考博英语真题参考答案97-06
英语语言博士试题及答案
英语语言博士试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following English words?A. PhenomenalB. PhenomenologyC. PhenomenonD. Phenomenon答案：B2. Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?A. She is more intelligent than what I thought.B. She is more intelligent than I thought.C. She is more intelligent than I had thought.D. She is more intelligent than I thought she was.答案：D3. The phrase "break a leg" is commonly used to mean:A. To cause an injuryB. To wish someone good luckC. To perform poorlyD. To take a break答案：B4. In English, the term "modal verb" refers to:A. A verb that is used to express necessity or possibilityB. A verb that is used to express actionC. A verb that is used to express emotionD. A verb that is used to express a fact答案：A5. Which of the following is an example of a phrasal verb?A. To look upB. To look afterC. To look intoD. All of the above答案：D6. The word "facetious" is an example of:A. A nounB. An adjectiveC. A verbD. An adverb答案：B7. The sentence "The cat is on the mat" is an example of:A. A declarative sentenceB. An interrogative sentenceC. An imperative sentenceD. An exclamatory sentence答案：A8. Which of the following is not a preposition in English?A. AtB. InC. OnD. And答案：D9. The term "passive voice" is used to describe:A. A sentence structure where the subject performs the actionB. A sentence structure where the subject receives the actionC. A sentence structure where the object performs the actionD. A sentence structure where the object receives the action 答案：B10. The phrase "kick the bucket" is an idiomatic expression that means:A. To dieB. To start a new jobC. To move to a new placeD. To give up答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" can be used to describe someone who is very talkative and humorous in a way that is not serious.答案：facetious2. The phrase "____" is used to express that something ishappening right now.答案：right now3. In English grammar, the term "____" refers to the subject of a sentence that performs the action.答案：active voice4. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very careful and precise in their work.答案：meticulous5. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening in the future.答案：in the future6. The word "____" is used to describe a situation where something is not possible or cannot happen.答案：impossible7. The term "____" refers to a verb that is used to describea state of being rather than an action.答案：linking verb8. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening in the past.答案：in the past9. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very enthusiastic and energetic.答案：zealous10. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening at the present moment.答案：right now三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a countable noun and an uncountable noun in English.答案：A countable noun is a noun that can be counted and has both singular and plural forms, such as "apple" and "apples". An uncountable noun, on the other hand, is a noun that cannot be counted and does not have a plural form, such as "water"or "information".2. What is the function of an adverb in a sentence?答案：An adverb is a word that modifies or provides more information about verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. It can describe how, when, where, or to what extent an action is performed.3. Describe the use of the subjunctive mood in English.答案：The subjunctive mood is used to express various statesof unreality such as doubt, possibility, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred. It is often used in conditional sentences, to express wishes, or in certain fixed expressions.四、论述。
考博士英语试题及答案
考博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。
（每题2分，共10分）[短文内容略](1) What is the main idea of the passage?(2) What does the author suggest about the future of technology?(3) Why are some people hesitant to adopt new technologies?(4) What is the role of education in technological advancement?(5) How can individuals contribute to the development of technology?2. 阅读以下文章，然后根据文章内容选择最佳答案。
（每题2分，共10分）[文章内容略](1) A(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) E3. 阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。
（每题3分，共20分） [文章内容略](1) What is the primary purpose of the article?(2) How does the author describe the impact of globalization?(3) What are some of the challenges faced by developing countries?(4) What solutions does the author propose to address the issues?(5) What is the author's conclusion regarding the futureof globalization?二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. 根据句子意思，选择正确的词汇填空。
医学考博英语试题及答案
医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．It’s a program designed to______ mainly to 16 to 25 year olds.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)A．includeB．appreciateC．appealD．conduct正确答案：C解析：句意为：这是一个为吸引16到25岁年龄段的人而设计的项目。
根据句意，C项appeal“吸引”，其他三项，A项include“包括”、B项appreciate“欣赏”、D项conduct“实施”均不符合句意。
2．In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．appearanceB．popularityC．dominanceD．consolidation正确答案：A解析：本题中，advent的意思是“出现，到来”。
A项“appearance出现”符合题意，如：His sudden appearance surprised her．(他的突然到来使她很惊讶。
)其他三项“popularity普及，流行；dominance优势，统治；consolidation巩固，合并”都不正确。
3．Don’t eat anything that will spoil your______ for dinner.A．appetiteB．tasteC．interestD．appreciation正确答案：A解析：appetite n．食欲，胃口；欲望(如：She ate slowly，without appetite．At the moment he had no appetite for work／reading．)。
博士英语面试试题及答案
博士英语面试试题及答案一、自我介绍1. 请用英语简单介绍一下你自己。
答案：My name is [Your Name], and I come from [Your Hometown]. I have a master's degree in [Your Major] from [Your University]. I am passionate about [Your Interest] and have been actively involved in [Your Relevant Experience].二、专业问题1. 请谈谈你在硕士期间的研究工作。
答案：During my master's program, I focused on [Your Research Topic]. I conducted [Research Method] and found [Key Findings]. This experience has equipped me with [Skills or Knowledge] that I believe will be beneficial for my PhD studies.2. 你选择我们大学读博的原因是什么？答案：I chose your university because of its strong reputation in [Your Field of Study]. Additionally, thefaculty members here have a diverse range of expertise that aligns with my research interests, and I am particularly interested in working with [Specific Professor].三、研究计划1. 请简述你的博士研究计划。
沈阳化工大学博士招生英语考试真题及答案
沈阳化工大学博士招生英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1沈阳化工大学博士招生英语考试真题及答案Part I: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Text:In recent years, the problem of air pollution has become increasingly severe in many cities around the world. As a result, governments are implementing stricter regulations to control emissions and protect the environment and public health.One of the main sources of air pollution is vehicle exhaust emissions. Cars, trucks, and other vehicles release harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the air. These pollutants can contribute to smog formation, respiratory problems, and other health issues.To address this issue, governments are encouraging the use of electric vehicles (EVs) as a cleaner and more sustainablealternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. EVs produce zero emissions at the tailpipe and are considered environmentally friendly.In addition to promoting EVs, governments are also investing in public transportation infrastructure to reduce reliance on private vehicles. By improving bus and train services, governments aim to reduce traffic congestion, lower emissions, and improve air quality in cities.Overall, combating air pollution requires a multifaceted approach that includes stricter regulations, cleaner technology, and sustainable transportation solutions.Questions:1. What is one of the main sources of air pollution mentioned in the passage?2. How do electric vehicles (EVs) help reduce air pollution?3. What are governments doing to encourage the use of public transportation?4. What is the main idea of the passage?Answers:1. Vehicle exhaust emissions.2. EVs produce zero emissions at the tailpipe and are considered environmentally friendly.3. Governments are investing in public transportation infrastructure to reduce reliance on private vehicles.4. The passage discusses the problem of air pollution, its main sources, and solutions to address it, including promoting electric vehicles and improving public transportation.Part II: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic.Topic: The importance of environmental protection in modern society.In your essay, you should discuss:1. The impact of environmental degradation on public health and ecosystems.2. The role of individuals, communities, and governments in environmental protection.3. Strategies and initiatives that can be implemented to promote environmental sustainability.Your essay should be well-organized and contain relevant examples to support your arguments.Part III: English ProficiencyComplete the following sentences with the correct answer option.1. The ____________ of air pollution is a growing concern for many cities.A) emissionB) emitC) emittingD) emissions2. ____________ the use of public transportation can help reduce traffic congestion.A) PromotingB) PromotesC) PromotedD) Promote3. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power are considered ____________ solutions to combat climate change.A) sustainableB) sustainablyC) sustainabilityD) sustain4. Individuals can make a difference by ____________ their carbon footprint.A) reduceB) reducingC) reducesD) reducedAnswers:1. D) emissions2. A) Promoting3. A) sustainable4. B) reducingThis is the end of the exam. Good luck!篇2Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Ph.D. Entrance Examination English TestPart I: Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part, you will have 20 minutes to read the passages listed below and answer the questions that follow. Answer the questions according to what is stated or implied in the passages.Passage 1:According to the passage, what is the main topic of the text?A. The benefits of studying at Shenyang University of Chemical TechnologyB. The Ph.D. entrance examination format at Shenyang University of Chemical TechnologyC. The history of Shenyang University of Chemical TechnologyD. The various departments at Shenyang University of Chemical TechnologyPassage 2:Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about the Ph.D. program at Shenyang University of Chemical Technology?A. It requires a minimum GPA of 3.5 for admissionB. It offers full scholarships to all admitted studentsC. It includes coursework in addition to research requirementsD. It only accepts students with a master’s degree in the same fieldPart II: WritingDirections: In this part, you are required to write a short essay based on the given topic. You should write at least 200 words. Remember to use proper grammar and punctuation in your response.Topic: Discuss the importance of research in the field of chemical engineering and how pursuing a Ph.D. in this area can further one’s career goals.Sample Answer:Research plays a crucial role in advancing the field of chemical engineering, as it allows for the exploration of newtechnologies, processes, and materials that have the potential to revolutionize various industries. Pursuing a Ph.D. in chemical engineering provides individuals with the opportunity to delve deeper into specific research areas, acquire advanced knowledge and skills, and make significant contributions to the field.By conducting research, Ph.D. students are able to address key challenges and problems in the field of chemical engineering, develop innovative solutions, and enhance existing processes. Research also enables individuals to stay abreast of the latest developments and advancements in the industry, leading to a greater understanding of complex concepts and phenomena. Additionally, conducting research allows Ph.D. students to collaborate with professionals in the field, contribute to scholarly publications, and establish themselves as experts in their respective areas of specialization.Moreover, pursuing a Ph.D. in chemical engineering can open up numerous opportunities for career advancement and professional growth. Individuals with a Ph.D. in this area are often sought after by industry-leading companies, research institutions, and academic organizations for their specialized knowledge, research skills, and problem-solving abilities. A Ph.D. in chemical engineering can also lead to higher salaries,increased job security, and greater job satisfaction, making it an attractive option for those looking to further their career goals.In conclusion, research is essential in the field of chemical engineering and pursuing a Ph.D. in this area can lead to exciting career opportunities, personal growth, and professional development. Individuals who choose to pursue a Ph.D. in chemical engineering will not only contribute to the advancement of the field but also position themselves as leaders and innovators in the industry.Overall, the Ph.D. entrance examination at Shenyang University of Chemical Technology is designed to test candidates’ reading comprehension skills and analytical abilities. By successfully completing the examination, candidates can demonstrate their readiness for advanced study and research in the field of chemical engineering. Good luck to all applicants!篇3Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Doctoral Admission English Examination Questions and AnswersPart I: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage:Climate Change and Its Effects on the EnvironmentClimate change is a significant global issue that is affecting the environment in numerous ways. The rise in global temperatures due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation has led to changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. These changes have severe consequences for the environment, including loss of biodiversity, disruptions to ecosystems, and threats to food security.Questions:1. What are the main causes of climate change?2. What are some of the effects of climate change on the environment?3. How does climate change affect biodiversity?Answer Key:1. The main causes of climate change are human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.2. Some effects of climate change on the environment include changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and increased frequency of extreme weather events.3. Climate change affects biodiversity by causing disruptions to ecosystems, which can lead to loss of species and habitats.Part II: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic:"The Role of Education in Addressing Climate Change"In your essay, discuss the importance of education in raising awareness about climate change and its effects on the environment. Provide examples of educational initiatives that have been successful in promoting environmental sustainability. Conclude your essay by highlighting the key role that education plays in tackling the global issue of climate change.Answer:Education plays a crucial role in addressing climate change by raising awareness about the environmental issues that our planet is facing. By educating individuals about the causes and consequences of climate change, we can empower them to take action to reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future.One successful educational initiative that promotes environmental sustainability is the Green Schools program, which aims to educate students about the importance of conservation and sustainability. Through this program, schools teach students about recycling, energy conservation, and sustainable practices, helping to instill a sense of environmental responsibility in the younger generation.In conclusion, education is essential in addressing climate change as it empowers individuals to make informed choices that contribute to a more sustainable future. By raising awareness about the environmental challenges we face and promoting sustainable practices, education plays a key role in combating the global issue of climate change.Overall, the Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Doctoral Admission English Examination challenges students to think critically about important global issues such as climate change and environmental sustainability. By engaging with thoughtful readings and writing prompts, students can demonstrate their understanding of these complex topics and their ability to communicate ideas effectively in English.。
博士生英语试题及答案
博士生英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. PhenomenonD. Fact2. Which of the following is the correct usage of "affect"?A. The weather will affect tomorrow.B. The weather will be affected by tomorrow.C. The weather will affect tomorrow's plans.D. The weather will be affected to tomorrow's plans. ...10. In the sentence "He is one of the most talented students in the class," the word "talented" refers to:A. GiftedB. EducatedC. SkilledD. Trained答案：1. C2. C...10. A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The _______ of the new policy has caused a lot of controversy.A. implementationB. introductionC. executionD. application2. Despite his _______, he managed to finish the project on time.A. illnessB. healthC. sicknessD. disease...10. The _______ of the experiment was to determine the effects of different variables.A. purposeB. goalC. aimD. target答案：1. B2. A...10. C三、阅读理解（每篇5分，共20分）阅读以下文章，回答后面的问题。
医学博士英语试题及答案
医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。
博士学位英语考试真题及答案
博士学位英语考试真题及答案题目1：Which of the following statements is true about academic writing?A. It often uses informal language.B. It avoids using citations from other sources.C. It emphasizes clarity and precision.D. It does not require careful planning.答案：C题目2：The main purpose of a research paper is to ____.A. entertain the readerB. persuade the readerC. present new ideas or findingsD. describe personal experiences答案：C题目3：In academic writing, a citation is used to ____.A. add humor to the textB. support an argument with evidenceC. increase the word countD. make the text more creative答案：B题目4：When writing an abstract for a research paper, it is important to ____.A. include detailed experimental proceduresB. provide a summary of the main pointsC. discuss the limitations of the studyD. present personal opinions about the topic答案：B题目5：Plagiarism refers to the act of ____.A. copying someone else's work without proper citationB. using complex vocabulary to impress readersC. avoiding using citations in academic writingD. discussing personal opinions in a research paper答案：A题目6：In academic writing, a thesis statement is a sentence that ____.A. entertains the reader with a jokeB. presents the main argument or purpose of the paperC. provides background information about the topicD. discusses the limitations of previous research答案：B题目7：The passive voice is often used in academic writing to ____.A. sound more informalB. emphasize the actions of the subjectC. avoid mentioning who performed an actionD. make the text more creative答案：C题目8：Effective academic writing should be ____.A. vague and ambiguousB. concise and focusedC. full of unnecessary detailsD. written in a conversational style答案：B请注意，这些题目只是示例，并不代表真实的博士学位英语考试题目。
博士考试试题及答案英语
博士考试试题及答案英语PhD Exam Questions and Answers: EnglishIntroduction:For individuals pursuing a doctoral degree, the PhD exam is a critical milestone that tests their knowledge and competency in their chosen field. In this article, we will explore selected PhD exam questions and provide comprehensive answers in English. The questions cover a range of topics and aim to assess the candidate's understanding and analytical skills.Question 1:Discuss the impact of technology on global communication.Answer 1:Technology has revolutionized global communication, breaking down barriers and creating new opportunities. The widespread availability of the internet and social media platforms has enabled instantaneous connection across continents. This has facilitated the exchange of information and ideas, fostering collaboration and innovation on a global scale. Additionally, technology has made communication more accessible and affordable, bridging the gap between individuals and cultures. However, there are challenges, such as language barriers and the digital divide, that need to be addressed to ensure equal access to communication technologies worldwide.Question 2:Explain the concept of sustainable development and its significance in today's world.Sustainable development refers to the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It emphasizes the integration of economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection. In today's world, sustainable development is of utmost importance due to various reasons. The increasing population and consumption patterns have put significant pressure on natural resources and ecosystems. Sustainable development offers a framework to balance economic development with environmental conservation, ensuring the well-being of current and future generations. It is crucial for addressing climate change, poverty, and inequality, creating a more equitable and resilient society.Question 3:Discuss the impact of globalization on cultural diversity.Answer 3:Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on cultural diversity. On one hand, globalization promotes the sharing and exchange of diverse cultures, leading to increased awareness and appreciation of different traditions and practices. It allows individuals to explore and celebrate cultural diversity, fostering tolerance and understanding. On the other hand, globalization can also lead to cultural homogenization, where dominant cultures overshadow and erode unique local traditions. The influx of global media and consumerism has the potential to dilute indigenous cultures. It is essential to strike a balance, preserving cultural heritage while embracing the benefits of global interconnectedness.Examine the role of ethics in scientific research.Answer 4:Ethics plays a fundamental role in scientific research, ensuring the integrity, validity, and societal impact of scientific endeavors. Researchers have a responsibility to conduct their work with honesty, transparency, and respect for participants and subjects. Ethical considerations include obtaining informed consent, protecting confidentiality, and minimizing harm to individuals and the environment. Additionally, ethical research practices involve avoiding plagiarism, fraudulent data manipulation, and conflicts of interest. Upholding ethical standards promotes the credibility and trustworthiness of scientific findings, contributing to the advancement of knowledge for the betterment of society.Conclusion:The PhD exam questions presented above provide a glimpse into the diverse topics that candidates may encounter during their doctoral journey. These questions necessitate critical thinking, extensive knowledge, and effective communication skills. By thoroughly understanding and successfully answering such questions, individuals demonstrate their readiness to contribute to their respective fields of study. The pursuit of a PhD is not only an academic endeavor but also a commitment to expanding knowledge and making a positive impact on society.。
英语考博试题及答案
英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。
Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
博士专业英语试题及答案
博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。
博士英语考试试题及答案
博士英语考试试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. CopyD. Duplicate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She don't like to go out in the rain.B. They has been working on the project for months.C. Neither of the students were prepared for the exam.D. The number of attendees is greater than expected.答案：D3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions:a) The book is _______ the shelf.b) She is _______ the committee since 2019.c) He is _______ the same opinion as his colleague.答案：a) onb) inc) of二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1[Text omitted for brevity]4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The role of communication in relationships.D. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.答案：B5. According to the passage, which of the following is not a benefit of using technology?A. Improved efficiency.B. Enhanced communication.C. Increased isolation.D. Greater accessibility.答案：C6. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem mentioned in the passage?A. Limiting the use of technology.B. Encouraging more face-to-face interactions.C. Relying solely on traditional methods.D. Ignoring the issue altogether.答案：B三、完形填空（共20分）[Text omitted for brevity]7. In the context of the passage, what does the word "alleviate" most likely mean?A. To worsen.B. To reduce.C. To ignore.D. To exaggerate.答案：B8. Why does the author believe that the issue discussed is important?A. It affects a large number of people.B. It is a new and emerging problem.C. It has been overlooked by many.D. It is a personal concern of the author.答案：A9. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Negative Effects of Stress.B. Coping Strategies for Stress.C. The Causes of Stress in Modern Life.D. The Importance of Stress Management.答案：B四、翻译（共20分）10. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese:"The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives."答案：技术快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了重大变化。
博士生英语考试真题试卷
博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。
解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。
2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。
解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。
3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。
解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。
4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。
解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。
2023年考博英语真题及答案
2023考博英语真题及答案PART 1 TRANSLATION (Chinese to English )1.为了减缓交通，提高空气质量，北京公布了新的交通规章。
To relieve the traffic and improve the air quality, new traffic regulations have been issued in Beijing.考点一：减缓交通(relieve the traffic)考点二：公布(issue)2.有牢靠的证据说明，日光暴晒与皮肤癌之间有联系。
(evidence) There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sunlight and skin cancer.考点一：日光曝晒(exposure to sunlight)考点二：“皮肤癌”一词的翻译3.虽然他深知吸烟有害安康，但他对我们要他戒烟的忠告却置若罔闻。
(aware)Tough he is aware that smoking is harmful to health, he is always turning a deaf ear to our advice that he give up smoking.考点一：be aware of 的用法考点二：be harmful to 的用法考点三：对置若罔闻(turn a deaf ear to)4.科学家们不负众望，胜利放射了一枚人造卫星。
(live)The scientists successfully launched a man-made satellite, living up to peoples expectation.考点一：不负众望(live up to peoples expectation)考点二：放射卫星(launch a satellite)5.那场大雾直到11点钟才散去，延误了好几十个航班。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。
考博英语试题及答案
考博英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答1-5题。
In recent years, the number of people who commute to work by bicycle has increased significantly. This trend can be attributed to several factors, including concerns about environmental pollution, the rising cost of fuel, and the desire for a healthier lifestyle. As a result, many cities have invested in bicycle lanes and other infrastructure to support this mode of transportation.1. What is the main reason for the increase in bicycle commuting?A. Environmental concernsB. High fuel costsC. Health benefitsD. All of the above2. What has been the response of cities to this trend?A. They have ignored it.B. They have invested in bicycle infrastructure.C. They have discouraged it.D. They have not taken any action.3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason for the increase in bicycle commuting?A. Traffic congestionB. Environmental pollutionC. Rising cost of fuelD. Desire for a healthier lifestyle4. What does the passage suggest about the future of bicycle commuting?A. It will continue to increase.B. It will decrease.C. It will remain stable.D. It is uncertain.5. What type of infrastructure have cities invested in to support bicycle commuting?A. Public transportationB. Bicycle lanesC. Parking lotsD. Highways二、词汇与语法（共30分）Choose the correct word or phrase to fill in the blanks in the following sentences.6. The company has decided to ________ its operations to new markets.A. expandB. contractC. maintainD. abandon7. Despite the heavy rain, the marathon was still held as________.A. plannedB. planningC. to planD. was planning8. The new policy will come into ________ on January 1st.A. effectB. affectC. impactD. influence9. The professor's lecture was so ________ that I couldn't follow it.A. complicatedB. complexC. complicatedlyD. complexly10. She ________ the book to the library yesterday.A. returnedB. borrowedC. lentD. kept三、翻译（共20分）Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着科技的发展，远程工作变得越来越普遍。
博士考试试题及答案英语
博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
考博英语(阅读理解)练习试卷6(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷6(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionAn American literary critic, humorous journalist, essayist, whose comic skepticism about human progress, expressed with penetrating style, is a continuing resource for all lovers of extravagant language. Mencken wrote—according to some estimations—3 000 newspaper columns. During the 15-year period following World War I , Mencken set the standard for satire in his day, and his essays are still widely read. Mencken was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute(1892—1896), continued to study literature with a private tutor, and worked in his father’s cigar factory(f896—1899). From 1899, when his father died, Mencken was a reporter or editor for several Baltimore papers, among them Baltimore Morning Herald. He later joined the staff of the Baltimore Sun , for which he worked throughout most of his life. From 1916 to 1918 he worked as a war correspondent in Germany and in Russia. Mencken gained a reputation in the trade as a boy wonder, for he was industrious and fertile and learned all there was to learn about a newspaper in a few years. He advanced with alarming rapidity, becoming city editor and two years later managing editor of the Herald, In 1906 when the Herald ceased to exist, Mencken went to the Sunpaper.s as Sunday editor, became an editorial writer, and in 1911 started his column, the Free Lance, in the Evening Sun. He began another series of weekly articles in 1919 and was associated with the Sunpapers, except for one short break, until 1948. At sixty-two Mencken had spent forty-three years as a newspaperman, forty as a writer of books, twenty-five as a reviewer, and twenty as a magazine editor. “I edited both newspapers and magazines, some of them successes and some ol them not, and got a close, confidential view of the manner in which opinion is formulated on this earth. . . Like any other man I have had my disasters and my miseries, and like any other author I have suffered from recurrent depressions and despairs, but taking one year with another I have had a fine time of it in this vale of sorrow, and no call to envy any man. “Mencken suffered a cerebral thrGmbosis(脑血栓) in 1948, from which he never fully recovered, and died on January 29, 1956. (349 words)1．What does the passage mainly discuss?A．Mencken’s life and career.B．Mencken’s literary style.C．Mencken’s reputation in America.D．Mencken’s self-evaluation.正确答案：A解析：B、C和D内容比较具体，不宜作为主题。
考博英语-97_真题无答案
考博英语-97(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ VocabularyDirections: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the One answer that **pletes the sentence. Then write your choice on the Answer Sheet.1.The local authorities seemed to ______ for the accident taking place last week.SSS_SINGLE_SELA shareB takeC criticizeD blame2.The survey showed that ______ numbers of 15-year-olds were already smoking twenty cigarettes a week.SSS_SINGLE_SELA essentialB steadyC primaryD substantial3.In order to survive now and ______ in the future, all the working staff must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business.SSS_SINGLE_SELA maximizeB thriveC modernizeD remain4.**ing of automation is ______ to have important social consequences.SSS_SINGLE_SELA likeB frightfulC boundD compelled5.Tom could hardly ______ his excitement as he knew that he had made a real discovery.SSS_SINGLE_SELA concealB revealC showD discover6.Since Japan ______ importance to education and technological innovation, its economy has developed at a high speed.SSS_SINGLE_SELA relatesB appliesC attachesD connects7.There has been an increase in attendance at lectures ______ by the World Affairs Council, which brings international issues to public attention.SSS_SINGLE_SELA developedB sponsoredC advancedD promoted8.Because of recent political and economic upheavals in these countries, it seems likely that the trend will be toward decentralized, Western-style systems.SSS_SINGLE_SELA conceptionsB innovationsC chaosD transitions9.The goals and desires ______ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.SSS_SINGLE_SELB varyC distinguishD transfer10.It is our ______ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.SSS_SINGLE_SELA consistentB considerateC certainD decisive11.His desire to ______ other people has caused trouble in his family.SSS_SINGLE_SELA pleaseB dominateC forceD urge12.Chemisty is closely ______ with other studies: physics, biology and so on.SSS_SINGLE_SELA correspondedB concernedC correlatedD cooperated13.The jet quickly ______ into the sky and soon went out of our view.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ascendedB launchedC assessedD descended14.Western scholars generally recognize two main kinds of riddle: the descriptive riddle and the witty question.SSS_SINGLE_SELB absurdC controversialD exhilarating15.The badly wounded soldiers take ______ for medical treatment over those only slightly hurt.SSS_SINGLE_SELA priorityB measuresC chanceD responsibility16.Mercury orbits the Sun in 88 Earth days at an average speed of 48 kilometres per second, allowing it to overtake Earth every 116 Earth days.SSS_SINGLE_SELA precipitateB stimulateC overhaulD rotate17.She ______ the high unemployment figures as evidence of the failure of the government policy.SSS_SINGLE_SELA citedB recitedC listedD lifted18.The loss of lusitania and so many of its passengers, including 128 U.S. citizens, aroused a wave of indignation in the United States.SSS_SINGLE_SELA perplexityB wrathC distressD skepticism19.Shy people never ______ set out to attract attention of other people.SSS_SINGLE_SELA willinglyB voluntarilyC decidedlyD maintained20.Concerned people want to ______ the risk of developing cancer.SSS_SINGLE_SELA takeB decreaseC minimizeD run21.The full ______ of changes in computer technology will be felt within the next few years.SSS_SINGLE_SELA affectB impactC actionD importance22.In the ______ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to USD 30 million.SSS_SINGLE_SELA faceB timeC eventD course23.Because of a recent obstacle in production, sales have dropped and accordingly profits have ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA declinedB increasedC brokenD promoted24.Why are some of us good at math, or writing, while others ______ at art or basketball?SSS_SINGLE_SELA workB gazeC aimD excel25.The search for the lost ship must be ______ because of poor weather.SSS_SINGLE_SELA releasedB resignedC abandonedD surrendered26.Against the hostility of their world, seen or unseen, medieval societies also fell back upon a wide variety of communities vowed to mutual support.SSS_SINGLE_SELA assimilate toB conform toC succumb toD resorted to27.The police ______ to emergencies in just a few minutes when the accident happened.SSS_SINGLE_SELA respondedB repliedC adjustedD appealed28.The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a ______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion.SSS_SINGLE_SELA longB foreverC lastingD lively29.There is a high job mobility among young people as they will ______ work one day and find a new job the next.SSS_SINGLE_SELA departB rejectC quitD leave30.As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to ______ it.SSS_SINGLE_SELA postponeB refuseC acceptD cancel31.The destruction of rainforests has been ______ as a disaster for the environment.SSS_SINGLE_SELA blamedB declaredC condemnedD claimed32.______ is the question of using existing resources to produce original and beneficial solutions, ideas or products.SSS_SINGLE_SELA CreatioityB ProductivityC ApplicationD Combination33.The Great Wall is a great tourist ______, drawing millions of visitors from all parts of the world every year.SSS_SINGLE_SELA attentionB appointmentC attractionD interest34.It is not too late, but ______ action is needed.SSS_SINGLE_SELA rightB urgentC hurryD prompt35.Man may destroy the balance of nature, but from time to time, nature takes a terrible______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA attackB threatC lessonD revenge36.The car one drives may show his/her ______ or social position.SSS_SINGLE_SELA curiosityB statusC importanceD reputation37.Disabled people are now able to care for many of their own needs,______ educational goals, and maintain jobs.SSS_SINGLE_SELA attemptB pursueC realizeD perform38.Sometimes artists find it hard for their works to win popular ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA welcomeB applauseC appetiteD appreciation39.It is still not clear what ______ a series of argument between them.SSS_SINGLE_SELA contributedB markedC ignitedD triggered40.The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our ______ almost two hours later.SSS_SINGLE_SELA destinationB whitherC respectD praisePart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn old days, when a glimpse of stocking was looked upon as something far too shocking to distract the serious work of an office, secretaries were men.Then came the First World War and the male secretaries were replaced by women. A man's secretary became his personal servant, charged with remembering his wife's birthday and buying her presents; taking his suits to the dry cleaners; telling lies on the telephone to keep people he did not wish to speak to at by; and, of course, typing and filing and taking shorthand.Now all this may be changing again. The microchip and high technology is sweeping the British office, taking with it much of the routine clerical work that secretaries did."Once office technology takes over generally, the status of the job will rise again because it will involve only the high-powered work--and then men will want to do it again. "That was said by one of the executives (male) of one of the biggest secretarial agencies in this country. What he has predictedis already under way in the US. One girl described to me a recent temporary job placing men in secretarial jobs in San Francisco. She noted that all the men she dealt with appeared to be gay so possibly that is just new twist to the old story.Over here, though, there are **ing onto the job market as secretaries. Classically, girls have learned shorthand and typing and gone into a company to seek their fortune from the bottom--and that's what happened to John Bowman. Although he joined a national grocery chain as secretary to its first woman senior manager, he has since been promoted to an administration job."I filled in the application form and said I could doaudio/typing, and in fact I was the only applicant. The girls were reluctant to work for this young, glamorous new woman with all this power in the firm.""I did typing at school, and then a commercial course. I just thought it would be useful finding a job. I never got any funny treatment from the girls, though I admit I've never met another male secretary. But then I joined the Post Office as a clerk and carelessly played with the typewriter, and wrote letters, and thought that after all secretaries were getting a good￡1, 000 a year more than clerks like me. There was a shortage at that time, you see.""It was simpler working for a woman than for a man. I found she made decisions, she told everybody what she thought, and there was none of that male bitchiness, or that stuff 'ring this number for me dear, ' which men go in for.""Don't forget, we were a team-that's how I feel about in--not boss and servant but two people doing different things for the same purpose."Once high technology has made the job of secretary less routine, will there be made takeover? Men should beware of thinking that they can walk right into the better jobs. There are a lot of women secretaries who will do the job as well as they because they are as efficient and well trained to cope with word processors **puters, as men.SSS_SINGLE_SEL41.Before the First World War, female secretaries were rare because they ______.A wore stockingsB were not as serious as menC were less efficient than menD would have disturbed the other office workersSSS_SINGLE_SEL42.A secretary in the future will ______.A be better paidB have less work to doC have higher statusD have more work to doSSS_SINGLE_SEL43.John Bowman was given his first job as a secretary because ______.A he was luckyB no one else appliedC he had the best qualificationsD he wanted to work for a womanSSS_SINGLE_SEL44.When he was a post office clerk, secretaries were better paid because ______.A they were in shortageB they were better trainedC they worked longer hoursD they had greater responsibilitySSS_SINGLE_SEL45.The writer believes that before long ______.A men and women **pete for secretarial workB men will take over women's jobs as secretariesC women will operate most office machinesD men will be better with machinesPassage TwoThere are four basic types of competition in business that form a continuum from **petition through **petition and oligopoly (商品供应垄断) to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, **petition results when **pany has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in **petition. In**petition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase.In contrast, in **petition **panies **pete for the sale of items that may be substituted. The classic example of **petition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers maybegin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts (折扣) are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.Oligopoly occurs when a **panies dominate the sales of a product or service. For example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In oligopoly,**petition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for **pany in the group. Although price wars do occur, in which **panies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual.Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells theproduct. Some monopolies have been tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather **petition, that protects and influences sales.SSS_SINGLE_SEL46.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A MonopoliesB The Commodity MarketC The Competition ContinuumD The Best Type of CompetitionSSS_SINGLE_SEL47.An example of a product in **petition is ______.A cornB electricityC airline ticketsD coffeeSSS_SINGLE_SEL48.The word "tolerated" in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by ______.A permittedB reservedC criticizedD devisedSSS_SINGLE_SEL49.What does the author mean by the statement "Although price wars do occur, in which **panies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously also usual"?A It is not unusual for **panies to increase prices at the same time.B It is common **panies to compete for customers by lowering prices.C Customers may lose money **panies have price wars.D Prices are lower during price wars, but they are usuallyhigher afterward.SSS_SINGLE_SEL50.The word "it" in paragraph 3 refers to ______.A a product or serviceB competitionC revenueD oligopolyPassage ThreeKevin Rogers used to be my boss. At that time he was a hardworking, up-**ing businessman and a real slave-driver, always telling us we had to sell more and more. As soon as I could, I got a job with **pany. The last time I saw Rogers was more than ten years ago. At least that's what I thought until last Thursday. But now I'm not so sure.I was on my way back to my office in the center of town. Thereis a small park nearby which I sometimes walk through afterlunch. It was almost empty, except for an unshaven, shabby-looking man on one of the benches. He looked about fifty years old and was wearing an old, grey overcoat. It was a cold, wintry day, and he was shivering."It's been a long time since I had a meal. Can you help me?" he said. There was something about his voice that soundedfamiliar. I gave him a few coins and he mumbled something about being grateful. As he stumbled past me, I looked at his face closely. I wondered where I had seen him before. Then it hit me. Could it possibly be "'? No! Impossible, I thought I watched him walking away. He was the same height as Rogers but looked a lot thinner than I remembered. Then, as he left the park and turned down the street, I caught sight of his face again, this time in profile. Then nose was the same as Rogers, too. I almost followed him but something made me stop. I just couldn't be sure. But the resemblance was very close.Yesterday I run into someone who had worked for Rogers at the same time I did, and had stayed no longer. I started telling himabout the man I had seen in the park. For a moment I thought it was our old boss. The voice, the nose, and even the face were just like Rogers. But it couldn't have been. "Rogers must be the director of a **pany by now," I said.My ex-colleague shook his head, "I thought you knew.""Knew? Knew what? What are you talking about?""Rogers was sent to prison six years ago. He's sleeping on park benches and begging money from passers-by."SSS_SINGLE_SEL51.It seems that when Rogers was the writer's boss, the writer ______.A rather liked Rogers.B admired Rogers' ability to sellC thought Rogers was lazyD was not very happy in his jobSSS_SINGLE_SEL52.When this story begins, the writer ______.A was working for a man called RogersB was on his way to work in the morningC was going back to work after lunchD had finished work and was going homeSSS_SINGLE_SEL53.When the man in the park saw the writer, the man ______.A begged some money from himB tried to hit himC offered to help himD walked away from himSSS_SINGLE_SEL54.The writer thought the man might be ______.A someone who had always been a trampB someone who had once worked for himC someone who had once been his bossD someone he often saw in the parkSSS_SINGLE_SEL55.When the writer told an ex-colleague about the man in the park, the ex-colleague ______.A said that Rogers was a company directorB said he was sure Rogers was still in prisonC didn't know anything about RogersD seemed to think the man might have been RogersPassage FourEngineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of Course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But that's not what I did.I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university that doesn't even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren't studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.I headed off to college, feeling sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering "factories" where they didn't care if you had values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one.Now I'm not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering withliberal-arts courses in college.The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don't mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.SSS_SINGLE_SEL56.The author chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university because he ______.A intended to be a sensible student with noble idealsB wanted to be an example of practicality and rationalityC intended to be a combination of engineer and humanistD wanted to coordinate engineering with liberal-arts courses in collegeSSS_SINGLE_SEL57.According to the author, by interacting with people who study liberal arts, engineering students can ______.A broaden their horizonsB become noble idealistsC receive guidance in their careersD balance engineering and the liberal artsSSS_SINGLE_SEL58.In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected ______.A to be imaginative with a value system to guide himB to be a technical genius with a wide visionC to have an excellent academic recordD to be wise and matureSSS_SINGLE_SEL59.The author's experience shows that he was ______.A creativeB irrationalC ambitiousD unrealisticSSS_SINGLE_SEL60.The word "they" in paragraph 5 refers to ______.A practicality and rationalityB engineering and the liberal artsC reality and noble idealsD flexibility and a value systemPassage FiveStandard usage include those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are **mon in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard", "colloquial," and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.SSS_SINGLE_SEL61.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A Standard speech.B Idiomatic speechC Different types of speechD Dictionary usageSSS_SINGLE_SEL62.How is slang defined by the author?A Words and phrased accepted by the majority for formal usage.B Words and phrased understood by the majority but nor found in standard dictionaries.C Words and phrased that are understood by a restricted group of speakers.D Words and phrases understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as formal usage.SSS_SINGLE_SEL63.The word "obscurity" in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.A disappearanceB influenceC qualificationD toleranceSSS_SINGLE_SEL64.The author mentions all of the following as requirements for slang expressions to be created except ______.A new situationsB interaction among diverse groupsC a new generationD a number of linguistsSSS_SINGLE_SEL65.It can be inferred from the passage that the author ______.A does not approve of either slang or colloquial speech in any situationB approves of colloquial speech in some situations, but notslangC approves of slang and colloquial speech in appropriate situationsD does not approve of colloquial usage in writingPassage SixWhat do the extraordinarily **panies have in common?To find out, we looked for correlations. We know that correlations are not always reliable; nevertheless, in the 27 survivors, our group saw four Shared personality traits that could explain their longevity (长寿).Conservatism in financing. **panies did not risk their capital gratuitously (无缘无故). They understood the meaning of money in anold-fashioned way; they knew the usefulness spare cash in the kitty.Money in hand allowed them to snap up (抓住) options when their' competitors could not. They did not have to convince third-party financiers of the attractiveness of opportunities they wanted to pursue. Money in kitty allowed them to govern their growth and evolution.Sensitivity to the world around them. Whether they had built their fortunes on knowledge or on natural resources, the **panies in our study were able to adapt themselves to change in the world around them. As wars, depressions, technologies, and politics surged and ebbed (潮起潮落), they always seemed to excel at keeping theirfeelers out, staying attuned to whatever was going on. For information, they sometimes relied on packets carried over vast distances by portage and ship. Yet they managed to react in a timely fashion to whatever news they received. They were good at learning and adapting.Awareness of their identity. No matter how broadly diversified **panies were, their employees all felt like parts of a whole. Lord Cole, chairman of Unilever in the 1960s, for example, saw **pany as a sheet of ships. Each ship was independent, but the whole fleet was greater than the sum of its parts. The feeling of belonging to an organization and identifying with its achievements is often dismissed as soft. But case histories repeatedly show that a sense of community is essential for long-term survival. Managers in the **panies we studied were chosen mostly from within, and all considered themselves to be stewards of a longstanding enterprise. Their top priority was keeping the institution at least as healthy as it had been when they took over.Tolerance of new ideas. The long-**panies in our study tolerated activities in the margin: experiments and eccentricities that stretched their understanding. They recognized that new businesses may be entirely unrelated to existing businesses and that the act of starting a business need to be centrally controlled. W. R. Grace, from its very beginning, encouraged autonomous experimentation.**pany was founded in 1854 by an Irish immigrant in Peru and traded in guano, a natural fertilizer, before it moved into sugar andtin. Eventually, **pany established Pan American Airways. Today it is primarily a **pany, although it is also the leading provider of kidney dialysis (透析) services in the United States.By definition, a company that survives for more than a century exists in a world it cannot hope to control. **panies are similar to the long-**panies of our study in that way. The world of a multinational is very large and stretches across many cultures. That world is inherently less stable and more difficult to influence thana confined national habitat. Multinationals must be willing to change in order to succeed. These four traits form the essential character of companies that have functioned successfully for hundreds of years. Given this basic personality, what priorities do the managers of **panies set for themselves and their employees?SSS_SINGLE_SEL66.Which of the following does not belong to conservatism in financing?A Money burns a hole in one's pocket.B Money doesn't grow on trees.C Money called for is money well spent.D Money breeds money.SSS_SINGLE_SEL67.The longevity of **panies is determined by ______.A knowledge on which they built their fortunesB easy access to natural resources from which they made moneyC their ability to learn and adapt to changes carried over vast distances by portage and shipD information on packetsSSS_SINGLE_SEL68.Awareness of their identity means ______.A knowing who they are in a communityB knowing what role they should play in societyC knowing that they are connected with the fortune of **panyD knowing which positions they belong toSSS_SINGLE_SEL69.W. R. Grace is typical long-**pany that has run the following business except ______.A sugar and tinB natural fertilizerC chemical productsD air planesSSS_SINGLE_SEL70.In what way are **panies similar to the long-**panies studied?。
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