牛津高中英语语法复习(模块3-4)

牛津高中英语语法复习（模块3-4 ）
名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。

所以，名词性从句厅分为主语
从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。

（一）指引名词性从句的连结词
1、连结代词： who, whose, whom, what, which 。

有词义，在从句中担当作分，如主语、表语、宾语、或
定语等。

2、连结副词： when, where, why, how。

有词义，在从句中担当作分，作状语。

3、连结词：that, whether, if, as if 。

that无词义，在从句中不担当作分，有时可省略；if(whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担当作分。

注意：连结代词与连结副词在句中不再是疑问句，因此从句中谓语不用疑问式。

连结代词与连结副词在从句充任句子成分，连结词whether和if（能否），as if（好象）在从句中不充任句子成分，只起连
接作用。

依据句义，假如连结代词与连结副词，whether 、if和as if都用不上时，才用that作连结词（ that自己无任何含义）。

（二）主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。

. Who will go is not important.
2、用 it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。

. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
3、 that指引主语从句时，不可以省略。

. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
（三）表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词以后。

. The question was who could go there.
2、指引表语从句的连结词that有时可省去。

. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.
（四）宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。

指引宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。

. I hope (that) everything is all right.
2、介词以后的宾语从句，不行用which 或 if连结，要分别用what 或 whether 。

. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..
I ’m interested in what you’ve said.
3、 whether 与 if都能够指引宾语从句，常可交换。

但下边状况不可以交换。

①宾语从句能否认句时，只用if ，不用 whether 。

. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用 if会惹起误会，就要用whether 。

. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句假如把whether 改成 if ，简单当作条件句理解）
③宾语从句中的whether与or not直接连用，就不可以换成if ；不直接连用，可换。

. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don ’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
④介词后的宾语从句要用whether 指引。

whether可与不定式连用。

whether也可指引主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可指引退步状语从句，以上均不可以换成if 。

但指引条件从句时，只好用if ，而不可以用 whether 。

. It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
（五）同位语从句
news, fact, idea, suggestion,同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：
promise 等）以后，说明该名词的详细内容。

. I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
练习：
fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
A. that
B. what
C. why
D. which
fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. why
news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
A. what
B. that
C. why
D. when
suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
A. which
B. that
C./
D. it
have no idea ____ he will start.
A. when
B. that
C. what
D./
've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.
A. if
B. that
C. whether
D. which
thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A. when
B. which
C. what
D. that
order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A. which
B. whether
C. that
D. what
nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A. that
B. as
C. of which
D. which
often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
A. whether
B. where
C. that
D. when
11. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whether
12. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous
speed.
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
13. Luckily,we’d brought a road map without ____ we would have lost our way.
A. it
B. that
C. this
D. which
are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A. that
B. which
C. in which
D. whose
15. We can see the same signs ____ stand out throughout the city.
A. that
B. which
C. in which
D. whose
Keys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA 11-15 BBDAA
主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词一定和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。

寻其
规律，大概可概括为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。

（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；
主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。

如：His father is working on the farm./ To study English well
is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom
two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意：由 what 引的主从句，后边的多半状况用数形式，但若表是复数或what 从句是一个有复数意的并列构，主句的用复数形式。

如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are)helpful to you.
2、由接and 或 both ⋯ and 接起来的合成主后边，要用复数形式的。

如：Lucy and Lily are twins./ She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
注意：①若and所接的两个是指同一个人或物，它后边的就用数形式。

如：The writer and artist has come.; /② 由and接的并列数主前假如分有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修，其要用数形式。

如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3、主数名或代，只管后边跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as,
rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等惹起的短，仍用数形式；
若主复数，用复数形式。

如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children,has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom,is very tall.
4、 either, neither, each, every或no +数名和由some, any, no, every组成的复合不定代
，都作数对待。

如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
注意：①在口中当either或neither后跟有“ of+复数名（或代）”作主，其
也可用复数。

如：Neither of the texts is (are)interesting.② 若none of后边的名是不行数名
，它的就要用数；若它后边的名是复数，它的用数或复数都能够。

如：None of us has (have) been to America.
5、在定从句，关系代that, who, which等作主，其的数与句中先行的数一
致。

如： He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who
is working hard.
6、假如集体名指的是整个集体，它的用数；假如它指集体的成，其就用复
数形式。

些有family, class, crowd, committee, population,audience 等。

如： Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注意： people, police,cattle等名一般都用作复数。

如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of +名”组成的短以及
由“分数或百分数+名” 组成的短作主，其的数要依据短中后边名的数而定。

如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful./ 50%of the students in our class are girls.
注意： a number of“ 多”，作定修复数名，用复数；the number of“⋯的数目”，
主是 number，用数。

8、在倒装句中，的数与后来的主一致。

如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
（二）逻辑意义一致原则：意一致就是的数必和主的意一致（因有主
形式数，但意复数；有形式复数，但意数）。

1、 what, who, which, any, more, all等代能够是数，也但是复数，主要靠意思来决定。

如：
Which is your bag / Which are your bags / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2、表示“ 、重量、度、价”等的名的复数作主，往常用数形式，是由于作主的名在观点上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3、若英是名、片名、格言、名、名、国名等的复数形式，其往常用数形式。

如：
“The Arabian Nights ”is an interesting story-book.
4、表数目的短“one and a half”后接复数名作主，其可用数形式（也可用复
数。

如：One and a half apples is (are)left on the table.
5、算式中表示数目（字）的主往常作数对待，其采纳数形式。

如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6、一些学科名是以– ics尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名，意数名，它作主，其要用数形式。

如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn ’t easy to study.
7、 trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等作主，用复数，但假如些名前有 a (the) pair of等量修，用数。

如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the
bed is his.
8、“定冠the +形容或分”，表示某一人，用复数。

（三）就近一致原则：在英句子中，有的人称和数与近来的主保持一致。

1、当两个主由either⋯ or, neither⋯nor, whether⋯or⋯, not only⋯but also接，和近的主一致。

如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends./ Neither they nor he is wholly right. /Is neither he nor they wholly right
2、there be 句型be 复数取决于后来的主。

假如后来是由and 接的两个主，与凑近
的那个主保持一致。

如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..
注意： Here 引的句子用法同上。

：
,who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.
2. The rich ____ not always happy.
3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.
4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.
A. are studying
B. have studied
C. studies
D. study
5.Neither my father nor I ____ at home.
6.Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters.,
;are;am;are;is
7.Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.
like
8.Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.
C. would be
9.The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world.
10.Every means ____ tried but without any result.
A. have been to be to be D. has been
11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.
A. was punished
B. punished
C. were punished
D. being punished
12.The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.
being
13.The great writer and professor____.
A. is an old man
B. are both old men
C. is an old man and a young man
D. were two Chinese
14.There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.
15.A large number of students in our class____ girls.
16.The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they
are.
A. doesn' t change 't change
17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published.
A. has been been
19. A chemical works____ built there.
A. is to being been C. were to been
20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.
;four;four;five;five
21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.
is the only one of die students who____ elected.
A. are
is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.
C. have been been
a man ____ come to help us.
25."All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said.
;is;are;is;are
when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.
26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere
A. is searching for
B. were searching for
C. are searching for
D. were searching
trousers____ must have____ washed.
;il;it;them;them
pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.
29.One and a half bananas ____ left on the table.
30.Eight times eight ____ sixty - four.
Keys:
1~5 AAACA 6~10 CBDAD 11~15 ACABA 16~20 AABDB 21~25 ADCBC
26~30 BCAAA 31~35 ACAAB 36~40 CABBA 41~45 BCCCA 46~50 ADBBC
神态动词
1神态动词的语法特点
1）神态动词不可以表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期望或预计某事的发生。

2）神态动词除 ought 和 have 外，后边只好接不带 to 的不定式。

23）神态动词没有人称，数的变化，即神态动词第三人称单数不加-s 。

4）神态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

比较 can 和 be able to
1） can could表示能力；可能(过去时用could),
只用于此刻式和过去式(could)。

be able to能够用于各样时态。

They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你信息了。

2）只用 be able to
a.位于助动词后。

b.神态动词后。

c.表示过去某时辰动作时。

d.用于句首表示条件。

e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只好用was/were able to，不可以用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意： could不表示时态
1）提出委宛的恳求，（注意在回答中不行用could）。

--- Could I have the television on？
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否认，疑问句中表示推断或思疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是歹人。

3 比较 may 和 might
1）表示同意或恳求；表示没有掌握的推断；may 放在句首，表示祝福。

May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might表示推断时，不表示时态。

不过可能性比may 小。

2）成语： may/might as well，后边接不带to的不定式，意为"不如 "。

If that is the case, we may as well try.
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must
B. may
C. can
D. will
答案 B. 表可能性只好用may.此句意可从后半句推出。

4比较 have to和 must
1)两词都是 ' 一定 ' 的意思， have to 表示客观的需要， must表示说话人主观上的见解，既主观上的必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟
病得很厉害，我只得子夜里把医生请来。

He said that they must work hard.
2)have to 有人称、数、时态的变化，而要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.( 客观上需要做这件事)
他说他们一定努力工作。

（主观上要做这件事）
must 只有一种形式。

但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必
3）在否认构造中：don't have to表示"不用"
mustn't表示"严禁"，
You don't have to tell him about it.你不必定要把此事告诉他。

You mustn't tell him about it.你必定不要把这件事告诉他。

5 must 表示推断
1)must 用在必定句中表示较有掌握的推断，意为" 必定 " 。

2) must表对此刻的状态或此刻正发生的事情的推断时，must后边往常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。

You have worked hard all must be tired.你辛苦干一成天，必定累了。

（对此刻状况的推
测判断）
He must be working in his office.他必定在办公室工作呢。

比较：
He must be staying there.
他此刻必定呆在那边。

He must stay there.
他一定呆在那。

3) must表示对已发生的事情的推断时，must 要接达成式。

I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我方才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。

4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推断，must 后边要接不定式的达成进行式。

---Why didn't you answer my phone call？
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5)否认推断用 can't 。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.假如汤姆五点才走开这儿，他此时必定还未到家。

6表示推断的用法
can, could, may, might, must皆可表示推断，其用法以下：
1）神态动词 +动词原形。

表示对此刻或未来的状况的推断，此时动词往常为系动词。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）神态动词 +动词此刻进行时。

表示对此刻或未来正在进行的状况进行推断。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批阅试卷。

3）神态动词 +动词达成时。

表示对过去状况的推断。

We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月尾前我很可能已达成工作了。

The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天夜晚必定下雨了。

4）情 +的在达成行。

表示去正在惹祸情的推。

Your mother must have been looking for you.
你必定向来在找你。

5）推的否认形式，疑形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
克必定没有找回他的，因清晨他是坐公共汽来上班的。

注意： could, might表示推不表示，其推的程度不如7 情 + have + 去分
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth can, may 。

表示去，推去里可能生
的事情。

Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth，去里可能生的事情的推，气，拥有" 必定"，"必 "的意思。

---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3)ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本做某事，而事上并无做。

否认句表示" 不做某事而做了 " 。

He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事上已扔了。

）
ought to在气上比should要。

4) needn't have done sth本没必需做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth本打当作某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
8 should和ought to
should和ought to都"" 的意思，可用于各样人称。

---Ought he to go？
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令，气由should （）、 had better最好）、must（必）。

9 had better表示"最好"
had better相当于一个助，它只有一种形式，它后边要跟原形。

had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事相反的果，意" 原来最好 " 。

You had better have come earlier.
10 would rather表示"情愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather⋯than⋯情愿⋯⋯而不肯。

有 would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"情愿"、"宁愿"的意思。

If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.典型例
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home
----Which ___ do
A. do you rather
B. would you rather
答案 B。

本考情rather的用法，提早，所以B。

11 will和would
？
C. will you rather
would rather +do sth
D. should you rather
意 " 情愿 " ，本疑句，would
注意：
1） would like；Would like to do = want to想要，固定搭配。

Would you like to go with me？
2 ） Will you⋯Would you like⋯表示必定含的求，疑句中一般用
Would you like some cake？
3）否认构顶用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委宛气。

Won't you sit down
some,而不是any 。

12情的回答方式
句必定回答Need you ⋯Yes, I must. Must you ⋯否认回答
No,I needn't /don't have to.
典型例
1） ---Could I borrow your dictionary？
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might
B. will
C. can
D. should
和
答案表示委宛的气，其实不。

答中of course
may 来表达，不可以用could或might。

复：will
，表示必定的气，允某人做某事，用
与 you 用，用来提出要求或下命令。

should
can
与
you用，用来提出告。

2） ---Shall I tell John about it？
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't
B. wouldn't
C. mustn't
D. shouldn't
答案 A。

needn't不用，不用。

wouldn't将不,不会的。

mustn't。

本不需要，不用的意思，用needn't 。

3） ---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't
B.I won't
C. I can't
D. I haven't
严禁、不可以。

shouldn't不
答案 B. will既可看作情，表求、建、也可作表" 意向、意志、信心" ，本表示信心，B。

13to的情
to的情有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to,如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，六个。

它的疑，否认形式予以注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month？
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.？
ought to自己作情使用。

其余的作使用，疑，否认，有do 等助助。

典型例
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
told telling D. having told
答案 A。

因为后句为过去时，告诉奥密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去达成时，但它在神态动词ought to 后，所以用 have 。

14 比较 need 和 dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做神态动词用。

作为神态动词，二者都只好用于疑问句，否认句和条
件句。

need 作实义动词时后边的不定式一定带 to ，而 dare 作实义动词用时 , 后边的 to 经常能够被省略。

1)实义动词： need （需要 , 要求） need
+ n. / to do sth
2)神态动词： need ，只用原形 need 后加 do，否认形式为 need not 。

Need
you go yet
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need的被动含义： need, want, require, worth（形容词）后边接doing也能够表示被动：
need doing = need to be done
练习：
1.He______you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given
B. might give
C. may have given
D. may give
2.Jenny______have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.
A. must
B. should
C. need
D. would
3. . -Could I borrow your dictionary
-Yes, of course you_________
A. might
B. will
C. can
D. should
4.I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her.
A. had to write it out
B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out
5.— Shall I tell John about it？
— No, you ______ . I've told him already.
A. needn't
B. wouldn't
C. mustn't
D. shouldn't
6.─ There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
─ It______ a comfortable journey.
A. can't be
B. shouldn't be
C. mustn't have been
D. couldn't have been
7. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack______be here at any moment.
A. must
B. need
C. should
D. can
8. .When he was there, he______ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work
every day.
A. would
B. should
C. had better
D. might
9. .Sir, you _____ be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
A. oughtn't to
B. can't
C. won't
D. needn't
10. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out.
A. had to
B. would
C. could
D. was able to
11.--When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon.
--They _____be ready by 12:00.
A. can
B. should
C. might
D. need
12. .--I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
--Oh, did you You_ ____with Barbara.
A. could have stayed
B. could stay
C. would stay
D. must have stayed
13.－Will you stay for lunch？
－Sorry, ＿＿＿＿＿ ,My brother is coming to see me.
A. I mustn't can't C. I needn't won't
14.Sorry I'm late. I ______ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
A. might
B. should
C. can
D. will
15.I should have been there, but I _______ not find the time.
A. would
B. could
C. might
D. should
16.My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he ___ your lecture.
A. couldn't have attended
B. needn't have attended
C. mustn't have attended
D. shouldn't have attended
17. --- Are you coming to Jeff's party？
--- I'm not sure. I ________go to the concert instead.
A． must B．would C．should D．might
18.Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How _________ it be that he was late for the
opening ceremony ？
A． can B ． should C． may D． must
19 He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ________ a goal.
A ． had scored
B ． scored
C． would score D． would have scored
20.— Write to me when you get home.
— _________
A ． I must B． I should C ． I will D． I can
21. I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
A. mustn't leave
B. Shouldn't have left
C. Couldn't have left
D. needn't leave
22. Oh, I’ m not feeling well in the stomach, I______so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’ t cut
B. mustn’ t have eaten
C. shouldn’ t have eaten
D. mustn’ t eat
23. --I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
--It _____ be true because there was little snow there.
A may not be
B won ’ t be
C couldn’ t be
D mustn ’ t be
24.It has been announced that candidates_____ remain in their seats until all the papers
have been collected.
A can
B will
C may
D shall
25.A left-luggage office is a place where bags ______ be lefe for a short time, especially
in a railway station.
A. should
B. can
C. must
D. will
26. --- I don't mind telling you what I know.
--- You. I'm not asking you for it.
A. mustn't
B. may not
C. can't
D. needn’t
27. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _____ report it to the police
A. should
B. may
C. will
D. can
28. _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up.
C. should have had arrived
D. should be arriving
29. You ______ be tired - you've only been working for an hour.
A. must not
B. won' t
C. can' t
D. may not
30.—Who is the girl standing over there
— Well , if you know , her name is Mabel.
A. may
B. can
C. must
D. shall
Keys:
1-5 ABCCA6-10 DCAAD
11-15 BABAB16-20 ADADC
21-25 BCCDB26-30 DAACC
被动语态
语态 (Voice)，作为一个语法范围，是表示主语和动词之间的主动或被动关系的动词行式。

英语动词有两
种语态：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。

当主语为动作履行者即施动者时，动词
用主动向；假如主语是动作的蒙受者即受动者时，动词便用被动向。

比如：
(1)John helped Peter.
(2)Peter was helped by John.
句 (1) helped是主动向；句(2)was helped是被动向,可见主动向是无标志的，而被动向是有标志的。

组成
被动语态由助动词be 的时态之一和及物动词的过去分词组成。

被动语态可用于各样时态，其时态变化通
过助动词 be 的不一样形式来表现。

如：一般此刻时的被动向组成形式为助动词am/is/are +过去分词；而一般过去时的被动向组成形式为was/were + 过去分词。

本册要掌握的被动语态形式有：
一般此刻时： am/is/are +过去分词
. Football is played all over the world.
I ’ m often asked to do this work.
我经常被派做这项工作。

一般过去时： was/were + 过去分词
. The terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near Xi’ an.
They were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.
When was the building completed
这座大楼什么时候建成的？
一般未来时： will (shall) + be +过去分词
be going to + be +过去分词
. The result of the exam will be known soon.
They are going to be given a difficult test.
一般过去未来时： should(would) be+过去分词
. The teacher said the results would be published soon.
He told me that the film would be shown the next week.
此刻进行时： am/is/are + being +过去分词
. The new airport is being built by a foreign company.
一家外国企业正在承建这座新机场。

The song is being sung by the girls now.
过去进行时：was/were being+过去分词
. The song was being sung by the girls when I got there.
The student was being criticized when I went into the
teacher’ s office.
未来达成时：will have been+过去分词
. By the end of next term 2000 English words will
have been learned.
The building will have been built by next year.
此刻达成时：has/have + bee n +过去分词
. All the tickets have been sold .
The book has been translated into many languages.
这本书已被译成多种语言。

过去达成时：had been+ 过去分词
. Forty schools had been visited by last year.
All the tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema.
过去未来达成时：would have been+过去分词
. He said many words would have been learned by 2001.
They promised that ten books would have been published
by the next month.
神态动词：神态动词+ be +过去分词
. This road must be mended.
The machine parts may be needed in our work.
工作中可能需要这些机器零零件。

动词不定式：to be +过去分词
. I’ m glad to be asked questions.
It is impossible for lost time to be made up.
失掉的时间不行填补。

主要用法
被动向常用于以下几种场合：
1．当不知道或不用提出动作的履行者时（这时都不带由by 惹起的短语）；Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是从中国引入欧洲的。

The airplane was made in .
Such books are written for children.
2.动作的蒙受者是讲话的中心（这时可带有由这类书是为小孩写的。

by 惹起的短语）；
The song was composed by a student.
这首歌曲是一个学生谱写的。

Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.
3.出于礼貌措词等原由此不肯说出动作履行者是谁。

You are requested to get here in time.
请您准时来这儿。

带行为主体的被动向
行为主体就是动作的履行者，即履行动词所表达的动作的人或物。

在被动句中，常常不说起行为主体；但
当重申换作的履行者时，可用介词 by 引出行为 ( by + 主体行为主体 ), 置于被动向句的末端，说明是什么人或物
应付相关事件负责。

. The village was destroyed by a bomb.
这个乡村毁于炸弹。

The painting is very valuable. It was painted by Van Gogh.
这幅画很值钱，它是梵·高画的。

其余用法增补
1. “ It +被动语态+ that从句”。

表示慎重或不太必定的语气。

常用于该构造的动词有：say, think,
believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest,
等。

prove . It is said that prices will rise again this month.
听说本月物价还将上升。

It is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.
据以为每年约有一百条狗出生。

It is reported that all the passengers died in the crash.
据报道全部乘客在那次飞机坠毁中罹难。

It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.
2.用于通知标题广告等的被动向常常省去助动词be。

. No Chinese spoken here.
Shoes repaired.
Famous Painting Stolen.名画被盗。

练习：
a new library _____ in our school last year
; built ; bulit; build; build
accident ____ on this road last week.
been happened happened happened
____ in the southeast of China.
grown grown
far,the moon ____ by man already.
visited be visited been visited visited
talk on Chinese history _____ in th school hall next week.
given been given be given
lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now.
doing being done been done be done
doctor _____ for yet.
't sent 't been sent't be sent't sent
___ this kind of computers______ --Last year.
; use; used; used; used
_____ this book _____
; written; written by; written;written
____ show me her new dictionary.
asked to asked to asked to
story _____ by Granny yesterday.
told us told to us told us us
monkey was seen _____ off the tree.
jump
people ____ well.
after be looked after look after after
teacher ______ carefully.
be listened to be listen listened listened
15. In some part of the world, tea _______ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving
B. is served
C. serves
D. served
16. It was reported that the murderer _______ arrested.
A. has been
B. had been
C. has
D. had
17. Do you think that the bridge ______ in a year
A. would be completed
B. will be completed
C. had been completed
D.is being completed
18. Great changes _______ in China since the People’s Republic of China _______ in 1949.
A. have taken place; was founded
B. has taken place; was founded
C. have been taken place; founded
D. took place; founded
19. — Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy—She has _______ by her classmates.
A. laughed
B. laughed at
C. been laughed
D. been laughed at
20. Doctors _______ in every part of the world.
A. need
B. are needing
C. are needed
D. will need
21. I promise that matter will _______.
A. be taken care
B. be taken care of
C. take care
D. take care of
22. No permission has ________ for anybody to enter the building.
A. been given
B. given
C. to give
D. be given
23. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
A. gave
B. was given
C. was giving
D. had given
24. Can such a thing _____ happening again
A. prevent from
B. prevented from
C. be prevented from
D. to prevent from
25. A new house ________ at the corner of the road.
A. is building
B. is being built
C. been built
D. be building
26. This bike ________ last year.
A. bought
B. has been bought
C. was bought
D. had been bought
27. Did you see the house that _______ by fire last year
A. was destroying
B. destroyed
C. would destroy
D. was destroyed
28. It _______ whether she will get her work in the hospital.
A. hasn ’t been decided
B. isn ’t deciding
C. doesn ’t decide
D. hasn ’t decided
29. The pen _______ me. It is hers.
A. isn ’t belong to
B. wasn ’t belong to
C. doesn ’t belong to
D.
didn ’t belong to
30. I can’t use my bike because it _______.
A. is repairing
B. is being repaired
C. will repair
D. was repairing
31. The chairman told the speaker that she ______ to speak a little louder so as to make herself
_____.
A. was expected; heard
B. had expected; hear . had hoped; hear D. was hoped; heard 32．— The window is dirty.
— I know. It _____ for weeks.
A. hasn ’t cleaned
B. didn ’t clean
C. wasn ’t cleaned
D. hasn’t been cleaned
33.By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _______ in Beijing. (2003上海春天 , 27)
be completed being completed been completed been completed
34.— How long _______ at this job
— Since 1990.
you employed B. have you been employed
you been employed you be employed
35.— What happened to the priceless works of art
— _______.
were destroyed in the earthquake earthquake was destroying them
destroyed in the earthquake earthquake destroyed them
36. This is Ted’s miss him a _______ trying to save a child in the earthquake.
killed C. was killed killing。