《供应链管理教学课件》第9章协调的产品与供应链设计_供应链管理-文档资料
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fast technology clock speed and short product life cycle, high product
variety, and relatively high margins.
5
What Is the Appropriate Supply Chain Strategy and Product Design Strategy for Each Product Type?
made
What does the change result in?
Delayed forecasts of specific colours Still use aggregate forecasts to start manufacturing early React to customer demand and suggestions
2828在推式为基础的系统中生产决策是以长期预测为依据在拉式系统当中生产是需求导向的demanddriven标准化策略可以视为在一条供应链中结合推式和拉式系统的一种方法在产品差异化前的供应链部分是典型的推式供应链而差异化之后的供应链是拉式的供应链延迟的另一项优点是能让企业实现拉式系统的许多优势同时获得推式系统的规模经济优势2929exampleexample在贝纳通的案例中未染色的毛衣依预测而制造但染色的工作却是依照顾客的需求而定这个差异化的分界点为推式拉式边界因为这是系统由推式转向拉式的分界3030供应链中另一个重要问题是筛选适合的新产品零件供货商企业往往在让供货商加入产品设计流程之后可以获得极大的利这些优势包括原料的采购成本降低原料的采购质量提升产品开发时间和成本的减少制造成本减少提升最终产品的技术水准除了促使管理者找出所有提高供应链效率方式的竞争压力外其它几项竞争压力尤其鼓励管理者在产品设计流程中找出和供货商合作的机会这些压力包括
volts)
Differentiation had to happen immediately An improved design enables a single power supply to work for
both voltages
5% Cost Savings
22
标准化的四种不同方法（3）
modify the order of product manufacturing steps resequenced operations result in the differentiation of specific items
or products are postponed as much as possible
流程标准化（Process Standardization）
Standardizing as much of the process as possible, making a generic
or family product
Delaying differentiation Called “Delayed differentiation”, “Postponement”
set-up cost)
Guide customers to existing products Substitute products with higher feature set for those with lower feature set
Which products to offer, how much to keep, how to optimally
供应链管理 Supply Chain Management
第九章 协调的产品与供应链设计
Coordinated Product and Supply Chain Design
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
本章内容
总体框架 物流设计 供应商参与新产品开发 大规模定制
2
总体框架（1）
供应链与开发链
供应链：关注实际物品的流动 开发链：关注新产品引进，产品结构、生产/采购决策 、早期
15
流程标准化：Example（1） Benetton Old Manufacturing Process
Spin or Purchase Yarn Dye Yarn Finish Yarn
Manufacture Garment Parts Join Parts
16
流程标准化：Example（2） Benetton New Manufacturing Process
Spin or Purchase Yarn Manufacture Garment Parts
Join Parts
Dye Garment
This step is postponed
Finish Garment
17
Benetton Postponement
Why the change?
The change enables Benetton to start manufacturing before colour choices are
19
Postponement
Point of differentiation
20
标准化的四种不同方法（2）
产品标准化（Product Standardization）
Downward Substitution
Produce only a subset of products (because producing each one incurs high
Each requires a different supply chain strategy Development chain has to deal with the differing level of demand uncertainty
6
总体框架（3）
产品模块化 新产品推出频率
高
手机引擎 推式
docking points
9
并行与平行加工
并行与平行加工包含了调整加工过程，以使过去在生产 次序上一前一后的步骤能够同时进行。
减少生产提前期 通过改进预测降低库存成本 减少安全库存水平
Achieved by redesigning products so that several manufacturing steps can take place in parallel
包装越紧密的产品，运费就越低廉 以产品占用的空间而非以重量来衡量如何将产品配置于运输车
辆，产品能以较紧密的方式来包装，就能以更低廉的成本运输
以大批量（In Bulk）运输货品，直到仓库、甚至零售商 处完成最后包装的工作，从而节约运输费用 越库作业
Design packaging so that products can be consolidated at cross
motors, etc.
Customer (Europe)
Parallel Processing（平行加工）
11
标准化
善用标准化的技术，可以有效使用汇总预测信息 Jayashankar Swaminathan教授发展出一个有效实施标准 化的架构：
模块化产品（Product Modularity） 模块化流程（Process Modularity）
Issues with postponement
Costs are 10% higher for manufacturing New processes had to be developed New equipment had to be purchased
18
Delayed Differentiation
这两者都是促进降低库存成本、增加预测准确性的主要 动因
12
Swaminathan’s Four Approaches to Standardization
Part standardization Process standardization Product standardization Procurement standardization
面食/纸尿裤 推式系统
低 低
个人电脑/时尚品 拉式系统 动态定价
家具/轮胎 推-拉结合
高 需求不确定性 拉式
7
为物流设计
Design for Logistics（DFL）uses product design to address logistics costs 物流设计所探讨的问题，可以下列三项重要组成元素加 以说明：
Board
Printer
Stage 2 Integration (Far East)
Customer (Europe)
Serial Processing（顺序加工）
Stage 1 (Europe)
Stage 2 (Far East)
Board
Printer
Integration (Europe) Plastics,
供应商参与、战略联盟、供应商覆盖区域以及供应合同
供应链关键特征
需求的不确定性及多变性 生产和运输中的规模经济 提前期，尤其是因为全球化
3
总体框架（2）
开发链
技术更新速度 生产/采购决策 产品结构
4
Interaction between the Two Chains
Fisher’s concept of Innovative and Functional Products
经济包装与运输（Economic Packaging and Transportation） 并行与平行加工（Concurrent and Parallel Processing） 标准化（Standardization）
8
经济包装与运输
Design products so that they can be efficiently packed and stored：将产品设计成能有效地被包装与储存
Functional products characterized by:
slow technology clock speed, low product variety, and typically low profit
margins
Innovative products characterized by:
模块化流程（Modular Process）
一个制造流程，其中包含几个分离的作业，使这些作业间可以储存半成品 Each product undergo a discrete set of operations making it possible to store
inventory in semi-finished form
substitute?
21
产品标准化：Example
Hewlett-Packard: LaserJets
LaserJets are manufactured in Japan Previously, the printers had two different power supplies (110, 220
Products differ from each other in terms of the subset of operations that are
performed on them
14
标准化的四种不同方法（1）
零件标准化（Part Standardization）
Common parts are used across many processes Product redesign might be necessary
Modularity/Decoupling is key to implementation：平行加工的关键，来自于分
离（Decoupling）的观念
如果在生产过程中，产品的许多部件能够被分离（Decouple）或者能
被拆解，那么这个产品就可能能够使用平行生产的方式
10
同步化加工
Stage 1 (Europe)
采购标准化（Procurement Standardization）
Standardizing processing equipment that is very expensive The firm reduces risk of investing in the wrong equipment by
13
标准化概念
模块化产品（Modular Product）
由一些不同的模块所组成，而这些模块的不同组合可组成不同的产品 Can be made by appropriately combining the different modules It entails providing customers a number of options for each module
May be necessary to redesign products specifically for delayed differentiation May be necessary to resequence the manufacturing process to take advantage of process standardization Resequencing
variety, and relatively high margins.
5
What Is the Appropriate Supply Chain Strategy and Product Design Strategy for Each Product Type?
made
What does the change result in?
Delayed forecasts of specific colours Still use aggregate forecasts to start manufacturing early React to customer demand and suggestions
2828在推式为基础的系统中生产决策是以长期预测为依据在拉式系统当中生产是需求导向的demanddriven标准化策略可以视为在一条供应链中结合推式和拉式系统的一种方法在产品差异化前的供应链部分是典型的推式供应链而差异化之后的供应链是拉式的供应链延迟的另一项优点是能让企业实现拉式系统的许多优势同时获得推式系统的规模经济优势2929exampleexample在贝纳通的案例中未染色的毛衣依预测而制造但染色的工作却是依照顾客的需求而定这个差异化的分界点为推式拉式边界因为这是系统由推式转向拉式的分界3030供应链中另一个重要问题是筛选适合的新产品零件供货商企业往往在让供货商加入产品设计流程之后可以获得极大的利这些优势包括原料的采购成本降低原料的采购质量提升产品开发时间和成本的减少制造成本减少提升最终产品的技术水准除了促使管理者找出所有提高供应链效率方式的竞争压力外其它几项竞争压力尤其鼓励管理者在产品设计流程中找出和供货商合作的机会这些压力包括
volts)
Differentiation had to happen immediately An improved design enables a single power supply to work for
both voltages
5% Cost Savings
22
标准化的四种不同方法（3）
modify the order of product manufacturing steps resequenced operations result in the differentiation of specific items
or products are postponed as much as possible
流程标准化（Process Standardization）
Standardizing as much of the process as possible, making a generic
or family product
Delaying differentiation Called “Delayed differentiation”, “Postponement”
set-up cost)
Guide customers to existing products Substitute products with higher feature set for those with lower feature set
Which products to offer, how much to keep, how to optimally
供应链管理 Supply Chain Management
第九章 协调的产品与供应链设计
Coordinated Product and Supply Chain Design
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
本章内容
总体框架 物流设计 供应商参与新产品开发 大规模定制
2
总体框架（1）
供应链与开发链
供应链：关注实际物品的流动 开发链：关注新产品引进，产品结构、生产/采购决策 、早期
15
流程标准化：Example（1） Benetton Old Manufacturing Process
Spin or Purchase Yarn Dye Yarn Finish Yarn
Manufacture Garment Parts Join Parts
16
流程标准化：Example（2） Benetton New Manufacturing Process
Spin or Purchase Yarn Manufacture Garment Parts
Join Parts
Dye Garment
This step is postponed
Finish Garment
17
Benetton Postponement
Why the change?
The change enables Benetton to start manufacturing before colour choices are
19
Postponement
Point of differentiation
20
标准化的四种不同方法（2）
产品标准化（Product Standardization）
Downward Substitution
Produce only a subset of products (because producing each one incurs high
Each requires a different supply chain strategy Development chain has to deal with the differing level of demand uncertainty
6
总体框架（3）
产品模块化 新产品推出频率
高
手机引擎 推式
docking points
9
并行与平行加工
并行与平行加工包含了调整加工过程，以使过去在生产 次序上一前一后的步骤能够同时进行。
减少生产提前期 通过改进预测降低库存成本 减少安全库存水平
Achieved by redesigning products so that several manufacturing steps can take place in parallel
包装越紧密的产品，运费就越低廉 以产品占用的空间而非以重量来衡量如何将产品配置于运输车
辆，产品能以较紧密的方式来包装，就能以更低廉的成本运输
以大批量（In Bulk）运输货品，直到仓库、甚至零售商 处完成最后包装的工作，从而节约运输费用 越库作业
Design packaging so that products can be consolidated at cross
motors, etc.
Customer (Europe)
Parallel Processing（平行加工）
11
标准化
善用标准化的技术，可以有效使用汇总预测信息 Jayashankar Swaminathan教授发展出一个有效实施标准 化的架构：
模块化产品（Product Modularity） 模块化流程（Process Modularity）
Issues with postponement
Costs are 10% higher for manufacturing New processes had to be developed New equipment had to be purchased
18
Delayed Differentiation
这两者都是促进降低库存成本、增加预测准确性的主要 动因
12
Swaminathan’s Four Approaches to Standardization
Part standardization Process standardization Product standardization Procurement standardization
面食/纸尿裤 推式系统
低 低
个人电脑/时尚品 拉式系统 动态定价
家具/轮胎 推-拉结合
高 需求不确定性 拉式
7
为物流设计
Design for Logistics（DFL）uses product design to address logistics costs 物流设计所探讨的问题，可以下列三项重要组成元素加 以说明：
Board
Printer
Stage 2 Integration (Far East)
Customer (Europe)
Serial Processing（顺序加工）
Stage 1 (Europe)
Stage 2 (Far East)
Board
Printer
Integration (Europe) Plastics,
供应商参与、战略联盟、供应商覆盖区域以及供应合同
供应链关键特征
需求的不确定性及多变性 生产和运输中的规模经济 提前期，尤其是因为全球化
3
总体框架（2）
开发链
技术更新速度 生产/采购决策 产品结构
4
Interaction between the Two Chains
Fisher’s concept of Innovative and Functional Products
经济包装与运输（Economic Packaging and Transportation） 并行与平行加工（Concurrent and Parallel Processing） 标准化（Standardization）
8
经济包装与运输
Design products so that they can be efficiently packed and stored：将产品设计成能有效地被包装与储存
Functional products characterized by:
slow technology clock speed, low product variety, and typically low profit
margins
Innovative products characterized by:
模块化流程（Modular Process）
一个制造流程，其中包含几个分离的作业，使这些作业间可以储存半成品 Each product undergo a discrete set of operations making it possible to store
inventory in semi-finished form
substitute?
21
产品标准化：Example
Hewlett-Packard: LaserJets
LaserJets are manufactured in Japan Previously, the printers had two different power supplies (110, 220
Products differ from each other in terms of the subset of operations that are
performed on them
14
标准化的四种不同方法（1）
零件标准化（Part Standardization）
Common parts are used across many processes Product redesign might be necessary
Modularity/Decoupling is key to implementation：平行加工的关键，来自于分
离（Decoupling）的观念
如果在生产过程中，产品的许多部件能够被分离（Decouple）或者能
被拆解，那么这个产品就可能能够使用平行生产的方式
10
同步化加工
Stage 1 (Europe)
采购标准化（Procurement Standardization）
Standardizing processing equipment that is very expensive The firm reduces risk of investing in the wrong equipment by
13
标准化概念
模块化产品（Modular Product）
由一些不同的模块所组成，而这些模块的不同组合可组成不同的产品 Can be made by appropriately combining the different modules It entails providing customers a number of options for each module
May be necessary to redesign products specifically for delayed differentiation May be necessary to resequence the manufacturing process to take advantage of process standardization Resequencing