists , the three greatest , Dickens , Thackeray , and George Eliot , will be selected for special study . The first of these to achieve fame was Charles Dickens . This man , who was to become a great portrayer of child life , had a sad , painful childhood . His industry was tremendous , and before Pickwick was finished , Oliver Twist , 1837—1838 , began to appear in a monthly magazine .Charlotte and Emily Bronte were born in Thornton , Y orkshire , but they were undoubtedly of Celtic blood , for their mother came from Cornwall and their father was born in Ireland . Charlotte set to work on a new novel , Jane Eyre , which was published in August ,1847 . This poetic , imaginative story of the love of a young governess for her married employer also has undoubted connections with Charlotte’s experiences in Brussels . It was an immediate success with both readers and most of the critics . Emily and Anne had been more successful in getting their first novels accepted , and in December , 1847 , a joint book appeared , containing Anne’s Agnes Grey and Emily’s only novel , Wuthering Heights ; neither work attracted much attention . Like Jane Eyre , they were published under the sister’s pseudonyms .7.Twentieth Century LiteratureThe long and progressive reign of Queen V ictoria came to a climax in the Diamond Jubilee Y ear , a time of peace and plenty when the British Empire seemed to be at the summit of its power and security . Of the discord that soon followed we shall here note only two factors which had large influence on contemporary English literature .Only a nation that enters on a dangerous course with eyes wide open has any chance of a safe way out , and the imperialistic nations were all alike blind . An inevitable result was the First World W ar and the greater horror of a Second W orld W ar , the two calamities being different acts of the same tragedy of imperialism , separated only by a breathing spell .英美文学导论论文Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind ; not slow and orderly reform , which is progress , but immediate and intemperate reform , which breeds a spirit of rebellion and despair .- 11 -。

《英美文学》课程教学大纲(本科)

《英美文学》课程教学大纲(本科)-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN《英美文学》课程教学大纲课程编号：04095、04096课程英文名称：British Literature & American Literature学时数：144 学分数：8适用层次和专业：英语专业本科三年级一、课程的性质和目的《英美文学》是我院英语专业高年级学生的专业选修课，本课程的目的在于：培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英美文学原著的能力，掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。

通过阅读和分析英美文学作品，促进学生语言基本功和人文素质提高，增强学生读对西方文学知识及文化的了解。

二、课程教学内容及各章节学时分配第一部分英国文学第一章盎格鲁撒克逊时期英国文学（1学时）第一节盎格鲁撒克逊时期文学渊源知识点：该时期的文学流派、代表作家、代表作品第二节《贝奥武甫》的艺术特征及其对英国文学的贡献知识点：该作品中的头韵、含蓄陈述、隐喻等艺术特征、第一部民族史诗对英国文学的影响第二章中世纪英国文学（3学时）第一节中世纪文学概述知识点：文学时期划分、文学特点、代表作家第二节杰佛利·乔叟知识点：生平、创作生涯、《坎特伯雷故事集》的情节、内容、主题《坎特伯雷故事集》节选：语言特点、艺术成就第三节英国和苏格兰民谣知识点：内容、形式、语言特点、代表作品《罗宾汉和埃林阿代尔》：寓意、语言特点第三章文艺复兴时期英国文学（12学时）第一节文艺复兴运动知识点：意大利文艺复兴运动的兴起、人文主义思潮、文艺复兴时期的文学渊源、英国的文艺复兴、宗教改革运动及影响第二节英国文艺复兴时期的文学知识点：伊丽莎白时代的历史文化背景、意大利文学对英国文学的影响、伊丽莎白时代的戏剧、伊丽莎白时代的诗歌第三节文艺复兴时期的主要作家知识点：（1）埃德蒙·斯宾塞生平、创作生涯、代表作品的构思、情节、内容、主题（2）克里斯托夫·马洛生平、创作生涯、著名悲剧、思想艺术成就（3）威廉·莎士比亚生平、戏剧创作生涯、代表作品及其故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义、诗歌、艺术成就《威尼斯商人》选段、悲剧《哈姆雷特》选段、十四行诗（18）（4）弗兰西斯·培根生平、主要作品、语言特点、杰出贡献《论学习》的结构、内容、语言特点（5）约翰·邓恩生平、玄学诗派、文学创作、诗歌、散文第四章十七世纪英国文学（4学时）第一节十七世纪的文学概述知识点：十七世纪历史文化背景、十七世纪文学三个时期的划分、十七世纪文学特点第二节十七世纪的主要作家知识点：（1）约翰·弥尔顿生平、文学创作、史诗《失乐园》、主要作品、艺术特点（2）约翰·班扬生平、文学创作、主要作品、艺术特点《天路历程》第一章的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点第五章十八世纪英国文学（12学时）第一节启蒙运动知识点：启蒙运动产生的时代背景、启蒙运动的人文观、启蒙运动的理性准则第二节新古典主义知识点: 新古典主义的创作旨意、新古典主义的文学渊源、新古典主义关于散文、诗歌、戏剧创作的标准第三节新古典主义时期的文学知识点：早期新古典主义诗歌、英国现实主义小说的诞生、哥特式小说与伤感主义文学的兴起第四节十八世纪的主要作家知识点：（1）亚历山大·蒲伯生平、创作生涯、文学观、主要作品、语言风格选读《论批评》节选：作品体裁、结构、语言风格（2）丹尼尔·笛福生平、社会观、主要作品、创作特点《鲁滨逊漂流记》第九章、第十章的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、作者的创作意义（3）乔纳森·斯威夫特生平、创作生涯、人文观、讽刺散文的语言风格《格列佛游记》第一部分第四章的人物性格、语言特点、作品的主题（4）亨利·菲尔丁生平、戏剧和小说创作活动、对英国小说的贡献、语言特色《汤姆·琼斯》第四部、第八章的人物的刻画、史诗特征（5）塞缪尔·约翰逊生平、创作生涯、主要作品、新古典主义的文学观及语言风格、对英国语言的贡献（6）理查德·比·谢立丹生平、戏剧创作生涯、戏剧的主题、主要作品、写作技巧《造谣学校》第三幕第四场的作品的主题、人物性格、语言特点（7）威廉·布莱克生平、政治宗教观点、诗歌创作主张、主要作品、诗歌的主要特点及思想意义、对20世纪英国文学的影响《伦敦》、《老虎》的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等（8）罗伯特·彭斯生平、诗歌创作主张、主要作品、诗歌主要特点及思想意义《一朵红红的玫瑰》的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色第六章浪漫主义时期英国文学（14 学时）第一节浪漫主义思潮知识点：浪漫主义时期英国社会的历史背景、法国大革命对英国的影响、浪漫主义文学的渊源、浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张、英国浪漫主义文学的特点、浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响第二节浪漫主义时期的主要作家知识点：（1）威廉·华兹华斯生平及创作生涯、诗歌创作主张、主要作品、诗歌的主要特点及思想意义、诗歌的艺术成就、对同时代及后世英国文学的影响《孤寂的割麦女》、《水仙》、《虹》的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等（2）塞•特•科勒律治生平及创作生涯、文学创作主张、哲学思想和文学批评观、主要作品、诗歌的主要特点及思想意义、文学创作及文艺批评思想对同时代及后世英国文学的影响（3）乔治·戈登•拜伦生平及创作生涯、主要诗作、主要特点及社会意义《她行走在美的光影中》的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等（4）珀•比•雪莱生平、诗歌创作主张、主要作品、诗歌的主要特点及思想意义、对同时代及后世英国文学的影响《西风颂》、《云雀颂》的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色（5）约翰•济慈生平及创作生涯、美学思想、主要诗作、诗歌的主要特点及思想意义、诗歌对同时代及后世英国文学的影响《夜莺颂》、《秋颂》的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色（6）简•奥斯汀生平及创作生涯、小说创作思想、主要作品、小说的主要特点及社会意义、小说对后世英国文学的影响《傲慢与偏见》的故事梗概、主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格及作品的意义第七章维多利亚时代英国文学（12学时）第一节维多利亚时代英国文学及社会思潮概述知识点：早期的经济发展与社会动乱、中期的繁荣昌盛和社会稳定、晚期的势力衰退和社会道德观念的改变、科学发现对传统的社会和宗教观念的影响、功利主义思潮的泛滥第一节维多利亚时期的文学知识点：小说的形式、该时代小说家的共性、散文和诗歌形式、技术方面的实验和创新第三节维多利亚时期的主要作家知识点：（1）查尔斯•狄更斯生平及创作生涯、作品中的批判现实主义思想与社会改良主义倾向、前期作品的思想与艺术特征、后期作品的思想与艺术特征、创作特色与艺术成就《雾都孤儿》第三章、《大卫•科波菲尔》第四章、第五十五章的主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格及作品的意义（2）夏洛特•布朗蒂生平、创作思想和主题、作品的社会意义《简•爱》第二十三章的女主人公形象、在逆境中求自我道德完善的主题（3）埃米莉•布朗蒂生平、、创作主题、对同时代及后世英国文学的影响《呼啸山庄》第十五章的小说的主题、故事的叙述手法、强烈情感的描述（4）阿尔弗雷德•丁尼生生平、诗歌创作生涯、主要作品、艺术特色《渡沙洲》、《尤利西斯》的主题思想、艺术特征（5）罗伯特•布朗宁生平与诗歌创作生涯、主要作品、戏剧独白、艺术特点《我逝去的公爵夫人》、《夜会》、《晨别》的主题思想、艺术特征（6）乔治•艾略特生平及创作生涯、新型小说、女性文学观《织工马南》第二十八章的作品的主题、语言风格（7）托马斯·哈代生平与创作生涯、创作倾向、作品中的“宿命观”、批判现实主义思想、艺术特色《德伯家的苔丝》的作品的主题、人物刻画、语言特色《呼唤》的主题思想、艺术特征第八章二十世纪英国文学（14学时）第一节二十世纪英国文学概述知识点：20世纪英国社会的历史文化背景、两次世界大战对英国的影响、英国20世纪批判现实主义文学、现代主义文学的兴起与衰落、现代主义文学创作的基本主张、英国现代主义文学、英国现代主义文学的特点、现代主义文学对当代英国文学的影响第二节二十世纪的主要作家知识点：（1）乔治·布纳德·萧伯纳生平与创作生涯、政治改革思想和文学创作主张、戏剧创作主张、主要作品、戏剧的特点与社会意义、萧伯纳的戏剧对20世纪英国文学的影响《鳏夫的房产》的主要内容、人物塑造、语言特点、艺术手法（2）约翰•高尔斯华绥生平与创作生涯、创作思想、小说的主要特点及社会意义《福尔塞世家》的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、叙事手法（3）威廉•勃特勒•叶芝生平及创作生涯、诗歌创作思想、代表作品、诗歌的特点及思想意义、艺术成就、叶芝的诗歌对当代英国文学的影响、戏剧创作《1916年复活节》、《库尔庄园的野天鹅》的语言风格、艺术特色等（4）T•S•艾略特生平及创作生涯、文学理论与文艺批评观点、主要诗歌作品、艺术特色及社会意义、文学创作及文艺批评思想对现当代英国文学的影响《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》的主题结构、思想内容、语言特色、艺术手法（5）戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯生平及创作生涯、创作思想、主要作品、艺术特色及社会意义、劳伦斯的小说对现当代英国文学的影响《儿子与情人》的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、艺术手法（6）詹姆斯•乔伊斯生平与创作生涯、文学创作主张与美学思想、主要作品、小说的主要艺术特色及思想意义、艺术成就、作品对现当代世界文学的影响《青年艺术家的肖像》所选作品的主题思想、人物塑造、语言特色、艺术手法（7）弗吉尼亚•伍尔芙生平与创作生涯、意识流小说、其作品和小说理论对英国现代主义小说理论与创作的贡献《达罗卫夫人》的主要内容、表现手法、艺术特征、叙事方式（8）迪伦•托马斯生平与创作生涯、超现实主义的表现手法、其独特的诗歌艺术特征对当代英国诗坛的影响《羊齿山》、《不要温雅地步入那美妙的夜晚》的艺术特征、主题思想（9）菲利普•拉金生平与创作生涯、运动派诗歌、其独特的诗风和诗歌主张对当代英国诗坛的影响《去教堂》的艺术特征和主题思想（10）特德•休斯生平与创作生涯、其动物暴力诗的艺术特征和主题思想《栖息之鹰》的艺术特征和主题思想（11）西默斯•希尼生平与创作生涯、其作品纯美的语言风格和鲜明的爱尔兰民族色彩《沼泽地》的艺术特征和主题思想第二部分美国文学Part One （4 periods）The Colonial Period and The17th Century Literature of Puritanism1. Historical Backgroundi. Religious Cause: Puritanism / Puritan thoughtsii. Economic ones:2. Development of Literaturei. Characteristicsii. Authors: William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet, Edward TaylorPart Two （4 periods）The Period of Enlightenment1. Historical Backgroundi. American revolutionii. The age of reason2. Development of Literaturei. Benjamin Franklin: Autobiographyii. Philip FreneauPart Three （20 periods）New England Transcendentalism and Romantic AgeA. Period of Pre-Romanticism1. Historical BackgroundTranscendentalism2. Development of Literaturei. Romanticism3．Major WritersWashington Irving: Rip Van winkleB. Period of Post-Romanticism1. Historical Backgroundi. Civil Warii. Anti-slavery movement2. Development of Literature3. Major Writersi. Edgar Allen Poe: To Helenii. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Natureiii. Walt Whitman: Songs of Myselfiv. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letterv. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: A Psalm of Lifevi. Emily DickinsonPart Four （16 periods）The Age of Realism1. Historical BackgroundThe Gilded AgeNew England Renaissance2. Development of Literaturei. Realism: definitions & Characteristicsii. Realism vs romanticismiii. Practitioners: William Dean Howells, Henry James, Mark Twain 3. Major WritersMark Twain: The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnPart Five （12 periods）American Naturalism1. Historical Backgroundi. The First World Warii. The Jazz ageiii. Commercialized society2. Development of Literaturei. Naturalism: definitions & Characteristicsii. Practitioners: Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London, etc.3. Major WritersTheodore Dreiser: Sister CarrieRobert Frost: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningPart Six （8 periods）American Modernism1. Historical Backgroundi. Great depressionii. The Second World War2. Development of Literaturei. Modernism: definitions & Characteristicsii. Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, e. e. cummings etc.3. Major WritersErnest Hemingway: A Farewell to ArmsJohn Steinbeck: The Grapes of WrathWilliam FaulknerPart Seven （8 periods）American Literature Since 19451. Historical Backgroundi. Political Situation: Cold War, Korean War, Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam War etc.ii. Ideological Development2. Development of Literaturei. The Beat Generation: Allen Ginsberg etc.ii. Jewish writers: Saul Bellow etc.iii. Black American Literature3. Major WritersSaul BellowAllen GinsbergAlice Walker三、课程教学基本要求在教学中应该使学生对英美文学形成与发展的全貌有一个大概的了解；通过指导学生阅读具有代表性的英美文学作品，理解作品的内容，从而掌握分析作品的艺术特色和评价文学作品的方法。

英美文学赏析--英国文学部分

英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一.Anglo-Saxon p eriod<Beowulf>M 奥武夫:the national epic of the An glo-Sax onsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero en acted in vast Ian dsca pes. The style of epic is grand and elevated 主题严肃，语言庄重）e.g. Homer ' s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1. Using alliteration（押头韵）（该文最大修辞特点，每行第一个词辅音韵）Defin iti on of alliteratio n: a rhetorical device, mea ning some words in asentence beg in with the same consonant sound 辅音）ing metaphor （暗喻，隐喻）and understatementDefin iti on of un derstateme nt: exp ress ing someth ing in a con trolled way Understateme nt is a typ ical way for En glishme n to exp ress their ideas二.The Middle Ages ( Medieval Ages) Geoffery Cha 杰弗里？乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创双韵体”英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

约翰德莱顿(John Dryden) 称其为英国诗歌之父”The father of English poetry.first time to use heroic couple'英雄双韵体）by middle English代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》《The Canterbury tales 》。

British Literature --Part 1

4)
5)
Angles, Saxons and Jutes (usu. known as Anglo-Saxons) are the first Englishmen. Language spoken by them is called the Old English, which is the foundation of English language and literature. With the Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain, the history of English literature began.
VI. English Literature in the Victorian Age (middle 19th cen.--1918) 1. Critical realist novel in the Victorian Age 2. English poetry in the Victorian Age 3. English prose in the Victorian Age 4. Literary trends at the end of the 19th cerature in the 18th Century (late 17th cen.--1798) 1. Neo-classicism 2. Realism 3. Sentimentalism 4. Pre-Romanticism
V. British Literature in the Romantic Age (1798--1832) 1. British poetry of the Romantic Age Romantic poets of the first generation Romantic poets of the second generation 2. British prose of the Romantic Age 3. British novel of the Romantic Age

PartI-BritishLiterature(1)

A Brief Introduction to Literature
What is literature? • Literature is broadly defined as any written or spoken material, but the term most often refers to creative works, which are of artistic value. Literature is the expression of life in words of truth and beauty; it is the written record of man’s spirit, of his thoughts, emotions and aspirations; it is the history and the only history of human soul. It is characterized by its artistic, suggestive and permanent qualities.
• • • • Poetry Drama Essay Fiction/novel
Literary Genres
Group Discussion
• How much do you know about this course? What do you expect to gain from this course? For what purpose do you learn this course? • What classical literary works have you ever read? Please list some of them. Which or who impressed you most? Why ?