2008计算机概论复习提纲(计算机导论)

Chapter One

Bit比特: Binary Digit

Bit Patterns:A string of bits

Gate 门电路: A device （装置）that computes a Boolean operation

Flip-flop 触发器: A circuit built from gates that can store one bit.

Main Memory 内存: bit reservoir,a large collection of circuits for the purpose of storing data Cell: A unit of main memory (typically 8 bits which is one byte字节)

Random Access Memory (RAM): (随机访问存储器)Memory in which individual cells can be easily accessed in any order

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM):(动态RAM) RAM composed of volatile memory.To wit ,it is the memory stores the bits as tiny electric charges,which need refreshing repeatly mang times in a second.In recognition of this volatility,memory constructed from such technology is call DRAM.

SRAM Static Random Access Memory 一种具有静止存取功能的内存，不需要刷新电路即能保存它内部存储的数据。不像DRAM内存那样需要刷新电路，每隔一段时间，固定要对DRAM刷新充电一次，否则内部的数据即会消失，因此SRAM具有较高的性能，但是SRAM 也有它的缺点，即它的集成度较低，相同容量的DRAM内存可以设计为较小的体积，但是SRAM却需要很大的体积

Mass Storage Systems大容量存储系统：Additional memory devices,including Magnetic Systems、Disk、Tape、Optical Systems(视觉系统)、CD、DVD and Flash Drives。

File 文件: A unit of data stored in mass storage system

Buffer(缓冲区):A memory area used for the temporary storage of data (usually as a step in transferring the data)

USB universal serial bus 通用串行总线

ISO The International Organization for S tandardization 国际标准化组织 a worldwide federation of srandardization bodies各国标准化团体（ISO成员团体）组成的世界性的联合会。ASCII American S tandard Code for Information Interchange

Chapter Two

Computer Architecture 计算机体系结构Computer architecture in computer engineering is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor中央处理器:the circuitry in a computer that controls the manipulation of data. A CPU consist of Arithmetic/Logic unit and Control unit.(算术/逻辑单元和控制单元)

Registers寄存器Cells in CPU for temporary storage of information.

General-purpose register通用寄存器

Special-purpose register特殊寄存器

Bus 总线:a collection of wires connecting CPU and main memory for the purpose of tranferring bit patterns.

Stored program concept 程序存储概念:the idea of storing a computer’s program in its main memory.

Motherboard主板central circuit board in some complex electronic systems

Reduced Instruction Set Computer(RISC)精简指令集计算机

Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)复杂指令集计算机

Op-coder操作码the elementary operations

Operand操作数more detailed information about the operation，usually refer to where the data to be stored and which memory cell is to receive the data.

Machine’s instructions categories机器语言指令类型：（ps 网上没有查到所谓的总线的类型，估计以下三个也就是了）

Data Transfer(数据传输): copy data from one location to another

Arithmetic/Logic (算术逻辑指令) : use existing bit patterns to compute a new bit patterns Control (控制指令) : direct the execution of the program

The overall execution is controlled by two special-purpose registers

Program counter(程序计数器): address of next instruction

Instruction register(指令寄存器): current instruction

Machine Cycle机器周期the three-step process in which the conrel unit performs its job by continually repeating an guiding algorithm,including Fetch取值Decode解码Execute执行机器周期流程：首先在Fecth阶段，CPU的控制单元（control unit）根据程序计数器（program counter）所指的内存地址，把将要执行的指令从内存取过来存在指令寄存器（instruction register），然后让程序计数器指向储存下一个指令的地址；然后在Decode阶段，把指令寄存器里面的指令解码，知道指令的内容；最后在Execute阶段，根据指令内容执行。指令内容执行完毕以后，机器周期重新有Fetch开始。

Chapter Three

Opertating system 操作系统the softwate that controls the overall operation of a computer Functions of Operating Systems 操作系统的功能

Oversee operation of computer管理计算机操作

Store and retrieve files存取文件

Schedule programs for execution调度可执行程序

Coordinate the execution of programs协调程序的执行

Evolution of Shared Computing分时计算的发展

Batch processing批处理the execution of jobs by collecting them in a single batch,them executing them without further interaction with the user

Interactive processing互动处理a program being executed to carry on a dialogue with the user through remote terminals.This requires real-time processing,which means the computer should perform the task quickly enough to keep up with activities in real world.

Time-sharing分时the technique of dividing time into inervals and them restricting the execution of a job to only one interval at a tiome

Multitasking多任务(其实就是分时) the illusion of more than one task being performed simultaneously,implemented by Multiprogramming

Multiprocessor machines多处理器计算机

Application software应用软件software consisting of programs for performing specific tasks for users.