Rapid Absolute Determination Platform of Nucleic Acid for Point-of-care Testing
英语二单词(全部)
Aabdomen腹部abdominal腹部的abnormality变态abolish绝对的absolute多量abundance学术的academic口音accent喝彩acclaim欢呼accomplish完成（任务）acquire获得activate使活动actual实际的ad广告adapt使适应address向..讲话，写信给..称呼addressee听者adjustment调整administration管理adopt采用adult成人advance前进advertise 为..做广告affirmative确定的afterwards后来aggressive 侵略的，进取心的agitation 焦虑agony 苦恼alphabetic 拼音文字的alter改变alternative二中择一，选择性的amount 总数analyze 合计，等于anarchy 分析ancestor 政治混乱angle 祖先anguish使转角度，角annoy感到痛苦，使极痛苦annoyance烦恼annual每年的anticipate预先准备anticipation预测apologetic道歉的appeal求助applicant申请人appointment约定appraise评价appreciate赏识，增值apprehension恐惧arrangement整理assembly集合assertive自信的assertively肯定地assertiveness肯定assess评估assist援助assurance确信athletic运动的attempt尝试attend出席attentive注意的attitude态度attractive吸引人的audience观众auditorium会堂authoritative有权威的availability可用的东西avoid避免award奖品，授予Bbabysitter（代人）照看婴儿者bachelor单身汉，学士backlight从背后照亮badminton羽毛球bald光秃的，单调的barrier障碍base底部，基础，以..作基础，卑鄙的basement地下室basically基本上battle-scarred经战争留下伤痕的behave举止behavioral行为的belief新年belong属于beneficial 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建筑专业术语翻译
『翻译』ARCHITECTURAL & STRUCTURALTABLE OF CONTENTS1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业a。
DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b。
DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d。
GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称e。
ROOFING ＆CEILING屋面及天棚f。
WALL（CLADDING）墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR ＆TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY（HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING ＆LIFT （ELEV ATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j。
BUILDING MA TERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES建筑材料词汇及短语Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦Lime，Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石【Cement, Mortar and Concrete水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti—Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k。
OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】Conventional Terms 一般通用名词【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role职务名称】【Drafting 制图】2。
isotope_labeling_metabolomics
postgenomic biology focusing on system-wide studies of metabolite levels and transformations in biological samples. Recent advances in modern high-throughput bioanalytical platforms, in combination with rapidly improving computational capabilities for data analysis and interpretation, and the free availability of numerous organism-specific metabolite databases, make it possible to annotate and quantify hundreds of metabolites in a single experiment. The resulting metabolite profiles provide a highly informative snapshot of an organism’s physiology and are widely used both in fundamental biology and in clinical research. A major benefit of metabolomics is the un biased approach and the resulting ability to generate and test hypotheses based on the behavior of the whole biological system [1]. While it is not possible to detect every metabolite in a system, untargeted studies involve large-scale detection of a wide range of structurally diverse metabolite features and offer semiquantitative information about metabolite abundance. These untargeted studies can generate hypotheses about novel or important metabolites and pathways, but generally require follow-up targeted studies to confirm metabolite identities and accurately measure metabolite concentrations [2]. A major limitation of many metabolomics studies is the lack of dynamic information to allow interpretation of data in the context of metabolic fluxes [3, 4]. While metabolomics may
轨道交通专业英语词汇整理
assistant line辅助线automatic fare collection自动售检票设备automatic train control(ATC)列车自动控制automatic train operation(ATO)列车自动运行automatic train protection(ATP)列车自动防护automatic train supervision(ATS)列车自动监控AW0空载AW1每位乘客都有座位AW2每平方米6人broken rail force of seamless track无缝线路断轨力Building Automation System建筑设备自动化系统centralized power supply mode集中式供电centralized traffic control(CTC)调度集中close made operation闭式运行(主要靠人工空调系统，并装风帘和屏蔽门来隔绝外界)combined power supply mode混合式供电combined sewer system合流制排放combined substation牵引降压混合变电所computed length of platform站台计算长度concentration supervisory control and management集中监控和管理connecting line联络线(在不同线路之间起连接作用的线，就叫联络线（即地铁线路之间的联络线和地铁与国铁的联络线）cover and cut-bottom up盖挖顺筑法cover and cut-top down盖挖逆筑法cut and cover明挖法deformation joint变形缝depot车辆段designed lifetime设计使用年限distribute power supply mode分散式供电examine and repair period检修周期examine and repair program检修修程fire alarm system火灾自动报警系统gauge of track轨距; gauge; track gauge;标准～ standard gaugegauge限界global position system(GPS)全球定位系统grade of waterproof防水等级high voltage substation主变电所immersed tube method沉管法Intermodality Data Center清结算数据中心local alarm system区域报警系统longitudinal horizontal force of seamless track无缝线路纵向水平力main line正线Man Machine Interface人机接口mining method矿山法Ministry of Corporation建设部monolithic track-bed整体道床Motor Car With Pantograph(Mp(B))带受电弓的动车Motor Car(M(C))动车moving pavement自动人行道NanJing Metro Corporation南京地铁公司NanJing Transportation Card System南京一卡通系统open made operation开式运行(自然通风，用活塞通风原理，靠列车在隧道中运行，带动新风对流) Open Transport Network开放传输网络operation concept运营概念operation control center(OCC)运营控制中心operation speed旅行速度piston action ventilation活塞通风public zone of station车站公共区remote alarm system集中报警系统rigid-flexible joint of sealed zone刚柔结合的密封区Scan Control Alarm Database??供电系统管理自动化seamless track无缝线路shield method盾构法stabling yard停车场stray current杂散电流subgrade路基synchronous digital hierarchy transmission system(SDH)同步数字传输系统system integration(SI)系统集成testing line试车线track structure轨道结构Trailer Car(Tc(A))拖车Uninterrupted Power Supply不间断电源供给urban rail transit/mass transit城市轨道交通6-car set/unit motor car 六节编组动车ATC automatic train control system 列车自动控制系统ATO automatic train operation 列车自动运行系统ATP automatic train protection 列车自动保护系统ATS automatic train supervision 列车自动监控系统Automation vending machine 自动售票机Auxiliary circuit 辅助电路AW3每平方米9人Buffer connecting device 车钩缓冲连接装置Concourse 站厅Conductor rail collector 第三轨受电器Console 操作台Contactless Smart Card(CSC)非接触智能卡Contactor box 接触箱Crowd management 客流控制Current collector 受流装置Electromagnetic rail brake 磁轨制动Entry gate security check 安检Equipment Operating Data(EOD)设备运行参数Flat fare 单一票制High-speed magnetic levitation（MAGLEV）高速磁悬浮系统High-speed rail （ASK）高速铁路系统Interchange station 换乘站Interior equipment 车辆内部设备Main control box 主控制箱Mind the gap 小心台阶跨度Motor air compression unit 电动空气压缩机组Plants 入闸机Platform screen door 屏蔽门Power circuit 动力电路Power source tranformer 电源变压器Relay case 继电器箱Rheostatic brake 电阻制动Semisurtender 半自动Shoe gear collector 受电靴装置Spray 喷淋Station operator 站务员Swipe 在解码器上刷卡Unmanned 无人驾驶的UPS （uninterruptible power supply）不间断电源Wheel chair lift 残疾人牵引车Absolute braking 全制动 3Active long-stator 通电的 5Address 寻址访问 6Adhesion 粘着 7After-cooler 后端冷却器 1Albeit 虽然 1Alighting 下车 3Alongside 在侧面 4Alternating current 交流电 7Alternator 交流发电机 1Angle cock 折角塞门 1Appropriation bill 政府年度预算案 5Arguably 可以说 1Armature 转子 3Asphalt 沥青柏油 2At the outset 开始 1Automatic coupler 自动车钩 1Ballast 道砟碎石 2Batter slope 斜坡 2Beam guidance 激光制导 5Bearing distance 支撑距 5Bleeding off 排出 1Bogie 转向架 7Bolster-less 无摇枕 4Bracket 支架 3Brake hanger support 制动器支架支撑 3 Brake hanger 制动器支架 3Brake pad 闸片 3Brake shoe 闸瓦 7Braking effort 制动力 7Bulky 笨重的 5Bus-rapid-transit 快速公交系统 4Cab 驾驶室 1Cable trough 线缆槽 2Cabling 布线 6Caboose 货车末尾列车员专用车厢 2 Camber 不垂直 2Camshaft 凸轮轴 1Cantilever 悬臂系统节 4Cargo 货运 2Carriage 运输部 4Catenary mast 接触网支柱 2Central power station 主变电站 7 Cess 人行道逃生道 2Chair 轨座 2Checksum 校验和 6Cherry picker 车载升降台 4Circuit breaker 断路器 1Clamp 钳 2Classification yard 编组车场 2Clip 夹子 2Closed train-set 固定编组车组 6 Coach screw 方头螺钉 2Coasting 惰行 7Coefficient 系数 7Cog railway 齿轨铁路 2Coin 创造 4Colliery 煤矿 1Colored-light signal 色灯信号 3 Come apart 脱节 3Compressor governor 压缩机调节器 1Compose 编组 2Comprehensive 四通八达 4Compressor contactor 压缩机接触器 1 Cone 使…锥化 3Configuration 布局 4Connotation 含义，内涵 4Consummate 完美的 1Contractor 压缩机 1Converter 变流器 1Converting plant 整流设备 7Cooling coil 冷凝管 1Corridor 通道 5Corridor 走廊；通道 4Coupling head 连接插头 1Crane 吊车，起重机 2Creep 蠕动 2Creosote 木馏油，杂酚油 2Crossing 辙叉 4Curvature radius 曲率半径 1Cyberization 网络化 1Cylinder 缸 7Data falsification 伪造数据 6Dedicated 专用的 4De-energized 失电 3Deflexion 偏移 7Delineate 描述 2Demonstration line 示范线 5Denote 表示指代 5Desiccant 干燥剂 1Desirable 可取的 7Deterministic 确定性 6Diamagnetic 反磁性 5Displaced relatively 相对地位移 7 Distribution of electric power 输配电能 7 DMU diesel multiple unit 内燃动车组 5 Drain cock 排气阀 1Drain 下水道排水道 2Driving wheel 动轮 7Drop to red 掉红（信号词汇，专用） 3 Electrification 电气化 7Electrified channel 电气化通道 4 Electrocuted 触电的 4Eligible 有资质的 5Embankment 路堤 2EMC harsh 电磁兼容性严苛 6Envelope 壳层 3Epidemic 迅速发展 4ERRI European Rail Research Institute; 欧洲铁路研究院 6Extreme value 极值 7Fail-safe mode 故障导向安全模式 3Feasibility study 可行性研究 4Feasibility study 可行性研究 5Fishplate 鱼尾板 2Flange 凸缘 3Flanged 有凸缘的 1Flash butt welding 闪光对接焊 2Foot 轨底 2Footprint 足印，柱子占用的空间 4Free running 自由运行 7Freight train 货车 1Fresco 壁画 4Fritting 熔化 6Fulfill the IEC 870-FT2 class 达到了…级标准 6Gangway 贯通道（编组车厢之间） 5Gauge 仪表 1Gearwheel 大齿轮 3Generator 发电机 1Genius 独特优点 3Geotechnical screen 土力屏障 2Given class 给定的一类 7Grade at～地面 4Grade separation 立体交叉 4Gradient 梯度 3Greasing 注油 3Halt 停下 3Hand-plug 手插式 6Hauled coach 拖车 5Headway 行车间隔 3Heavy duty track 重型轨道 2High service frequency 发车间隔短 4Hinged 铰接 5Hollow 中空的 3Horse power 畜力 1Hose 软管 1Hydraulic 液压的 1ICE intercity express 3IEC International Electro technical Commission 国际电工委员会 6IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers电气和电子工程师协会 6Impending 即将到来的 3Impregnate 灌注 2Inauguration procedure 初运行 6Inductive loop cable 感应的线圈 3Inductrack （线圈永磁）磁悬浮 5Industrial frequency 工频 7Industrial railway 工矿铁路 2Interchanging hub 交换中心 1Inter-cooler 中间冷却器 1Interim 暂时 4Interlocking 联锁 3Interoperability 互操作性 6Jerk 颤动 5Jointly develop 联合开发 6Journal 轴颈 7Jumper cable 跨接电缆 6Junction point 枢纽站 5Kick 后坐力 1Knock off 撞坏 1Layout 布局 2Lead 导线 3Level track 平路 7Levitation 悬浮 2Lifting lug 吊耳 3Light duty track 轻型轨道 2Livening 激活 1Longitudinal 纵向梯度 1Maglev 磁浮 2Main reservoir（MR）主风缸 1Main-line 干线 7Medium 媒体 6Mimic panel 模拟盘 3Mosaic 镶嵌图案 4MU multiple unit 动车组 5Multiple unit 动车组 1Neutral section switch detector 中性段开关检测器 3 Nimble 灵活的，敏捷的 5Oak 栎树 2Obsolescence circle 老化周期 5Octet 八位组（一字节） 6One power unit 动力单元/动车 5Operating practice 运营经验 5Operation on electrical sight 电气嘹望运行模式 3 Overhead conductor 架空线触网 7Overhead wire 架空导线 3Own state of motion 原有运行状态 7Pandrol clip 弹性扣件 2Pantograph 受电弓 1Parabola 抛物线 3Particle accelerator 粒子加速器 5Payload-hauling 有效载荷；载重量 5Permagnet 永磁 5Permissive block system 容许闭塞系统 3 Pertaining to 附属于 6Pinion 小齿轮 3Piston 活塞 1Pit 井 1Plague 给…引麻烦 4Plate-way 板式铁路 1Pneumatic 气动的 1Point 尖轨 4Poll 轮询 6Polling rate 轮询率/刷新率 3Prerequisite 必备条件 3Preservative 防护层 2Prime mover 原动力 5Prognostic factor 预后因素（推测结果的依据） 2 Pump 泵 1Rack 支架 6Rail anchors 防爬器（轨上） 2Railroad tie =sleeper 轨枕 2Rare-earth 稀土 5Rear（in ～） of 后部 4Reciprocating pump 往复泵 1Rectifier 整流器 7Reducing valve 减压阀 1Re-emergence 再度出现 4Reference implementation 实施参考 6Regional rail 通勤铁路 2Repeater 中继器 4Replenish 重装满 1Reprofile 修轮 3Repulsive force 斥力 5Resilient pad 弹性垫 2Retardation 制动 7Retrofit 翻新；（配）装备 6Retrofitting 装备 6Return current brush 回流电刷 3Reversing time 换向时间 2Right of way 通行权 3Rigid coupler 刚性车钩 5Rolling stock 机车车辆 1Roster 名册 2Rotary pump 旋转泵 1Rubber 橡胶 3Rubber-tyred train 橡胶轮缘 2Rust 生锈 2Scenario 场景 2Section effect at the rear 尾部的截面效应 7 Seepage 渗漏 2Semi-permanently coupled 半永久联挂 5 Showcase 展示 4Shunter 扳道员，转辙员 2Signal box 调度室/信号楼 3Six-compartment 六节编组 4Sleeper 轨枕 2Sliding 打滑，空滑 7Slipping 打滑 7Snap 折断 2Soaked 浸泡过的 2Specification 规格 2Splice 铰接处 2Spoiler 扰流板 5Sporadic 偶发性的 6Spring up 涌现 2Squealing（noise）尖声噪声 3Staggered joint 错位峰 2Staith 装卸码头 1Standby current 维持电流 1Standstill 静止 7Star coupler 星形耦合器（分路器） 6Status quo 现状 2Steering 转向 3Stick out 显眼 1Straddled-beam 跨坐式 4Stranded train 故障列车 3Streetcar 有轨电车 1Strenuous 艰辛费力的 5Substation 变电所/辅变电站 7Sub-structure 路基 2Superimposed 叠加到 3Supplier 供应商 6Suspension tube 悬架管 3Switch zone 道岔区 3Switcher 调车机车 2Switching yard 调车场 1Synergy 协同 2Tail lamp 尾灯/后灯 3Task force 工作组 5Technical consideration 技术层面考虑 7Tender 供应 6Thermit welding 铝热焊 2Ticket hall 售票大厅 4Tile 瓦片 4Tilting train 摆式列车 5Timber 木料 2Toll-road 收费道路 1Topology 拓扑 6Topsoil 表土层 2Tow 牵引 4Track slot price 运价 2Train attributes 列车其他参数 3Train depot 车库 2Train order 车次 2Train resistance 列车阻力 7Train spotting 看火车 2Train-borne =on-board 列车载的 1Transformer-coupled 耦合变压器的 6Transit dependent 交通依赖者 4Transverse 横向的 3Tread 踏面 3Trolleybus 无轨电车 7Turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨发动机 5Turnaround time 折返时间 5Twisted wire pairs 双绞线 6Twisted wire segment 绞线段 6UIC International Union of Rail ways 国际铁路联盟 6 Uncoupling 脱钩；解编 3Uniform speed 匀速 7Unroll 展开 5Urban rail train（URT）城市轨道交通 1Vehicle/guideway interaction 车轨相互作用 5 Wagonway 马拉铁路 1Wayside 轨旁 3Web 轨腰 2Wheelset 轮对 3Whilst 同时 2WSP wheel slide protection 车轮防滑 3 WTB wire train bus 绞线式列车总线 6。
地理专业英语
盛年不重来，一日难再晨。
及时宜自勉，岁月不待人。
地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1. core; mantle; crust 地核；地幔；地壳4. continental crust 大陆地壳5. granite; basalt 花岗岩；玄武岩6. sial; sima 硅铝层；硅镁层7. surface waves; body .. 面波；体波8. epicentre; focus 震中；震源9. lithosphere 岩石圈10. tectonic plate 构造板块11. continetal drift 大陆漂移12. asthenosphere 软流层13. ocean ridge 洋脊14. ocean trench 海沟15. subduction 俯冲作用16. volcanism 火山作用17. fold mountain 褶皱山脉18. fold; fault 褶皱；断层19. sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20. vent 火山口21. lava 熔岩22.volcanic cones 火山锥23. parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24. plug 岩颈25. volcanic ash 火山灰26. mechanical weathering 机械风化27. chemical weathering 化学风化28. freeze-thaw 冻融29. pressure release 卸荷释重30.limestone 石灰岩31. hydrolysis 水解作用32. quartz 石英33. hydration 水合作用34. oxidation 氧化作用35. alluvium 冲击层36. gravel 砂砾37. denudation 剥蚀作用38. precipitation 降水39. climatic zone 气候带40. mid-latitude 中纬度41. semi-arid 半干旱42. tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43. watershed 分水岭44. drainage basin 流域45. regolith 风化层46. soil creep 土壤蠕动47. mass movement 块体运动48. strata 地层49. overland runoff 地表径流50. sheet wash 片状冲刷51. pediment 山前侵蚀平原（山足面）52. rockfall 山崩53. landslide 滑坡54. interception 截流55. evapotranspiration 蒸发和蒸腾总量56. capillary rise 毛管上升57. aeration zone 包气带58. overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流；壤中流；地下径流59. water table 潜水面（水位）60. basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61. tributary 支流；62. trunk stream 干流63. drainage density 河网密度64. flood plain 泛滥平原65. coniferous tree 松树67. inselberg 岛状山68. equator 赤道69. monsoon 季风70. storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71. discharge 流量72. peak flow 洪峰流量73. rainfall peak 降水峰值74. precipitation intensity 降水强度75. land use 土地利用76. water-born waste 水成废弃物77. heavy metal 重金属78. climatology 气候学79. urban heat island 城市热岛80. deciduous trees 落叶树81. upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82. vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83. headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84. lateral erosion 侧蚀85. pot-hole 壶穴86. meander 曲流87. ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88. delta 三角洲89. lake basin 湖盆90. levee 天然提91. rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92.clay;silt;sand;粘土；粉砂；砂93. suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94. atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95. laminar flow 层流96. turbulent flow 紊流97. riffle; pool 浅滩；深槽98. channel roughness 河道粗糙度99. sandbar 沙坝100. thalweg 中泓线101. estuary 河口102. lagoon 泻湖103. salinity 盐度104. coastline 海岸线105. dune 沙丘106. suspension; saltation; creep 悬移；跃移；蠕移107. dust storm 尘暴108. windward; leeward 迎风；背风109. prevailing wind 盛行风110. deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111. aridity 干燥度112. tropic of cancer 北回归线113. tropic of capricorn 南回归线114. gobi 戈壁115. continentality 大陆度116. cold ocean current 寒流117. plateau 高原118. alluvial fan 冲积扇119. pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120. deflation 风蚀121. moraine 冰碛122. glacial；interglacial 冰期；间冰期123. Recent 全新世124. Quaternary Era 第四纪125. periglacial period 冰缘期126. nivation 冰蚀127. earth’ o rbit 地球轨道128. plucking 挖蚀129. abrasion 磨蚀130. pyramidal peak 角峰131. arete 刃脊132. cirque 冰斗133. horn 角峰134. U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135. fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136. drumlin 鼓丘137. terminal moraine 终碛138. outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139. kettle hole 锅穴140. wavelength 波长141. crest；trough 波峰；波谷142. wave period 周期143. wave frequency 波频144. wave height 波高145. wave refraction 波浪折射146. tidal range 潮差147. stack 海蚀柱148. arch 海蚀拱桥149. headland 海岬150. troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层（顶）、平流、中间、热成151. pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152. isobar 等压线153. sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154. cirrus 卷云155. cumulus 积云156. stratus 层云157. cumulonimbus 积雨云158. convection rain 对流雨159. thunderstorm 雷雨160. depression 低气压161. frontal rain 锋面雨162. orographic rain 地形雨163. equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164. front 锋165. temperature inversion 逆温166. soil texture 土壤质地167. loam 壤土168. soil structure 土壤结构169. soil moisture 土壤水分170. field capacity 田间持水量171. cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172. podzol 灰化土173. brown earth 褐土174. sandstone 砂岩175. gley 潜育土176. azonal soil 非地带性土壤177. soil horizon 土层178. humification 腐殖化作用179. mineralisation 矿化作用180. eluviation 淋溶作用181. calcification 钙化作用182. salinisation 盐化作用183. gleying 潜育化作用184. illuviation 淀积作用185. savanna 热带稀树草原（萨王纳）186. saline soil 盐土187. biogeography 生物地理学188. biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189. autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物；异养生物190. producer; consumer 生产者；消费者191. photosynthesis 光合作用192. herbivore 食草动物193. carnivore 食肉动物194. decomposer 分解者195. trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196. food web 食物网197. primary productivity 初级生产力198. gross productivity 总生产力199. net productivity 净生产力200. continental shelf 大陆架201. succession（prisere）演替202. climax community 顶级群落203. primary (secondary) succession 初级和次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude ...........................经度和纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转和公转P6 (2)Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因和影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度和纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels；测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes throughthe old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long. 115。
英汉海洋科学名词
bionics 仿生学
biosphere 生物圈
biota 生物区系
biotope 生活小区
bioturbation 生物扰动
biozone 生物带
bipinnaria larva 羽腕幼体
bipolarity 两极同源
bird-foot delta 鸟足[形]三角洲
bioerosion 生物侵蚀
biofacy 生物相
biofouling 生物污着
biogenic sediment 生物沉积
biogenous hydrocarbon 生源烃
biogenous silica 生源硅石
biological detritus 生物碎屑
biological input 生物输入
abyssal circulation 深渊环流
abyssal clay 深海粘土
abyssal fauna 深渊动物
abyssal hill 深海丘陵
abyssal plain 深海平原
abyssal zone 深渊带
abyssopelagic organism 大洋深渊水层生物
anaerobiosis 厌氧生活
analytical chemistry of sea water 海水分析化学
"anchor ice, ground ice " 锚冰
anchorage area 锚泊地
anchored structure 锚泊结构
anomalous sea level 异常水位
bathypelagic zone 深层
环境保护相关词汇英语翻译
环境保护相关词汇英语翻译 时间：2006-8-28 来源：生命经纬21世纪议程 Agenda 21 （the international plan of action adopted by governments in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil（巴西里约）, - provides the global consensus on the road map towards sustainable development）世界环境日 World Environment Day (June 5th each year)世界环境日主题 World Environment Day Themes环境千年-行动起来吧！（2000） The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999） Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It!为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas!为了地球上的生命（1997） For Life on Earth我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996） Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home国际生物多样性日 International Biodiversity Day (29 December)世界水日 World Water Day (22 March)世界气象日 World Meteorological Day(23 March)世界海洋日 World Oceans Day (8 June )联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会） United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)环发大会首脑会议 Summit Session of UNCED联合国环境规划署 United Nations Environment Programs （UNEP）2000年全球环境展望报告 GEO-2000; Global Environmental Outlook 2000入选“全球500佳奖” be elected to the rank of Global 500 Roll of Honor联合国人类居住中心 UN Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)改善人类居住环境最佳范例奖 Best Practices in Human Settlements Improvement人与生物圈方案 Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme (UNESCO)中国21世纪议程China’s Agenda 21中国生物多样性保护行动计划 China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan中国跨世纪绿色工程规划 China Trans-Century Green Project Plan国家环境保护总局 State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)中国环保基本方针China’s guiding principles for environmental protection坚持环境保护基本国策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection推行可持续发展战略 pursue the strategy of sustainable development贯彻经济建设、城乡建设、环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展（三同步）的方针 carry outa strategy of synchronized planning, implementation and development in terms of economic and urban and rural development and env ironmental protection (the “three synchronizes” principle)促进经济体制和经济增长方式的转变 promote fundamental shifts in the economic system and mode of economic growth实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一 bring about harmony of economic returns and contribution to society and environmental protection中国环保基本政策the basic policies of China’s environmental protection预防为主、防治结合的政策 policy of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention with control污染者负担的政策“the-polluters-pay” policy强化环境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management一控双达标政策policy of “One Order, Two Goals”:“一控”：12种工业污染物的排放量控制在国家规定的排放总量 The total discharge of 12 industrial pollutants in China by the end of 2000 shall not exceed the total amount mandated by the central government.;“双达标”： 1. 到2000年底，全国所有的工业污染源要达到国家或地方规定的污染物排放标准The discharge of industrial pollutants should meet both national and local standards by the endof 2000. 2. 到2000年底，47个重点城市的空气和地面水达到国家规定的环境质量标准 2. Air and surface water quality in all urban districts in 47 major cities should meet related national standards by the end of 2000.对新项目实行环境影响评估 conduct environmental impact assessments (EIA) onstart-up projects提高全民环保意识 raise environmental awareness amongst the general public查处违反环保法规案件 investigate and punish acts of violating laws and regulations on environmental protection环保执法检查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time中国已加入的国际公约 international conventions into which China has accessed控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的巴塞尔公约 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer生物多样性公约 Convention on Biological Diversity防治荒漠化国际公约 Convention to Combat Desertification气候变化框架公约 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change生态示范区 eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region国家级生态示范区（珠海） Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region国家级园林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City对水质和空气质量的影响 impact on the quality of the water and the air治理环境污染 curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control海藻 mostly in polluted waters)工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes白色污染 white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste有机污染物 organic pollutants氰化物、砷、汞排放 cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged铅、镉、六价铬 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation森林砍伐率 rate of deforestation水土流失 water and soil erosion土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization农药残留 pesticide residue水土保持 conservation of water and soil生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone海水淡化 sea water desalinization保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源 protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource绿化祖国 turn the country green全民义务植树日 National Tree-Planting Day造林工程 afforestation project绿化面积 afforested areas; greening space森林覆盖率 forest coverage防风林 wind breaks （防沙林 sand breaks）速生林 fast-growing trees降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources环保产品 environment-friendly products自然保护区 nature reserve野生动植物 wild fauna and flora保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats濒危野生动物 endangered wildlife珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center自然生态系统 natural ecosystems防止沙漠化（治沙、抗沙） desertification环境负荷 carrying capacity of environment三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes先天与后天，遗传与环境 nature-nurture美化环境 landscaping design for environmental purposes防止沿海地带不可逆转恶化 protect coastal zones from irreversible degradation 环境恶化 environmental degradation城市化失控 uncontrolled urbanization温饱型农业 subsistence agriculture贫困的恶性循环 vicious cycle of poverty大气监测系统 atmospheric monitoring system空气污染浓度 air pollution concentration酸雨、越境空气污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution二氧化硫排放 sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions悬浮颗粒物 suspended particles工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharged烟尘排放 soot emissions二氧化氮 nitrate dioxide (NO2)矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气） fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas清洁能源 clean energy汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle exhaust尾气净化器 exhaust purifier无铅汽油 lead-free gasoline天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles; battery cars氯氟烃 CFCs温室效应 greenhouse effect厄尔尼诺南徊 ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)噪音 noise （分贝 db; decibel）化学需氧量（衡量水污染程度的一个指标） COD；chemical oxygen demand生物需氧量 BOD; biological oxygen demand工业废水处理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents城市污水处理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant红潮 red tide (rapid propagation of sea algae地理常用词汇 时间：2006-8-28 来源：生命经纬physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原地理专业词汇英语翻译(A-C) 时间：2006-8-28 来源：生命经纬a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute gravity 绝对重力absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定性absolute maximum 绝对极大absolute measure 绝对尺度absolute minimum 绝对极小absolute orientation 绝对定向absolute parallax 绝对视差absolute precision 绝对精度absolute representation 绝对值表示法absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute value 绝对值absolute zero 绝对零度absorbed radiant flux 吸收辐射absorbed radiation 吸收辐射absorbent 吸收剂absorbing capacity 吸收能力absorbing complex 吸收性复合体absorptance 吸收系数absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收带absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption factor 吸收因素absorption filter 吸收滤光片absorption of energy 能量吸收absorption of light 光吸收absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorption surface 吸收面absorptive capacity 吸收本领absorptivity 吸收能力absorptivity emissivity ratio 吸收发射比abstract symbol 抽象符号abundance of isotopes 同位素的丰度abundance of the elements 元素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素的相对丰度abundant rainfall 过量降雨abyss 深渊abyssal 深海的abyssal basins 深海盆地abyssal benthos 深海底栖生物abyssal deposits 深海沉积物abyssal facies 深海相abyssal hill 深海丘陵abyssal plain 深海平原abyssal region 深海区abyssal sediment 深海沉积物abyssal zone 深海带acariasis 螨病acarinosis 螨病acaustobiolite 非可燃性生物岩accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accelerated weathering 加速风化acceleration 加速度acceptance 接收acceptor 收体acceptor atom 受体原子acceptor bond 接体合accessory element 伴随元素accessory mineral 副次要accessory species 次要种accidental ejecta 外源喷出物accidental error 偶然误差accidental species 偶见种acclimatization 气候驯化acclivity 上行坡accompaniment element 伴生元素accordance of summit levels 峰顶面等高性accordant junction 协和汇流平齐汇流交合汇流accordant junction of streams 协合流accretion gley 淤积潜育层accumulated temperature 积温accumulation 堆积accumulation curve 累积曲线accumulation horizon 聚积层accumulation mountains 堆积山地accumulation of assimilation products 同化物累积accumulation of humus 腐殖质蓄积accumulation of organic matter 有机质堆积accumulative coast 堆积海岸accumulative relief 堆积地形accuracy 准确度accuracy of measurement 测定准确度acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid bacteria 醋酸菌acetic fermentation 醋酸发酵achromatic objective 消色差物镜achromatopsia 色盲acid alkaline barriers 酸碱障acid base balance 酸碱平衡acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid brown forest soils 酸性棕色森林土acid earth 酸性白土acid fast bacteria 抗酸菌acid fastness 抗酸性acid fermentation 酸性发酵acid geochemical barrier 酸性地球化学障acid group 酸根acid humus 酸性腐殖质acid igneous rock 酸性火成岩acid medium 酸性介质acid peat soil 酸性泥炭土acid rain 酸雨acid residue 酸性残余物acid rock 酸性岩acid rocks 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土acid solution 酸性溶液acid spring 酸性泉acid tolerant species 耐酸品种acid value 酸值acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidity of soil 土壤酸度acidoid 酸性胶体acidophile organisms 嗜酸有机体acidophilous plant 喜酸植物acidophyte 喜酸植物acidosis 酸中毒acidotrophic lake 酸性营养湖acidulation 酸化acotyledon 无子叶植物acquired character 获得特性acric ferralsols 强淋溶铁铝土acrisols 强淋溶土acrorthox 强酸性正常氧化土acrospore 顶生孢子acrox 高风化氧化土acstivation 夏眠actinium 锕actinolite schist 阳起片岩actinometer 日光辐射计actinometry 日射测定法actinomorphic 辐射对称的actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycosis 放线菌病地理专业词汇英语翻译(D-F) 时间：2006-8-28 来源：生命经纬d horizon d层dacite 英安岩daily aberration 周日光行差daily amount 日总量daily mean 日平均值daily range 日较差daily variation 日变化dal soil 泥炭土dalarmite 毒砂dalarnite 毒砂dam 堤dam break 溃坝dam failure 溃坝dam site selection 坝址选择dammed lake 堰塞湖damp air 湿空气dampness 湿度danger line 危险界danger zone 危险区dark brow forest soil 暗棕壤dark brown soil 暗棕钙土dark colored soil 暗色土dark coniferous forest 阴针叶林dark forest soil 暗色森林土dark humus soil 暗色腐殖质土darkening of the shadow side 阴影晕瓞法dash 晕线dasymetric representation 密度表示法data 数据data acquisition 数据收集data acquisition system 资料集合data bank 数据库data base 数据库data base machine 数据库机器data base management 数据库管理data base management system 数据库管理系统data block 数据块data channel 数据通道data collection 数据收集data collection system 数据收集系统data communication 数据传送data compression 数据压缩data display 数据显示data editing 数据编辑data film 数据胶片data flow 数据流data format 数据格式data item 数据项data manipulation language 数据操罪言data model 数据模型data network 数据网data organization 数据结构data processing 数据处理data processing center 数据处理中心data processing system 数据处理系统data processor 数据处理机data rate 数据率data reduction 数据整理data retrieval 数据检索data set 数据集data source 数据源data stream 数据流data structure 数据结构data terminal equipment 数据终端设备data transmission subsystem 数据传输分系统date line 日期变更线dative bond 配价键dative valence 配价datum level 高程基淮datum plane 基准面datum point 基准点daubreeite 铋土dawn 曙光day length 白昼长day light 日光day water 表水daylighting 日光照明ddt 滴滴涕de ironized brown loam 离铁棕壤土deactivation 减活化酌dead beat 晕线仪dead fallow 绝对休闲dead horizon 死层dead lake 死湖dead plant parts 植物残体dead river channel 死河道dead soil covering 枯枝落叶层dead water 死水dead water region 死水区域dealkalization 脱碱deaquation 脱水death rate 死亡率debris 岩屑debris cone 倒石锥debris creep 岩屑蠕动debris flow 泥石流decalcification 脱钙decalcified soil 脱钙土壤decantation 倾析法decay 分解decay ooze 腐泥decay pattern of anomaly 异常衰减decay process 腐解过程decay product 衰变产物decayed rock 风化岩石deciduous forest 落叶林deciduous forest climate 落叶林气候decimal scale 十进制decimal system 十进制decision boundary 判别界线decision making 决策decision region 判别区域declination 赤纬declination axis 赤纬轴declination circle 赤纬圈decoder 译码器decoder of color tv system 彩色电祝系统解码器decoding 译码decoloration 去色褪色decomposer 分解者decomposition 分解decomposition course 分解过程decomposition heat 分解热decomposition intensity 分解强度decomposition reaction 分解反应decontamination 去污decoy target 假目标decrease 减少decrete time 法定时dedolomitization 脱白云酌deduction method 演绎法deep currents 深海流deep digging 深松土deep drilling 深钻deep earthquake zone 深震带deep erosion 强侵蚀deep fault 深断裂deep focus eathquake 深源地震deep fold 基底褶皱deep fracture 深断裂deep gley soil 深位潜育土壤deep karst 深喀斯特deep karst channel 天然井deep lead 地下砂矿床deep ploughing 深耕deep sea cone 深海扇形地deep sea deposits 深海沉积deep sea fan 深海扇形地deep sea floor geology 深海底地质学deep sea sand 深海砂deep soil 心土deep structures 深部构造deep subsoil 厚心土deep subsoil water 深层土壤水deep tillage 深耕deep weathering 深部风化deep well 深井deep well pump 深井泵defense system 防御体系deferred reaction 阻止反应deficiency 不足deficient element 缺乏元素deficit 不足definition of image 影像清晰度definitive host 终宿主deflation 风蚀deflation basin 风蚀盆地deflation furrows 风蚀沟deflation valley 风蚀谷deflection 偏转deflection angle 偏角deflection of plumb line 垂线偏差defloculation 反絮凝defluction 潜动defoliation 落叶defoliator 食叶害虫deforestation 滥伐deformation 应变deformation band 变形带deformation field 变形场deformation measure 应变测量deformation of image 影像变形deformation of river bed 河床变动deformation thermometer 变形温度表deformed shoreline 变形滨线degenerated soil 退化土壤degeneration 退化deglaciation 冰川减退酌degleyfication 脱潜育化地理专业词汇英语翻译(G-I) 时间：2006-8-28 来源：生命经纬gabbro 辉长岩gadolinium 钆gagate 煤精gage line 水位站基准线gage rod 标尺galena 方铅矿galenite 方铅矿gallery forest 长廊林gallium 镓galvanometer 电疗gamete 配子gametophyte 配子体gamma 反差系数gamma radiation 辐射gamma ray activity 射线放射性gamma ray background 射线背景gamma ray detector 射线探测器gamma ray log 射线测井gamma ray spectrometer 射线能谱仪gangue mineral 脉矿物gangue rock 脉岩gaping fault 张开断层garden city 花园城市garigue 常绿矮灌木丛garnet 石榴石garnierite 硅镁镍矿gas 瓦斯gas coal 气煤gas constant 气体常数gas exchange 气体交换gas exchange quotient 气体交换系数gas expansion method 气体膨胀法gas flame coal 长焰炭gas gangrene 气性坏疽gas geochemistry 气体地球化学gas ion 气体离子gas permeability 透气性gas thermometer 气体温度表gaseous inclusion 气体包裹体gasogenic anomaly 气成异常gaussian elimination 高斯消去法gazetteer 地名表gel 凝胶体gel peptization 凝胶分散gelatin 煤gelic cambisols 冰冻始成土gelic gleysols 冰冻潜育土gelic histosols 冰冻有机土gelic planosols 冰冻粘磐土gelic regosols 冰冻粗骨土gemmology 宝石学gene 遗传原质genealogical tree 系统树genealogy 系统general cartography 普通地图学general circulation 总环流大气环流general geochemistry 普通地球化学general map 一览图generalization 综合generalization by the representation of groups 概念综合generalized heat content 热函generation of relief 地形世代genesis 发生genetic factor 遗传因子genetic homogeneity 成因均匀性genetic information 遗传信息genetic profile 发生剖面genetics 遗传学genotype 遗传型gentle breeze 微风gentle slope 缓坡genus 属geoanalysis 地学分析geoanticline 地背斜geobiochemical circulation 地球生物化学循环geobiochemistry 地球生物化学geobotanical control 地植物蝶geobotanical prospecting 地植物勘探geobotanical survey 地植物学甸geobotany 地植物学geocancerology 肿瘤地理学geocentric coordinates 地心坐标geocentric latitude 地心纬度geocentric longitude 地心经度geocentric system 地心系统geocentric system of the universe 地心体系geochemical anomaly 地球化学异常geochemical balance 地球化学平衡geochemical barriers 地球化学障geochemical behavior 地球化学性状geochemical character of the elements 元素的地球化学性质geochemical classification 地球化学分类geochemical control 地球化学的控制geochemical culmination 地球化学的积顶点geochemical cycle of elements 地球化学的元素循环geochemical detailed survey 地球化学详查geochemical differentiation 地球化学分异酌geochemical dispersion 地球化学分散geochemical drainage reconnaissance 地球化学水系普查geochemical drainage survey 水地球化学测量geochemical ecology 地球化学生态学geochemical endemia 地球化学地方病geochemical environment 地球化学环境geochemical exploration 地球化学勘探geochemical facies 地球化学相geochemical gas survey 气体地球化学测量geochemical gradient 地球化学梯度geochemical index 地球化学指数geochemical indicators 地球化学指标geochemical landscape 地球化学景观geochemical leading elements 地球化学标准元素geochemical map 地球化学图geochemical mapping 地球化学填图geochemical migration of elements 地球化学的元素迁移geochemical process 地球化学过程geochemical profile 地球化学剖面geochemical prospecting 地球化学探矿;地球化学勘探geochemical province 地球化学区geochemical recognition 地球化学善查geochemical reconnaissance 地球化学踏勘geochemical relief 地球化学地势geochemical soil survey 土壤地球化学测量geochemical surface 地球化学面geochemical survey 地球化学勘探geochemistry 地球化学geochemistry of individual elements 个别元素地球化学geochemistry of landscape 景观地球化学geochemistry of lithoshere 岩石圈地球化学geochemistry of mineral deposits 矿床地球化学geochemistry of the atmosphere 大气地球化学geochemistry of the heay element 重元素地球化学geochemistry of the hydrosphere 水圈地球化学geochemistry of the soil 土壤地球化学geochronologic scale 地质年代表geochronologic unit 地质年代单位geochronology 地质年代学geochronology of varve clay 纹泥地质年代geochryology 冻土学geocratic periods 大陆扩展期geodesic line 大地线geodesic satellite 测地卫星geodesy 测地学geodetic astronomy 大地天文学geodetic azimuth 大地方位角geodetic base 大地测量基线geodetic chain 控制网geodetic coordinate system 大地坐标系geodetic coordinates 大地坐标geodetic equator 大地赤道geodetic latitude 大地纬度geodetic line 大地线geodetic longitude 大地经度geodetic network 大地控制网geodetic point 大地点geodetic quadrangle 大地四边形地理专业词汇英语翻译(J-O) 时间：2006-8-28 来源：生命经纬jadeite 硬玉jaipurite 块硫钴矿japanese encephalitis 列性乙型脑炎jarosite 黄钾铁矾jasper 碧玉jefferisite 水蛭石jelly like structure 拟胶状结构jet 煤精jet stream 急流johachidolite 水氟硼石joint 节理joint distribution 联合分布jordisite 硫酸钼矿juiper shrub 桧丛林jujube tree 枣树junction 连接junction point 连测点junction point of traverses 导线结点jungle 热带丛林juniper shrub 桧丛林juvenile water 岩浆水kainite 钾盐镁矾kainotype rocks 新相岩kainozoic era 新生代kalium 钾kames 冰砾阜kangaroo 袋鼠kaolin 高岭土kaoline 高岭土kaolinite 高岭石kaolinization 高岭石化kapnite 铁菱锌矿kar 冰斗karoo 干旱高原karren 灰岩沟karst cycle 喀斯特循环karst deposits 岩溶水积物karst erosion 喀斯特侵蚀karst fens 喀斯特沼泽karst lake 喀斯特湖karst landscape 喀斯特景观karst phenomena 喀斯特karst pit 喀斯特井karst plain 岩溶平原karst plateau 喀斯特高原karst red earth 喀斯特红色土karst region 喀斯特地区karst relief 喀斯特地形karst river 岩溶暗河karst topography 喀斯特地形karst water 喀斯特水karstenite 硬石膏kastanozems 栗钙土kata thermometer 冷却温度表katabatic wind 下降风katafront 下滑锋katazone 深变质带kaustobiolite 可燃性生物岩kavir 盐土沙漠kelvin 绝对温度keratinization 角质化keratophre 角斑岩kerogen 油母kerstenite 黄硒铅矿kettle depression 锅状陷落kettle hole 瓯穴kettle holes 锅穴key bed 标准层key horizon 知土层key sample 知标本key stratum 标准层key to interpretation of vegetation 植被类型判读检隧keyboard 键盘kieselguhr 硅藻土kimolite 水磨土kinetheodolite 摄影跟踪经纬仪kinetic energy 动能kinetic metamorphism 动力变质kinetic theory of gases 气体分子运动论kinetic theory of liquids 液体的分子运动论kingdom 界klastoporphyroid 碎屑残斑岩klinogeotropism 斜向地性klippe 孤残层klockmannite 蓝硒铜矿klysmoeionion 潮间带植被knife edge divide 锐顶分水界knob 小丘knoll 丘knot 结点knowledge base 知识库kopje 独山korea augite 朝鲜辉石koum 库姆krypton 氪kum 库姆kyanite 蓝晶石kymography 转筒记录法label 标签labelled compound 标记化合物laboratory data 实验数据laboratory equipment 实验室设备laboratory test 实验室试验labradorite 拉长石laccolite 岩盘laccolith 岩盘lack 缺乏lactate 乳酸盐lactic acid 乳酸lactic acid bacteria 乳酸菌lactic acid fermentation 乳酸发酵lactose 乳糖lacustrine deposits 湖积物lacustrine soil 湖积土lacustrine terrace 湖平原ladar 激光雷达ladar scanning 雷达扫描lagoon 泻湖lagoon coast 泻湖海岸lagoon deposits 泻湖沉积lagoon sediment 泻湖沉积物lahar 火山泥溜lake 湖lake basin 湖盆lake chalk raw soil 湖积白垩粗质土lake landscape 湖泊景观lake of cold air 冷空气湖lake plain 湖平原lake sediment anomaly 湖积物异常lake terrace 湖阶地lake type 湖泊型lakeside 湖岸lambert orthomorphic conical projection 兰勃特等角圆锥投影lambert's azimuthal projection 兰勃特方位投影lamella 壳层lamellar structure 薄层状结构lamina 薄片laminar boundary layer 层吝界层laminar flow 层流laminated clay 层状粘土laminated moor 层状泥炭laminated rock 页岩lamination of maps 图面贴膜lamprophyre 煌斑岩land and sea breeze 海陆风land breeze 陆风land bridge 陆桥land capability classification 地力分类land capability map 地力图land cover 土地覆盖land creep 地滑land evaluation 土地评价land facies 陆相land fog 陆雾land hemisphere 陆半球land hydrographic map 陆地水文图land information system 土地信息系统land levelling 土地平整land management 土地管理land planning 土地规划land reclamation 土地改良land resource 土地资源land resource map 土地资源图land resource survey 土地资源甸land retirement 土壤退化land structure 土地结构land subsidence 土地下沉land survey 土地测量land type map 土地类型图land types 土地类型land use 土地利用land use capability 土地利用率land use classification 土地利用分类land use classification system 土地利用分类系统land use data 土地利用数据land use interpretation 土地利用判读land use map 土地利用图land use mapping 土地利用制图land use monitoring 土地利用监测land use pattern 土地利用模式land use planning 土地利用规划land use survey 土地利用甸land use type 土地利用类型land utilization 土地利用land value 土壤价值land wind 岸风landform analysis 地形分析landform classification map for flood prevention 泛滥地形分级图landform type map 地貌类型图landforms 地形landforms map 地势图地理专业词汇英语翻译(P-R) 时间：2006-8-28 来源：生命经纬pace and compass traverse map 目测地图pack film 盒装软片pack ice 六群packing 包装packsand 紧砂paddy 水稻paddy cultural vegetation 水稻栽培植被paddy field 稻田paddy rice 水稻paddy soil 水稻土pagoscope 测霜仪pahoehoe lava 绳状熔岩painting 着色palaearctic subregion 古北极亚区palaeoclimate 古气候palaeoglaciology 古冰川学palaeohydrogeology 古水文地质学palaeotopography 古地形学palatability 适口性palearctic faunistic region 古北极动物区palehumult 残存腐殖质老成土paleoanthropology 古人类学paleoautecology 古个体生态学paleobiochemistry 古生化学paleobiogeographic province 古生物地理区paleobiogeography 古生物地理学paleobiotope 古生物境paleobotany 古植物学paleoceanography 古海洋学paleocene 古新世paleoclimate 古气候paleoclimatology 古气候学paleocoastline 古海岸线paleoecology 古生态学paleoendemism 古狭区现象paleoenvironment 古环境paleogene 早第三纪paleogeographic control 古地理的控制paleogeographic map 古地理图paleogeography 古地理学paleogeomorphology 古地形学paleogeothermometry 古地温学paleohydrology 古水文学paleoichnology 古痕迹学paleokarst 古喀斯特paleolithic age 旧石票代paleolithic culture 旧石票代文化paleomagnetic method 古地磁法paleomagnetism 古地磁学paleontological facies 古生物相paleontology 古生物学paleopalynology 古孢粉学paleopathology 古病理学paleopedology 古土壤学paleophytic era 古植物代paleophytology 古植物学paleosalinity 古盐度paleoshore line 古海岸线paleoshore line variation 古海岸线变化paleosol 古土壤paleosynecology 古群落生态学paleotectonic map 古构造图paleotemperature 古温度paleothermometry 古温度测定paleotropical region 古热带区paleovegetation 古植被paleovolcanology 古火山学paleozoic era 古生代paleozoology 古动物学paleudalf 残存湿淋溶土palimpsest relief 变余地形palingenesis 再生酌palladium 钯palm grove 棕榈林palsa 穹形泥炭丘paludal forest 沼泽林paludification 泥炭形成过程palynology 孢粉学pampa 南美大草原pampero 帕姆佩罗冷风pan 磐层pan horizon 硬盘层pancake ice 饼状冰panchromatic emulsion 全色乳剂panclimax 泛演替顶极pandermite 白硼钙石pangaea 泛大陆panicle 圆锥花序panning 淘洗panorama 全景图panoramic aerial photography 全景航空摄影panoramic camera 全景摄影机panoramic photography 全景摄影panoramic radar 全景雷达panplain 大泛滥平原;泛准平原panplanation 泛夷平pantellerite 碱烈pantograph 缩放仪pantropical distribution 泛热带分布paper characteristics 纸质paper chromatography 纸色谱法paper distortion 纸张变形parabola 抛物线parabola of cohesion 内聚力抛物线parabolic dunes 新月形沙丘parabraunerde 次生棕壤paraclase 断层裂缝paragenesis 共生paragenetic rule 共生规则parageosyncline 副地槽paragneiss 副片麻岩paragonimiasis 并殖吸虫病paragonite 钠云母paralaurionite 单斜水氯铅矿paralithic contact 异元母质层parallactic angle 视差角parallactic microscope 视差显微镜parallax 视差parallax bar 视差杆parallel 平行圈parallel evolution 平行进化parallel flow 平行流parallel fold 平行褶皱parallel scan 并联扫描parallel unconformity 假整合parallelism 平行性paramagnetism 顺磁性parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计paramo 高山稀疏草地paraplatform 副地台parasite rate 寄生虫率parasitic crater 寄生火口parasitic volcano 寄生火山parasitism 寄生paratype 副型paravauxite 磷铁铝矿parenchyma 柔组织parent element 母元素parent material 母质parent rock 母岩parity 奇偶性park forest 森林公园park landscape 公园景观part 部分part sheet 非整张图partial carbondioxide pressure 碳酸分压力partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial pressure 分压partial proportional symbol 半依比例尺符号partial valence 余价particle charge 粒子电荷particle sharp 颗粒形状particle size 颗粒大小particle size analysis 颗粒分析particle size distribution 颗粒分布particular scale 局部比例尺parting 分裂partition chromatography 分配色谱partition law 分配律partitioned matrix 分块矩阵parts per million 百万分之一pass 隘口passage 通道passband 通带passive microwave remote sensing 无源微波遥感passive remote sensing 无源遥感passive soil formers 惰性成土因素pasturage 牧草pasture 牧场pasture grass 牧草pasture season 放牧季节pasture value 牧埸价值paternoster lakes 串珠湖path 小路path line 吝pathfinder element 探途元素pathogenesis 发病机理pathogenic bacteria 病原菌pathology 病理学patina 氧化膜pattern 图案pattern digitization 图形数字化地理专业词汇英语翻译(S-Z) 时间：2006-8-28 来源：生命经纬saddle 鞍safe yield 安全出水率safety 安全safety copy 第二底图safety zone 安全地带sagebrush desert 蒿属荒漠。
风力发电术语中英文对照
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照(一)风力机wind turbine风电场wind power station wind farm风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS 水平轴风力机horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力机vertical axis wind turbine轮毂（风力机）hub (for wind turbine)机舱nacelle支撑结构support structure for wind turbine关机shutdown for wind turbine正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine空转idling锁定blocking停机parking静止standstill制动器brake停机制动parking brake风轮转速rotor speed控制系统control system保护系统protection system偏航yawing设计和安全参数design situation设计工况design situation载荷状况load case外部条件external conditions设计极限design limits极限状态limit state使用极限状态serviceability limit states极限限制状态ultimate limit state最大极限状态ultimate limit state安全寿命safe life严重故障 catastrophic failure潜伏故障latent fault dormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速wind speed风矢量wind velocity旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled wind velocity 额定风速rated wind speed切入风速cut-in speed切出风速cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速annual average wind speed平均风速mean wind speed极端风速extreme wind speed安全风速survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution风切变wind shear风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law 风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律power law for wind shear下风向down wind上风向up wind阵风gust粗糙长度roughness length湍流强度turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数turbulence scale parameter 湍流惯性负区inertial sub-range风场wind site测量参数measurement parameters测量位置measurement seat最大风速maximum wind speed风功率密度wind power density风能密度wind energy density日变化diurnal variation年变化annual variation轮毂高度hub height风能wind energy标准大气状态standard atmospheric state 风切变影响influence by the wind shear阵风影响gust influence风速频率frequency of wind speed环境environment工作环境operational environment气候climate海洋性气候ocean climate大陆性气候continental climate露天气候open-air climate室内气候indoor climate极端extreme日平均值daily mean极端最高extreme maximum年最高annual maximum年最高日平均温度annual extreme daily mean of temperature 月平均温度mean monthly temperature空气湿度air humidity绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity降水precipitation雨rain冻雨freezing rain霜淞rime雨淞glaze冰雹hail露dew雾fog盐雾salt fog雷暴thunderstorm雪载snow load标准大气压standard air pressure平均海平面mean sea level海拔altitude辐射通量radiant flux太阳辐射solar radiation直接太阳辐射direct solar radiation天空辐射sky radiation太阳常数solar constant太阳光谱solar spectrum黑体black body白体white body温室效应greenhouse effect环境温度ambient temperature表面温度surface temperature互联interconnection输出功率output power额定功率rated power最大功率maximum power电网连接点network connection point电力汇集系统power collection system风场电器设备site electrical facilities功率特性power performance静电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power performance自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area轮毂高度hub height测量功率曲线measurement power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production可利用率availability数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement 精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector日变化diurnal variations浆距角pitch angle距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion障碍物obstacles复杂地形带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level; sound level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准面风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness length基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle风轮风轮wind rotor风轮直径rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积rotor swept area风轮仰角tilt angle of rotor shaft风轮偏航角yawing angle of rotor shaft风轮额定转速rated turning speed of rotor风轮最高转速maximum turning speed of rotor风轮尾流rotor wake尾流损失wa传动比transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副gear pair with parallel axes齿轮系train of gears行星齿轮系planetary gear train小齿轮pinion大齿轮wheel , gear主动齿轮driving, gear从动齿轮driven gear行星齿轮planet gear行星架planet carrier太阳轮sun gear内齿圈ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副internal gear pair增速齿轮副speed increasing gear增速齿轮系speed increasing gear train中心距center distance增速比speed increasing ratio齿面tooth flank工作齿面working flank非工作齿面non-working flank模数module齿数number of teeth啮合干涉meshing interference齿廓修行profile modification , profile correction 啮合engagement, mesh齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears 变位齿轮gears with addendum modification圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear 节点pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆tip circle齿根圆root circle直径和半径diameter and radius齿宽face width齿厚tooth thickness压力角pressure angle圆周侧隙circumferential backlash蜗杆worm蜗轮worm wheel联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling万向联轴器 universal coupling安全联轴器security coupling齿tooth齿槽tooth space斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helical gear齿距pitch法向齿距normal pitch轴向齿距axial pitch齿高tooth depth输入角input shaft输出角output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism 中心轮center gear单级行星齿轮系single planetary gear train柔性齿轮flexible gear刚性齿轮rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承flexible rolling bearing输出联接output coupling刚度rigidity扭转刚度torsional rigidity弯曲刚度flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数coefficient of torsional起动力矩starting torque传动误差transmission error传动精度transmission accuracy固有频率natural frequency弹性联接elastic coupling刚性联接rigid coupling滑块联接Oldham coupling固定联接integrated coupling齿啮式联接dynamic coupling花键式联接splined coupling牙嵌式联接castellated coupling径向销联接radial pin coupling周期振动periodic vibration随机振动random vibration峰值peak value临界阻尼critical damping阻尼系数damping coefficient阻尼比damping ratio减震器vibration isolator振动频率vibration frequency幅值amplitude位移幅值displacement amplitude速度幅值velocity amplitude加速度幅值acceleration amplitude控制与监控系统远程监视telemonitoring协议protocol实时real time单向传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission双工传输duplex transmission前置机front end processor运输终端remote terminal unit调制解调器modulator-demodulator数据终端设备data terminal equipment接口interface数据电路data circuit信息information状态信息state information分接头位置信息tap position information监视信息monitored information设备故障信息equipment failure information告警alarm返回信息return information设定值set point value累积值integrated total integrated value瞬时测值instantaneous measured计量值counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认acknowledgement信号signal模拟信号analog signal命令command字节byte位bit地址address波特baud编码encode译码decode代码code集中控制centralized control可编程序控制programmable control微机程控minicomputer program模拟控制analogue control数字控制digital control强电控制 strong current control弱电控制weak current control单元控制unit control就地控制local control联锁装置interlocker模拟盘analogue board配电盘switch board控制台control desk紧急停车按钮emergency stop push-button 限位开关limit switch限速开关limit speed switch有载指示器on-load indicator屏幕显示screen display指示灯display lamp起动信号starting signal公共供电点point of common coupling闪变flicker数据库data base硬件hardware硬件平台hardware platform层layer level class模型model响应时间response time软件software软件平台software platform系统软件system software自由脱扣trip-free基准误差basic error一对一控制方式one-to-one control mode 一次电流primary current一次电压primary voltage二次电流secondary current二次电压secondary voltage低压电器low voltage apparatus额定工作电压rated operational voltage额定工作电流rated operational current运行管理operation management安全方案safety concept外部条件external conditions失效failure故障fault控制柜control cabinet冗余技术redundancy正常关机normal shutdown失效-安全fail-safe排除故障clearance空转idli负载load加载to load充电to charge放电to discharge有载运行on-load operation空载运行no-load operation开路运行open-circuit operation 短路运行short-circuit operation 满载full load效率efficiency损耗loss过电压over-voltage过电流over-current欠电压under-voltage特性characteristic绝缘物insulant隔离to isolate绝缘insulation绝缘电阻insulation resistance 品质因数 quality factor泄漏电流leakage current闪烙flashover短路short circuit噪声noise极限值limiting value额定值rated value额定 rating环境条件environment condition 使用条件service condition工况operating condition额定工况rated condition负载比duty ratio绝缘比insulation ratio介质试验dielectric test常规试验routine test抽样试验sampling test验收试验acceptance test投运试验commissioning test维护试验maintenance test加速accelerating特性曲线characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency温升temperature rise温度系数temperature coefficient端电压terminal voltage短路电流short circuit current可靠性reliability有效性availability耐久性durability维修maintenance维护preventive maintenance工作时间operating time待命时间standby time修复时间repair time寿命life使用寿命useful life平均寿命 mean life耐久性试验endurance test寿命试验life test可靠性测定试验reliability determination test 现场可靠性试验field reliability test加速试验accelerated test安全性fail safe应力stress强度strength试验数据test data现场数据field data电触头electrical contact主触头main contact击穿breakdown耐电压proof voltage放电electrical discharge透气性air permeability电线电缆 electric wire and cable电力电缆power cable通信电缆telecommunication cable油浸式变压器oil-immersed type transformer 干式变压器dry-type transformer自耦变压器auto-transformer有载调压变压器transformer fitted with OLTC 空载电流non-load current阻抗电压impedance voltage电抗电压reactance voltage电阻电压resistance voltage分接tapping配电电器distributing apparatus控制电器control apparatus开关switch熔断器fuse断路器circuit breaker控制器controller接触器contactor机械寿命mechanical endurance电气寿命electrical endurance旋转电机electrical rotating machine直流电机direct current machine交流电机alternating current machine同步电机synchronous machine异步电机asynchronous machine感应电机induction machine励磁机exciter饱和特性saturation characteristic开路特性open-circuit characteristic负载特性load characteristic短路特性short-circuit characteristic额定转矩rated load torque规定的最初起动转矩specifies breakaway torque交流电动机的最初起动电流breakaway starting current if an a.c. 同步转速synchronous speed转差率slip短路比short-circuit ratio同步系数synchronous coefficient空载no-load系统system触电；电击electric block正常状态normal condition接触电压touch voltage跨步电压step voltage对地电压voltage to earth触电电流shock current残余电流residual current安全阻抗safety impedance安全距离safety distance安全标志safety marking安全色safety color中性点有效接地系统system with effectively earthed neutral检修接地inspection earthing工作接地working earthing保护接地protective earthing重复接地iterative earth故障接地fault earthing过电压保护over-voltage protection过电流保护over-current protection断相保护open-phase protection防尘dust-protected防溅protected against splashing防滴protected against dropping water防浸水protected against the effects of immersion 过电流保护装置over-current protective device保护继电器protective relay接地开关earthing switch漏电断路器residual current circuit-breaker灭弧装置arc-control device安全隔离变压器safety isolating transformer避雷器surge attester ; lightning arrester保护电容器 capacitor for voltage protection安全开关safety switch限流电路 limited current circuit振动vibration腐蚀 corrosion点腐蚀 spot corrosion金属腐蚀corrosion of metals化学腐蚀chemical corrosion贮存 storage贮存条件storage condition运输条件transportation condition空载最大加速度maximum bare table acceletation 电力金具悬垂线夹suspension clamp耐张线夹strain clamp挂环link挂板clevis球头挂环ball-eye球头挂钩ball-hookU型挂环shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板yoke plate牵引板towing plate挂钩hook吊架hanger调整板adjusting plate花篮螺栓turn buckle 接续管splicing sleeve 补修管repair sleeve调线线夹jumper clamp 防振锤damper均压环grading ring屏蔽环shielding ring。
地理专业英语
盛年不重来，一日难再晨。
及时宜自勉，岁月不待人。
地理专业英语geography地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian子午线，经线parallel平行圈，纬线latitude 经度Iongitude 精度elevation海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes温带地区horizon地平线equator 赤道tropics热带地区Arctic北极Antarctic(A ntarctica)南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain平原plateau (highla nd)高地lowland 低地basin盆地cavern(cave)洞穴terrain 地域subterra nean( un dergr ound) 地底下coastland沿海地区island岛屿con ti nen tal isla nd大陆岛volca nic isla nd 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait)海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度oceanbottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物地磁tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow （小）草原prairie （大）草原lake 湖泊pond池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor,moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah （南美）大草原virginforest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1. core; mantle; crust 地核；地幔；地壳4. continental crust 大陆地壳5. granite; basalt 花岗岩；玄武岩共享知识分享快乐6. sial; sima7. surface waves; body ..8. epicentre; focus9. lithosphere10. tectonic plate11. continetal drift硅铝层；硅镁层面波；体波震中；震源岩石圈构造板块大陆漂移软流层洋脊海沟12. asthenosphere13. ocean ridge14. ocean trench俯冲作用15. subduction16. volcanism17. fold mountain18. fold; fault19. sedimentary rocks20. vent21. lava22.volcanic cones23. parasitic cone24. plug25. volcanic ash26. mechanical weathering27. chemical weathering28. freeze-thaw29. pressure release30.limestone31. hydrolysis32. quartz33. hydration34. oxidation35. alluvium36. gravel37. denudation 火山作用褶皱山脉褶皱；断层沉积岩火山口熔岩火山锥寄生火山锥岩颈火山灰机械风化化学风化冻融卸荷释重石灰岩水解作用石英水合作用氧化作用冲击层砂砾剥蚀作用38. precipitation39. climatic zone40. mid-latitude41. semi-arid42. tropical wet-dry43. watershed44. drainage basin45. regolith46. soil creep47. mass movement降水气候带中纬度半干旱热带干湿季气候分水岭流域48. strata49. overland runoff50. sheet wash风化层土壤蠕动块体运动地层地表径流片状冲刷51. pediment山前侵蚀平原（山足面） 52. rockfall53. landslide54. interception 55. evapotranspiration 56. capillary rise 57. aeration zone overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 59. water table 60. basin length; area 61. tributary 62. trunk stream 干流 63. drainage density 河网密度 64. flood plain 泛滥平原 65. coniferous tree 松树 67. inselberg 岛状山 68. equator 赤道 69. monsoon 季风 70. storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线 71. discharge 流量 72. peak flow 洪峰流量 73. rainfall peak 降水峰值 74. precipitation intensity 降水强度 75. land use 土地利用 76. water-born waste 水成废弃物 77. heavy metal 重金属 78. climatology 气候学 79. urban heat island 城市热岛 80. deciduous trees 落叶树 81. upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游 82. vertical erosion 下切侵蚀 83. headward erosion 溯源侵蚀 84. lateral erosion 侧蚀 85. pot-hole 壶穴 86. meander 曲流 87. ox-bow lake 牛轭湖 88. delta 三角洲 89. lake basin 湖盆 90. levee 天然提 91. rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀 92.clay;silt;sand; 粘土 ；粉砂；砂 93. suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物 94. atmospherical fallout 大气沉降 95. laminar flow 层流 96. turbulent flow 紊流山崩 滑坡 截流蒸发和蒸腾总量毛管上升包气带 地表径流；壤中流；地下径流 潜水面（水位） 流域长度 ; 流域面积 支流； 58.97. riffle; pool 浅滩；深槽98. channel roughness 河道粗糙度99. sandbar 沙坝100. thalweg 中泓线101. estuary 河口102. lagoon 泻湖103. salinity 盐度104. coastline 海岸线105. dune 沙丘106. suspension; saltation; creep 悬移；跃移；蠕移107. dust storm 尘暴108. windward; leeward 迎风；背风109. prevailing wind 盛行风110. deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111. aridity 干燥度112. tropic of cancer 北回归线113. tropic of capricorn 南回归线114. gobi 戈壁115. continentality 大陆度116. cold ocean current 寒流117. plateau 高原冲积扇118. alluvial fan119. pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120. deflation 风蚀121. moraine 冰碛122. glacial ；interglacial 冰期；间冰期123. Recent 全新世124. Quaternary Era 第四纪125. periglacial period 冰缘期126. nivation 冰蚀127. earth r'bit o 地球轨道128. plucking 挖蚀129. abrasion 磨蚀130. pyramidal peak 角峰131. arete 刃脊132. cirque 冰斗133. horn 角峰134. U-shaped valley (trough) U 型谷135. fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136. drumlin 鼓丘137. terminal moraine 终碛138. outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139. kettle hole 锅穴140. wavelength 波长141. crest；trough 波峰；波谷142. wave period143. wave frequency144. wave height145. wave refraction146. tidal range147. stack148. arch149. headland150. troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo-151. pressure-gradient force152. isobar153. sub-tropicalanticyclone154. cirrus155. cumulus156. stratus157. cumulonimbus158. convection rain159. thunderstorm160. depression161. frontal rain162. orographic rain163. equatorial trough164. front165. temperatureinversion166. soil texture167. loam168. soil structure169. soil moisture170. field capacity171. cation exchange capacity172. podzol173. brown earth174. sandstone175. gley176. azonal soil177. soil horizon178. humification179. mineralisation180. eluviation181. calcification182. salinisation183. gleying184. illuviation185. savanna186. saline soil周期波频波高波浪折射潮差海蚀柱海蚀拱桥海岬对流层（顶）、平流、中间、热成气压梯度力等压线副热带高压卷云积云层云积雨云对流雨雷雨低气压锋面雨地形雨赤道低压槽锋逆温土壤质地壤土土壤结构土壤水分田间持水量阳离子交换量灰化土褐土砂岩潜育土非地带性土壤土层腐殖化作用矿化作用淋溶作用钙化作用盐化作用潜育化作用淀积作用热带稀树草原（萨王纳）盐土187. biogeography生物地理学 188. biotic ; abiotic element生物 ;非生物成分 189. autotroph; heterotroph自养生物；异养生物 190. producer; consumer生产者；消费者 191. photosynthesis光合作用 192. herbivore食草动物 193. carnivore食肉动物 194. decomposer分解者 195. trophic pyramid营养金字塔 196. food web食物网 197. primary productivity初级生产力 198. gross productivity总生产力 199. net productivity净生产力 200. continental shelf大陆架 201. succession ( prisere )演替 202. climax community顶级群落203. primary (secondary) succession 初级和次级演替 English for Geography地理专业英语Less on 1. Lon gitude and latitude .................Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earthLess on 4. The major classes of Ian dforms ••…Less on 5 Delta pla ins .............................................Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapesLess on 7 Layers of the Earth ......................Less on 8 The rock cycle .........................................Less on 9 Soil pedoge nesis ......................................Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphereLess on 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban La nd Use .............Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度和纬度1、The location of points on the earth 's surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels ；测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线(经线)和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的经度和纬度P1 .............................. 地球的自转和公转P6 ..................... 主要地形类型P13 ........................ 三角洲平原P16 ........................... 石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 ............. 地球圈层P31 ............................. 岩石循环P43 ............................. 成土作用p48 .............................. 全球大气环流P62 .................... 水循环P74 ................................... 三种城市土地利用模式P97 ............... 1 2 6 8 8 8 9 10 11 11 11 Lesson 13 Lesson 14 Air pollution cause and effectsHurrica ne ............................. 空气污染原因和影响 P168 飓风P182 ........................... 12 122、 that desired point 欲量算的点 a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义 a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between that place and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、 almost universally 几乎一致6、 The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes through the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich 人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线 被称为3、the4、the longitude longitude of of 7、 be referred to as 8、 Long. 115。
机械工程专业英语单词
Lesson1BasicConceptsinMechanics 机械学的基本概念mechanicsn.力学modifyv.修改，调解，变更manageablea.可控制【管理】的inclinev.（使）倾斜rampn.斜板，斜坡【道】slopev.（使）倾斜frictionn.摩擦rollv.滚动multipliern.放大器，乘法器broomn.扫帚convertv.转变【化】handlen.手柄【把】sweepv.扫荡【描】，掠过efficiencyn.效率gaugevt.测【计】量，校验bearingn.轴承idealmechanicaladvantage理想的机械效益neglectvt.忽略Lesson2BasicAssumptioninPlastic ityTheory塑性理论的基本假设assumptionn.假定plasticityn.塑性investigatev.调查，研究deformationn.变形metalformingprocess金属成型工艺【过程】strain(rate)n.应变【速率】strengthn.强度stressn.应力yieldstress屈服应力flowstress流动应力tensilestress拉【伸】应力compressivestress压【缩】应力shearstress剪【切】应力geometryn.几何形状elastica.弹性的springbackn.回弹bendingn.弯曲，折弯precisionforming精密成型tolerancen.公差continuumn.连续（体）metallurgicala.冶金（学）的grainn.晶粒dislocationn.位错（uni-,tri-,multi-）axiala.（单，三，多）轴（向）的anisotropyn.各向异性cylindricala.圆柱体的cross-sectionn.横截面platenn.（工作）台板，模板coincidewith一致，相符validityn.正确有效，合法withease轻（而）易（举）的，很容易的Lesson3OptimizationforFiniteEle mentApplications有限元优化的应用optimizationn.优化，优选（法）finiteelement有限元iterativea.反复的，迭代的alternativen.a.交替（的），可供选择的manuala.手动的，人工的trial-and-error试凑法biasvt,n.（使）偏向【重、差】adesktopplatform（计算机）桌面平台constrain(t)v,n.强制，约束responsen.反【响】应，灵敏度parametern.参数parametrica.参数的preprocessvt.预（先）加工，预处理meshn,v.网格，啮合capabilityn.能力，性能，容量loopn.环，回路，循环posev.提出modeln.模型，样品displacementn.位移，排量，替换bucklingn.弯【翘】曲，挠度factorn.因素gradientn.坡【梯】度，斜率flurn.【电，磁，热，光】通量，流量multidisciplinarya.多学科的deflectionn.偏移【转，离】，挠曲Lesson4Metals金属toughnessn.韧性corrosionn.腐蚀dumpv.倾倒，堆放recylev.反复【循环】利用coppern.铜aluminumn.铝bronzen.青铜（器）alloyn.合金wearv.磨损metallica.（含）金属（制）的specificationn.操作规程，技术要求，说明书extractvt.提炼，萃取ironn.铁carbonn.碳ferrousa.（含）铁的ferrousmetals黑色金属leadn.铅zincn.锌tinn.锡oren.矿（石）mineraln,a.矿物（的）impurityn.杂质，不纯Lesson5MetallicandNonmetallicMa terials金属和非金属材料magnesiumn.镁nickeln.镍brassn.黄铜lustern.光泽ductilityn.延展性，可锻性itislikelythat很可能itiscertainto(inf.)必然，一定densityn.密度bedistinguishedfrom与…区分coefficientn.系数inconnectionwith关于，与…相关【结合】categoryn.种类hardnessn.硬度elasticityn.弹性beamn.横梁，一束（光）penetrationn.贯穿，渗透abrasionn.磨损【耗】rolln,v.轧辊，滚，轧milln.轧钢机，铣床springn.弹簧permanenta.永久的rupturen.破【开】裂stampn.冲压hammern.（锻）锤Lesson6PlasticsandOtherMaterial s塑料和其他材料inorganicacid无机酸sulphuricacid硫酸hydrochloricacid盐酸solventn.溶剂carbontetrachloride四氯化碳rigida,n.坚硬的，刚性（的），刚度mould(mold)n.模子，塑模，铸模decorationn.装饰fabricatevt.制造【备】，生产injectionmolding注射模塑（法）blowmolding吹塑（法）compressionmolding压塑（法），模压（法）extrusionn.挤压vacuumforming真空模塑（法）powdermetallurgy粉末冶金constituentn,a.组成【的，部分】，组元simultaneouslyadv.同时subsequentlyadv.随后coherenta.互相凝聚的，协调一致的fusionn.熔化，熔接crystallinen,a.结晶【的】，晶体【的】restrictionn.限制【定】，节流blendn,v.混合【物】，融合pressn,v.压力机，压制homogeneousa.均匀的sintern,vt.烧结【物】Lesson7DieLifeandDieFailure模具的寿命和失效dien.模具，锻【冲】模，凹模dielife模具寿命diefailure模具损坏deteriorationn.变坏，退化，损耗surfacefinish表面光洁度breakdownn.破坏，击穿lubricationn.润滑crackingn.裂纹breakagen.断裂moden.方式，状态，模式thermalfatigue热疲劳layern.层abrasiven,a.（研）磨料（的），磨损（的）impressionn.模膛，型腔（槽）heatchecking热裂纹，龟裂steepn,a.陡（坡）的，急剧的reversaln.颠倒，相反overloadn,v.（使）过【超】载initiationn.开【初】始，发【产】生discretea.不连续的，单个的variablen.变量cavityn.模膛，型槽stockn.坯料，原材料impactn,v.冲击，碰撞Lesson8ColdWorkingandHotWorking 冷加工和热加工cold[hot]working冷热加工forgingn.锻造，锻件classificationn.分类recrystallizationn.再结晶takeplace发生strain[deformation]hardening应变【变形】硬化bereferredtoas叫做，称为，被认为是warmworking温加工，温锻ultimatea,n.最终的，首要的，极限stressrelieving消除应力处理austenitica.奥氏体的stainlesssteel不锈钢annealingn.退火grainsize晶粒度solidsolution固溶体refinementn.精炼【制】，细化hazardn.危险，未知数，意外事件inherenta.固有的，先天的，本质的sensitivea.灵敏的，敏感的abnormala.非正常的criticalstrain临界应变Lesson9Casting铸造castingn.铸造【件】die-castingn.模铸【件】foundryn.铸造【车间】pourv.浇注suitabilityn.适应性pigiron生铁cupolan.冲天炉，化铁炉erosionn.腐蚀，（侵、烧）蚀ladlen.铁水包graphiten.石墨solidifyv.（使）凝固disjoinv.拆散，分开ingotn.（钢）锭destructivea.破坏（性）的，有害的retardvt,n.（使）延缓，推迟solventn,a.溶剂（的）copper-basealloy铜基合金Lesson10MetalFormingProcessesin Manufacturing制造中的金属成形工艺machine-building机械制造plasticworking塑性加工billetn坯料，锻坯blankn.坯料，（冲压）板坯configurationn.外形，配置，排布stroken.行程，冲程amortizev.阻尼，缓冲，分期偿还reliabilityn.可靠性，安全性drawingn.（锻坯）拔长，【线，管材】拉拔deepdrawing深冲（压）brakeforming【压】折弯（机）成型stretchforming张拉成型militaryn,a.军队【事，人】（的）consumergoods消费品integrityn.完整性，完全（善）jetengine喷气发动机turbinen.涡【汽】轮（机），透平（机）regarding考虑到，关于Lesson11Forging锻造armorn.铠甲immortalizevt.（使）不朽（灭）blacksmithn.锻工mechanicalpress机械压力机hydranlicpress液压机anviln.（锤）砧，砧座craftsmann.技工handlingn.处理，装卸，搬运flexibilityn.柔（韧）性，灵活性drawnout拔长upsetn.镦粗，顶锻closedimpressiondie闭式模锻rapid-impactblow快速冲击，猛打verticala.立式的ramn.锤头，滑块，活动横梁blockn.（模）块draftn.模锻斜度symmetricala.轴对称的sizingn.整形，校正，定径dropforging落锻，锤模锻impressiondieforging模锻finalforging终锻overheatn.过热furnacen.【熔，高】炉pyrometern.高温计Lesson12BenefitsandPrinciplesof Forging锻造的优点和工作原理metalworkingn.金属压力加工kneadv.揉搓【制】refinev.精炼【制】，细化porosityn.多孔性，疏松orientv.（使）定【取】向flowline流线stressfield应力场manualskill手工技巧atone’scommand自由使用，支配soundnessn.致密性，坚固性，无缺陷attainablea.可达【得】到的opendieforging自由锻grossn.总共，重大confinevt.限制，约束convertv.转变【换】，更换brokenup破【断】裂，分散microshrinkagen.显微缩孔eliminationn.消除，淘汰alignv.调整，对中，校直Lesson13Welding焊接weld(ing)v,n.焊接，熔焊pressurewelding压力焊spotwelding点焊buttwelding对头（缝）焊fusionwelding熔焊，熔接fiux-shieldedarcwelding熔剂保护电弧焊diversityn.不同多样性fasten(ing)v,n.连接（件），紧固（件）shieldingn.遮护，屏蔽solder(ing)v,n.软钎焊，（低温）焊料bismuthn.铋cadmiumn.镉rivetn,v.铆钉，铆接brazen,vt.硬钎焊，铜焊oxidationn.氧化fluxn.焊接，助溶剂squeezev.挤压oxy-acetylenen,a.氧（乙）炔（的）torchn.焊炬electroden.电（焊）极，焊条fillern.填充（剂）overlapv.搭接，重叠strikev.攻【打】击，放电Lesson14HeatTreatment热处理heattreatment热处理microstructuren.显微组织low-carbonsteel低碳钢prescribev.规定，指示microscopica.显微的，微观的spheroidizingn.球化（处理）normalizingn.正火，（正）常化annealingn.退火hardeningn.淬火temperingn.回火soaking(=holding)n.均热，保温retardingmedia延缓介质prolongeda.长时间的，持续很久的criticaltemperature临界温度globulara.球形（状）的carbiden.碳化物，硬质合金quenchingn.淬火，骤冷removaln.除去，放出Lesson15IntroductiontoMechanism 机构介绍mechanismn.机械，机构，机构学kinematica.=kinematical运动的，运动学的kinematicchain运动链linkn.构件，杆件.v.连接【结】definitea.确定的constraineda.约束的，限定的unconstraineda.无约束的linkagen.连杆（组，机构）jointn.结【接】台，铰链.a.连接的，联合的pinn.销【钉】，铰销revolutionv.旋转，转动.n.回转体prismatica.棱柱（形）的nonlineara.非线性的four-barlinkage四杆机构kinematicchain运动链primemover原动者【机】，驱动件couplern.连接件，连杆pivotn.枢（轴），轴销，回转副，旋转中心configurationn.外形，构造，结构inversionn.转换，更换slider-crankmechanism曲柄滑块机构multiloopn.多环链，a.多回路的sketchn.草【简，示意】图，v.画草图，草拟skeletondiagram草图，示意图，简图envisionv.想象binarya.二【双，复】的，二元的ternarya.三元的ternarylinks三杆组quaternarya.四元的quaternarylinks四杆组cam凸轮camfollowern.凸轮从动件gearn.齿轮sprocketn.链轮beltn.【皮，布，钢】带pulleyn.带轮sphericala.球的，球面的helicala.螺旋的three-dimensional三维的，空间的intuitivelyadv.直觉【观】地synthesisn.合成（法），综合kinematiciann.运动学研究者（家）innatea.先天的，固有的Lesson16MovementAnalysis运动分析criterion(pl.criteria)n.（判断）标准，判据，准则branchn,v.分（部，支）transmissionangle传动角rockn.摆动，v.摇动oscillatev.摆动，摇动parallelogramn.平行四边形antiparallelogramn.反平行四边形framen.机架，构架impartv.给予，分给toimpartMtoN把M给Ntorquen.力矩，扭矩dynamica.=dynamical动力的，动力学的inertian.惯性（物），惯量statica.=statical静力【学】的，静的indexn.指数，指标frictionn.摩擦thumbn.拇指，v.用拇指翻ruleofthumb根据经验和实际所得的做法matrixn.矩阵determinantn.行列式derivativen.导数derivativeofMwithrespecttoNM对于N的导数movabilityn.可动性，易动性parametern.参数discountv.打折扣，忽视absolutea.绝对的graphicala.图形的，图解的polygonn.多边形theoremn.定理stressn.应力bearingn.轴承centripetala.向心的Lesson17KinematicSynthesis运动的综合packagingmachinery包装机械lubricationn.润滑specificationn.技术要求actuationn.驱动jerkn.震动，冲击axisn.(pl.axes)轴【线，心】，中心线contourn.外形，轮廓线eccentricityn.偏心【度，率】gearration齿轮【速，齿数】比topologicallyadv.拓扑学地customarya.通常的，习惯的correlatev.使相关，使发生关系analogn.=analogue类似（物），模拟linearanalog线性模拟secondacceleration二阶加速度higheracceleration高阶加速度paraphrasev.释义，意译describev.叙述，描述，作…运动categoryn.种类，类别deliberationn.慎重考虑provincen.省，领域preconceivev.预想，事先想好analogcomputer模拟计算机tracev.追踪，描画timingn.定时，计时，配时pitchv.投掷trajectoryn.轨迹embedv.嵌入，夹在层间orientationn.（定）方位，（取）方向scoopn.勺子，铲斗，v.挖，掘，铲Lesson18CamsandGears凸轮和齿轮camn.凸轮gearn.齿轮curven.曲线a.弯曲的grooven.槽，沟matev.配合，啮合cylindricala.圆柱的two-dimensionalorplaner两维的或平面的three-dimensionalorspatial三维的或空间的normaln.法线a.垂直的complementn,a.余角，余的collineara.共线的laterala.横向的，侧向的stemn.杆guiden.导向件【器，装置】，导槽（座）intermittenta.间断的，不连续的dwelln,v.停止，小停顿inertiala.惯性的，惯量的engagev.啮合rackn.齿条noncirculara.非圆的conjugatea.共轭的，n.共轭值（线）cycloidala.摆线的involveda.渐开线的，n.渐开线tolerancen.间隙，公差spurgear直齿圆柱轮radiala.径向的，沿半径的offsetn,vt.偏移，偏心a.偏心的diskcam盘形凸轮tangentn.切线a.相切的，切线的concentrica.同圆（的），同心（的）camshaftn.凸轮轴pitchcurve节线herringbonea.人字形的intersectv.横穿，相交parallelhelicalgear斜齿轮，平行轴螺旋齿轮crossedhelicalgear交错轴螺旋齿轮facegear端面齿轮spiralbevelgear螺旋齿圆锥齿轮wormn.蜗杆skewbevel斜齿圆锥齿轮hypoidgear准双曲面（直角交错轴双曲面）齿轮addendum(pl.addenda)n.齿顶，齿顶高projectv.伸出，突出clearancen.间隙dedendum(pl.dedenda)n.齿根，齿根高toothspace齿间距backlashn.间隙，齿隙Lesson19Screws,fastenersandjoin ts螺纹件、紧固件和联接件screwn.螺钉，螺丝，v.旋紧，攻丝fastenern.紧固件jointn.连【联】接，接合boltn.螺栓nutn.螺母capscrew有头螺钉setscrewn.定位【固定，调整】螺钉rivetn.铆钉，v.用铆钉铆接keyn.键weldn,v.焊接，熔焊brazen,v.钎焊，铜焊clipn.夹子，v.夹住，夹紧synonymousa.同意义的monotonousa.单调的taintn.污点，污染v.弄脏tougha.坚韧的ductilea.可延伸的，有延展性的，韧性的tightenv.上紧，拉紧twistv.扭转jumbon.大型喷气式客机titaniumn.钛close-tolerance高精密度的toolingn.工具，刀具v.用刀具（切削）加工proliferatev.增殖，增殖assemblyn.安装，装配，组件tapn.丝锥，v.攻螺丝studn.双头螺栓resemblev.类似，像threadn.螺纹（线），v.车螺纹drilln,v.钻孔hexagonhead六角头fillistern.凹槽flathead平头hexagonsockethead六角沉头disassemblev.拆开tensilea.拉【张】力的，受拉的shearn.剪切【力】v.剪切【断】hardenv.使硬【化】washern.垫圈preloadn.预载荷fatiguen.疲劳micrometern.千分尺，千分表elongationn.拉【伸】长modulusn.(pl.moduli)模数，模量wrenchn.扳手dialn.刻度盘fractionala.分数的，小数的Lesson21Helical,WormandBevelGea rs斜齿轮、蜗杆蜗轮和锥齿轮helicalgear斜齿轮wormn.蜗杆，螺杆bevelgear圆锥齿轮helixn,a.(pl.helices或helixes)螺旋线，螺旋线的righthand右手，右旋的helicoidn.a.螺旋【面，体】，螺旋（状，纹）的wrapv.缠绕unwindv.解开，展开generatev.产生，展成（加工）engagementn.啮合，接触diagonaln,a.对角线（的）objectionablea.该反对的，不能采用的spiraln,a.螺旋线（的），卷线（的）spiralgear螺旋齿轮meshn.啮合wormgear蜗轮pinionn.小齿轮pitchcylinder节圆柱concavea.中凹的curvaturea.曲率screw-like像螺丝（杆）的threadn.线状物，螺纹线envelopv.包围，封闭enclosev.包围leadangle导角castv.铸造millv.铣削outboarda,ad.外侧的，向外pronounceda.明确的，显着的stressn.应力tapereda.锥形的positivelyad.确定地，强制（传动）地Pitch-linevelocity节线速度automobiledifferential汽车差速器gearingn.齿轮传动（装置）offsetn.偏置，横距hypoida.准双曲面的hyperboloidn.双曲面，双曲面体Lesson22Shafts,ClutchesandBrake s轴、离合器和制动器shaftn.轴clutchn.离合器braken.制动器pulleyn.（皮，胶）带轮flywheeln.飞轮sprocketn.链轮，星轮bendingmoment弯曲力矩torsionala.扭转的statica.静（力，态）的axlen.心轴，轮轴spindlen.心轴，主轴deflectionn.偏移，弯曲filletn.圆角，倒角peeningn.喷射（加工硬化法）shotpeening喷丸硬化stiffa.刚性的inertian.惯性，惯量slippagen.滑动actuationn.驱动，开动coefficientn.系数staticsn.静力学rimn.边缘，轮缘shoen.闸瓦，制动片【块】bandn.带，条conen.圆锥miscellaneousa.（混）合的，杂项的assumev.假设，承担staticala.=static,静态的equilibriumn.平衡reactionn.反应，反力overload-releaseclutch超载释放（保护）离合器magneticfluidclutch磁液离合器shiftv.变换，（使）移动levern.杆，（手）柄jawn.颚板，夹爪ratchetn.棘轮circumferentiallyadv.周围地，圆周地matev.配合，啮合，联接synchronousa.同步的lineardrive线性驱动装置clickingn.‘卡塔’声freewheelv.空转couplingn.联轴器sleeven.套筒flatn.平面（部分）a.平的peripheryn.圆周，周边wedgen.楔（形物）v.楔入pawln.棘爪powdern.粉末mixturen.混合物electromagnetica.电磁的coiln.线圈excitationn.刺激，激励shearinga.剪切的lockupn.锁住Lesson41DefinitionofRoboticsand theRobotSystemmanipulatorn.操作器，控制器，机械手peripherala.周围的，外围的idiotn.白痴integratev.使成为一体，使结合起来hardautomation刚性自动化ahostof许多Lesson42BasicsofComputers(I)executev.执行binarya.二进制的readonlymemory(ROM)只读存储器randomaccessmemory(RAM)读写存储器，随机存储器erasablea.可擦去的volatilea.可丢失的Lesson43BasicsofComputers(二)harsha.恶劣的robusta.稳定的configurationn.结构，组态MorseCode莫尔斯电码sufficev.足够interferencen.干扰fluctuationn.脉动，波动expendablea.可消耗的intermediatea.中间的adaptorn.转换器transformern.变压器rectifiern.整流器capacitorn.电容器Zenerdiode齐纳（稳压）二极管buffern.缓冲寄存器comeacross碰到Baudrate波特率Lesson44ProgrammableControllersalbeitconj.虽然light-emittingdiodes发光二极管relayladderlogic继电器梯形逻辑图archaicallya.古体的，旧式的retentionn.保留，保持verseda.熟练的，精通的fluidicsn.射流sheera.完全的，绝对的profligatea.浪费的proprietarya.专利的，专有的booleanexpression布尔表达式Lesson45CAD/CAMComputed-aideddesign(CAD)n.计算机辅助设计Computed-aidedmanufacturing(CAM )n.计算机辅助制造automaticfactoryn.自动化工厂draftingn.制图Computer-aidedengineeringn.计算机辅助工程managementinformationsystemsn.管理信息系统graphicsterminaln.图像终端ashareddatabasen.公用数据库three-dimensionala.三维的keyboardn.键盘lightpen=lightpenn.光笔magnifyv.放大flipv,n.翻转copyv.拷贝amirrorimage镜像symmetricala.对称的artworkn.印刷线路原图Geometricmodelingn.几何模型制造kinematicsn.运动学Lesson48FlexibleManufacturingSy stems fexiblemanufacturingsystems(FMS)柔性制造系统flexiblemanufacturingcelles(FMC)柔性制造单元automatedguidedvehicles自动搬运小车conveyorn.传送装置palletloadingandunloadingcarts 上下料小车partprogram零件程序database数据库dataprocessingnetworks数据处理网络inspectionprogram检测程序robotprogram自动机程序real-timecontroldata实时控制数据theControlhierarchy控制层次real-timefaultrecovery实时故障恢复unmannedoperation无人化操作chipremovel排屑modulen.模块，组件intelligentnode智能节点。
地理专业英语词汇
Aa horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute gravity 绝对重力absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定性absolute maximum 绝对极大absolute measure 绝对尺度absolute minimum 绝对极小absolute orientation 绝对定向absolute parallax 绝对视差absolute precision 绝对精度absolute representation 绝对值表示法absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute value 绝对值absolute zero 绝对零度absorbed radiant flux 吸收辐射absorbed radiation 吸收辐射absorbent 吸收剂absorbing capacity 吸收能力absorbing complex 吸收性复合体absorptance 吸收系数absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收带absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption factor 吸收因素absorption filter 吸收滤光片absorption of energy 能量吸收absorption of light 光吸收absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorption surface 吸收面absorptive capacity 吸收本领absorptivity 吸收能力absorptivity emissivity ratio 吸收发射比abstract symbol 抽象符号abundance of isotopes 同位素的丰度abundance of the elements 元素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素的相对丰度abundant rainfall 过量降雨abyss 深渊abyssal 深海的abyssal basins 深海盆地abyssal benthos 深海底栖生物abyssal deposits 深海沉积物abyssal facies 深海相abyssal hill 深海丘陵abyssal plain 深海平原abyssal region 深海区abyssal sediment 深海沉积物abyssal zone 深海带acariasis 螨病acarinosis 螨病acaustobiolite 非可燃性生物岩accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accelerated weathering 加速风化acceleration 加速度acceptance 接收acceptor 收体acceptor atom 受体原子acceptor bond 接体合accessory element 伴随元素accessory mineral 副次要accessory species 次要种accidental ejecta 外源喷出物accidental error 偶然误差accidental species 偶见种acclimatization 气候驯化acclivity 上行坡accompaniment element 伴生元素accordance of summit levels 峰顶面等高性accordant junction 协和汇流平齐汇流交合汇流accordant junction of streams 协合流accretion gley 淤积潜育层accumulated temperature 积温accumulation 堆积accumulation curve 累积曲线accumulation horizon 聚积层accumulation mountains 堆积山地accumulation of assimilation products 同化物累积accumulation of humus 腐殖质蓄积accumulation of organic matter 有机质堆积accumulative coast 堆积海岸accumulative relief 堆积地形accuracy 准确度accuracy of measurement 测定准确度acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid bacteria 醋酸菌acetic fermentation 醋酸发酵achromatic objective 消色差物镜achromatopsia 色盲acid alkaline barriers 酸碱障acid base balance 酸碱平衡acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid brown forest soils 酸性棕色森林土acid earth 酸性白土acid fast bacteria 抗酸菌acid fastness 抗酸性acid fermentation 酸性发酵acid geochemical barrier 酸性地球化学障acid group 酸根acid humus 酸性腐殖质acid igneous rock 酸性火成岩acid medium 酸性介质acid peat soil 酸性泥炭土acid rain 酸雨acid residue 酸性残余物acid rock 酸性岩acid rocks 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土acid solution 酸性溶液acid spring 酸性泉acid tolerant species 耐酸品种acid value 酸值acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidity of soil 土壤酸度acidoid 酸性胶体acidophile organisms 嗜酸有机体acidophilous plant 喜酸植物acidophyte 喜酸植物acidosis 酸中毒acidotrophic lake 酸性营养湖acidulation 酸化acotyledon 无子叶植物acquired character 获得特性acric ferralsols 强淋溶铁铝土acrisols 强淋溶土acrorthox 强酸性正常氧化土acrospore 顶生孢子acrox 高风化氧化土acstivation 夏眠actinium 锕actinolite schist 阳起片岩actinometer 日光辐射计actinometry 日射测定法actinomorphic 辐射对称的actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycosis 放线菌病analog information 模拟信息analogue 类似analogy 相似analysis 分析analysis by sedimentation 沉降分析analysis by titration 滴定分析analysis model 分析模型analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析analysis of weather map 天气图分析analytic character 分析特性analytic map 解析地图analytic photogrammetry 解析摄影测量analytical aerial triangulation 解析空中三角测量analytical balance 分析天平analytical geochemistry 分析地球化学analytical method 分析方法analytical model 分析模型analytical plotter 解析测图仪analytical thematic map 解析肘地图anamesite 中粒玄武岩anatexis 深溶酌anchor ice 底冰ancient glaciation 古代冰川酌ancient lake mire 湖泊排水的沼泽ancient platform 古地台ancient sediments 古代沉积物andept 火山灰始成土andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andesite line 安山岩线andic cambisols 暗色始成土andosols 暗色土anemia 贫血anemochores 风播植物anemochorous plants 风播植物anemochory 风播anemogram 风力自记曲线anemograph 风速计anemology 测风学anemometer 风速表anemometry 风速测定法anemophilous flower 风媒花anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophily 风媒anemorumbograph 风向风速计anemorumbometer 凤向风速计anemothermometer 风速风温计aneroid barograph 空盒气压计aneroid barometer 空盒气压表aneroidograph 无液气压记录器angiosperms 被子植物angle equation 角方程angle of attachment 闭合角angle of bank 曲折角angle of direction 方位角angle of divergence 发散角angle of emergence 出射角angle of field 视场角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of obliquity 倾斜角angle of pitch 府仰角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle resolution 角分辨率anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular blocky structure 角块状结构angular deviation 角度偏差angular difference 角度不符值angular distance 角距angular distortion 角度畸变angular error 角度误差angular fold 尖褶皱angular measurement 角度观测angular unconformity 斜交不整合angular variation 角变化angulate drainage pattern 角状水系anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrous ammonia 无水氨animal debris 动物残屑animal husbandry 畜牧业animal remains 动物残屑animal resting place vegetation 牲畜休息地植被animal sociology 动物社会学animated mapping 动画地图制作animation 动画anion exchange 阴离子交换anionogenic element 阴离子基因元素anisotropism 蛤异性anisotropy 蛤异性ankaramite 富辉橄玄岩ankaratrite 黄橄霞玄岩ankerite 铁白云石annual 一年生植物annual aberration 周年光行差annual amount of precipitation 年雨量annual change 年变化annual flow 年径流annual march 年变程annual mean 年平均annual parallax 周年视差annual plant 一年生植物annual range 年较差annual ring 年轮annual runoff 年径流annual storage 年蓄水量annual variation 年变化annual zone 生长轮annular pattern 环状水系anomalous field 异常场anomalous geochemical gradient 异常地球化学梯度anomaly 异常anomaly in alluvium 冲积物异常anomaly in colluvium 塌积物异常anomaly in residual 残积异常anomaly ratio 异常比anorthite 钙长石anorthitite 钙长岩anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长岩anosmia 嗅觉缺失antagonism 拮抗antagonist 对抗剂antarctic 南极antarctic air 南极气团antarctic anticyclone 南极反气旋antarctic belt 南极带antarctic circle 南极圈antarctic climate 南极气候antarctic continent 南极大陆antarctic faunistic region 南极动物区antarctic front 南极锋antarctic high 南极反气旋antarctic regions 南极区antarctic zone 南极带antarctica 南极大陆antecedent drainage 先成水系antecedent precipitation index 前期降水量指数antecedent river 先成河antecedent river network 先成水系antecedent stream 早期河流antecedent valley 先成谷anteklise 台背斜anthophyte 有花植物anthracite 无烟煤anthraconite 沥青灰岩anthrax bacillus 炭疽杆菌anthraxolite 碳沥青anthraxylon 纯木煤anthropic epipedon 耕醉层anthropic soil 人为土壤anthropochores 人播草anthropochorous plants 人播草anthropochory 人为传播anthropoclimatology 人类气候学anthropogene 人类纪anthropogenesis 人类发生anthropogenic factor 人为因素anthropogenic influence 人类影响anthropogenic landscape 人为景观anthropogenic load 人为负载anthropogenic pollution 人为污染anthropogenic soil 人为土壤anthropogenic succession 人为演替anthropogeography 人类地理学anthropological remote sensing 人类学遥感anthropology 人类学anthropophyte 人为植物anthroposphere 人类圈antiaircraft weapon position 防空兵企地antibacterial spectrum 抗细菌性光谱antiballistic missile system 反弹道导弹系统antibiosis 抗生antibodies 抗体anticlinal axis 背斜轴anticlinal fault 背斜断层anticlinal fold 背斜褶皱anticlinal limb 背斜翼anticlinal mountain 背斜脊anticlinal ridge 背斜脊anticlinal trap 背斜圈闭anticlinal valley 背斜谷anticlinorium 复背斜anticoagulant 抗凝剂anticyclogenesis 反气旋发生anticyclolysis 反气旋消散anticyclone 反气旋anticyclonic eddy 反气旋涡旋anticyclonic inversion 反气旋逆温anticylonic vortex 反气旋涡旋antierosion measures 防侵蚀措施antiform 背斜形态antimeridian 反面子午线antimonite 辉锑矿antimonsoon 反季风antimony deposit 锑矿床antinodes 波腹antiseptic 防腐剂antithyroid substance 抗甲状腺物质antitoxin 抗毒素antitrade wind 反信风antitrades 反信风antitriptic current 减速流antitriptic wind 摩擦风antitwilight 反曙暮光anvil cloud 砧状云apatite 磷灰石apex of anticline 背斜顶aphanitic texture 隐晶结构aphelion 远日点aphotic zone 无光带aphylactic projection 任意投影aphylly 无叶性apiculture 养蜂aplite 细晶岩aplogranite 淡云花岗岩apochromatic lens 复消色差镜头apogamy 无配生殖apogee 远地点apogee altitude 远地点高度apolar adsorption 非极性吸附apophyte 固有栽培植物apophytic plants 固有栽培植物apparatus 仪器频apparent density 表观密度apparent dip 视倾斜apparent heave 视平错apparent horizon 视地平apparent resistivity 视在电阻率apparent wind 视风appearance of maps 地图整饰apple coal 软煤applied climatology 应用气候学applied geochemistry 应用地球化学applied geomorphology 应用地形学applied hydrology 应用水文学applied meteorology 应用气象学appreciation 评价approximate analysis 近似分析approximate calculation 概算approximate coordinate 近似坐标approximate value 近似值aqualf 潮淋溶土aquatic animals 水栖动物aquatic life 水生生物aquatic organism 水生生物aquatic plants 水生植物aquatic products industry 水产业aquatic vegetation 水生植被aquent 潮新成土aqueoglacial deposits 冰水沉积物aqueous deposit 水成沉积aqueous rock 水成岩aqueous soil 水成土aqueous solution 水溶液aquept 潮始成土aquiclude 弱透水层aquifer 蓄水层aquiferous 含水的aquifuge 不透水层aquitard 半透水层aquod 潮灰土aquoll 潮软土aquox 潮氧化土aquult 潮老成土arable 可耕的arable land 耕地arable layer 耕层arable soil 可耕土壤arachnida 蛛形纲aragonite 霰石arber 乔木arbitrary projection 任意投影arbovirus 虫媒病毒arc of compression 压缩弧arc of folding 压缩弧arch dam 拱坝arch gravity dam 重力拱坝archaeocyte 原始细胞archaeohydrology 考古水文学archaeological culture 考古学文化archaeological remote sensing 考古遥感archaeological remote sensor 考古遥感器archaeological site 考古遗址archaeopteryx 始祖鸟archean 太古代的arched mountains 穹形山archeozoic 太古代的archeozoic era 太古代archipelago 群岛arctic 北极地区arctic air 北极气团arctic air mass 北极气团arctic circle 北极圈arctic climate 北极气候arctic desert 北极荒漠arctic desert zone 北极荒漠带arctic front 北极锋arctic high 北极高压arctic mire 极地沼泽arctic plants 极地植物arctic polygon desert 北极多边形荒漠arctic soil 极地土壤arctic subregion 北极亚区arctic tundra 北极冻原arctic zone 北极带arctoalpine 北极高山的arcuate delta 弧形三角洲arcuate structure 弧形构造arcuate tectonic belt 弧形构造带area 地区area aerial photography 区域航空摄影area color 背景色area computation 面积计算area distortion 面积变形area eruption 区城喷溢area measuring equipment 面积测量设备area method 区域法area of artesian flow 自霖区area of influence 影响面积area pattern 面状要素area survey 面积测量area target 地区目标area under crops 播种面积area weighted average resolution 面积加权平均分辨率areal rainfall depth 地域平均雨量areal survey 分段测量arenaceous quartz 石英砂arenaceous shale 砂质页岩arenopelitic 砂泥质的arenosols 红砂土arent 耕种混合新成土argialboll 粘化漂白软土argiaquoll 粘化潮软土argiboroll 粘化极地软土argil 白土argillaceous rock 泥质岩argillic horizon 粘化层argillite 泥板岩argillization 泥化argit 粘化旱成土argiudoll 粘化湿软土argiustoll 粘化干软土argon 氩arid climate 干燥气候arid cycle 干燥周期arid cycle of erosion 干燥侵蚀循环arid geomorphic cycle 干燥地貌旋回arid landforms 干燥地形arid region 干燥区arid soil 旱境土壤aridisol 旱成土aridity 干燥度aridity index 干燥指数arithmetic mean 算术平均arithmetical unit 运算器运算部件arkose 长石砂岩aromatic base crude oil 芳香基原油aromatic plant 芳香植物arrangement 配置array processor 阵列处理机arrow 箭头arsenic 砷arsenic pollution 砷污染arsenopyrite 毒砂arterial drainage 排水干渠系统artesian aquifer 自连水层artesian basin 自联盆地artesian ground water 自霖下水artesian head 承压水头artesian pressure 自凉力artesian water 自廉水artesian well 自廉arthritis 关节炎arthropoda 节肢动物artiad 偶价元素articular rheumatism 关节风湿病artificial climate 人工气候artificial culture media 人工培养基artificial drainage system 人工排水系统artificial earth satellite 人造卫星artificial earthquake 人为地震artificial forest regeneration 森林人工更新artificial ground target 航测地面标志artificial ground water 人工地下水artificial intelligence 人工智能artificial manure 堆肥artificial mineral 人造矿物artificial pollination 人工授粉artificial precipitation 人工降水量artificial radioactive element 人工放射元素artificial radioactive nuclide 人工放射性核素artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial rain 人造降雨artificial recharge 人工补给artificial satellite 人造卫星artificial sea water 人造海水artificial selection 人工选择artificial soil 人工土壤artificial sub irrigation 人工地下灌溉artificial water application 人工供水asbestos 石棉asbestos deposit 石棉矿床asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascend curve 上升曲线ascending air current 上升气流ascending development 上升发展ascending node 升交点ascending water 上升水ascharite 硼镁石asexual generation 无性世代asexual reproduction 无性生殖ash cloud 尘云ash cone 凝灰火山锥ash content 灰分含量ash fall 火山灰下降ash forest 秦手ash shower 火山灰下降ashless filter 无灰滤纸asiatic schistosomiasis 日本血吸虫病aspect 季相aspect ratio 纵横比aspen 白杨aspen forest 白杨林asphalt 地沥青asphaltic pyrobitumen 焦性沥青asphaltite 沥青岩aspiration psychrometer 吸气式湿度计assemblage 集合assemble 集合assembly area 集结地域assessment of yield capacity of soil 土地评价assimilability 可同化性assimilate 同化物assimilation 同化酌assistentrenched meander 嵌入曲流深切曲流assisttrade wind desert 信风沙漠associated species 伴生种association 群丛association complex 群丛复合体association table 群丛表astatic magnetometer 无定向磁力计astatine 砹astenosphere 软力astro geodetic net adjustment 天文大地网平差astro geodetic network 天文大地网astrograph 天体摄影仪astrolabe 等高仪astrometry 天体测量学astronautics 宇宙航行学astronomic point 天文点astronomic theodolite 天文经纬仪astronomical azimuth 天文方位角astronomical coordinate system 天文坐标系astronomical coordinates 天文坐标astronomical geodesy 天文大地测量学astronomical levelling 天文水准测量astronomical longitude 天文经度astronomical meridian 天文子午线astronomical objective 天文对物镜astronomical unit 天文单位astronomy 天文学astrophotography 天体摄影学asymmetric carbon atom 不对称碳原子asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱asymmetrical anticline 不对称背斜asymmetrical ridge 不对称山脊asymmetrical valley 不对称谷asymmetry of relief 地形的不对称性asymptote 渐近线asynapsis 不联会asyndesis 不联会atavism 返祖atlantic time 大误期atlas 地图集atlas cartography 地图集制图学atlas dummy 图集装帧样本atlas grid 图集位置指示格网atlas leaf 地图集图页atlas of morbidity 发病率地图册atlas type 地图集类型atmometer 蒸发表atmophile elements 亲气元素atmosphere 大气圈atmospheric absorption 大气吸收atmospheric air 大气atmospheric attenuation 大气衰减atmospheric attenuation correction 大气衰减订正atmospheric circulation 大气循环atmospheric condensation 大气凝结atmospheric disturbance 大气扰动atmospheric dust 大气尘埃atmospheric electricity 大气电atmospheric factor 大气因素atmospheric front 大气锋atmospheric humidity 大气湿度atmospheric ion 大气离子atmospheric perturbations 大气扰动atmospheric phenomenon 大气现象atmospheric pollution 大气污染atmospheric pressure 气压atmospheric radiation 大气辐射atmospheric refraction 大气折射atmospheric remote sensing 大气遥感atmospheric rock 气成岩atmospheric sounding 大气探测atmospheric stability 大气稳定性atmospheric swamp 天然沼泽atmospheric transmittance 大气透过率atmospheric turbulence 湍馏气atmospheric wave 大气波atoll 环礁atoll lake 环礁湖atomic adsorption spectrometry 原子吸收分光光度法atomic arrangement 原子排列atomic bond 原子键atomic disintegration 原子蜕变atomic energy level 原子能级atomic group 原子团atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic number 原子序数atomic orbital function 原子轨函数atomic radius 原子半径atomic ratio 原子比atomic size 原子大小atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atomic unit 原子单位atomic volume 原子体积atomic weight 原子量atomism 原子论atomistics 原子论atomizer 喷雾器atrio 火口原atrio lake 火口原湖attached ground water 附着地下水attached island 陆系岛attenuation coefficient 衰减系数attenuator 衰减器attraction 引力attractive wave 引力波attribute 属性attrition 磨损aubrite 顽火无球粒陨石aufeis 积冰augen gneiss 眼状片麻岩augen structure 眼状构造auger 土钻augite 辉石augitite 辉石岩augmented matrix 增广矩阵aureole 接触变质带auripigment 雌黄aurora 极光auroral zone 极光带autecology 个体生态学authigenesis 自生酌authigenic element 自生元素authigenic mineral 自生矿物authigenous mineral 自生矿物autocartograph 自动测图仪autochorous 自布的autochthonous deposit 原地沉积autochthonous stream 原地河autoclastic rock 自碎岩autocorrelation coefficient 自相关系数autocovariance 自协方差autogenic succession 自发演替autograph 立体测图仪autographometer 自动地形仪automated cartographic generalization 自动制图综合automated cartographic system 自动制图系统automated draughting 自动绘图automated plotting of points 自动展点automatic air camera 自动航摄仪automatic control 自动控制automatic data processing system 自动数据处理系绕automatic focussing 自动倒automatic lettering on map 地图自动注记automatic level 补偿飘准仪automatic meteorological station 自动气象站automatic microdensitometer 自动测微密度计automatic monitoring 自动监测automatic programming 自动程序编制automatic tracking 自动跟踪autometamorphism 自变质酌automorphous process 自型过程autonomous guidance 自制导autoparasitism 自寄生autopneumatolysis 自气化酌autoreduction alidade 曲线归算望远镜照准仪autoreduction tacheometer 自动归算视距仪autotrophic lake 自养型湖autotrophic organisms 自养生物autotrophism 自养autotrophs 自养生物autumn equinoctial point 秋分点autumnal equinox 秋分autunite 钙铀云母auxiliary contour 辅助等高线auxiliary data 辅助数据auxiliary fault 副断层auxiliary point 辅助点availability 有效度available accuracy 可达精度available fertilizer 有效肥料available field capacity 有效田间持水量available ground water 有效地下水available relief 有效地势available storage of water 有效容量available water 有效水分available water capacity 有效水容量available water holding capacity 有效水保持能力avalanche 雪崩avalanche lake 堰塞湖aventurine 砂金石average 平均average amount of effective information 平均有效信息量average background 背景平均值average deviation 平均偏差average error 平均误差average life 平均寿命average sample 平均样品average slope 平均坡度average temperature 平均温度average year 平均年averaging of multiple image 多图像平均法aviation weather service 航空气象服务avitaminosis 维生素缺乏症axial surface of fold 褶皱轴面axillary bud 腋芽axis of abscissas 横坐标轴axis of coordinates 坐标轴axis of level 水准漆axis of ordinates 纵坐标轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴azilian age 阿齐尔时代azimuth 方位角azimuth circle 方位圈azimuth direction 方位方向azimuth measurement 方位角测定azimuth observation 水平角观测azimuth resolution 方位分辨率azimuthal autogonal projection 方位等角投影azimuthal equal area projection 等积方位投影azimuthal equidistant projection 等距方位投影azimuthal error 方位误差azimuthal movement 方位移动azimuthal orthomorphic projection 方位正形投影azimuthal projection 方位投影azimuthal quantum number 方位角量子数azimuthal unconformity 向位不整合azonal soil 泛域土azonality 非地带性azure stone 蓝铜矿azurite 蓝铜矿Bb horizon 淀积层back action 反酌back azimuth 反方位角back flow 逆流back marsh 漫滩沼泽back radiation 反向辐射back sight 后视back slope 反向斜面back swamp 漫滩沼泽back titration 回滴定back traverse 逆行back up 背面印刷back up water level 回升水位backed blade 刀形石器backflow 逆流回流background noise 背景噪声background pollution 背景污染background value 背景值backing of the wind 风向反转backscattering spectrometry 后散射能谱测定法backshore 滨后backstromite 氢氧锰矿backwash 洄流backwater 壅水backwater curve 回水曲线bacterial equilibrium 细菌平衡bacterial fertilizer 细菌肥料bacterial manure 细菌肥料bacterial prospecting 细菌勘探bacteriolysis 溶菌bacteriophage 噬菌体bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bad land 崎岖地baddeleyite 斜锆石baectuite 白头岩baer's law 贝尔定律bajirs 沙丘长湖baking coal 粘结煤balance 平衡balanced solution 平衡溶液balka 平谷balka relief 平谷地貌ball lightning 球状闪电ball structure 球状结构balloon 气球balloon remote sensing 气球遥感balloon satellite 气球卫星balneology 浴疗学band 夹层band model method 带模式法band pass filter 带通滤光器band reject filter 带阻滤波器band spectrum 带谱banded cloud 带状云系banded gneiss 带状片麻岩banded structure 带状结构banding 条状bandspread 频带扩展bandy clay 带状粘土bank 砂洲bank erosion 堤岸侵蚀bankful stage 漫滩水位banking angle 倾斜角banner cloud 旗状云bar 沙洲barchan chains 新月形沙丘链barchane 新月形砂丘bare karst 裸喀斯特baric low 低气压baric topography 气压形势barite 重晶石barium 钡bark beetles 小蠹虫barkhan 新月形砂丘barkhan ridges 新月形沙丘链barkhan sand 新月形砂丘砂barocline 斜压baroclinic atmosphere 斜压大气barogradient current 气压梯度流barogram 气压自记曲线barograph 气压记录仪;气压仪;气压计barogyroscope 气压陀螺仪barometer 气压表barometer correction 气压计改正barometric altimeter 气压测高计barometric depression 低气压barometric distribution 气压分布barometric gradient 气压梯度barometric height 气压计高程barometric tendency 气压倾向barometric tube 气压计管barometrical levelling 气压计高程测量barophilic bacterium 适压细菌barothermograph 气压温度计barotropic atmosphere 正压大气barotropic fluid 正压铃barrage 拦河坝barranco 峡谷barren 无矿的barren lands 瘠地barren limestone plateau 不毛石灰岩高原barren sand 不毛沙地barrens 瘠地barrier 障碍barrier lake 堰塞湖barrier reef 堤礁barrow 矸石埸barthite 砷锌铜矿barysphere 重圈baryta paper 钡白纸baryte 重晶石basal area 底面积basal conglomerate 底砾岩basal dressing 施基肥basal granule 基粒basal metabolism 基础代谢basal sandstone 基底砂岩basal zone of mountains 山基面带basalt 玄武岩basaltic augite 玄武辉石basaltic layer of the earth's crust 地壳玄武岩层basaltic wacke 玄土basanite 碧玄岩base 基线base apparatus 基线测量器base carriage 基线架base desaturation 盐基脱饱和base direction 基线方向base exchange 盐基交换base exchange capacity 盐基交换量base exchange complex 盐基交换复合体base height ratio 基线航高比base level of corrosion 溶蚀基准面base level of denudation 剥蚀基准面base level of erosion 侵蚀基面base line 基线base line equation 基线方程base map 基本地图base measurement 基线测量base network 基线网base of bed 层底base saturation 盐基饱和baseband signal 基带信号baselevel of erosion 侵蚀基面basement 基底basement fold 基底褶皱basement of platform 地台基底basement rock 基岩basic geochemical law 地球化学基本定律basic geochemical maps 基本地球化学图basic igneous rock 基性火成岩basic lava 基性熔岩basic map 基本地图basic rock 基性岩basicity 碱度basin 盆地basin irrigation 漫灌basin karst 盆地喀斯特basin landscape 盆地景观basin mire 盆地沼泽basin of volcanic origin 火山盆地basin perimeter 硫周长basin shape 盆地形状basin soil 盆地土壤basin without outflow 无排水盆地basiphile plants 好碱土植物basiphilous plants 好碱土植物basis 基线basite 基性岩basoid 碱性胶体basophilia 嗜碱性basophilic plant 喜碱植物basophilous vegetation 喜碱植被bastard measles 风疹batholite 岩基batholith 岩基bathyal deposits 半深海沉积物bathygraph 海水探测仪bathylith 岩基bathymetric chart 水深图bathymetric curve 等深线bathymetry 测深法bathymetry using remote sensing 遥感海洋测深bathythermograph 深水温度表batukite 暗色白玄岩bauxite 铝土矿bay 湾bayleyite 菱镁铀矿bayou lake 旧河道湖beach 海岸beach cusps 海滩嘴beach drifting 沿滩漂移beach erosion 海岸侵蚀beach gravel 海滨砾石beach material 海滩泥沙beach placer 海滨砂矿beach plain 海滩平原beach ridge 滩脊beach slope 海滨坡度beach terrace 滨岸阶地beacon 航标beaded valley 串珠状谷beam compasses 杠规beam spliter 分光镜bean shaped structure 豆形结构bearing 方位bearing point 方位点beat 露头bed 层bed development 河床演变bed load 推移质bed pattern 河床型式bed succession 层序bed toxin 蜂毒bed vein 层状脉bedded alluvium 层状冲积层bedded clay 层状粘土bedded deposit 层状矿床bedded rock 层状岩bedded structure 层状结构bedding 层理bedding fault 层面断层bedding joint 层面节理bedding plane 层理面bedrock 基岩behavior 行为behavior of elements 元素的行为beheaded river 夺劣beheaded valley 断头谷beidellite 贝得石belt area 带状分布区belt of equatorial calm 赤道无风带belt of soil water 土壤水分带belt of transition 过渡带belt of weathering 风化带belt transect 样带belt transect method 样带法belted coastal plain 带状沿岸平原bench 阶地bench border irrigation method 条田灌溉法bench gravel 阶地砾石bench mark 水准点bench terraces 一阶式梯bending 弯曲bending test 弯曲试验benioff zone 贝尼奥夫带bent test 弯曲试验bentgrass meadow 翦股颖草甸benthos 底栖生物bentonite 膨润土beringite 棕闪粗面岩berkelium 锫berm 后滨阶地bernoulli's polynomial 伯努利多项式beryl 绿柱石beryllium 铍beryllium pollution 铍污染beta ray detector 计数器计数管betterment of land 土地改良between class distance 类间距离bicarbonate 重碳酸盐bidentate ligand 二合配位体bidirectional reflectance distribution function 双向反射比分布函数biennial fruit 隔年果biennial plant 二年生植物bifurcation 分枝bight 大湾bilateral geochemical barrier 两侧地球化学障碍bilateral symmetry 左右对称bilberry heath 越桔灌木丛bilberry pine forest 越桔松林bilberry spruce forest 越桔云杉林bilinear interpolation method 双线性内插法billow cloud 浪云bimetal plate 双层金属版bimetallic thermometer 双金属温度表binary search 折半查找法binding 装订binding coal 粘结煤binding force 结合力binocular 双筒望远镜binocular telescope 双筒望远镜binocular vision 双目观察binomial nomenclature 二名法bioaccumulation of elements 元素的生物累积biocatalyst 生物催化剂biochemical evolution 生化进化biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量biochemistry 生物化学biochore 生物区域界线bioclast 生物碎屑岩bioclastic rock 生物碎屑岩bioclimate 生物气候bioclimatics 生物气候学bioclimatogram 气物气候图bioclimatological 生物气候学的bioclimatology 生物气候学biocoenology 生物群落学biocoenose 生物群落biocoenosis 生物群落biocolliod 生物胶体bioelectric potential 生物电位biofacies 生物相biogenesis 生源说biogenetic law 生物发生律biogenic anomaly 生物成因异常biogenic deposits 生物沉积物biogenic element 生物起源元素biogenic landforms 生物成地形biogenic rock 生物岩biogeochemical anomaly 生物地球化学异常biogeochemical barrier 生物地球化学障biogeochemical cycle of pollutants 污染物生物地球化学循环biogeochemical disease 生物地球化学性疾病biogeochemical prospecting 生物地球化学勘探biogeochemistry 生物地球化学biogeocoenology 生物地理群落学biogeocoenosis 生物地理群落biogeography 生物地理学biohydrological 生物水文的biohydrology 生物水文学biolith 生物岩biological activity of soil 土壤生物活性biological cycle 生物循环biological decomposition 生物分解biological mineralization 生物矿化biological monitoring 生物监测biological pest control 生物虫防治bioluminescence 生物荧光biomass 生物量biomass pyramid 生物量金字塔biome 生物群落biometrics 生物统计学biometry 生物统计学biomineralogy 生矿物学bionidicator 生物指示物bionomics 生态学biophile elements 亲生元素biophysicgraphy 生物自然地理学biospeleology 洞穴生物学biosphere 生物圈biostatistics 生物统计字biostratigraphy 生物地层学biota 生物相biotic environment 生物环境biotic succession 生物性演替biotite 黑云母biotope 生活小区biotype 生物型biozone 生物带bipolar distribution 两极分布birch 桦木birch forest 桦手bird foot delta 鸟足状三角洲birds of passage 候鸟bireflection 反射多色性birefringence 双折射birth rate 出生率bischofite 水氯镁石bisectrix 二等分线bismalith 岩柱bismuth 铋bismuth glance 辉铋矿bismuthinite 辉铋矿bit error rate 比特误码率bitumen 沥青bituminization 沥青化bituminous coal 烟煤black acid prairie soils 黑色酸性湿草原土black alkali soil 黑碱土black and white aerial photograph 黑白航摄照片black and white film 黑白胶片black and white infrared image 黑白红外影像black and white map 单色图。
Extinction Coefficient Determination of Proteins
Extinction Coefficient Determination of ProteinsHow are extinction coefficients determined for Proteins? Extinction coefficients for proteins are determined at absorbance maxima near 280 nm. Protein analysis is needed to determine if a sample solution contains the desired protein. For example, measuring the absorbance of a protein sample at 280 nm with a spectrophotometer is a rapid and straightforward method. In many bio-analytical applications, it is important to estimate or accurately determine the concentration of sample solutions containing purified biomolecules such as oligonucleotides, peptides or proteins. Often this information is needed or used for the design ofdown-stream experiments in analytical chemistry, biology, biochemistry, biophysics, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacy.Absolute quantification of protein samples to determine accurate protein mass or concentration is often required to estimate recovery at different purification stages, to measure the specific activity of a protein, and to prepare known amounts of protein samples for analytical analysis.In general, calibrated sets of external standards containing known amounts of a specific protein such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) are often used to create calibration curves.Commonly used methods for the quantification of proteins are:Absorption of UV light by side chains and peptide bonds of a protein.Chromogenic reactions involving complexes formed under alkaline conditions between protein and cuprous ions employing the biuret reaction.Binding of a chromophore to the protein.Dot-blotting and staining.Each method has advantages and limitations. Therefore amino acid analysis should also be considered for quantitative analysis of unknown proteins.Amino acid analysis in combination with UV-absorbance measurements at 280 nm can be used to accurately determine protein concentrations as well as extinction coefficients in unknown protein samples. UV absorbance isthe most popular method because it is fast, convenient, and reproducible. UV-absorbance measurements do not consume the protein and do not require additional reagents, standards or incubations. However, the measurement of protein solutions at 280 nm is not strictly quantitative for all proteins since the assay is based on the strong absorbance of tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine residues. Protein concentrations can also be measured at 214 nm, and at 205 nm.No method of protein concentration determination is perfect because each method has different constrains. Interfering buffer components, contaminating proteins or reactivity of individual proteins and buffer components can influence the measurement and lead to false values. Therefore amino acid analysis is still considered to be the most accurate method for protein quantification, in particular when a highly purified protein sample is used. If accurate protein concentrations are critical, results from several methods or assays may need to be compared to trust the observed values.Proteins and peptides containing aromatic amino acid side chains exhibit strong UV-light absorption, and each proteinhas a distinct UV spectrum. Proteins and peptides absorb UV-light proportional to their amino acid content and total concentration. Different proteins may have widely varying extinction coefficients. If a protein does not contain any tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine residues, it will not be detected.Optical spectroscopy is used in biochemistry for the observation and measurement of the absorption of oligonucleotide, peptide and protein solutions in the UV range. Acco rding to Planck’s law, E = hν, the absorbed energy must be related to the difference between energy levels and the linearity of absorbance is usually confined to dilute solutions governed by the Beer-Lambert law describing the absorption process:A = log (I/I0) = ?lc=> Beer-Lambert equation.where A is the absorbance, I and I0 are the intensities of the transmitted and incident light beams, respectively, ? is the proportionality constant or specific extinction coefficient, l is the optical path length, and c is the concentration of the absorbing species usually reported in mol/L.When light of a specific wavelength λ is passed through a solution layer at a path length L of the solution, a certainportion of the light is absorbed by the solution if the solution has a specific absorbance at this wavelength. The fraction of light transmitted is known as transmittance T. For homogenous samples, each successive layer of the solution will receive fractionally less light. Beer-Lamberts law mathematically describes this phenomenon.Beer-Lamberts law describes the exponential decay of the transmitted light versus path length and concentration. The transmittance T decreases exponentially with respect to the concentration C of the compound and to the length of the light path, L.T = 10-?cL => -log10T = log10(1/T) = ?cL =A => Beer-Lambert equation.Where ? is the absorption coefficient or absorptivity, characteristic for the compound measured at the particular wavelength of light under a defined set of conditions. The absorptivity is also known as extinction coefficient.The absorbance A is defined as –log10T.Often absorbance is also called optical density(OD).Extinction CoefficientAccording to Merriam-Webster, the extinction coefficient refers to “a meas ure of the rate of transmitted light via scattering and absorption for amedium.” However, in analytical chemistry, the quantity ? (epsilon) is called the molar absorptivity (?molar) or extinction coefficient. ? has the units M-1 cm-1. Molar absorptivity refers to the characteristics of a substance that tells how much light is absorbed at a particular wavelength. Whereas the “specific absorption coefficient (a)” refers to the absorbance of light per unit path length, usually expressed in cm, and per unit of mass concentration.The “molar absorption coefficient (?molar)” refers to the absorbance of light per unit path length and per unit of concentration expressed in “moles per liter.”For proteins, an absorbance maximum near 280 nm (A280) in the UV spectra of a protein solution is mostly due to the presence of aromatic tryptophan and tyrosine residues, and to a minor portion phenylalanine. For a given protein, the A280 is proportional to its concentration of amino acids. However, corrections may be needed to calculate the accurate absorbance value, the type, and the environment the amino acids are in. Using the known amino acid sequence of a protein allows estimation of a sufficiently accurate extinction coefficient.In general, a 1 mg/ml solution of most pro teins has an A280 of ~ 1 ± 0.6. Sincethe introduction of the NanoDrop 1000 and the NanoDrop 8000 A280 instruments, these spectrophotometers are now often used for routine measurements of protein absorbance at 280 nm.Using a spectrophotometer such as the nanodrop instrument the concentration of a purified protein samples is determined according the Beer-Lambert equation [A = E * b * c ] which is used for all protein calculations to correlate absorbance with concentration. Where A = absorbance value (A), E = wavelength-dependent molar absorptivity coefficient (or extinction coefficient) with units of liter/mol-cm, b = the path length in centimeters, c = analyte concentration in moles/liter or molarity (M).The equation for the Beer-Lambert law can also be written as [ Aλ = ?λbc ] because A and ? depend on the wavelength of light. The greater the molar absorptivity, the greater the absorbance, and A and ? vary with the wavelength. Furthermore, the part of a molecule that is responsible for light absorption is called a chromophore. Each protein has a distinct UV spectrum as well as an extinction coefficient at 280 nm (?280). The specific UV spectrum is based on its amino acid composition. Majorcontributions to the spectra stem from aromatic tryptophan (W) and tyrosine (Y) residues with high extinction coefficients of 5500 and 1490 M-1cm-1. Phenylalanine (F) absorbs maximally at 260 nm but little at 280 nm. Cystine (C) in disulfide bonds has a relatively low extinction coefficient of 125 M-1cm-1. The absorbance of reduced cysteine is negligible at wavelength above 260 nm. If the number of absorbing side chains in the amino acid sequence of a protein is known the specific extinction coefficient at 280 nm can be estimated using the following formula:?280 = nW x 5,500 + nY x 1,490 + nC x 125where ?280 is the molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm, and n is the number of corresponding residues present in the protein.Molar concentration can be calculated as follows:Molar concentrations = A280 x (dilution factor) / ?280 Concentrations [mg/ml] = A280 x (dilution factor) x (moluclar weight in daltons / ?280When nucleic acids are present, the following correction can be used:Protein concentration (mg/ml) = 1.55A280 – 0.75A260where A280 and A260 are the absorbance values of the protein solution at 280 nm and 260 nm.A table of extinction coefficient values for selected proteins is shown in Table 1.Table 1: Absorbance and Extinction Coefficient Values for selected ProteinsProtein at 1 mg/ml<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">A0.1%280 value<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> Molecular Weight (Mw)<td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> Molar extinction coefficient 280 nm<td width="213" valign="top" style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">0.63, 0.67 or 0.7<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">~ 66,400 dalton~ 68,000 dalton<td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">~43,824 M-1cm-1<td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">IgG (bovine, rabbit, human)<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">1.38 or 1.37<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">~ 150,000 dalton<td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">~210,000 M-1cm-1<td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">?-Globulin<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">1.38<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">Trypsin<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">1.6<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">Chymotrypsin<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">2.02<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">Ribonuclease A<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">0.77<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">~ 13,700 dalton<td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">α-Amylase<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt0in 5.4pt">2.42<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">Chicken Ovalbumin<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">0.7 or 0.79<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">Lysozyme<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">2.64<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">36,00 to 39,000 M-1cm-1<td width="213" valign="top" style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">Enterotoxin<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">1.33<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">GST produced by most fusion vectors (SchistosomaJaponicum)<td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">2.0<td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"style="width:159.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="112" valign="top"style="width:84.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt0in 5.4pt"><td width="126" valign="top"style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="168" valign="top"style="width:1.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solidwindowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><td width="213" valign="top"。
气象专业英语词汇
主题词表English Chinese01. 大气atmospheric science 大气科学meteorology 气象学theoretical meteorology 理论气象学mesometeorology 中尺度气象学micrometeorology 微气象学physical meteorology 物理气象学atmosphere 大气evolution of atmosphere 大气演化atmospheric impurity 大气杂质atmospheric suspended matter 大气悬浮物atmospheric diffusion 大气扩散atmospheric composition 大气成分atmospheric ion 大气离子atmospheric mass 大气质量air quality 大气品位atmospheric density 大气密度atmospheric subdivision 大气分层homosphere 均质层heterosphere 非均质层homopause 均质层顶significant level 特性层standard [pressure] level 标准层isothermal layer 等温层lower atmosphere 低层大气middle atmosphere 中层大气upper atmosphere 高层大气troposphere 对流层tropopause 对流层顶stratosphere 平流层stratopause 平流层顶mesosphere 中间层mesopause 中间层顶thermosphere 热层exosphere 外[逸]层ionosphere 电离层magnetosphere 磁层magnetopause 磁层顶chemosphere 光化层chemopause 光化层顶ozonosphere 臭氧层free atmosphere 自由大气planetary atmosphere 行星大气standard atmosphere(reference atmosphere) 标准大气（参考大气）homogeneous atmosphere 均质大气isothermal atmosphere 等温大气polytropic atmosphere 多元大气scale height 大气标高meteorological element 气象要素air temperature 气温wet-bulb temperature 湿球温度dry-bulb temperature 干球温度temperature profile 温度廓线atmospheric pressure 气压standard atmosphere pressure 标准大气压station pressure 本站气压sea-level pressure 海平面气压pressure gradient 气压梯度barometric height formula 压高公式pressure gradient force 气压梯度力Coriolis force 科里奥利力water vapor 水[蒸]汽transfer of water vapor 水汽输送water vapor profile 水汽廓线water vapor pressure 水汽压humidity 湿度relative humidity 相对湿度absolute humidity 绝对湿度specific humidity 比湿mixing ratio 混合比dew point [temperature] 露点(温度) depression of the dew point （温度）露点差super-saturated air 过饱和空气saturation specific humidity 饱和比湿saturation vapor pressure 饱和水汽压psychrometric formula 测湿公式saturation deficit 饱和差international cloud atlas 国际云图cloud 云low cloud 低云middle cloud 中云high cloud 高云cloud base 云底cloud top 云顶cloud ceiling 云幂cloud amount 云量total cloud cover 总云量cloud with vertical development 直展云cloud height 云高cloud genera 云属cloud etage 云族cloud species 云种cloud variety 云类cloud form 云状cirrus, Ci 卷云cirrus fibratus, Ci fib 毛卷云cirrus spissatus, Ci spi 密卷云cirrus uncinus, Ci unc 钩卷云cirrostratus, Cs 卷层云cirrostratus fibratus, Cs fib 毛卷层云cirrostratus nebulosus, Cs neb 薄幕卷层云cirrocumulus, Cc 卷积云altocumulus, Ac 高积云altocumulus translucidus, Ac tr 透光高积云altocumulus opacus, Ac op 蔽光高积云altocumulus lenticularis, Ac len 荚状高积云altocumulus cumulogenitus, Ac cug 积云性高积云altocumulus floccus 絮状高积云altocumulus castellanus, Ac cas 堡状高积云altostratus, As 高层云altostratus translucidus, As tr 透光高层云altostratus opacus, As op 蔽光高层云cumulus, Cu 积云cumulus humilis, Cu hum 淡积云cumulus mediocris, Cu med 中展积云cumulus fractus, Cu fra 碎积云cumulus congestus, Cu con 浓积云cumulonimbus, Cb 积雨云cumulonimbus calvus, Cb cal 秃积雨云cumulonimbus capillatus, Cb cap 鬃积雨云stratocumulus, Sc 层积云stratocumulus translucidus, Sc tr 透光层积云stratocumulus opacus, Sc op 蔽光层积云stratocumulus cumulogenitus, Sc cug 积云性层积云stratocumulus castellanus, Sc cas 堡状层积云stratocumulus lenticularis, Sc len 荚状层积云stratus, St 层云stratus fractus, St fra 碎层云nimbostratus, Ns 雨层云stratiform cloud 层状云cumuliform cloud 积状云fracto-nimbus,Fn 碎雨云chaotic sky 混乱天空cold cloud 冷云warm cloud 暖云ice cloud 冰云water cloud 水云hail cloud [冰]雹云wind 风wind direction 风向wind speed, wind velocity 风速maximum wind speed 最大风速extreme wind speed 极大风速wind speed profile 风速廓线horizontal wind vector 水平风矢量wind force 风力wind force scale 风级Beaufort [wind] scale 蒲福风级calm 0级风light air 1级风light breeze 2级风gentle breeze 3级风moderate breeze 4级风fresh breeze 5级风strong breeze 6级风near gale 7级风gale 8级风strong gale 9级风storm 10级风violent storm 11级风hurricane 12级风gust 阵风local wind 地方性风surface wind 地面风foehn 焚风mountain-valley breeze 山谷风sea-land breeze 海陆风on-shore wind 向岸风off-shore wind 离岸风gorge wind 峡谷风slope wind 坡风glacier breeze 冰川风drainage wind 流泄风visibility 能见度effective visibility 有效能见度visual range of light 灯光能见距离surface visibility 地面能见度horizontal visibility 水平能见度vertical visibility 垂直能见度slant visibility 倾斜能见度meteor 大气现象weather phenomenon 天气现象clear sky 晴天partly cloudy 少云cloudy 多云overcast 阴天blue of the sky 天空蓝度apparent form of the sky 天穹形状state of ground 地面状态sky condition 天空状况precipitation 降水amount of precipitation 降水量precipitation intensity 降水强度showery precipitation 阵性降水convective precipitation 对流性降水non-convective precipitation 非对流性降水orographic precipitation 地形降水rain 雨rain virga 雨幡rain drop 雨滴rain shadow 雨影glaze 雨凇rain day 雨日rainfall [amount] 雨量continuous precipitation 连续性降水intermittent precipitation 间歇性降水showery rain 阵雨freezing rain 冻雨drizzle 毛毛雨light rain 小雨moderate rain 中雨heavy rain 大雨torrential rain 暴雨local precipitation 地方性降水orographic rain 地形雨storm 风暴sandstorm, duststorm 沙[尘]暴hail storm 雹暴haze 霾haze aloft 高空霾dust 浮尘blowing sand 高吹沙drifting sand 低吹沙dew 露frost 霜frost point 霜点first frost 初霜latest frost 终霜tornado 龙卷dust devil 尘卷风squall 飑snow 雪snow virga 雪幡sleet 雨夹雪showery snow 阵雪snow crystal 雪晶snowflake 雪花snow grains 米雪snowstorm 雪暴driven snow 吹雪drifting snow 低吹雪blowing snow 高吹雪snow cover 积雪snowfall [amount] 雪量snow depth 雪深snow day 雪日icing 积冰wire icing 电线积冰hail 冰雹hailstone 雹块ice pellet 冰丸thunder 雷thunderstorm 雷暴thunder shower 雷阵雨orographic thunderstorm 地形雷暴thunderstorm cell 雷暴单体atmospherics 天电lightning 闪电lightning channel 闪电通道forked lightning 叉状闪电sheet lightning 片状闪电ball lightning 球状闪电streak lightning 条状闪电pearl-necklace lightning 串珠状闪电fog 雾mist 轻雾wet fog 湿雾sea fog 海雾ice fog 冰雾frontal fog 锋面雾advection fog 平流雾radiation fog 辐射雾advection-radiation fog 平流辐射雾mixing fog 混合雾evaporation fog 蒸发雾supercooled fog 过冷却雾ground fog 地面雾upslope fog 上坡雾air-mass fog 气团雾tropical air fog 热带气团雾rime 雾凇graupel 霰percentage of sunshine 日照百分率sunshine duration 日照时数duration of possible sunshine 可照时数02. 大气探测atmospheric sounding and observing 大气探测meteorological observation 气象观测synoptic observation 天气观测synoptic hour 天气观测时间principal synoptic observation 基本天气观测intermediate synoptic observation 辅助天气观测surface observation 地面观测visual observation 目测background pollution observation 本底污染观测field observation 外场观测conventional observation 常规观测non-conventional observation 非常规观测ship observation 船舶观测fixed point observation 定点观测space-based observation 空基观测ground-based observation 地基观测mountain observation 山地观测sounding 探空upper air observation 高空观测auxiliary ship observation, ASO 辅助船舶观测aircraft sounding 飞机探测rocket sounding 火箭探测radio sounding 无线电探空captive balloon sounding 系留气球探测pilot balloon observation 测风气球观测radiowind observation 无线电测风观测standard time of observation 标准观测时间actual time of observation 实际观测时间observational frequency 观测次数observational error 观测误差supplementary observation 补充观测autographic records 自记记录surface data 地面资料upper air data 高空资料barometer level 气压表高度pressure reduction 气压换算barometric correction 气压订正international synoptic code 国际[天气]电码network of meteorological station 气象台站网observation site 观测场meteorological platform 气象观测平台ocean weather station 海洋气象站fixed ship station 固定船舶站mobile ship station 移动船舶站mountain observation station 高山[观]测站automatic meteorological station 自动气象站meteorological instrument 气象仪器screen,instrument shelter 百叶箱thermometer 温度表telethermometer 遥测温度表thermograph 温度计geothermometer 地温表surface geothermometer 地面温度表angle geothermometer 曲管地温表tube-typed geothermometer 直管地温表grass thermometer 草温表maximum thermometer 最高温度表minimum thermometer 最低温度表mercury thermometer 水银温度表Lyman-α hygrometer 莱曼-α湿度表bimetallic thermograph 双金属片温度计barograph 气压计aneroid barograph 空盒气压计mountain barograph 高山气压计barometer 气压表aneroid barometer 空盒气压表ship-barometer 船用气压表mountain barometer 高山气压表pressure altimeter 气压测高表normal barometer 标准气压表national standard barometer 国家标准气压表regional standard barometer 区域标准气压表absolute standard barometer 绝对标准气压表microbarograph 微压计mercury barometer 水银气压表Fortin barometer 福丁气压表Kew pattern barometer 寇乌气压表hygrograph 湿度计hygrometer 湿度表psychrometer 干湿表aspirated psychrometer 通风干湿表standard aspirated psychrometer 标准通风干湿表whirling psychrometer, sling psychrometer 手摇干湿表Assmann psychrometer 阿斯曼干湿表dew-point hygrometer 露点湿度表hair hygrometer 毛发湿度表hair hygrograph 毛发湿度计black and white bulb thermometer 黑白球温度表barothermograph 气压温度计dry-bulb thermometer 干球温度表wet-bulb thermometer 湿球温度表sunshine recorder 日照计Jordan sunshine recorder 乔唐日照计Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder 康培尔-司托克日照计pyrheliometer 直接辐射表pyranometer 总辐射表sky radiometer diffusometer 天空辐射表albedometer 反照率表pyranometer 净辐射表pilot-balloon plotting board 测风绘图板hail-rain separator 雹雨分离器evaporograph 蒸发计evaporation pan 小型蒸发器evaporation tank 大型蒸发器standard pan 标准蒸发器ceiling projector 云幂灯visibility meter,visiometer 能见度表raingauge 雨量器pluviograph,recording raingauge 雨量计accumulative raingauge 累计雨量器tilting bucket raingauge 翻斗[式]雨量计electric conductivity raingauge 水导[式]雨量计siphon rainfall recorder 虹吸[式]雨量计rainfall intensity recorder 雨强计telemetering pluviograph 遥测雨量计wind vane 风向标anemometer 风速表contact anemometer 电接风速表cup anemometer 转杯风速表propeller anemometer 螺旋桨[式]风速表anemorumbometer 风向风速表hot-wire anemometer 热线风速表strong wind anemograph 强风仪navaid wind-finding 导航测风laser ceilometer 激光云幂仪anemograph 风速计radio theodolite 无线电经纬仪aerological theodolite 测风经纬仪radiosonde 无线电探空仪dropsonde 下投式探空仪constant level balloon 定高气球ultrasonic anemometer 超声测风仪ceiling balloon 云幂气球meteorological aircraft 气象飞机snow scale,snow depth scale 量雪尺weighting snow-gauge 称雪器drosometer, dewgauge 测露表frozen soil apparatus 冻土器sonde 探空仪profiler 廓线仪meteorological rocket 气象火箭sounding rocket 探空火箭weather radar 天气雷达meteorological radar 气象雷达lidar 激光雷达sodar, acoustic radar 声[雷]达Doppler radar 多普勒天气雷达incoherent radar 非相干雷达radar network composite 雷达组网radar sounding 雷达探空windfinding radar 测风雷达Doppler sodar 多普勒声达Doppler lidar 多普勒激光雷达MST radar MST雷达UHF Doppler radar 超高频雷达VHF radar 甚高频雷达coherent memory filter,CMF 相干存储滤波器radar rainfall integrator 雷达雨量积分器range velocity display, RVD 距离速度显示velocity azimuth display, VAD 速度方位显示constant altitude plan position indicator, CAPPI 等高平面位置显示器plan postion indicator, PPI 平面位置显示器plan shear indicator, PSI 平面切变显示器velocity azimuth range display, VARD 速度方位距离显示radarsonde 雷达测风仪atmospheric remote sensing 大气遥感inverse technique 反演法temperature retrieval 温度反演inversion of satellite sounding 卫星探测反演meteorological satellite 气象卫星NIMBUS 雨云卫星NOAA 诺阿卫星polar-orbiting meteorological satellite 极轨气象卫星TIROS 泰罗斯卫星TIROS-N 泰罗斯-N卫星ESSA 艾萨卫星ITOS 艾托斯卫星geostationary meteorological satellite,GMS 地球静止气象卫星meteorological satellite ground station 气象卫星地面站microwave radiometer 微波辐射仪high resolution interferometric sounder 高分辨[率]干涉探测器high resolution infrared radiation sounder, HRIRS 高分辨[率]红外辐射探测器scanning radiometer, SR 扫描辐射仪very high resolution radiometer, VHRR 甚高分辨率辐射仪vertical temperature profile radiometer 温度垂直廓线辐射仪data collection platform, DCP 资料收集平台automatic picture transmission, APT 自动图象传输high resolution picture transmission, HRPT 高分辨[率]图象传输high resolution facsimile, HR-FAX 高分辨率[云图]传真low resolution facsimile, LR-FAX 低分辨率[云图]传真delay picture transmission, DPT 延时图象传输direct read-out ground station 直读式地面站weather facsimile, WEFAX 天气图传真synoptic data 天气资料non-synoptic data 非天气资料real time data 实时资料non-real time data 非实时资料stretched data 时展资料sub-satellite point [卫星]星下点temporal resolution 时间分辨率spatial resolution 空间分辨率full resolution 全分辨率radiation transfer equation 辐射传输方程atmospheric transmission model 大气传输模式03. 大气物理学atmospheric physics 大气物理[学] cloud physics 云物理学precipitation physics 降水物理学cloud dynamics 云动力学middle atmospheric physics 中层大气物理学aeronomy 高空大气学aerology 高空气象学radio meteorology 无线电气象学boundary layer meteorology 边界层气象学boundary layer climate 边界层气候atmospheric boundary layer 大气边界层air-sea interface 海气界面air-sea exchange 海气交换tracer diffusion experiment 示踪扩散实验surface layer 近地层surface roughness 地面粗糙度atmospheric duct 大气波导advection 平流convection 对流free convection 自由对流forced convection 强迫对流convection cell 对流单体Benard cell 贝纳胞Benard convection 贝纳对流convection model 对流模式updraught 上曳气流downdraught 下曳气流transitional flow 过渡气流dry deposition 干沉降wet deposition 湿沉降aerosol 气溶胶aerosol particle size distribution 气溶胶粒子谱aqueous aerosol 湿气溶胶stratospheric aerosol 平流层气溶胶hail generation zone 冰雹生成区conical hail 锥形冰雹hail embryo 雹核hail lobe 雹瓣hail pellet 雹粒cumulonimbus model 积雨云模式condensation process 凝结过程cloud condensation nuclei, CCN 云凝结核artificial nucleation 人工成核作用cloud top temperature 云顶温度ice-water mixed cloud 冰水混合云cloud structure 云结构cloud particle sampler 云滴采样器cloud droplet-size distribution 云滴谱cloud droplet collector 云滴谱仪raindrop size distribution 雨滴谱drop-size distribution parameter 滴谱参数disdrometer, raindrop disdrometer 雨滴谱仪fog-drop 雾滴cloud droplet 云滴supercooled cloud droplet 过冷云滴drop spectrum 滴谱collision 碰撞coagulation 碰并ice crystal 冰晶ice needle 冰针ice nucleus 冰核ice point 冰点condensation 凝结evaporation 蒸发potential evaporation 潜在蒸发solidification 凝固deposition 凝华sublimation 升华freezing 冻结freezing nucleus 冻结核condensation nucleus 凝结核salt nucleus 盐核cloud chamber 云室combustion nucleus 燃烧核deposition nucleus 凝华核weather modification 人工影响天气target area 目标区cloud dissipation 消云salt-seeding 盐粉播撒frost prevention 防霜cloud seeding 播云cloud seeding agent 播云剂artificial precipitation 人工降水hail suppression 防雹fog dissipation 消雾dynamic cloud seeding 动力播云radar meteorology 雷达气象学meteorological radar equation 气象雷达方程radar meteorological observation 雷达气象观测radar reflectivity factor 雷达反射率因子radar equivalent reflectivity factor 雷达等效反射率因子weather echo 天气回波cloud echo 云回波echo wall 回波墙superrefraction echo 超折射回波second trip echo 二次回波incoherent echo 非相干回波coherent echo 相干回波ground echo 地物回波clear air echo 晴空回波convective echo 对流回波whirling echo 涡旋状回波spiral rain-band echo 螺旋雨带回波layered echo 层状回波banded echo 带状回波hook echo 钩状回波weak echo vault 弱回波穹窿precipitation echo 降水回波angel echo 异常回波elevated echo 雨幡回波cell echo 单体回波supercell 超级单体multiple-cell echo 多单体回波echo complex 回波复合体cloud top height, CTH 云顶高度echo depth 回波厚度echo character 回波特征echo analysis 回波分析echo distortion 回波畸变radar reflectivity 雷达反射率superrefraction 超折射negative refraction 负折射tropospheric refraction 对流层折射beam filling coefficient 波束充塞系数range bin 距离库range averaging 距离平均azimuth averaging 方位平均range resolution 距离分辨率azimuth resolution 方位角分辨率number of range samples 距离采样数coherent-video signal 相干视频信号quantized signal 量化信号depolarization ratio 退偏振比rotation band 转动谱带Doppler velocity 多普勒速度range ambiguity 距离模糊maximum unambiguous range 最大不模糊距离velocity ambiguity 速度模糊realtime display 实时显示pattern recognition technique 图形识别技术tracking radar echoes by correlation,TREC 雷达回波相关跟踪法thunderstorm monitoring 雷暴监测gray scale 灰[色标]度cloud attenuation 云衰减precipitation attenuation 降水衰减range attenuation 距离衰减echo synthetic chart 回波综合图iso-echo contour 等回波线normalized echo intensity 归一化回波强度isolated cell 孤立单体weak cell 弱单体satellite meteorology 卫星气象学satellite sounding 卫星探测cloud cluster 云团satellite cloud picture 卫星云图sectorized cloud picture 分区云图picture mosaic 拼图image processing 图象处理distortion correction 畸变校正infrared cloud picture 红外云图visible cloud picture 可见光云图nulti-spectral image, MSI 多波段图象microwave image 微波图象image resolution 图象分辨率digitized cloud map 数字化云图enhanced cloud picture 增强云图false-color cloud picture 假彩色云图pseudo-color cloud picture 伪彩色云图full-disc cloud picture 全景圆盘云图nephanalysis 云[层]分析图brightness temperature 亮度温度cloud coverage 云覆盖区cloud street 云街cloud line 云线spiral cloud band 螺旋云带monsoon cloud cluster 季风云团tropical cloud cluster 热带云团squall cloud 飑线云shield cloud 盾状云open [cloud] cells 开口型细胞状云close [cloud] cells 封闭型细胞状云cellular pattern 细胞状云cloud system 云系comma cloud system 逗点云系banded cloud system 带状云系vortex cloud system 涡旋云系jet stream cloud system 急流云系satellite derived wind 卫星云迹风satellite cloud picture analysis 卫星云图分析limb scanning method 临边扫描法limb retrieval 临边反演occultation method 掩星法backscatter ultraviolet technique 紫外辐射后向散射法linear inversion 线性反演water vapor retrieval 水汽反演humidity retrieval 湿度反演limb brightening 临边增亮limb darkening 临边变暗sun glint 日照亮斑atmospheric radiation 大气辐射solar radiation 太阳辐射solar constant 太阳常数monochromatic radiation 单色辐射outgoing long-wave radiation, OLR 向外长波辐射visible light 可见光radiation balance 辐射平衡global radiation 总辐射direct radiation 直接辐射effective radiation 有效辐射scattered radiation 散射辐射diffuse radiation 漫射辐射sky radiation 天空辐射upward [tatal] radiation 向上[全]辐射downward [total] radiation 向下[全]辐射incoming radiation 入射辐射equivalent clear column radiance 等效晴空辐射率atmospheric transmissivity 大气透射率Van Allen radiation belt 范艾伦辐射带albedo of the earth-atmosphere system 地气系统反照率albedo of underlying surface 下垫面反照率earth radiation belt 地球辐射带nocturnal radiation 夜间辐射atmospheric counter radiation 大气逆辐射radiance 辐射率irradiation 辐照irradiance 辐照度reflected radiation 反射辐射albedo 反照率band model 带模式statistical band model 统计带模式regular band model 规则带模式random Elsasser band model 随机爱尔沙色带模式strong-line approximation 强线近似weak-line approximation 弱线近似planetary temperature 行星温度atmospheric attenuation 大气衰减atmospheric absorption 大气吸收atmospheric window 大气窗[atmospheric] absorptivity [大气]吸收率non-scattering atmosphere 无散射大气extinction coefficient 消光系数atmospheric radioactivity 大气放射性atmospheric optics 大气光学atmospheric optical spectrum 大气光谱atmospheric refraction 大气折射atmospheric optical mass 大气光学质量primary scattering 一次散射Mie scattering 米散射multiple scattering 多次散射Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射volume scattering function 体散射函数forward scattering 前向散射backscattering 后向散射scattering cross-section 散射截面backscattering cross-section 后向散射截面one-way attenuation 单程衰减two-way attenuation 双程衰减scattering coefficient 散射系数attenuation coefficient 衰减系数attenuation cross-section 衰减截面absorption cross-section 吸收截面atmospheric polarization 大气偏振night-sky light 夜天光sky brightness, sky luminance 天空亮度atmospheric optical thickness, atmospheric optical depth 大气光学厚度[atmospheric] transparency [大气]透明度atmospheric optical phenomena 大气光学现象atmospheric turbidity 大气浑浊度turbidity factor 浑浊因子mirage 蜃景twilight 曙暮光aurora australis 南极光aurora borealis 北极光anthelion 反日parhelion 假日paraselene 假月46° halo 46度晕22° halo 22度晕solar halo 日晕lunar halo 月晕solar corona 日华lunar corona 月华rainbow 虹secondary rainbow 霓halo 晕corona 华twilight colors 霞airglow 气辉aurora 极光glory 宝光[环]atmospheric electricity 大气电学fair weather electric field 晴天电场air discharge 空中放电cloud-to-cloud discharge, intercloud discharge 云标放电cloud discharge 云放电cloud-to-ground discharge 云地[间]放电ionospheric storm 电离层暴ionospheric sudden disturbance 电离层突扰magnetic storm 磁暴atmospheric electric conductivity 大气电导率atmospheric acoustics 大气声学acoustic sounding 声学探测04. 大气化学atmospheric chemistry 大气化学atmospheric photochemistry 大气光化学atmospheric photolysis 大气光解作用atmospheric ozone 大气臭氧atmospheric trace gas 大气痕量气体photochemical reaction 光化反应photochemical smog 光化烟雾precipitation chemistry 降水化学threshold temperature of ice nucleation 成冰阈温05. 动力气象学dynamic meteorology 动力气象学atmospheric thermodynamics 大气热力学sensible heat 感热latent heat 潜热reversible adiabatic process 可逆绝热过程irreversible adiabatic process 不可逆绝热过程moisture inversion 逆湿thermodynamic equation 热力学方程temperature inversion 逆温turbulence inversion 湍流逆温surface inversion 地面逆温radiation inversion 辐射逆温capping inversion 覆盖逆温subsidence inversion 下沉逆温frontal inversion 锋面逆温inversion layer 逆温层isentropic chart 等熵面图tephigram 温熵图T-ln p diagram 温度-对数压力图temperature gradient 温度梯度temperature advection 温度平流adiabatic ascending 绝热上升adiabatic sinking 绝热下沉adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却adiabatic heating 绝热增温pseudo-adiabatic process 假绝热过程diabatic process 非绝热过程convective condensation level, CCL 对流凝结高度mixing condensation level 混合凝结高度temperature lapse rate 气温直减率dry adiabatic lapse rate 干绝热直减率moist adiabatic lapse rate 湿绝热直减率condensation level, CL 凝结高度condensation efficiency 凝结效率thermal stratification 热力层结equivalent temperature 相当温度virtual temperature 虚温dry adiabatic process 干绝热过程moist adiabatic process 湿绝热过程adiabatic diagram 绝热图pseudo-adiabatic diagram 假绝热图pseudo-adiabatic lapse rate 假绝热直减率potential temperature 位温pseudo-equivalent potential temperature 假相当位温wet-bulb potential temperature 湿球位温wet-bulb pseudo potential temperature 假湿球位温wet-bulb pseudo-temperature 假湿球温度atmospheric dynamics 大气动力学equation of motion 运动方程continuity equation 连续方程equation of state 状态方程vorticity equation 涡度方程divergence equation 散度方程hydrostatic equation 流体静力方程ω-equation ω方程perturbation equation 扰动方程thermal wind equation 热成风方程moisture [conservation] equation 水汽守恒方程advective equation 平流方程balance equation 平衡方程baroclinic process 斜压过程Reynolds stress 雷诺应力meteorological wind tunnel 气象风洞equivalent barotropic atmosphere 相当正压大气hydrostatic adjustment process 静力适应过程geostrophic adjustment 地转适应available potential energy 有效位能enstrophy 涡动拟能geopotential meter 位势米geopotential height 位势高度inertial instability 惯性不稳定free convection level 自由对流高度[atmospheric] stability [大气]稳定度[atmospheric] instability [大气]不稳定度static stability 静力稳定度index of stability 稳定度指数absolute stability 绝对稳定absolute instability 绝对不稳定neutral stability 中性稳定conditional instability 条件[性]不稳定inertial stability 惯性稳定度convective instability 对流不稳定convective stability 对流[性]稳定度atmospheric disturbance 大气扰动nonlinear instability 非线性不稳定[性]conditional instability of the second kind, CISK 第二类条件[性]不稳定shearing instability 切变不稳定barotropic instability 正压不稳定baroclinic instability 斜压不稳定latent instability 潜在不稳定conservation of potential vorticity 位涡守恒tendency equation 倾向方程z-coordinate z坐标p-coordinate p坐标σ-coordinate σ坐标θ-coordinate 位温坐标hybrid coordinate 混合坐标convergence 辐合divergence 辐散divergence 散度horizontal divergence 水平散度steering flow 引导气流vorticity 涡度relative vorticity 相对涡度absolute vorticity 绝对涡度planetary vorticity 行星涡度β-plane β平面conservation of absolute vorticity 绝对涡度守恒geostrophic vorticity 地转涡度cyclonic vorticity 气旋性涡度anticyclonic vorticity 反气旋涡度shearing vorticity 切变涡度curvature vorticity 曲率涡度potential vorticity 位势涡度eddy conductivity 涡动传导率eddy viscosity 涡动粘滞率friction velocity 摩擦速度eddy shearing stress 涡动切应力atmospheric wave 大气波动adjustment of longwave 长波调整inertia wave 惯性波baroclinic wave 斜压波barotropic wave 正压波gravity wave 重力波inertia-gravity wave 惯性重力波internal gravity wave 重力内波external gravity wave 重力外波gravity wave drag 重力波拖曳drag coefficient 拖曳系数orographic drag 地形拖曳orographic wave 地形波lee wave 背风波Helmholtz wave 赫姆霍兹波Kelvin wave 开尔文波Lamb wave 兰姆波Rossby wave 罗斯贝波stationary wave 定常波transient wave 瞬变波solitary wave 孤立波progressive wave 前进波retrograde wave 后退波shearing wave 切变波mixed Rossby-gravity wave 混合罗斯贝重力波ultra-long wave 超长波atmospheric noise 大气噪声Prandtl number 普朗特数Rayleigh number 瑞利数Reynolds number 雷诺数Richardson number 里查森数Froude number 弗劳德数Rossby number 罗斯贝数rotating dishpan experiment 转盘实验Hadley regime 哈得来域Rossby regime 罗斯贝域mixing layer 混合层non-divergence level 无辐散层cyclostrophic wind 旋衡风gradient wind 梯度风countergradient wind 反梯度风subgradient wind 次梯度风supergradient wind 超梯度风thermal wind 热成风veering wind 顺转风backing wind 逆转风wind shear 风切变geostrophic wind 地转风antitriptic wind 摩擦风subgeostrophic wind 次地转风supergeostrophic wind 超地转风ageostrophic wind 非地转风isallobaric wind 变压风jet stream 急流northern branch jet stream 北支急流southern branch jet stream 南支急流basic flow 基本气流subtropical jet stream 副热带急流axis of jet stream 急流轴streamline 流线westerly jet 西风急流convective cloud 对流云deep convection 深对流shallow convection 浅对流line convection 线对流Ekman flow 埃克曼流thermal convection 热对流moist convection 湿对流cumulus convection 积云对流mesoscale convective system, MCS 中尺度对流系统warm advection 暖平流cold advection 冷平流upward flow 上升气流downward flow 下沉气流convective adjustment 对流调整convective parameterization 对流参数化mesoscale convective complex, MCC 中尺度对流复合体geostrophic motion 地转运动quasi-geostrophic motion 准地转运动semi-geostrophic motion 半地转运动ageostrophic motion 非地转运动irrotational motion 无旋运动nondivergent motion 无辐散运动baroclinic atmosphere 斜压大气barotropic atmosphere 正压大气baroclinic mode 斜压模态barotropic mode 正压模态normal mode 正规模态Ekman layer 埃克曼层Ekman spiral 埃克曼螺线atmospheric circulation 大气环流meridional circulation 经向环流zonal circulation 纬向环流Hadley cell 哈得来环流Walker cell 沃克环流direct circulation 直接环流indirect circulation 间接环流[圈] trade-wind circulation 信风环流circulation cell 环流圈local circulation 局地环流three-cell [meridional] circulation 三圈经向环流circulation index 环流指数high index 高指数low index 低指数index cycle 指数循环circulation theorem 环流定理Kelvin's theorem of circulation 开尔文环流定理Bjerknes circulation theorem 皮叶克尼斯环流定理cross-equatorial flow 越赤道气流adjustment of circulation 环流调整mesospheric circulation 中间层环流large-scale circulation 大尺度环流atmospheric center of action 大气活动中心stratospheric sudden warming 平流层爆发[性]增温atmospheric turbulence 大气湍流eddy 涡旋flux 通量turbulent flux 湍流通量isotropic turbulence 各向同性湍流mixing length 混合长K theory of turbulence 湍流[WTHZ]K[WT][HT5H]理论Prandtl mixing-length theory 普朗特混合长理论turbulent boundary layer 湍流边界层laminar boundary layer 层流边界层turbulence spectrum 湍流谱turbulence energy 湍流能量turbulent exchange 湍流交换turbulent diffusion 湍流扩散Eliassen-Palm flux EP通量lateral mixing 侧向混合chaos 混沌numerical weather prediction, NWP 数值天气预报model output statistic prediction, MOS prediction 模式输出统计预报equivalent barotropic model 相当正压模式quasi-geostrophic model 准地转模式filtered model 过滤模式adiabatic model 绝热模式primitive equation model 原始方程模式mesoscale model 中尺度模式scaling 尺度分析synoptic scale 天气尺度planetary scale 行星尺度meso scale 中尺度meso-α scale α中尺度meso-β scale β中尺度meso-γ scale γ中尺度spectral model 谱模式movable fine-mesh model 可移动细网格模式semi-implicit scheme 半隐式格式conservation scheme 守恒格式finite difference model 差分模式upstream scheme 迎风差格式computational instability 线性计算不稳定perturbation method 小扰动法energy cascade 能量串级objective analysis 客观分析physical mode 物理模[态] computational mode 计算模[态]model resolution 模式分辨率skill score 技巧分subgrid scale parameterization 次网格尺度参数化normal mode initialization 正规模[态]初值化dynamic initialization 动力初值化static initialization 静力初值化four-dimensional data assimilation 四维资料同化rigid boundary condition 刚体边界条件spongy boundary condition 海绵边界条件first guess 初估值time smoothing 时间平滑space smoothing 空间平滑automatic data processing 自动资料处理structure function 结构函数split-explicit scheme 分离显式格式bogus data 人造[站]资料hydrostatic check 静力检查difference scheme 差分格式staggered grid 交错网格stagger scheme 交错格式nested grid 套网格pseudospectral method 假谱方法successive correction analysis 逐步订正法optimum interpolation method 最优插值法statistical interpolation method 统计插值法man-machine weather forecast 人机结合天气预报limited area model, LAM 有限区模式limited area fine-mesh model, LFM 有限区细网格模式statistical-dynamic prediction 统计动力预报diagnostic analysis 诊断分析numerical simulation 数值模拟numerical experiment 数值实验。
地理专业英语考研复试词汇
physical geography自然地理hydroaraphy水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地economic geography 经济地理geology 地理学geology 地理peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie(大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖absolute agedetermination 绝对年代测ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地acid value 酸值acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidite 酸性岩acidigneous rock 酸性火成岩acid rain 酸雨acid rocks 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土accumulation of humus腐殖质蓄积accumulation of organicmatter 有机质堆积accumulative coast 堆积海岸accumulative relief 堆积地形accumulatedtemperature 积温accompaniment element伴生元素acaustobiolite非可燃性生物岩accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accelerated weathering加速风化abyss 深渊abyssal 深海的abyssal facies 深海相abyssal sediment 深海沉积物abyssal zone 深海带abundance of isotopes 同位素的丰度abundance of the elements 元素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素的相对丰度abundant rainfall 过量降雨absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute zero 绝对零度daily amount 日总量daily mean 日平均值daily range 日较差daily variation 日变化dal soil 泥炭土damp air 湿空气dampness 湿度dark brow forest soil 暗棕壤dark brown soil 暗棕钙土dark colored soil 暗色土dark coniferous forest阴针叶林dark forest soil 暗色森林土dark humus soil 暗色腐殖质土debris 岩屑debris cone 倒石锥debris creep 岩屑蠕动debris flow 泥石流decay product 衰变产物decayed rock 风化岩石deciduous forest 落叶林deciduous forestclimate 落叶林气decision region 判别区域decomposition 分解decrease 减少deep drilling 深钻deep earthquake zone 深震带deep erosion 强侵蚀deep fault 深断裂deep focus eathquake 深源地震deep fold 基底褶皱deep fracture 深断裂deep gley soil 深位潜育土壤deep karst 深喀斯特deep karst channel 天然井deep sea deep subsoilwater 深层土壤水deep weathering 深部风化deep well 深井deflation 风蚀deflation basin 风蚀盆地deflation furrows 风蚀沟deflation valley 风蚀谷deflection 偏转deflection angle 偏角deforestation 滥伐deformation of river bed 河床变动degenerated soil 退化土壤degeneration 退化deglaciation 冰川减退酌degleyfication 脱潜育化paddy 水稻paddy soil 水稻土pahoehoe lava 绳状熔岩paleobotany 古植物学paleoceanography 古海洋paleocene 古新世paleoclimate 古气候paleoclimatology 古气候学paleocoastline 古海岸线paleoecology 古生态学paleoenvironment 古环境paleogene 早第三纪paleogeography 古地理学paleokarst 古喀斯特paleomagnetic method 古地磁法paleomagnetism 古地磁学paleontological facies古生物相paleontology 古生物学paleopalynology 古孢粉学paleopedology 古土壤学paleophytic era 古植物代paleophytology 古植物学paleosalinity 古盐度paleoshore line 古海岸线paleoshore linevariation 古海岸线变化paleozoology 古动物学paleudalf 残存湿淋溶土palimpsest relief 变余地形palsa 穹形泥炭丘paludal forest 沼泽林paludification 泥炭形成过程pan horizon 硬盘层pancake ice 饼状冰panclimax 泛演替顶极pangaea 泛大陆parabolic dunes 新月形沙丘parabraunerde 次生棕壤paraclase 断层裂缝paragonite 钠云母parallel flow 平行流parallel fold 平行褶皱parallel unconformity假整合parallelism 平行性parasitic crater 寄生火口parasitic volcano 寄生火山parent element 母元素parent material 母质parent rock 母岩park forest 森林公园pass 隘口passage 通道sand 沙sand dune 沙丘sand grains 砂粒sand hill 砂丘sand ridges 沙脊sand storm 沙暴sandbergerite 锌铜矿sandstone 砂岩sandstone soil 砂岩土sandy clay 砂质粘土sandy clay loam 砂质粘壤土sandy desert soils 砂质漠境土sandy loam 砂壤sandy muck 砂质腐泥土sandy soil 砂土satellite 卫星saturation point 饱和点sausage structure 香肠构造schematic profile 示意剖面schist 结晶片岩schist forming process片理schistose structure 层状结构schistosity 片理location--locate 地点North Pole 北极South Pole 南极Antarctic 南极的Arctic 北极的global 全球的the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋Oceanica 大洋洲continent 大陆height 高度hemisphere 半球equator 赤道horizon 地平线tropical 热带的subtropical 亚热带的altitude 海拔latitude 纬度longitude 经度day length 白昼长度environmentalconservation 环境保护ecological balance 生态平衡global warming 全球变暖existence—exist 存在 extinction—extinct 灭绝environmental issues 环境问题global warming 全球变暖greenhouse effect 温室效应soil erosion--erode 水土流失、侵蚀acid rain 酸雨climate change 气候变化 deforestation 滥砍滥伐air contamination 空气污染air pollution 空气污染 confluent 汇合的avalanche 雪崩continental drift 大陆漂移学说sediment 沉淀物, 沉积物frigid寒带的frost heaving冻胀现象absolute age 绝对年龄absolute agedetermination 绝对年代测定absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology绝对地质年代学innate 先天的, 天生的scenic 风景优美的spectacle 奇观, 景象jungle 丛林shrub 灌木丛plateau 高地, 高原scenery 景色landscape 风景, 山水画;地形;前景iceberg 冰山;冷冰冰的人glacier 冰河deglaciation 冰川的消失peak 山顶range 山脉watercourse 水道, 河道cosmography 宇宙志geology 地质学, 地质概况meadow 草地, 牧场oasis (沙漠中的)绿洲savanna 热带大草原tundra 苔原, 冻土地带compass 罗盘meridian 子午线;正午parallel 纬线longitude 经度, 经线latitude 纬度equator 赤道zenith 顶点, 顶峰, 天顶gulf 海湾cliff 悬崖, 绝壁sandbank沙洲, 沙丘tempest 暴风雨seaquake海震, 海啸estuary 入海口torrent 急流, 洪流tributary 支流;支流的 canal 运河massif群山, 高地crevice 裂缝plateau 高原coastland 沿海岸地区hemisphere 半球moist湿润的, 多雨的ebb 退潮;衰落;潮退, 衰退terrestrial 陆地endemic 地方性的subterranean 地下的cavern 大山洞, 大洞穴Antarctic 南极的, 南极地带的Antarctica 南极洲contour 轮廓, 外形;海岸线lowland 低地, 苏格兰低地;低地的avigation 航海salinity 盐分, 盐度elevation 高地;正面图;海拔ormation 形成, 构成geothermic 地热的tropic (天球的)回归线;热带temperate 温和的eruption 爆发outburst(火山, 感情等)爆发, 喷出squirt 喷出magma (有机物或矿物的)稀糊, 岩浆fault 产生断层;断裂crust 地壳layer 层;阶层lithosphere 岩石圈atmosphere n.大气圈, 大气atmospheric pressuren.气压atmospheric motionn.大气运动basin n.盆地Biosphere n.生物圈coastline n.海岸线cold current n.寒流cold front n.冷锋cold wave n.寒潮combustion n.燃烧crystal shape n.晶体cold current n.寒流cold front n.冷锋cold wave n.寒潮current n.水流;气流cut-off n.截断cyclone n.气旋cyclonic adj.气旋的continental drift n.大陆飘移continental shelf n.大陆架convergence n.辐合delta n.三角洲delta plain n.三角洲平原depression n.低气压depression belt n.低压带earth revolution n.地球公转earth rotation n.地球自转evaporation n.蒸发fohn winds n.焚风front n.锋frontal surface n.锋面frontal rain n.锋面雨frost n.霜冻frozen soil n.冻土geological processesn.地质作用geological disastern.地质灾害geological time n.地质时期global warming n.全球变暖greenhouse effect n.温室效应Ice sheet n.（地）大冰原；冰盾；冰盖land n.土地land and ocean changesn.海陆变迁land degradation anddesertification n.土地退化和沙漠化lithosphere n.（地）岩石圈, 地壳metamorphic rock n.变质岩metamorphism n.变质作用mud-rock flow n.泥石流ocean current n.洋流ocean ridges n.洋脊photosynthesis n.光合作用phreatic water n.潜水；地下水physical factors n.自然因素ozone n.臭氧ozonosphere n.臭氧层plate n.板块plate tectonic theoryn.板块构造学说plate tectonics n.板块构造pressure-gradient force n.压力梯度力prevailing wind n.盛行风rainforest n.热带雨林pressure gradient n.气压梯度pressure low n.低（气）压pressure high n.高（气）压sea-level n.海平面sediment rock n.沉积岩sedimentary deposit n.沉积物sedimentation n.沉积作用rotation n.旋转;旋转一周rotation cycle n.自周期soil erosion n.水土流失soil profile n.土壤剖面solar radiation n.太阳辐射solar system n.太阳系solid shape n.固态subtropical high n.副热带高压sub-tropical highs n.亚热带高气压stratosphere n.平流层；同温层temperate zone n.温带tropic n.回归线Tropic of Cancer n.北回归线Tropic of Capricornn.南回归线tropic zone n.热带Tibet Plateau n.青藏高原troposphere n.对流层underlying surfacen.下垫面warm current n.暖流warm front n.暖锋water circulationn.水循环water source n.水资源water vapor n.水蒸汽weathering n.风化作用。
英汉海洋科学与技术词汇
AABW( - Antarctic Bottom Water) 南极底层水AAIW( - Antarctic Intermediate Water)南极中层水Aanderaa current meter 安德拉海流计Aanderaa water level recorder 安德拉水位计AAO( - Antarctic Oscillation) 南极涛动AAPG( - American Association of Petro-leum Geologists) 美国石油地质学家协会AASW(:Antarctic Surface Water) 南极表层水AAWW(:Antarctic Winter Water) 南极冬季水abalone鲍（鱼）abalone aquafarm 鲍鱼养殖场abalone breeding 鲍鱼养殖abalone-breeding farm 鲍鱼养殖场abalone culture( industry) 鲍鱼养殖（业）abalone farming 鲍鱼养殖abalone fishery 鲍鱼业abalone polysaccharide 鲍鱼多糖abalone viscera 鲍鱼脏器abamectin 阿维菌素A-band A带abandoned delta lobe废弃三角洲叶瓣abandoned drilling fluid 废钻井液abandoned drilling mud 废钻井泥浆abandoned oil reservoir 废弃油藏abandoned oil well 废弃油井abandoned range 报废井段abandoned shoreline 旧岸线abandoned well 报废井abandonment①放[抛，废]弃②委付abandonment cap 弃井封盖abandonment clause弃船[委付]条款abandonment in marine insurance 海上保险委付abandonment of offshore oil and gas field海上油气田废弃abandonment of offshore platform 放弃近海平台abandonment of ship ①弃船②船舶委付abandonment pressure 废弃压力abasic site脱[无]碱基位点abatement of water pollution 水污染消除Abbe refractometer阿贝折射仪abdomen腹（部）abdominal appendage 腹肢abdominal fin 腹鳍abdominal foot腹足abdominal ganglion 腹神经节abdominal leg腹肢abdominal respiration 腹式呼吸Abel closed cup flash point apparatus阿贝尔闭杯闪点测定仪Abel flash point 阿贝尔闪点Abel flash point apparatus 阿贝尔闪点测定仪abequose p脱氧岩藻糖，阿比可糖aberrant splicing异常剪接aberration①失[反]常②畸变，变形③象[色]差abiochemistry无生[机]化学abiocoen无机生境，生境非生物成分abiogenesis①非生物成因，自然发生②无生源说abiogenetic(natural) gas 非生物[无机]成因（天然）气abiogenic gas非生物[无机]成因气abiogenic gas reservoir 非生物[无机]成因气藏abiogenic methane非生物[无机]成因甲烷abiogenic natural gas 非生物[无机]成因天然气abiogenic origin( theory) 非生物[无机]成因（学说）abiogenic petroleum origin 石油非生物[无机]成因abiogenic reaction 非生物反应abiogeny(- abiogenesis) ①非生物成因，自然发生②无生源说abiologic(al) factor非生物因素abiologic(al) reaction非生物反应abiologic(al) removal 非生物移除，非生物转移abiologic(al) synthesis 非生物合成abiophysiology无机生理学abioseston非生物浮聚[悬浮]物质abiotic component 非生物成分abiotic environment 非生物[无生命]环境abiotic factor非生物因子，理化因子abiotic origin非生物成因abiotic stress非生物（性）胁迫[应激]abiotic substance非生物[无生命]物质abiotic surround 非生物环境ablastin抑殖素ablation ①消融（作用），冰面融化②消[烧]蚀，风化，剥落ablation area 消融区ablation cave（冰川）消融穴ablation cone 消融锥ablation drift 消融冰碛ablation factor消融因素ablation gradient 消融梯度ablation heat融化热ablation moraine 消融冰碛ablation period消融期ablation rate 消融速率ablation till消融冰碛abnormal anticlinorium 逆复背斜abnormal blooming异常[大量]繁殖abnormal bubble异常[紊乱]气泡abnormal climate异[反]常气候abnormal current异[反]常（海）流abnormal distribution 非正态分布abnormal division 异常分裂abnormal fault 异常断层abnormal fermentation 异常发酵abnormal fertilization 异常受精abnormal fluid pressure 异常流体压力abnormal formation pressure 异常地层压力abnormal grain growth 异常晶粒生长abnormal growth 异常生长abnormalism①异常（性）②变态（性）abnormality①异常，反常②畸形，畸变，变态abnormally high fluid pressure 异常高流体压力abnormally high pore fluid pressure 异常高孔隙流体压力abnormally high pore pressure 异常高孔隙压力abnormally high pressure 异常高压abnormally high pressure gas reservoir异常高压气藏abnormally high pressure reservoir 异常高压油藏abnormally high sea level 异常高海平面abnormally high tide 异常高潮abnormally low sea level 异常低海平面abnormally low tide 异常低潮abnormal metabolism 异常代谢abnormal mitosis异常有丝分裂abnormal oceanic crust 异常（大）洋壳abnormal pore fluid pressure 异常孔隙流体压力abnormal pore pressure 异常孔隙压力abnormal pressure 异常压力abnormal pressure belt 异常压力带abnormal pressure gradient 异常压力梯度abnormal pressure zone 异常压力层abnormal sea level 异常潮位abnormal sea state 异常海况abnormal sea surface temperature 海表温度异常abnormal splicing 异常剪接abnormal synclinorium 逆复向斜abnormal tidal current 异常潮流abnormal tide异常潮abnormal well 异常井aboospore单性（生殖的）卵孢子aboral disc反口盘aboral nervous system 反口神经系统aboral organ 反口器aboral osphradium 后嗅检器aboral pole反口极aboral pore反口孔aboral surface 反口面aboral tentacle 反口触手abortion①败育②故障，失灵abortive transduction流产转导abortive zoospore 发育不全[败育]动孢子above sea level海拔，拔海（高度）abraded bedrock surface浪蚀基岩面abraded platform 浪成[海蚀]台地abrader研磨机abrading machine 研磨机abranchiate①无鳃类动物②无鳃的abrasion①冲[剥，侵]蚀，海[浪，水]蚀②磨损（之处），磨蚀abrasion drilling 冲蚀钻井abrasion hardness 研磨硬度abrasion platform 海[浪]蚀平台[台地]abrasion resistance 耐[抗]磨性abrasion-resisting pump 耐磨泵abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion shoreline 浪蚀海岸线abrasion surface海[浪]蚀面abrasion tableland 海[浪]蚀台地aorasion terrace 海[浪]蚀阶地abrasive①磨料，研磨[磨蚀]剂②磨料的③磨蚀的，研磨的abrasive action 磨蚀作用abrasive blast(ing) 喷磨[砂]处理abrasive grain 磨粒abrasive hardness磨料（耐磨]硬度abrasive jet drilling磨蚀喷射钻井abrasive particle磨蚀微粒，磨粒abrasive resistance 磨蚀阻力，磨蚀强度，抗磨性abrasive surface研磨[磨蚀]面abridgetl spectrophotometer 滤色分光光度计abrupt change突变abrupt change of climate 气候突变abrupt climate change气候突变abrupt temperature change 温度突变abrupt wave 陡浪ABS( =American Bureau of Shipping)美国船级社，美国船舶局absolute absorption 绝对吸收absolute abundance 绝对丰度absolute activity绝对活度absolute aerobic bacteria绝对需[好]氧[气]（细）菌absolute age绝对年龄，绝对年代absolute altitude①绝对高度②海拔absolute atmosphere绝对大气压absolute bioavailability绝对生物利用度absolute black body绝对黑体absolute boiling point 绝对沸点absolute brood amount绝对怀卵量absolute chronology绝对年代学absolute configuration 绝对构型absolute dating绝对年代测定absolute density绝对密度absolute detection limit绝对探测极限absolute determination 绝对测定absolute dielectric(al) constant 绝对介电常数absolute ethanol 无水乙醇，无水酒精absolute(ethyl) alcohol无水乙醇，无水酒精absolute fecundity 绝对生殖力，绝对怀卵量absolute filter绝对[高效]过滤器absolute filtration绝对过滤absolute food quotient绝对饲料系数absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute growth绝对生长（度）absolute growth rate绝对生长速率absolute hard boundary 绝对硬边界absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute isotopic abundance 绝对同位素丰度absolute isotopic abundance ratio 绝对同位素丰度比absolute lethal dose( LDioo) 绝对[完全]致死剂量absolute lethal gene 绝对[完全]致死基因absolute manometer 绝对压力计absolute measurement 绝对测量absolute open flow potential 绝对敞喷[无阻]流量absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute pressure ga(u)ge 绝对压力表absolute pressure vacuum ga(u) ge 绝对真空压力表absolute reaction rate( theory) 绝对反应速率（理论）absolute salinity绝对盐度absolute soft boundary 绝对软边界absolute specificity绝对专一[特异]性absolute temperature 热力学温度absolute temperature scale 热力学温标absolute toxicity绝对毒性absolute vacuum 绝对真空absolute visco(si) meter 绝对黏度计absolute visco( si) metry 绝对黏度测定法absolute viscosity绝对黏度absorbability①（可，被）吸收性，吸收能力②吸收量absorbance①吸收度，吸收率②吸光度，吸光率absorbance ratio( method) 吸光度比值（法）absorbance unit吸收[光]度单位absorbancy(=absorbance) ①吸收度，吸收率②吸光度，吸光率absorbancy index吸光度系[指]数absorbed dose吸收剂量absorbed energy 吸收能absorbed flux吸收通量absorbed gas吸收气absorbed radiation energy 吸收辐射能absorbed water吸收水absorbency 吸收能力absorbent①吸收剂[体，质]②能吸收的，吸收性的absorbent agent 吸收剂absorbent bed 吸收床，吸收层absorbent carbon 活性炭[碳]，碳吸收剂absorbent charcoal 活性炭，吸收性炭absorbent formation 渗漏地层absorbent paper 吸水纸absorber①吸收剂，吸收体②吸收器，吸收装置③消振[缓冲，阻尼]器，减震体absorbing agent 吸收剂absorbing band 吸收（光，谱）带absorbing capacity 吸收能力，吸收量absorbing column 吸收柱，吸收塔absorbing curtain 吸收挡板absorbing gas 吸收气体absorbing layer 吸收层absorbing load 吸收负荷absorbing material 吸收材料，吸收剂absorbing medium 吸收介质absorbing solution 吸收液absorbing tower吸收塔absorbing trap 吸收阱absorbing well 吸[泄]水井absorptance吸收率[比，系数]absorptiometer①吸收（比色，光度）计②（液体）溶[吸]气计absorptiometric analysis 吸光分析absorptiometry 吸收测量学absorption①吸收[取，液]（作用）②吸水（性）③吞并absorption amount 吸收量absorption band 吸收（光，谱）带absorption border融蚀（边）缘absorption bottle 吸收瓶absorption capacity 吸收能力absorption capture 吸收俘获absorption cell 吸收池，吸收皿absorption chamber吸收室absorption characteristic 吸收特性absorption chromatography 吸收色谱（法）absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption colo(u)r 吸收色absorption column 吸收柱，吸收塔absorption cross-section 吸收截面absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption discontinuity 间歇吸收absorption dynamics 吸收动力学absorption edge 吸收限，吸收端absorption effect 吸收效应absorption equilibrium 吸收平衡absorption-emission pyrometer 吸收热辐射式高温计absorption extraction 吸收萃取absorption factor ①吸收因子[系数，率]②吸收因素absorption gasoline 吸收汽油absorption heat 吸收热absorption index吸收指[系]数absorption layer 吸收层absorption limit吸收（极）限absorption line 吸收（谱）线absorption liquid 吸收液absorption loss 吸收损失absorption method 吸收法absorption of nourishment 养分吸收absorption peak 吸收峰absorption photometry 吸光光度法absorption plant吸收装置，吸收设备absorption power 吸收能力absorption rate 吸收速率absorption rate constant 吸收速率常数absorption reaction 吸收反应absorption reagent 吸收试剂absorption spectrometry 吸收光谱测定（法，术）absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱术absorption spectrum 吸收（光）谱absorption surface 吸收面absorption tower 吸收塔absorption well 漏失井absorptive capacity 吸收（能）力absorptive cell 吸收细胞absorptive tissue 吸收组织absorptivity①吸收性，吸收能力②吸收率[量，度，系数]③吸湿性abstraction①抽【取]出，（将热和水）引出②分离，提取，提炼，萃取abstriction（孢子）缢断（作用）abundance①丰富，充裕②丰度abundance class多度级abundance of benthic meiofauna 小型底栖生物丰度abundance of element 元素丰度abundance ratio 丰度比abundance sensitivity ①丰度灵敏度②同位素灵敏度abundance zone 富集带abysmal area深海沙[渊]区abysmal deposit 深海沉积物abysmal facies 深海相abysmal region深海[渊]（地）区ahysmal sea深海abyss海洋深处，深渊，深海abyssal area深海区abyssal assimilation 深成同化作用abyssal association 深海组合abyssal basin深海盆地abyssal benthic boundary layer 深海底边界层abyssal benthic community 深海底栖（生物）群落abyssal benthic fauna 深海底栖动物区系[群]abyssal benthic zone深海底栖带abyssal benthos深海底栖生物abyssal bio-gene resources 深海生物基因资源abyssal circulation 深渊环流abyssal clay深海[远洋]黏土abyssal cone深海锥abyssal current 深海流abyssal deposit深海沉积物abyssal dune深海沙[砂]丘abyssal environment 深海环境abyssal facies 深海相abyssal fan 深海扇abyssal fault深大断裂abyssal fauna深渊动物区系[群]abyssal fishes深海鱼类abyssal floor深海床，深海底abyssal flow 深海流abyssal gap深海裂隙abyssal hill深海丘陵abyssal hill province 深海丘陵区abyssal irllection深成贯入abyssal oceanic basin 深海大洋盆地abyssal oceanography深海海洋学abyssal ooze深海软泥abyssalpelagic zone远洋深海带abyssal peridotite 深海橄榄岩abyssal plain深海平原abyssal plain turbidite深海平原浊积岩abyssal plankton 深海浮游生物abyssal population 深海种群abyssal province 深海区abyssal red clay深海红黏土abyssal region 深海[渊]区abyssal rock深成岩abyssal sea深海，海渊abyssal sediment深海沉积物abyssal tholeiite深海拉斑玄武岩abyssal zone 深海[渊]带abyssobenthic zone 深海底栖带abyssobenthos深海底栖生物abyssoconite深海钙质软泥abyssopelagic fauna 大洋深渊层动物区系（群]abyssopelagic organism 大洋深渊层生物abyssopelagic plankton 大洋深渊层浮游生物abyssopelagic zone 大洋深渊层abyssopelite深海泥质岩abzyme抗体酶acanthifolicin 9，10-环硫一冈田（软海绵）酸（一类抑制磷酸酶的海绵毒素）Acanthuridae 刺尾鱼科accelerant ①催速[催化，加速，促凝，促进]剂②加速器accelerated ag(e) ing( test) 加速老[陈]化（试验）accelerated corrosion test( method) 加速腐蚀试验（法）accelerated depreciation 加速折旧accelerated deterioration( test) 加速老化（试验）accelerated fermentation 加[快]速发酵accelerated filtration 加速过滤accelerated freeze-drying急速冷冻干燥（法）accelerated oxidation 加速氧化accelerated ripening 促熟accelerated test加速试验accelerated weathering加速风[老]化accelerated weathering test 加速老化试验，耐候试验accelerating agent 促进剂acceleration-cancelling hydrophone 消一加速度海洋检波器acceleration of ovuIation 促进排卵accelerator①加速器[泵，装置]②加速[促进，促凝]剂accelerometer加速度计acceptable concentration 容许浓度acceptable daily intake 日容许摄入量acceptable dose 容许剂量acceptable limit 容许（极）限acceptor①接受器，接受体，受体[子，主]②受诱物acceptor site受体位点，受位acceptor splice site受体剪接位点acceptor splice site mutation 受体剪接位点突变accessory cell（辅）佐细胞accessory character 副。
rapid determination of apixaban
Available online at Journal of Chromatography B,865 (2008) 55–62Development and validation of a quantitative assay for the measurement of miltefosine in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandemmass spectrometryThomas P.C.Dorlo a,b,∗,Michel J.X.Hillebrand a,Hilde Rosing a,Teunis A.Eggelte b,Peter J.de Vries b,Jos H.Beijnen aa Department of Pharmacy&Pharmacology,Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute,Louwesweg6,1066EC Amsterdam,The Netherlandsb Department of Infectious Diseases,Tropical Medicine and AIDS,Academic Medical Center,Meibergdreef9,1151AZ,Amsterdam,The NetherlandsReceived8October2007;accepted14February2008Available online 20 February 2008AbstractA sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS)assay for the quantification of miltefosine is presented. A250L human EDTA plasma aliquot was spiked with miltefosine and extracted by a solid-phase extraction method.Separation was performed on a Gemini C18column(150mm×2.0mm I.D.,5m)using an alkaline eluent.Detection was performed by positive ion electrospray ionization followed by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry.The assay has been validated for miltefosine from4to2000ng/mL using250L human EDTA plasma samples.Results from the validation demonstrate that miltefosine can be accurately and precisely quantified in human plasma.At the lowest level,the intra-assay precision was lower than10.7%,the inter-assay precision was10.6%and accuracies were between95.1and109%. This assay is successfully used in a clinical pharmacokinetic study with miltefosine.© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords:Miltefosine;Hexadecylphosphocholine;Leishmaniasis;Cutaneous leishmaniasis;Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry;Pharmacokinetics1.IntroductionMiltefosine(hexadecylphosphocholine,D-18506,Miltex®, Impavido®,Fig.1)is thefirst oral drug registered for the treatment of both the visceral and the cutaneous form of leishma-niasis,which is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania.The protozoan parasites are transmitted to a mammal host through the bite of a female sandfly[1,2].Leish-maniasis is one of the diseases designated by the World Health Organization(WHO)as a‘neglected disease’,a term reserved for diseases in mainly developing countries for which there is a lack of effective,affordable,or easy to use drug treatments[3].For long,the treatment of leishmaniasis was based on anti-mony containing salts,like meglumine antimoniate or sodium∗Corresponding author at:Department of Pharmacy&Pharmacology,Sloter-vaart Hospital,Louwesweg6,1066EC Amsterdam,The Netherlands.Tel.:+31 205124073;fax:+31205124753.E-mail address:thomas.dorlo@slz.nl(T.P.C.Dorlo).stibogluconate.However,in many parts of the world and partic-ularly India the parasite has become resistant to antimony[4,5]. An alternative treatment is liposomal amphotericin B,which has the disadvantages that it has to be administered parenteral and is very expensive[5].Miltefosine was originally developed in the early1980s as an antitumor agent,however its anticancer activity was shown to be limited due to unacceptable gastrointestinal toxicity and low activity when given by the oral route[6,7].The antiprotozoal activity of miltefosine appeared more promising for the treat-ment of leishmaniasis[5,8].Miltefosine is considered highly effective in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis[2,5,9].The efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America appeared to be comparable to historic efficacy rates of the standard anti-mony treatment,although the efficacy depended on the causative Leishmania-strain[10].A trial with mucocutaneous leishmani-asis patients showed the good applicability of miltefosine in the treatment of this difficult to treat form of leishmaniasis[11].The pharmacokinetics of miltefosine have scarcely been studied and a definitive treatment regimen based on pharma-1570-0232/$–see front matter© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.02.00556T.P .C.Dorlo et al./J.Chromatogr.B865 (2008) 55–62Fig.1.Structure of miltefosine and the proposed m /z fragmentation.cokinetic/pharmacodynamic data is lacking.Only one detection method specifically for miltefosine has previously been reported using an evaporative light scattering detector [12].However,this method was not validated properly,was not very sensitive (a detection limit of 340ng/mL in 5%fetal calf serum)and seems more appropriate for the analysis of pharmaceutical prepara-tions.A sensitive and validated bioanalytical assay specifically for miltefosine was not reported hitherto.Two methods are described in the literature to measure perifosine,a structural analog of miltefosine,in human plasma using liquid chro-matography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)with miltefosine as an internal standard,and either automated solid-phase extraction (SPE)or protein precipitation as sam-ple pretreatment techniques [13,14].However,when we tried to employ these methods in our laboratory for the quantitative analysis of miltefosine,both methods demonstrated a high vari-ability in results due to both the sample pretreatment as well as the LC system.Therefore,we developed a sensitive and accurate LC–MS/MS method to quantitate miltefosine in human plasma.Validation of the method was performed according to the FDA guidelines [15].To illustrate the usefulness of the current assay in a clinical setting,we present the quantitative results of mil-tefosine measurements in blood plasma samples of a patientwith cutaneous leishmaniasis treated for 28days with miltefos-ine.2.ExperimentalDuring the development and validation of this assay,perifo-sine was used and added to each sample as an internal standard.However,a high intra-assay variability of the internal standard response was noticed during the validation.By leaving out the internal standard response from the back-calculation of the mil-tefosine concentrations,better intra-assay accuracies and preci-sions were achieved (see Table 1and Section 3.2).Therefore,all miltefosine concentrations were eventually back-calculated from the peak area of miltefosine alone.Hence,experimental,performance,recovery and stability data of the internal standard were omitted in both Sections 2and 3of this report.2.1.Chemicals and reagentsMiltefosine was kindly supplied by Zentaris GmbH (Frank-furt,Germany).Acetonitrile and methanol (both HPLC supra gradient grade)were obtained from Biosolve Ltd.(Valkenswaard,the Netherlands).Ammonia 25%,acetic acidTable 1Assay performance data for miltefosine RunNominal concentration (ng/mL)Mean calculated concentration a (ng/mL)Accuracy a (%deviation)Precision a (%CV)Accuracy b (%deviation)Precision b (%CV)No.of replicates 1 4.05 3.90−3.648.337.707.9252 4.05 4.398.5410.727.212.2534.05 4.090.9859.39 3.34 4.365Average 4.05 4.12 1.96c 10.6d 12.8c 12.0d 15112.111.7−3.96 6.335.23 5.295212.111.6−4.677.11 4.6012.15312.112.20.198 5.29 1.348.885Average 12.111.8−2.81c 5.82d 3.73c 9.07d 151303289−4.87 3.73 6.59 4.2152303302−0.353 4.4310.87.4453303318 4.88 2.18 6.87 3.735Average 303303−0.117c 5.15d 8.09c 5.51d 151********−3.89 6.14−2.14 2.435215201490−1.78 3.7811.1 6.205315201560 3.11 2.84 1.81 1.705Average15201500−0.851c5.14d3.58c6.61d15a Back-calculated from analyte peak area alone.b Back-calculated from analyte/internal standard peak area ratio.c Inter-assay accuracy (%).dInter-assay precision.T.P.C.Dorlo et al./J.Chromatogr.B 865 (2008) 55–625799.8%and triethylamine(all analytical grade)were from Merck (Amsterdam,the Netherlands).Distilled sterile water(Aqua B. Braun,Oss,the Netherlands)was used throughout the analyses. Drug-free human EDTA plasma was obtained from Bioreclama-tion Inc.(Hicksville,NY,USA).2.2.EquipmentChromatographic separation of miltefosine was carried out using an HP1100liquid chromatograph system(Agilent Tech-nologies,Palo Alto,CA,USA)consisting of a binary pump, degasser and autosampler.Attached to this system was a pre-column(Gemini C18pre-column,4.0mm×2.0mm I.D.; Phenomenex,Torrance,CA,USA)and an analytical column (Gemini C18,150mm×2.0mm I.D.,5m particle size;Phe-nomenex).The HPLC system was connected to an API-2000triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a turboionspray source(Sciex,Thornhill,ON,Canada).The quadrupoles were operated with unit resolution in the positive ion mode.Data were processed using Analyst TM software(version1.2;Sciex).For sample pre-treatment by SPE Bond Elut PH(phenyl) cartridges(Varian Inc.,Bergen op Zoom,the Netherlands)were used,containing100mg sorbent.2.3.LC–MS/MS conditionsMobile phase A consisted of10mM ammonia in water and mobile phase B consisted of10mM ammonia in methanol.An isocratic eluent(ratio A:B=5:95,v/v)was applied for chro-matographic separation,with aflow-rate of0.3mL/min and an injection volume of10L.The autosampler temperature was set at10◦C.The mass transition of m/z408.4to124.8was optimised for miltefosine with a dwell-time of200ms.Nebuliser and turbo gas(zero air)were set at30psi(207kPa)and60psi (414kPa),respectively.Curtain gas(nitrogen grade5.0)was set at35psi(241kPa)and the collision gas(nitrogen grade 5.0)at a pressure setting of4psi(28kPa).The ionspray volt-age was set at3500V,while the source temperature was 400◦C.2.4.Preparation of calibration standards and qualitycontrol samples in human plasmaAll stock and working solutions were prepared in methanol–water(1:1,v/v).A miltefosine stock solution was prepared at a concentration of1mg/mL for the preparation of calibration standards.This solution was further diluted to obtain working solutions with concentrations of0.08,0.2,0.4,1,2,4, 8,20,30and40g/mL.A volume of25L of a working solution was spiked into 475L drug-free human EDTA plasma prior to sample pre-treatment to yield250L duplicates of10non-zero calibration standards of4,10,20,50,100,200,400,1000,1500and 2000ng/mL.Calibration standards were prepared freshly before each analytical run.Another separate miltefosine stock solution(1mg/mL)was prepared from an independent weighing and dissolution in methanol–water(1:1,v/v)for the preparation of quality control samples.This solution was further diluted with methanol–water (1:1,v/v)into four working solutions(WQ1-4)containing0.1, 0.5,30and200g/mL of miltefosine,respectively.A volume of either0.4mL of WQ1,0.24mL of WQ2,0.1mL of WQ3or 0.075mL of WQ4was added to a volumetricflask and diluted up to10mL with drug-free human EDTA plasma,to yield qual-ity control samples at the LLOQ,low,mid and high level with concentrations of4,12,300and1500ng/mL,respectively.The quality control samples were divided into replicate aliquots of 250L and stored at−20◦C until analysis.A dilution test sam-ple above the upper limit of quantification(>ULOQ sample)was prepared in pentuplicate by directly spiking the same stock solu-tion of miltefosine(1mg/mL)used to prepare WQ1to4,into drug free human EDTA plasma,yielding spiked plasma samples containing30,000ng/mL.All calibration standards and quality control samples con-tained only5%(v/v)or less working solution,to limit the amount of methanol and to simulate a‘real’sample as much as possible.2.5.Sample preparationEach250L aliquot of spiked plasma was diluted with 750L of acetic acid(0.9M,pH4.5),followed by brief vortex mixing and centrifugation(5min at23,100×g at room temper-ature).Extraction of miltefosine was achieved by performing SPE.Bond Elut PH(phenyl)SPE cartridges werefirst condi-tioned with1mL of acetonitrile and1mL of0.9M aqueous acetic acid(pH4.5),followed by loading of approximately1mL of diluted plasma,washing with1mL of methanol–water(1:1, v/v).The analyte was eluted with2times0.75mL of0.1%(v/v) triethylamine in methanol.A200L aliquot of the eluate was transferred to a glass autosampler vial with an insert and10L was injected on to the analytical column.2.6.ValidationValidation of the method was performed according to FDA guidelines for Bioanalytical Method Validation[15,16].2.6.1.LinearityTen non-zero calibration standards ranging from4to 2000ng/mL were prepared in duplicate in drug-free human EDTA plasma and analysed in three separate runs.For determination of miltefosine,the linear regression of the peak areas of the analyte versus the concentration was weighted by1/x2(the reciprocal of the squared concentration). For every constructed calibration curve the calibration concen-trations were back-calculated from the responses.Deviations from the nominal concentrations should be within±20%for the LLOQ and within±15%for other concentrations,with coeffi-cient of variation(CV)values less than20and15%,respectively.The limit of detection(LOD)was defined as the concentration of miltefosine at which the response of the analyte is two times higher than the response of a blank sample.The LLOQ is the58T.P.C.Dorlo et al./J.Chromatogr.B 865 (2008) 55–62concentration of miltefosine at which the response of the analyte is at leastfive times higher than the response of a blank sample and should be reproducible with a precision and accuracy as stated above.2.6.2.Precision and accuracyTo determine precision and accuracy of the method,quality control samples were prepared with concentrations of4,12,300 and1500ng/mL as described in Section2.4.Five replicates of each quality control sample were analysed in three analytical runs.The concentration of each quality control sample was cal-culated,using the calibration curve that was analysed in the same run.Accuracies were determined as the percentage difference of the calculated concentration from the nominal concentration and the CV was used to report the precision.The intra-and inter-assay accuracies(%bias)should be within±20%at the LLOQ level and within±15%at the other concentrations.The intra-and inter-assay precisions should be less than±20%at the LLOQ level and less than±15%at the other concentrations[15].The ability to dilute samples originally above the ULOQ of the calibration curve was demonstrated by analysing validation samples containing15-fold the concentration of the ULOQ of miltefosine(30,000ng/mL,>ULOQ sample).This dilution test sample was prepared in pentuplicate and these were diluted20 times in control human EDTA plasma to obtain samples with a final nominal concentration of1500ng/mL and were analysed in one analytical run.2.6.3.Specificity and selectivitySix individual batches of control drug-free human EDTA plasma were used to assess specificity and selectivity of the method.Samples containing no analyte(double blank)and sam-ples spiked at LLOQ level with miltefosine were prepared for each individual batch of plasma and subsequently processed and analysed according to the above described procedures,to deter-mine whether endogenous constituents in the matrix interfere with the assay.Areas of peaks co-eluting with miltefosine should be within 20%of the peak area of the LLOQ sample of miltefosine for each of the six batches of control drug-free human EDTA plasma. Peak areas co-eluting in the double blank samples with peri-fosine should be within5%of the peak area of the normal IS response.The LLOQ samples themselves must have accuracies within±20%boundaries of the nominal concentration.2.6.4.Recovery and ion suppressionIon suppression of miltefosine by matrix constituents was determined by comparing the areas of processed blank samples spiked with working solutions of miltefosine to areas of dilu-tions of the miltefosine stock solution with methanol–water(1:1, v/v),where the loss of signal represents the ion suppression.The recovery after sample pre-treatment(SPE)was determined by comparing areas of processed quality control samples to areas of processed blank samples reconstituted with working solutions of miltefosine.The total recovery was determined by comparing the areas of unprocessed samples to areas of processed qual-ity control samples.Recovery and ion suppression experiments were done in triplicate,with quality control samples at three concentration levels(12,300,1500ng/mL).2.6.5.StabilityThe stability of miltefosine was investigated in the stock and working solutions during storage and processing.In human plasma the stability of miltefosine was examined during storage and after three freeze–thaw cycles at−20◦C with a minimal interval of24h.The quality control samples that had been frozen and thawed three times were compared to freshly prepared qual-ity control samples.Furthermore,stability was tested in human plasma during processing for6h at room temperature and in the final SPE eluate for2and4days at2–8◦C.Also,the reinjection reproducibility after storage of the sam-ples in glass vials in the auto sampler for24h at nominally10◦C was determined.Long term stability of miltefosine was deter-mined after3months of storage at−20◦C.Further long term stability experiments are ongoing.Stability experiments were at least performed at two con-centrations(12and1500ng/mL)in tefosine is considered stable in stock and working solutions when95–105% of the original concentration is found and in the biological matrix or extract when85–115%of the initial concentration is recov-ered.2.7.Analysis of patient samplesThe described bioanalytical method was used to determine miltefosine concentrations in plasma from a cutaneous leishma-niasis patient to show the applicability of the method.The patient had a Leishmania major infection,contracted in Afghanistan,for which he received intralesional pentavalent antimony treatment prior to the oral miltefosine treatment.The patient was treated with50mg oral miltefosine3times daily for a total of28days.3.Results and discussion3.1.Method development3.1.1.Sample pre-treatmentDifferent methods of sample pre-treatment were investigated. In an earlier study of perifosine as analyte and miltefosine as internal standard,protein precipitation has been presented as a simple and quick sample pre-treatment technique[14]. However,when trying to reproduce the results achieved in that study,we encountered several problems.Protein precipita-tion of plasma samples containing miltefosine was performed with several precipitation agents:acetonitrile,methanol and acetonitrile–methanol mixtures,all of which were tested in various concentrations,ratios and volumes(data not shown). Nevertheless,protein precipitation resulted in nonreproducible recoveries,nonconsistent peak areas and dirty samples,resulting in interferences from the sample matrix with the chromatogra-phy of the analyte.Robustness tests showed a strong reduction in analyte response in time.Liquid–liquid extraction was tested as sample pre-treatment using diethyl ether,ethyl acetate and tert-butyl methyl ether asT.P.C.Dorlo et al./J.Chromatogr.B 865 (2008) 55–6259organic phase(data not shown).However,liquid–liquid extrac-tion also resulted in nonsatisfying recoveries and high variability in the analysis.Subsequently,SPE was investigated as sample pre-treatment technique,which has also been used in a previous study to isolate perifosine[13].In that study,Knebel et al.reported a sample pre-treatment using a neutral solution(0.8M aqueous ammonium acetate set at pH6.5)for dilution of the plasma samples and con-ditioning the SPE cartridges.To further optimise the SPE,several dilution,conditioning,washing and elution reagents were tested. Use of a more acidic buffer solution for dilution of the samples and conditioning of the SPE cartridges,resulted in a slightly bet-ter recovery and,more importantly,highly reproducible results. Best results were achieved with a0.9M aqueous acetic acid-buffer set at pH4.5with ammonium hydroxide for diluting the samples and conditioning the SPE cartridges.To elute the ana-lyte from the SPE cartridge,0.1%triethylamine in methanol was used,similar to the method of Knebel et al.Several types of SPE cartridges were evaluated for the extrac-tion of miltefosine from human plasma.Cartridges that were investigated included polar ones,such as plain silica based extraction cartridges and silica bonded cyanopropyl(CN)and aminopropyl(NH2)sorbent material;nonpolar ones,such as silica bonded C18or phenyl(PH)sorbent material;and vari-ous copolymer based cartridges,such as Oasis HLB and MCX. Extraction recovery of miltefosine was highest,combined with a good reproducibility,with the use of PH cartridges and these were eventually chosen for further use in the assay.Due to the multiple characteristics of miltefosine,having both apolar and polar moieties,the bonding interactions between miltefosine and the sorbent are difficult to predict.The secondary ionic interac-tions between the silica substrate and any unbonded silanols remaining on the surface may play an important role in the retention of miltefosine on the silica bonded phenyl sorbent and might explain the observed differences between the several apolar sorbents.After SPE,the eluate was directly transferred to glass autosampler vials with inserts and injected into the LC–MS/MS system.No further concentrating step was performed, since evaporation and concentration of the eluate led to non-reproducible results.Adhesion to the surface of the polypropylene container could be the cause of this variability when using an evaporation step,since alkylphosphocholines are reported to have adhesive properties to surfaces[13,14].The presence of triethylamine in the sample proved to be of no negative influence on the MS-detection of miltefosine.The here reported sample pre-treatment procedure is more rapid and simple without a time-consuming concentrating step and a satisfying sensitivity of the analytical method was achieved,enabling us to readily measure miltefosine in patient samples taken at even5months after the end of treatment.3.1.2.MS/MS optimisationThe structure of miltefosine lacks any chromophores,which makes ultraviolet orfluorescence detection very difficult.There-fore MS detection was chosen,offering a sufficiently high sensitivity to measure miltefosine concentrations in patientsam-Fig.2.Q1(m/z100–500)mass spectrum of miltefosine(panel A)and MS/MS product ion scan(m/z50–410,precursor ion m/z408.4)(panel B).ples even taken at5months after end of treatment(see Section 3.3).Fig.2A shows the Q1mass spectrum of miltefosine.Besides the protonated ion[M+H]+at m/z408,a sodium adduct of miltefosine(m/z430)is also visible in the Q1mass spectrum. The protonated molecular ion of miltefosine was induced to fragment in the collision cell.The proposed fragmentation pattern of the protonated ion of miltefosine is depicted in Fig.1and the resulting product ion spectrum is presented in Fig.2B.The fragment ion at m/z184in the spectrum of miltefosine corresponds with the loss of the C16-alkyl chain.Further cleavage of the trimethyl amine from this precursor fragment ion results in the product ion at m/z124.8, which is eventually used for quantitative MRM[13].3.1.3.Liquid chromatographyReversed-phased HPLC columns have been reported to pro-vide improved selectivity in the separation of phospholipids [17].However,a report of the quantitative analysis of perifosine described that perifosine was either unretained or subjected to severe peak-tailing when“commonly applied‘reversed-phased’silica columns”were used[13].In contrast,Woo et al.reported that retention of perifosine was possible when they used a very unusual C30reversed-phase column,probably because of the strong hydrophobicity of the alkyl-chain[14].Here we report that miltefosine is retainable on a generally avail-60T.P.C.Dorlo et al./J.Chromatogr.B 865 (2008) 55–62able reversed-phase column when the appropriate mobile phase is used.In the pursuit of a symmetric peak shape and retention times of2–4min,liquid chromatography was investigated with ace-tonitrile or methanol as organic modifiers of the LC and under several alkaline conditions.While varying the aqueous and organic components in the mobile phase,best results were obtained with a mobile phase consisting of an aqueous:organic phase ratio of5:95(v/v).Shift-ing the organic modifier in this mobile phase or applying a gradient did not improve the retention of miltefosine,whereas an isocratic mobile phase,consisting for the most part of organic phase,produced a mediocre peak.However,a great improvement of the peak shape and reten-tion times was seen when the mobile phase was alkaline.The effects of the mobile phase pH on the peak shape of miltefosine were investigated subsequently.Kim et al.already suggesteda high mobile phase pH for the separation of phospholipids[18].Because of the quaternary amine group in the molecule of miltefosine,total suppression of the charge of miltefosine is impossible.An increase of the pH of the eluent resulted in a sharp decrease of the retention time and an improved peak shape. Best peak shapes were obtained with afinal mobile phase pH of≈10.5,which was impossible to use in previous methods due to the limited stability under alkaline conditions of the columns available then[14].In order to apply such alkaline eluent we used a Gemini reversed-phase C18column,suited for alkaline conditions up to pH13.Typical MRM chromatograms of miltefosine in a double blank,LLOQ and median level sample are shown in Fig.3. Total LC run time was7min.3.2.Method validationAs already stated in Section2,the validation was performed with perifosine added to all the samples as an internal standard. However,all runs performed better in terms of intra-assay accu-racy and precision when concentrations were back-calculated from the peak area of miltefosine alone,than when they were back-calculated from the analyte/internal standard peak area ratio(see Table1).Hence,all concentrations in this reported method were back-calculated solely based on the peak areas of miltefosine,leaving out the internal standard peak area from the calculation.3.2.1.LinearityCalibration standards were prepared in duplicate in con-trol human EDTA plasma and were analysed in three separate analytical runs with a quantifiable dynamic range from4to 2000ng/mL of miltefosine in human EDTA plasma.A weigh-ing factor of the inverse squared concentration(1/x2)appeared the most appropriate weighing factor for a linearfit of the data.A correlation coefficient of0.9951or higher was obtained in the three analytical validation runs.Concentrations were back-calculated from nominal concentrations and are summarised in Table2.Deviations of the back-calculated concentrations from the nominal concentrations were between−2.20%and2.59%Fig.3.Representative MRM chromatograms of a double blank sample(A), a LLOQ sample(B,4ng/mL)and a median level sample(C,300ng/mL)of miltefosine in human plasma.with variation coefficients between4.74%and11.8%for all con-centrations in human plasma.The mean LOD of miltefosine in our assay is estimated at1ng/mL with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2:1.The LLOQ has been established at4ng/mL of miltefosine in human EDTA plasma with reproducible good accuracy and precision(Table1)and a mean signal-to-noise ratio of8:1.T.P.C.Dorlo et al./J.Chromatogr.B 865 (2008) 55–6261 Table2Calibration standards of miltefosine in human plasma calibration curves pre-pared in duplicateNominal concentration (ng/mL)Mean measuredconcentration(ng/mL)Deviation(%)CV(%)4.07 4.080.4211.8 10.29.94−2.205.66 20.320.7 1.976.97 50.851.5 1.40 6.98 102100−1.648.28 2032030.057.33 407417 2.59 4.74 102010200.74 5.62 15301500−1.66 5.64 20302000−1.65 6.70 CV=coefficient of variation.3.2.2.Precision and accuracyAssay performance data for miltefosine are summarised in Table1.Intra-and inter-assay accuracies are defined in terms of relative error with a precision in terms of relative standard deviation,all determined at four concentration levels.The intra-assay accuracy was within±8.54%and the inter-assay accuracy was1.96%for the LLOQ,with precisions of maximally10.7% and10.6%,respectively.For all other concentrations,the intra-assay accuracy was within±4.88%and the inter-assay accuracy was within±2.81%,with precisions less than7.11%and5.82%, respectively.Samples with a concentration above the ULOQ of 2000ng/mL can be safely diluted20times,as the intra-assay accuracy for diluted>ULOQ samples(30,000ng/mL miltefos-ine in human plasma diluted with a factor20in control human plasma resulting in a miltefosine concentration of1500ng/mL) was−2.83%with a precision of3.09%.3.2.3.Specificity and selectivityMRM chromatograms of double blank,blank and LLOQ samples prepared in six batches of control human plasma did show minor deviations from the baseline that co-eluted with the analyte;two samples showed a relative interference in the blank samples of20.4and20.8%,while the interference in the other four batches of plasma remained under the20%.However,devi-ations from the nominal concentration at the LLOQ level were between−18.2and4.62%and thus acceptable.3.2.4.Ion suppression and recoveryThe mean ion suppression of miltefosine at three concen-trations(12,300,1500ng/mL)in human plasma was60.4% with a CV value of8.3%.Mean extraction recovery of milte-fosine at three concentration levels after the SPE process was 82.1±3.5%compared to a spiked blank processed sample rep-resenting100%.While ion suppression of miltefosine is high,it proved to be reproducible and acceptable accuracies and precisions were achieved with the method.Furthermore,it did not affect the desired sensitivity of the assay with a LLOQ of nominally 4ng/mL.A more sensitive assay was not needed,since no patient sample had a miltefosine concentration lower than the demon-strated LLOQ(data not shown).The mean extraction recovery of82.1%was higher than the approximate recovery from the SPE cartridges as reported by Knebel et al.[13].Because sample pre-treatment methods are quite similar in the two assays,probably the use of an acidic buffer solution to dilute the samples and neutralize the SPE car-tridge,enabled us to obtain higher yields of the analyte.Possibly, the neutralisation of the negatively charged group within the mil-tefosine molecule is responsible for this difference,although the interactions between the sorbent material inside the cartridge and the miltefosine molecule are supposedly non-polar and based on the hydrophobicity of the long alkyl-chain of miltefosine.Table3Stability data for miltefosineConditions Matrix Nominal concentration(ng/mL)Dev.(%)CV(%)No.of replicates Ambient,6h Plasma12.1−9.68 3.4131520−11.0 4.1333Freeze(−20◦C)/thaw cycles Plasma12.1 4.95 2.6431520 2.63 2.8332–8◦C,2days SPE eluate12.1 2.78 5.313303 2.11 4.113152010.1 3.0032–8◦C,4days SPE eluate12.1 1.289.7733038.99 4.6531520 6.00 5.573Reinjection reproducibility,10◦C,24h SPE eluate12.1 1.42 4.543303−6.370.83231520 3.43 2.573Long term stability,−20◦C,3months Plasma12.10.901 4.7233037.70 3.3431520 5.060.7583Dev.=deviation,CV=coefficient of variation,SPE=solid-phase extraction.All temperatures mentioned are nominal.。
数控英语词汇
数控英语词汇表单词词义abnormal Adj. 异常的absolute Adj. 绝对的accelerate v.加速accurate adj. 精确的adapter n.适配器，插头adjust v.调整，调试advanced adj.高级的，增强的alarm n.报警allowance n. 公差alter v.修改alternative current n. 直流电angle n.角度apply v. 应用；申请application n. 应用；申请appendix n.附录，附属品arbor n. 刀杆arc n.圆弧assembly n. 装配automate v. 使自动化automatic adj.自动的function n.功能axis n.轴backup v.备份barcode n. 条码base n. 底座bearing n.轴承bed n. 床身bend n. 弯曲blade 刃，峰block n.撞块，程序段blown v.熔断board n. 板卡bolt n. 螺栓bore v.镗boring n.镗brake n. 制动器，闸buffer n.v.缓冲built-in adj. 内置的bur n. 毛边button n.按钮buzzle n. 蜂鸣器cable n.电缆calculate v.计算caliper n. 卡尺cancel v.清除coupling n. 轴联器cycle 循环capability n. 性能capacity n.容量carriage n.床鞍，工作台cassette n.磁带cast v. 铸造cell n.电池changer n. 变换器check v.检查chip n.v. 碎屑；刨削chop v.錾削chopping n.錾削chuck n. 夹头(具) circle n.圆circuit n.电路，回路circular adj.圆弧的clamp v.夹紧clear v.清除clip v.剪切clip board n.剪贴板clutch n.卡盘，离合器code n.代码coder n.编码器column n. 立柱command n,v.命令communication n.通讯compensation n.补偿component n. 零件computerize v. 计算机化condition n.条件configuration n.配置configure v.配置connect v.连接connection n.连接connector n.连接器console n.操作台constant n.常数，adj.恒定的construction n. 构造conventional Adj. 传统的conversion n.转换cool v.冷却coolant n. 冷却液coordinate n.坐标corner n.转角correct v.改正，adj.正确的CPU n.中央处理单元crank n. 曲柄，手柄create v.生成current n.电流curve n. 曲线custom n.用户cut v.切削cutter n.切割工具，刀具cycle n.循环cylinder n.圆柱体cylindrical adj.圆柱的data n.数据（复数）datum n.数据（单数）decelerate v.减速define v.定义degree n.度delete v.删除delay v,n.延时deletion n.删除design n.v. 设计detect v.检查detection n.检查deviation n. 偏差，离差device n.装置DGN(diagnose) v.诊断DIAG(diagnosis) n.诊断diameter n.直径die n.模具digit n.数字dimension n.尺寸，（坐标系的）维direction n.方向directory n.目录disconnect v.断开disconnection n.断开distance n.距离divide n,v除，v.划分NC(numerical control) 数据控制drawing n.画图drill v.钻孔drive v.驱动ejector n. 顶出(弹出)装置electrical adj.电气的electronic adj.电子的emergency n.紧急情况enable v.使能encoder n.编码器engineer n. 工程师equipment n.设备error n.误差，错误，故障exit v. 退出external Adj 外部的extrude v. 拉伸fabricate vi. 制造factor n. 因素failure n.故障FANUC n.（日本）法那克fault n.故障feed v.进给feeder n. 送料机feedback v.反馈Federate n.进给率figure n.数字file n.文件；锉刀Filler rod n. 焊条filt(filtrate) v.过滤filter n.过滤器fine adj.精密的fitting n. 零件，附件fixed Adj. 固定的fixture n.夹具follower n. 从动件form n. 形成fracture n. 断裂frame n. 框架frequency n. 频率friction n. 摩擦function n.功能gantry n. 台架，龙门架gear n.齿轮generator n. 发动机governor n. 控制器，调节器graph n.图形graphic adj.图形的grind v.磨削grinder n. 磨床guidance n.指南，指导guide v.指导halt n,v.暂停，间断handle n, v.手柄；处理hardness n. 硬度headstock n. 床头箱hole n.孔hook n. 钩子horizontal a.水平的，卧式的hydraulic adj.液压的implement v. 执行implementation n. 执行incremental Adj. 增加的，增量的index 分度，索引indicator n. 指示器input n. 输入inspect v.检查instruction n.说明integration n. 集成interface n.接口interference n. 相交interrupt v.中断interruption n.中断interval n.间隔，间歇involute n.渐开线iron n. 铁ISO n.国际标准化组织key n. 建knee n. 升降台lathe n.车床limit n.极限limit switch n.限位开关linear adj.线性的link n,v.连接load n.负荷，v.装载logic n.逻辑loop n.回路，环路lubricate v. 润滑machine n.机床，v.加工magazine n.刀库magnet n.磁体，磁magnetic a.磁的maintain v.维护maintenance n.维护management n.管理manual n.手动manufacture v. 生产，加工master adj.主要的material n. 原材料Max(maximum) adj.最大的，n.最大值MDI n.手动数据输入measurement n.测量mechanism n. 结构，机械装置menu n.菜单metal n. 金属meter n, v.米；(仪表)测量metric adj.米制的mill n.铣床，v.铣削minimum(min) adj.最小的,n.最小值miscellaneous Adj. 辅助的；杂项的modal adj.模式的mode n.方式model n.型号modify v.修改module n.模块mold n. 模具；浇铸MON(monitor) v.监控moment n. 力矩motion n.运动motor n.电机NC n.数字控制negative adj.负的nest v,n.嵌入，嵌套NULL n.空Numeric(al) adj.数字的nut 螺母OEM n.原始设备制造商OFF adv.断offset n.补偿，偏移量ON adv.通operate v.操作operation n.操作operational Adj. 操作的outline n. 轮廓，外形output n. 输出overarm n. 滑枕overload n.过负荷pallet n. 托盘panel n.面板，仪表板PARA(parameter) n.参数parallel adj.平行的，并行的，并联的part n.工件，部分path n.路径PCB(Printed Circuit Board) n.印刷电路板perpendicular Adj. 垂直的pin n. 销，钉，栓plan n. 平面图plane v. 刨削planer n. 刨床plate n. 平板，金属板platform n. 台子pliers n. 钳子plug n. 塞子，插头plunger n. 活塞，柱塞portable adj.便携的POS(position) n.v.位置，安放positive adj.正的power n.电源，能量，功率precaution n. 预防措施precision n. 精度preload v.预负荷preparatory Adj. 准备的preset v.预设press v. 压，按，挤pressure n.压力preview v.予览prior adj.优先的，基本的procedure n.步骤process n, v. 工序，流程；加工profile n.轮廓，剖面program v.编程，n.程序proportion n. 比例pulse n.脉冲punch v.穿(冲)孔puncher n.穿孔机push button n.按钮quality n. 品质quit v.退出radius n.半径random Adj. 随机的range n.范围rapid adj.快速的rate n.比率，速度ratio n.比值read v.读ready adj.有准备的ream v.铰加工reamer n.铰刀record v,n.记录reference n.参考reference point n.参考点register n.寄存器registration n.注册，登记regulate v. 调整relative adj.相对的relay v,n.中继reliable Adj. 可靠的remedy n.解决方法remote adj.远程的replace v.更换，代替reset v.复位restart v.重启动RET(return) v.返回return v.返回revolve v. 转动revolution n.转rewind v.卷绕rigid adj.刚性的RISC n.精简指令集计算机roll v.滚动roller n.滚轮ROM n.只读存储器rotate v.旋转rotation n.旋转rotor n.转子rough adj.n.粗糙的；毛培RPM n.转/分RSTR(restart) v.重启动run v.运行saddle n. 床鞍sample n.样本，示例save v.存储save as 另存为saw n. 锯(子)scale n.尺度，标度scaling n.缩放比例schedule n.时间表，清单scratch n. 划伤screw n.丝杠，螺杆section n. 截面self-diagnostic 自诊断sensitivity n. 灵敏度sequence n.顺序Sequential Adj. 顺序的servo n.伺服set v.设置shaft n.轴shape n.形状sharpen v. 磨，使锋利sheet n. 薄板shift v.移位sign n.符号，标记sketch n. 草图slice n. 剖切slide n. 拖板slot n.槽solder v. 焊接spanner n. 扳手specification n. 规格spindle n.主轴stamp v. 冲压standard n. 标准start v.启动status n.状态storage n. 仓库surface n.表面switch n.开关switch off v.关断switch on v.接通symbol n.符号，标记system n.系统tailstock n. 尾座tank n.箱体tap n,v.攻丝tape n.磁带，纸带taper n. 锥，锥孔tapping n.攻丝technician n. 技师technique n.技术，工艺temperature n.温度test v,n.测试thickness n. 厚度thread n.螺纹tolerance n.公差tool n.刀具，工具tool pot n.刀杯torque n.扭矩torsion n. 扭力tower n.刀架，转塔transfer v.传输，传送transformer n.变压器translate v. 平移traverse v.n. 穿越；横向的treat v. 处理trigger v.触发turn v. 车削turn off v.关断turn on v.接通turret n. 转台unclamp v.松开unit n.单位，装置unload n.卸载UPS(Uninterruptible powersystem ) n.不间断电源vise n. 老虎钳volume n. 体积variable n.变量，adj.可变的velocity n.速度vertical a.垂直的voltage n.电压warning n.警告wear n,v.磨损weight n.重量，权重weld n. 焊接wheel n.轮子，砂轮window n.窗口，视窗wire n. 线workpiece n.工件zero n.零zone n.区域注；其中的汉语解释只侧重于它们在数控系统中的含义，而对其它含义则予以忽略。
抗狂犬病病毒中和抗体效价快速荧光灶抑制试验_RFFIT_的建概要
20世纪60年代初,WHO 开始推荐使用小鼠脑内中和法(Mouse neutralization test ,MNT 测定抗狂犬病病毒中和抗体。
但自80年代中期开始,发现MNT 法实验时间较长(至少需14d ,受动物质量、攻击病毒的滴度、实验人员的操作技术和经验等多种因素的影响,重复性、一致性和灵敏性均较差,而且需要使用大量动物,不符合国际上动物实验3R 的原则[1]。
为此,WHO 在许多国家实验的基础上,推荐快速、精确和重复性好的体外检测抗狂犬病病毒中和抗体的方法,即快速荧光灶抑制试验(Rapid flu -orescence focus inhibition test ,RFFIT 和荧光抗体病毒中和试验(Fluorescent antibody virus neutralizationtest ,FAVNT [2,3]。
本文对RFFIT 法与MNT 法的相关性进行了分析,现将结果报道如下。
作者单位:1中国药品生物制品检定所病毒一室(北京100050;2Institut Pasteur,Paris,France.通讯作者:董关木,E -mail :gmdong@中国图书分类号R392Q33文献标识码A 文章编号1004-5503(200911-1145-04【实验技术】抗狂犬病病毒中和抗体效价快速荧光灶抑制试验(RFFIT 的建立及应用吴小红1李加1唐建蓉1Herv éBourhy 2刘景华1曲效民1曹守春1董关木1【摘要】目的建立抗狂犬病病毒中和抗体效价的快速荧光灶抑制试验(RFFIT ,验证其与小鼠脑内中和法(MNT 的相关性,并用于马抗狂犬病病毒血清(ERIG 和人狂犬病免疫球蛋白(HRIG 及狂犬病疫苗免疫后血清中和抗体效价的测定。
方法待测血清或免疫球蛋白在96孔板中作3倍系列稀释,与能感染80%~95%细胞量的攻击病毒混合后,37℃体外中和1h ,接种BSR 细胞,培养24h 后荧光染色,荧光显微镜下读取结果。
实时荧光定量PCR仪qTOWER（RealtimePCR）
Quantitative real-time rapidPCR qTOWER | Quantitative real-time rapidPCRCombination of rapidPCR with real-time fluorescence detection Ideal for daily routine diagnosticsSimple and fast result analysis integrated into control softwareqTOWER | New, faster and easier quantitative real-time PCR New, faster and easier quantitative real-time PCR The qTOWER for routine real-time diagnostics is based on a novel fiber optical system patented by Analytik Jena. Furthermore it combines the advantages of exceptionally fast rapidPCR with ramping rates up to 12 °C/sec and a considerably sample consumption down to 5 µl per reaction. The test principle is build on robust homogeneous exonuclease assay or simple intercalating dyes, like SybrGreen. The detection of fluorescence signals takes place during each cycle, user-defined either during denaturation, annealing or elongation. Thereby the device is also suitable for easiest multi-component analysis.Subject to changes in design and scope of delivery as well as further technical development!March 2010, Analytik Jena AGAnalytik Jena AG Life ScienceKonrad-Zuse-Strasse 107745 Jena / Germany*****************************Phone +49 (0) 36 41 77 - 94 00Fax +49 (0) 36 41 77 - 76 77 76qPCRsoft – simple and clearBasis for the final analysis of the real-time PCR curves is the integrated software qPCRsoft. With this software the analytical evaluation of measured fluorescence signals referring to methods like absolute or relative quantification, delta-delta ct, allele discrimination or PCR efficiencies takes place. This control and analysis software allows the accurate determi-nation of concentrations or available allele conditions as well as ratios of expressions. Furthermore the complete system is extreme fast and permits the measurement by means of observing qPCR curves including analysis of up to 96 samples in parallel within less than 60 minutes. Thus the qTOWER in combination with qPCRsoft software represents an excellent, highly flexible and really fast real-time PCR device.Intuitive, fast and easy operation are hallmarks of the qTOWER software. It not only controls the rapidPCR reaction and recording of fluorescence signals per cycle, it also enables the final data analysis by a wide choice of different qPCR methods. Prepared for the futureTo meet different demands of applications, the qTOWER can be equipped with up to 4 different color modules for excitation and emission. Thereby the qTOWER can be customized, as a choice of the user out of 9 different available color modules. This keeps the system open for individually adaptations or changes. Therefore the instrument is ideally suited for multiplex applications and covers most currently available dyestuffs.9 different color modules available, including 4 FRET filters Open for individually adaptations or changesRead-out of 96 wells within 4 seconds, independent of the number of dyesIntegrated control and analysis software qPCRsoftReal-time PCR and analysis of 96 samples in parallel within less than 60 minutesVariety of methods for data analysis Absolute and relative quantificationPCR efficiency and delta-delta ct methodDiscrimination of allele conditions and determination of expression ratiosQuantitative real-time fluorescence detectionCombines advantages of rapidPCR with enormous sample consumptionHeating rates of up to 12 °C/sec and cooling rates of up to 8 °C/secSample consumption down to 5 µlAdditionally Analytik Jena’s SPS SPS ( (S S ample-P rotection-rotection-S S ystems) ensures best protection of the samples inside the thermal block, by cooling down to 20 °C during heat up of the slided lid, prior to start of the PCR. Thereby the maximum set temperature of 120 °C and the automatic, high contact pressure ensure best sample recovery without any conden-sation, even in case of small reaction volumes. Integrated 96 well LPR thermal block for rapidPCR using qTOWERAvailable color and FRET modulesExcitation (nm)Emission (nm)Detected Dyes (Examples)Color module 1470520FAM, SybrGreen, Alexa488Color module 2515545JOE, HEX, VIC, YakimaYellow Color module 3535580TAMRA, DFO, Alexa546, NED Color module 4565605ROX, TexasRed, Cy3.5Color module 5630670Cy5, Alexa633, Quasar670FRET 1470580FAM (donor) / / TAMRA (acceptor)FRET 2470670FAM (donor) / / Cy5 (acceptor)FRET 3470705FAM (donor) / / Cy5.5 (acceptor)FRET 4515670JOE (donor) / / Cy5 (acceptor)This is a Licensed Real-Time Thermal Cycler(s) or Licensed Real-Time Temperature Cycling Instrument(s) under ABI’s United States Patent No. 6,814,934 and corresponding claims in non-U.S. counterparts thereof, for use in research and for all other applied fields except human in vitro diagnostics. No right is conveyed expressly, by implication or by estoppel under any other patent claim.。