NATOs joint efforts

合集下载

cooperate词根词缀

cooperate词根词缀我们在日常生活中经常会遇到一些与合作、协调相关的词汇，其中很多都源于词根cooperate。

这个词根源于拉丁语词干"co-"和"operari"两部分，前者表示"共同"，后者表示"工作"或"操作"。

结合起来，cooperate意味着"共同工作"或"协作"。

在英语中，许多与合作、协调相关的词汇都可以追溯到这个词根。

词根cooperate衍生出许多有用的新冠词缀，例如：1.cooperation：表示合作、协作，例如："The success of the project depends on our close cooperation."（项目的成功取决于我们紧密的合作。

）2.cooperative：表示合作的、协作的，例如："The cooperative efforts of the team led to our victory."（团队的协同努力使我们取得了胜利。

）3.cooperator：表示参与者、合作者，例如："He is one of the cooperators in the project."（他是项目的一名合作者。

）4.cooperate with：表示与…合作，例如："We need to cooperate with other teams to finish the task."（我们需要与其他团队合作完成任务。

）在实际生活和工作中，词根cooperate及其相关词汇有着广泛的应用。

以下是一些实例：1.在商业领域，企业需要与供应商、客户和其他合作伙伴密切合作，以实现共同的目标。

例如："Our company always cooperates with leading brands in the industry to ensure product quality."（我们公司总是与行业内的领先品牌合作以确保产品质量。

北鼎考研-北京外国语大学考研-常见军事用语缩略词

USMC＝海军陆战队NAVY＝海军 AF＝AIR FORCE(空军)ARMY＝陆军宗教类：C＝CHRISTIANISM(基督教)J＝JUDAISM(犹太教)C＝CATHOLICISM(天主教)B＝BUDDHISM(佛教) I＝ISLAM（伊斯兰教）NR＝NO REFERENCE(没有宗教信仰)1. 国际性或全美性：UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization）联合国教育科学文化组织（也叫国际文教组织）例如： (The）UNESCO has made some contributions to the world.（UNESCO 对世界做出一些贡献）NATO（North Atlantic Treaty organization）北大西洋公约组织。

例如：Could（the）NATO members stick to their commitments？（NATO 的成员能坚守承担义务吗？)SALT（Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty）战略武器限制公约例如：Should every nation join（the）SALT？（每个国家都要加入 SALT？）NASA（National Aeronautics and Space Administration）美国航天太空总署例句：The U.S. space programs depend on the performances of NASA.（美国的太空计画是靠NASA的表现而定。

）(注：以上缩写字也被人们当做一个字看待）WHO（World Health organization）世界卫生组织例句：Taiwan has been trying to become one of the WHO members.（台湾一直想办法成为WHO的成员之一）FBI（Federal Bureau of Investigation）联邦调查局（负责美国境内）CIA（Central Intelligence Agency）中央情报局（负责国外）例句：Over the past years, Dr. and Mrs. Lee have worked for both FBI and CIA.（过去多年来李博士夫妇都为 FBI 和 CIA 工作）FDA（Food and Drug Administration）美国食品药物管理局例句：This new drug has to be approved by the FDA.（这新药要经 FDA 批准）USDA（United States Department of Agriculture）美国农业部例句：USDA supplies myriad of information on agriculture market.（有关农业市场，USDA 供应大量资料。

高级口译中常用缩写

高级口译中常用缩写cf. 比较,参看(<拉>confer之略)(=compare)usu. 通常的,平常的,惯常的(=usual, usually)ref (体育运动的)裁判员,公断人,推荐人(referee)ref. 参考(=reference）std. 标准(=standard)a.m. 午前的，上午的(= before noon) ante meridiemp.m. 午后，下午(= afternoon) post meridiemSOE 国有企业(State-owned enterprise)UN 联合国United NationsCIA 中央情报局（美国）(Centural Intelligence Agency)FBI （美国）联邦调查局(Federal Bureau of Investigation) NATO北大西洋公约组织，北约（组织）(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定(North American Free Trade Agreement)ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟（简称东盟）(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)WTO 世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)WHO （联合国）世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)IMF （联合国）国际货币基金组织(International Monetaty Fund) OPEC 石油输出国组织，欧佩克(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)APEC 亚太经贸合作组织，亚太经合组织(The Asia-Pacific Economic Corperation)UNICEF联合国儿童基金会(United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund现名United NationsChildren’s Fund)UNDP 联合国开发计划署(United Nations Development Programme)UNESCO 联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational,Scientific, and Cultural Organization)PRC 中华人民共和国People's Republic of ChinaCPC 中国共产党Communist Party of ChinaNPC 全国人名代表大会the National People’s Congress CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceNMD 国家导弹防御体系(National Missile Defense)TMD <军> 战区导弹防御(Theater Missile Defense)WMD 大规模杀伤武器(weapons of mass destruction)UNSC 联合国安理会United Nations Security CouncilNPC全国人民代表大会(the National People’s Congress) HKSAR香港特区CEPA关于加强大陆和港澳更加紧密关系的安排(Closer Economic Partnership…)PK对决Player Killing [游戏专有名词]游戏中玩家相互战斗的模式DPRK 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国Democratic People's Republic of KoreaPICC中国人民保险公司COSCO中国远洋运输公司Laser 激光，激光器Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of RadiationCPI 消费者物价指数Consumer Price IndexPC [计]个人计算机Personal ComputerFDI 国际牙科联合会[法]Federation Dentaire Internationale (=International Dental Federation)Gov.政府, 政府官员government 政府governor 政府官员SSS (美国)选征兵役制Selective Service SystemUS美国/UK 联合王国/FR法国/GER/JANEdu.SARSSEZCBC/ BC/ ABC/CDB/ICBC/HSBCCIF到岸价格Cost Insurance and Freight。

外文翻译-软件工程

中文2860字Software engineeringFrom:/zh-cn/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B Software engineering is the study of the use of engineering methods to build and maintain effective, practical and high-quality software disciplines. It involves the programming language, database, software development tools, system platform, standards, design patterns and so on.In modern society, the software used in many ways. Typical software such as email, embedded systems, human-machine interface, office packages, operating systems, compilers, databases, games. Meanwhile, almost all the various sectors of computer software applications, such as industry, agriculture, banking, aviation and government departments. These applications facilitate the economic and social development, improve people's working efficiency, while improving the quality of life. Software engineers is to create software applications of people collectively, according to which software engineers can be divided into different areas of system analysts, software designers, system architects, programmers, testers and so on. It is also often used to refer to a variety of software engineers, programmers.OriginIn view of difficulties encountered in software development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1968 organized the first Conference on Software Engineering, and will be presented at the "software engineering" to define the knowledge required for software development, and suggested that "software development the activities of similar projects should be. " Software Engineering has formally proposed since 1968, this time to accumulate a large number of research results, widely lot of technical practice, academia and industry through the joint efforts of software engineering is gradually developing into a professional discipline. Definitioncreation and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain reliable and economically efficient software.application of systematic, follow the principle can be measured approach to development, operation and maintenance of software; that is to be applied to software engineering.The development, management and updating software products related to theories, methods and tools.A knowledge or discipline (discipline), aims to produce good quality, punctual delivery, within budget and meet users need software.the practical application of scientific knowledge in the design, build computer programs, and the accompanying documents produced, and the subsequent operation and maintenance.Use systematic production and maintenance of software products related to technology and management expertise to enable software development and changes in the limited time and under cost.Construction team of engineers developed the knowledge of large software systemsdisciplines.the software analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of a systematic method.the systematic application of tools and techniques in the development of computer-based applications.Software Engineering and Computer ScienceSoftware development in the end is a science or an engineering, this is a question to be debated for a long time. In fact, both the two characteristics of software development. But this does not mean that they can be confused with each other. Many people think that software engineering, computer science and information science-based as in the traditional sense of the physical and chemical engineering as. In the U.S., about 40% of software engineers with a degree in computer science. Elsewhere in the world, this ratio is also similar. They will not necessarily use every day knowledge of computer science, but every day they use the software engineering knowledge.For example, Peter McBreen that software "engineering" means higher degree of rigor and proven processes, not suitable for all types of software development stage. Peter McBreen in the book "Software Craftsmanship: The New Imperative" put forward the so-called "craftsmanship" of the argument, consider that a key factor in the success of software development, is to develop the skills, not "manufacturing" software process.Software engineering and computer programmingSoftware engineering exists in a variety of applications exist in all aspects of software development. The program design typically include program design and coding of the iterative process, it is a stage of software development.Software engineering, software project seeks to provide guidance in all aspects, from feasibility analysis software until the software after completion of maintenance work. Software engineering that software development and marketing activities are closely related. Such as software sales, user training, hardware and software associated with installation. Software engineering methodology that should not be an independent programmer from the team and to develop, and the program of preparation can not be divorced from the software requirements, design, and customer interests.Software engineering design of industrial development is the embodiment of a computer program.Software crisisSoftware engineering, rooted in the 20th century to the rise of 60,70 and 80 years of software crisis. At that time, many of the software have been a tragic final outcome. Many of the software development time significantly beyond the planned schedule. Some projects led to the loss of property, and even some of the software led to casualties. While software developers have found it increasingly difficult for software development.OS 360 operating system is considered to be a typical case. Until now, it is still used in the IBM360 series host. This experience for decades, even extremely complexsoftware projects do not have a set of programs included in the original design of work systems. OS 360 is the first large software project, which uses about 1,000 programmers. Fred Brooks in his subsequent masterpiece, "The Mythical Man Month" (The Mythical Man-Month) in the once admitted that in his management of the project, he made a million dollar mistake.Property losses: software error may result in significant property damage. European Ariane rocket explosion is one of the most painful lesson.Casualties: As computer software is widely used, including hospitals and other industries closely related to life. Therefore, the software error might also result in personal injury or death.Was used extensively in software engineering is the Therac-25 case of accidents. In 1985 between June and January 1987, six known medical errors from the Therac-25 to exceed the dose leads to death or severe radiation burns.In industry, some embedded systems do not lead to the normal operation of the machine, which will push some people into the woods.MethodologyThere are many ways software engineering aspects of meaning. Including project management, analysis, design, program preparation, testing and quality control. Software design methods can be distinguished as the heavyweight and lightweight methods. Heavyweight methods produce large amounts of official documentation. Heavyweight development methodologies, including the famous ISO 9000, CMM, and the Unified Process (RUP).Lightweight development process is not an official document of the large number of requirements. Lightweight methods, including well-known Extreme Programming (XP) and agile process (Agile Processes).According to the "new methodology" in this article, heavyweight method presented is a "defensive" posture. In the application of the "heavyweight methods" software organizations, due to a software project manager with little or no involvement in program design, can not grasp the item from the details of the progress of the project which will have a "fear", constantly had to ask the programmer to write a lot of "software development documentation." The lightweight methods are presented "aggressive" attitude, which is from the XP method is particularly emphasized four criteria - "communication, simplicity, feedback and courage" to be reflected on. There are some people that the "heavyweight method" is suitable for large software team (dozens or more) use, and "lightweight methods" for small software team (a few people, a dozen people) to use. Of course, on the heavyweight and lightweight method of approach has many advantages and disadvantages of debate, and various methods are constantly evolving.Some methodologists think that people should be strictly followed in the development and implementation of these methods. But some people do not have the conditions to implement these methods. In fact, the method by which software development depends on many factors, but subject to environmental constraints. Software development processSoftware development process, with the subsequent development of technologyevolution and improvement. From the early waterfall (Waterfall) development model to the subsequent emergence of the spiral iterative (Spiral) development, which recently began the rise of agile development methodologies (Agile), they showed a different era in the development process for software industry different awareness and understanding of different types of projects for the method.Note distinction between software development process and software process improvement important difference between. Such as ISO 15504, ISO 9000, CMM, CMMI such terms are elaborated in the framework of software process improvement, they provide a series of standards and policies to guide software organizations how to improve the quality of the software development process, the ability of software organizations, and not give a specific definition of the development process. Development of software engineering"Agile Development" (Agile Development) is considered an important software engineering development. It stressed that software development should be able to possible future changes and uncertainties of a comprehensive response.Agile development is considered a "lightweight" approach. In the lightweight approach should be the most prestigious "Extreme Programming" (Extreme Programming, referred to as XP).Correspond with the lightweight approach is the "heavyweight method" exists. Heavyweight approach emphasizes the development process as the center, rather than people-centered. Examples of methods such as heavyweight CMM / PSP / TSP.Aspect-oriented programming (Aspect Oriented Programming, referred to as the AOP) is considered to software engineering in recent years, another important development. This aspect refers to the completion of a function of a collection of objects and functions. In this regard the contents related to generic programming (Generic Programming) and templates.软件工程From:/zh-cn/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B软件工程是一门研究用工程化方法构建和维护有效的、实用的和高质量的软件的学科。

乡村振兴英语介词练习30题

乡村振兴英语介词练习30题1. In the countryside, the harvest is usually in ____ autumn.A. aB. anC. theD. /答案：D。

in autumn 表示“在秋天”，季节前不用冠词，A 选项“a”和B 选项“an”是不定冠词，C 选项“the”是定冠词，都不符合此处用法。

2. The new school was built ____ the east of the village.A. inB. onC. atD. to答案：A。

“in the east of...”表示“在......的东部（内部）”，学校在村子内部的东边，B 选项“on the east of...”表示“在......的东边（接壤）”，C 选项“at”通常表示小地点，D 选项“to the east of...”表示“在......的东边外部）”，均不符合题意。

3. The flowers come out ____ spring.A. atB. inC. on答案：B。

“in spring”表示“在春天”，A 选项“at”用于具体时刻，C 选项“on”用于具体某一天，D 选项“of”表示“......的”，不符合此处语境。

4. The farmers are busy working ____ the fields.A. inB. onC. atD. to答案：A。

“in the fields”表示“在田地里”，是固定搭配，B 选项“on”用于表面，C 选项“at”用于小地点，D 选项“to”表示方向，均不符合。

5. The changes of the countryside happened ____ the past few years.A. inB. onC. atD. during答案：D。

“during the past few years”表示“在过去的几年里”，A 选项“in”通常接一段时间，不强调过程，B 选项“on”用于具体某一天，C 选项“at”用于具体时刻，都不符合此处表达。

SettingtheRecordStraight

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Fact SheetRussia’s accusations - setting the record straightRussia’s aggression against Ukraine has led to Russia’s international isolation, including NATO’s suspension of all practical cooperation with Russia.To divert attention away from its actions, Russia has levelled a series of accusations against NATO which are based on misrepresentations of the facts and ignore the sustained effort that NATO has put into building a partnership with Russia.Russia has also made baseless attacks on the legitimacy of the Ukrainian authorities and has used force to seize part of Ukraine’s territory.This document sets the record straight.NATO - Russia relationsRussia claims that NATO has spent years trying to marginalise it internationally.Since the early 1990s the Alliance has consistently worked to build a cooperative relationship with Russia on areas of mutual interest, and striven towards a strategic partnership.Before the fall of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, NATO began reaching out, offering dialogue in place of confrontation, as the London NATO Summit of July 1990 made clear (declaration ). In the following years, the Alliance promoted dialogue and cooperation bycreating new fora, the Partnership for Peace (PfP) and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), open to the whole of Europe, including Russia (PfP founding documents here and here ).As a sign of Russia’s unique role in Euro-Atlantic security, in 1997 NATO and Russia signed the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, creating the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council. In 2002 they upgraded that relationship, creating the NATO-Russia Council (NRC). (The Founding Act can be read here , the Rome Declaration which established theNRC here .) Since the foundation of the NRC, NATO and Russia have worked together on issues ranging from counter-narcotics and counter-terrorism to submarine rescue and civil emergency planning. No other partner has been offered a comparable relationship.Far from marginalising Russia, NATO has treated it as a privileged partner.NATO’s continuation and enlargementRussian officials say that NATO should have been disbanded at the end of the Cold War, and that the accession of new Allies from Central and Eastern Europe undermines Russia’s security.NATO was not disbanded after the Cold War because its members wanted to retain the bond that had guaranteed security and stability in the transatlantic area, as the London Declaration makes clear: “We need to keep standing together, to extend the long peace we have enjoyed these past four decades”. Upholding the values that have always guided it, NATO became more than a powerful military Alliance: it became a political forum for dialogue and cooperation.NATO’s Open Door policy has been, and will always be, based on the free choice of European democracies. When Ukraine decided to pursue a “non-bloc policy,” NATO fully respected that choice. Russia’s long-time assertion that NATO tried to force Ukraine into its ranks was, and remains, completely false.April 2014NATO has fulfilled the terms of Article 10 of the North Atlantic T reaty (available here) which states that Allies “may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this T reaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this T reaty.”On six occasions, between 1952 and 2009, European countries made the choice to apply for membership based on a democratic process and respect for the rule of law. NATO Allies made the unanimous choice to accept them.NATO and EU enlargement has helped the nations of Central and Eastern Europe to tackle difficult reforms, which were required prior to accession. It has helped their citizens enjoy the benefits of democratic choice, the rule of law, and substantial economic growth. These efforts have moved Europe closer to being whole, free, and at peace than at any other time in history. Russia also subscribed to this vision in the Founding Act. It committed to “creating in Europe a common space of security and stability, without dividing lines or spheres of influence,” and to “respect for sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all states and their inherent right to choose the means to ensure their own security.”Contrary to those commitments, Russia now appears to be attempting to recreate a sphere of influence by seizing a part of Ukraine, maintaining large numbers of forces on its borders, and demanding, as Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov recently stated, that “Ukraine cannot be part of any bloc.”Russian claims that NATO promised not to enlargeRussian officials claim that US and German officials promised in 1990 that NATO would not expand into Eastern and Central Europe, build military infrastructure near Russia’s borders or permanently deploy troops there.No such pledge was made, and no evidence to back up Russia’s claims has ever been produced. Should such a promise have been made by NATO as such, it would have to have been as a formal, written decision by all NATO Allies. Furthermore, the consideration of enlarging NATO came years after German reunification. This issue was not yet on the agenda when Russia claims these promises were made.Allegations about NATO pledging not to build infrastructure close to Russia are equally inaccurate. In the Founding Act, NATO reiterated “in the current and foreseeable security environment, the Alliance will carry out its collective defence and other missions by ensuring the necessary interoperability, integration, and capability for reinforcement rather than by additional permanent stationing of substantial combat forces. Accordingly, it will have to rely on adequate infrastructure commensurate with the above tasks. In this context, reinforcement may take place, when necessary, in the event of defence against a threat of aggression and missions in support of peace consistent with the United Nations Charter and the OSCE governing principles, as well as for exercises consistent with the adapted CFE T reaty, the provisions of the Vienna Document 1994 and mutually agreed transparency measures.” NATO has indeed supported the upgrading of military infrastructure, such as air bases, in the countries which have joined the Alliance, commensurate with the requirements for reinforcement and exercises. However, the only combat forces permanently stationed on the territory of the new members are their own armed forces.Even before the Ukraine crisis, the only routinely visible sign of Alliance forces in the new members were the NATO jets used in the Baltic States for the air policing mission. These minimal defensive assets cannot be described as substantial combat forces in the meaning of the Founding Act.Since the crisis, NATO has taken steps to increase situational awareness and bolster the defences of our Eastern members. This, too, is entirely consistent with the Founding Act and is a direct result of Russia’s destabilizing military actions.Finally, the Act also states, “Russia will exercise similar restraint in its conventional force deployments in Europe.” Russia’s aggression against Ukraine is a flagrant breach of this commitment, as is its unilateral suspension of compliance with the CFE T reaty.Russian claims that NATO has ignored its concerns over missile defenceNATO has not ignored Russia’s concerns. On the contrary, the Alliance has consistently sought cooperation with Russiaon missile defence. At the Lisbon Summit of 2010, NATO Heads of State and Government “decided to develop a missile defence capability to protect all NATO European populations, territory and forces, and invited Russia to cooperate with us” (declaration here).This was reiterated at the Chicago Summit in May 2012 (here), where leaders underlined that NATO “remains committed to cooperation on missile defence in a spirit of mutual trust and reciprocity”, and stated explicitly that NATO missile defence “will not undermine Russia’s strategic deterrence capabilities”. NATO also proposed a transparency regime including the creation of two NATO-Russia joint missile-defence centres. Russia has declined these offers.These Summit declarations are more than political promises: they define NATO’s policies. Rather than taking NATO up on cooperation, Russia has advanced arguments that ignore physics as well as NATO’s expressed policies. Independent Russian military experts have made clear that NATO’s missile defence programme could not pose any threat to Russia or degrade the effectiveness of its strategic deterrent forces. The Russian government has used missile defence as an excuse for accusations rather than an opportunity for partnership.Russian criticism of the legitimacy of NATO military actions – LibyaIn seeking to defend its illegal actions in Crimea, Russia has attacked the legitimacy of some of NATO’s operations.This includes the NATO-led operation of 2011 to protect civilians in Libyan. The NATO-led operation was launched under the authority of two UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR), UNSCRs 1970 & 1973, both quoting Chapter VII of the UN Charter, and neither of which was opposed by Russia. President Putin recently accused NATO of violating the resolutions by bombing Libya. This is entirely inaccurate.UNSCR 1973 authorized NATO “to take all necessary measures” to “protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack”, which is what NATO did, with the political and military support of regional states and members of the Arab League. After the conflict, NATO cooperated with the UN International Commission of Inquiry on Libya, which found no breach of UNSCR 1973 or international law, concluding instead that “NATO conducted a highly precise campaign with a demonstrable determination to avoid civilian casualties.”Russia criticism of the legitimacy of NATO military actions – KosovoThe NATO operation related to Kosovo followed over a year of intense efforts by the UN and the Contact Group, of which Russia was a member, to bring about a peaceful solution. The UN Security Council on several occasions branded the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and the mounting number of refugees driven from their homes as a threat to international peace and security. NATO’s Operation Allied Force was launched despite the lack of Security Council authorisation to prevent the large-scale and sustained violations of human rights and the killing of civilians.Following the air campaign, the subsequent NATO-led operation, KFOR, which initially included Russia, has been under UN mandate (UNSCR 1244), with the aim of providing a safe and secure environment for Kosovo. This led to nearly ten years of diplomacy, under UN authority, to find a political solution and to settle Kosovo’s final status, as prescribed by UNSCR 1244. The Kosovo operation was conducted following exhaustive discussion involving the whole international community dealing with a long-running crisis. In Crimea, with no evidence of a crisis and no attempt to negotiate any form of solution, Russia bypassed the whole international community, including the UN, and simply occupied a part of another country’s territory.North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationFact SheetPublic diplomacy division (PDD) - press and media section Tel.: +32(0)2 707 1010/1002 Email:***********.int #NATO Russian claims that the Ukrainian authorities are illegitimateThe current Ukrainian president and government were approved by an overwhelming majority in the Ukrainian parliament (371 votes out of 417 registered) on 27 February 2014, including members of the Party of Regions.That parliament was elected on 28 October 2012. The Russian Foreign Ministry at the time declared that the elections were held “peacefully, without any excesses and in line with generally-accepted standards” and “confirmed Ukraine’s commitment to democracy and the rule of law.” The statement can be read in Russian here .The parliament which Russia called legitimate then can hardly be called illegitimate now.Russian claims that the so-called referendum in Crimea was legalRussian officials claim that the so-called referendum in Crimea on 16 March was legal.The referendum was illegal according to the Ukrainian constitution (available in Ukrainian here, Russian here, English here ), which states that questions “of altering the territory of Ukraine are resolved exclusively by an All-Ukrainian referendum.” Crimea, as part of Ukraine, has the status of an autonomous republic, but any issues about its authority have to be resolved by the Ukrainian parliament (article 134) and its constitution has to be approved by the Ukrainian parliament (article 135).Additionally, the so-called referendum was organized in a matter of weeks by a self-proclaimed Crimean leadership that was installed by armed Russian military personnel after seizing government buildings.Russian claims that the annexation of Crimea was justified by the opinion of the International Court of Justice on the independence of KosovoRussian leaders claim that the precedent for the so-called declaration of independence of Crimea was the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the independence of Kosovo (online here ).However, the court stated clearly that their opinion was not a precedent. The court said they had been given a “narrow and specific” question about Kosovo’s independence which would not cover the broader legal consequences of that decision. The court highlighted circumstances in which claims for independence would be illegal. This would include if “they were, or would have been, connected with the unlawful use of force”. An example of “an unlawful use of force” would be an invasionand occupation by a neighbouring country – which is exactly what Russia has done.Furthermore, the process leading to Kosovo’s declaration of independence spanned years and included an extensive process led by the United Nations. Russian claims ignore all of these facts.0686-14 NAT O G r a p h i c s & P r i n t i n g。

Book 2 Unit 5 Music 词汇复习题

必修二Unit 5 单元词汇复习题一、单词拼写（填写本单元词汇）（25）1.There has been a mixed _________ (反应) to her appointment as director.2.Pick one important task to get done, something that will give you a sense of _______________ (满足) when you complete it.3.There are ____________ (各种不同的) ways to deal with the problem.4.He has been singing in his church ____________（合唱团）since he was six.5.If the package is wrapped well, we often _________ (以为) the content is also wonderful.6.The main _________ (目的) of the course is to improve your writing.7.I slipped as I stepped_________(朝向) the platform.8.Obviously, Don had____________(不知怎么地) made the vehicle move.9.We all breathed a sigh of _________ (轻松) when he left.10.But not every good musician makes a good ____________（指挥家）.11.Most people ___________ (现今) are aware of the importance of a healthy diet.12.According to the concert poster, many music masterpieces will be played by a famous ___________ (乐队).13.The new test should ____________ (使能够) doctors to detect the disease early.14.We have invited fifty people ____________ (总共) for the party next week.15.They enjoyed a ____________(浪漫的) dinner at one of their favourite restaurants on Valentine’s Day.16.She’s much happier performing live than in a recording ____________ (录音棚).17.Mozart’s ____________(作品) are undoubtedly among the world’s greatest.18.New technology has enabled development of an online‘_________ (虚拟的) library’.19.O. Henry often focused on the everyday life of ________ (普通的) people in New York city at that time.20.He plays ____________ (古典的) music, as well as pop and jazz.21. ____________ (因此), I began my lifelong interest in making things.22.They say that the eyes are the window to the ________ (心灵).23.Oasis release their new _____________ （音乐专辑）on July 1.24.The rent is reasonable and,_____________(而且), the location is perfect.25.Muscular ___________ ( 疼痛) and pains can be soothed（减轻）by a relaxing massage（按摩）.二、单句语法填空（38）1._________(classic)landscapes were a popular subject with many18th century painters.2.The company is trying to create a young____________(energy)image.3.The old man was teaching her in the____________(string)instruments.4.We have reached a stage__________we must take effective measures to protect the environment from being polluted．5.__________ is reported, the singing competition is a big hit．6.The force would be ____________(compose)of troops from NATO countries(北约各国).7.Strategies to fight climate change offer_______________( opportunity) for growth.8.The doctor ___________the operation quite well and the director was very satisfied with his ____________ and praised him as a real ____________ of difficult operations. (perform)9.The new drug has great significance for the___________(treat)of the disease.10.Our school is fully ___________ with advanced teaching _____________.(equip)11.A good interview____________(able)candidates to prove their worth.12.This activity is __________(aim) at improving the students’ ability of listening and speaking．13.Just give me a chance and I _________ (prove) it to you.14._________(award)the Nobel Prize for Physics in1985, the great scientist’s effort paid off.15.Lightning is one of the natural __________(phenomenon), so you needn’t be afraid of it．16.Yesterday we were deeply ______(move) by the movie directed by Zhang Yimou．17. __________(original), we had planned a tour of Scotland but we didn't go in the end.18.When you have completed the questionnaire, copy it and send the_________(origin)to your employer.19.People experience differences in physical and mental____________(capable)depending on the time of day.20.____________(gradual)factory workers have been displaced by machines.21.His best movie, which won several ___________(award), was about the life of Gandhi.22.Now doctors believe they have cured him____________the disease.pletely____________(absorb)in reading,he forgot even to take his meal.24.The building had____________(previous)been used as a hotel.25.He has no conception of how difficult life is if you're_________(employed).26.We aim________(improve)opportunities for the less advantaged in society.27.She is without doubt one of our most____________(talent)students.28.Generally speaking, when ___________(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.29.________ (motivate) by the motto，the athlete called on his teammates to get over thedifficulty by joint efforts.30.He felt great__________(satisfy)from knowing that his son was happy.31.The teacher came in,__________(follow) by a group of students.33.It set off a chain___________(react)in the international social media.34.__________(assume)he's still alive,how old would he be now?35.This financial crisis had a much greater impact__________ordinary people.三、完成句子(27)1.They say they expect the meeting to _______ _______ ________ _______ (对...巨大的影响impact) on the future of the country.2.I learn that if you ________ _________ ________ ________(爱上)something and do it all the time, you will get better at it.3.He is _________ __________ (有.....的能力) taking care of himself.4.I get so ___________ __________(专心致志于) doing something that I’m unaware of things happening round me .5._______ ___________ _______(除了)my weekly wage,I got a lot of tips.6.She had a car accident a year ago and suffered from back pain _________ _________ ________(从那时起).8. If I can, I'll________ ________ _______(参加选拔) NBA someday. Though it seems like a dream so far away, but dreams will eventually come true.9．I finally managed to __________ __________ my driving test.（通过）四．词性转换1.energy n.能源;能量;精力→_____________ adj.精力充沛的pose v.组成→___________ n.作曲者;作曲家→________ n.成分;作品3.perform vi.&vt.表演;履行→___________ n.表演者;演员→________ n.表演;表现4.able adj.能够→________ vt.使能够;使可能_______ n 可能性5.origin n.起源→_________ v.起源，发源→________adj.原来的;独创的;原作的6.conduct v.进行，组织→________n.(乐队)指挥;(公车)售票员12 satisfaction n．满足；满意；欣慰→________ vt.使……满意→_______ adj.(感到)满意的→satisfying adj.令人满意的13．various adj.各种不同的；各种各样的→________ n．变化；多样性；种类→_____ vt.& vi.使不同，变化14．__________n．反应；回应→react vi.作出反应；回应15. 提出__________19. 从那时起______________ 20.设法处理；完成__________________21..被...吸引住；专心致志______________ 22.结果是______________23.还清；得到回报___________ 24. 有...的天赋_____________五、用单词的适当形式完成句子1．____ (inspire) by the teachers from small villages, Zhang Tian became a volunteer teacher. 2．（2022·新疆· ________（compare）with other people, you are lucky enough.3．（2022·福建· __________ (base) on their expressed thoughts and actual “musicing” behaviors, this text examines the songs they sing, the rhythms…4．_________(trap)under the bricks and metals,the man didn't lose hope and kept shouting. 5．（2021·黑龙江· ________ (face) with such emergency, would you know how to cope?6．________ (decorate) with beautiful Christmas gifts, the tree looks more beautiful.7．Once________(see)，it will never be forgotten.8．________(affect) by a high fever, he continued with his work.9．________（bite）by the old man's dog, he is afraid to approach his house.10．Time, ________(use)correctly, is money in the bank.11. (move) by this music，he said，“It was like seeing color for the first time.”12._______(situate) in the northeast of Hubei Province,Xiaogan city is a very beautiful.六．[句型1]It is an honour to do sth.意为“很荣幸做某事。

给乌克兰人的一封信英语作文

给乌克兰人的一封信英语作文Dear Ukrainian people!Some of the events that are happening now are actually historic and determine the future of our country. They are created by our defenders and defenders, all the citizens who oppose the Russian crowd and help defend Ukraine. We have changed the world. I would like to provide some details about what has happened in the last few days and waiting for us. On 26 April 2022, more than 40 national defense agencies met at the United States Air Base in Ramstein, Germany. Not only the European Union and NATO countries-countries in Africa, the Middle East and the Persian Gulf, the Asia-Pacific region. This unprecedented event was due to the leadership of our American partners and the individual-the leadership of US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin III and the Chairman of the Staff Joint Committee, General Macmiley. It was a real alliance whose goal was not just to control the Kremlin, but to defeat Russian tyranny and ensure that the civilized world won the war. We examine three issues, covering short-term operationalsolutions to help Ukraine resist Russian aggression, and long-term ideas of how to strengthen its defense in the face of strategic challenges. I want to celebrate this result. first. The Ukrainian Defense Advisory Group has been formed and will operate permanently, and once a month we will "time clocks" with our partners. A permanent mechanism will be able to optimize and accelerate important processes to acquire weapons, improve logistics, and ensure optimal coordination. For example, when deciding to provide Ukraine with this or that weapon, coordinating coordination would come from different countries. Conditional, a few countries would provide 3-4 guns, and in total Ukraine would receive artillery divisions. someone else. There has been a structural development at the philosophical level. Back in the fall of 2021, during my appointment as Minister of Defence, I stressed that I was considering de facto integrating Ukraine as one of NATO's priorities. We have long convinced our partners that as support it is sufficient to provide Western-produced weapons that meet NATO standards. Turning to western caliber and technology is the final strategic decision made. In particular, we have already received the 155 mmartillery force. This will gradually ensure that the Ukrainian forces are fully compatible with those of NATO countries. This would be an important reinforcement on the east side of the alliance. I won't hide it-three months ago, this mission was considered almost impossible. But thanks to the courage and professionalism of the Ukrainian soldiers, the resilience of the Ukrainian people has all changed. Ukrainian President Vladimir Zelensky personally did a lot of work to achieve this transition. The Prime Minister Denis Shmigal works actively at the Head of Government level. The director of the presidential office Andrei Emak and our diplomat Dmitry Kuleb closed their part of the front. This is the result of joint efforts and, I believe, this will provide Ukraine with a strategic advantage. In addition, I would like to mention Ukrainian Ambassador to the United States Oksanamalkarova, Ukrainian Ambassador to Poland Andredeskia, Washington National Defense Officer General Boris Remenetsky and C National Defense Officer Warsaw. Oronell Serga Sulchak. Thanks to all of our diplomats and the atashe. They are part of big teams working for Ukraine。

女排精神团队协作作文英语

女排精神团队协作作文英语Teamwork":The Spirit of the Women's Volleyball Team: TeamworkVolleyball is a team sport that requires exceptional coordination and cooperation among players to achieve success on the court. This is especially true in the case of the women's national volleyball team which has consistently demonstrated a remarkable level of teamwork and camaraderie that has propelled them to greatness time and time again. The spirit of the women's volleyball team is embodied in their unwavering commitment to working together as a cohesive unit in pursuit of a common goal.At the heart of the women's volleyball team's success lies their ability to function as a well-oiled machine where each player seamlessly integrates their individual skills and talents into a harmonious whole. The team's starting lineup is not merely a collection of talented individuals but rather a carefully curated ensemble of complementary skillsets that, when combined, create a formidable force on the court. From the powerful spikes of the outside hitters to the pinpoint setting of the playmaker to the impenetrable defense ofthe libero, each player has a crucial role to play, and they execute their responsibilities with unwavering precision.One of the most striking aspects of the women's volleyball team's teamwork is the level of trust and communication that exists among the players. They are constantly talking to one another, providing encouragement, offering tactical advice, and anticipating each other's moves. This open and transparent communication allows the team to quickly adapt to changing game situations and make split-second decisions that can turn the tide of a match. Whether it's a perfectly executed quick attack or a spectacular defensive play, the women's volleyball team's ability to read each other's intentions and react accordingly is truly remarkable.Moreover, the women's volleyball team's commitment to teamwork extends beyond the court. They spend countless hours training together, bonding over shared experiences, and cultivating a deep sense of camaraderie that transcends the boundaries of the sport. This off-court unity is evident in the way they support and uplift one another both on and off the court. When one player is struggling, the rest of the team rallies around her, offering words of encouragement and practical assistance to help her overcome the challenge. This unwavering support and mutual respect are the hallmarks of a truly exceptional team.The women's volleyball team's dedication to teamwork is also reflected in their humility and selflessness. They understand that individual accolades and personal achievements are secondary to the team's overall success. Instead of seeking the spotlight, they are more concerned with ensuring that the team functions at its highest level, with each player willingly sacrificing personal glory for the greater good of the collective. This selfless attitude is exemplified in the way they celebrate each other's accomplishments, recognizing that every contribution, no matter how small, is vital to the team's success.Furthermore, the women's volleyball team's commitment to teamwork is not limited to the confines of the court. They are also active in their communities, using their platform to inspire and empower others. Through outreach programs, charitable initiatives, and public appearances, the team members demonstrate the power of teamwork and collective action to tackle societal challenges and make a positive impact on the world around them. Their ability to translate the lessons they've learned on the court into real-world applications is a testament to the transformative potential of teamwork.In conclusion, the spirit of the women's volleyball team is a shining example of the power of teamwork. Their unwavering commitment to working together as a cohesive unit, their exceptionalcommunication and trust, their selflessness and humility, and their ability to translate their team-oriented mindset into positive social impact all contribute to their remarkable success. As the world continues to grapple with complex challenges, the women's volleyball team's embodiment of teamwork serves as an inspiration for individuals and organizations alike to embrace the power of collaboration and collective action. Through their remarkable achievements, the women's volleyball team has not only secured their place in the pantheon of sports greatness but has also left an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of fans and admirers around the world.。

携手前行共谋发展的英文

携手前行共谋发展的英文Title: Walking Hand in Hand towards Shared Prosperity.In the dynamic landscape of global interactions, the call for "Walking Hand in Hand towards Shared Prosperity" resonates profoundly. It is a call that transcends cultural barriers, economic disparities, and geopolitical considerations, emphasizing the importance of cooperation, collaboration, and mutual benefit. As we navigate the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century, it is crucial to foster a spirit of unity and partnership that can lead us towards a brighter future.The concept of "Walking Hand in Hand" encapsulates the essence of true partnership. It is not just a physical manifestation of two entities moving forward together, but a metaphorical representation of the symbiotic relationship between nations, communities, and individuals. In a world where interconnectedness is increasingly becoming the norm, it is imperative that we recognize the interdependence ofour actions and their far-reaching consequences.When we walk hand in hand, we are able to share the burden of challenges and celebrate the joys of success together. This spirit of solidarity is particularly relevant in the current global context, where the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the fragility of our interconnected world. The pandemic has not only exposed the vulnerabilities in.。

防御外敌英语作文

防御外敌英语作文Title: Strengthening National Defense against External Threats。

In an era of global uncertainties and geopolitical tensions, the imperative of bolstering national defense against external threats cannot be overstated. The security and sovereignty of a nation depend significantly on its ability to deter and defend against potential adversaries. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted approaches to enhancing defense capabilities and safeguarding the interests of a nation.First and foremost, a robust defense strategy necessitates a comprehensive assessment of potential threats and vulnerabilities. This entails constant monitoring of geopolitical developments, intelligence gathering, and analysis to identify emerging challenges. By understanding the intentions and capabilities of adversaries, policymakers can formulate proactive measuresto mitigate risks and enhance preparedness.Furthermore, investing in military modernization and technological innovation is indispensable for maintaining a competitive edge in an increasingly complex security landscape. Advancements in areas such as cyber warfare, artificial intelligence, and precision-guided munitions have transformed the nature of conflict, requiring adaptation and agility in defense capabilities. By prioritizing research and development, nations can equip their armed forces with cutting-edge technologies to deter aggression and respond effectively to threats.Additionally, fostering robust alliances and partnerships is vital for collective security and mutual defense. In an interconnected world, no nation can confront global challenges alone. Collaborative efforts through regional security arrangements, such as NATO, ASEAN, or bilateral defense agreements, amplify the collective strength of allied nations and serve as a deterrent against aggression. Through joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and capacity-building initiatives, nations canenhance interoperability and readiness to respond to shared security threats.Moreover, investing in diplomatic engagement andconflict resolution mechanisms is crucial for preventing escalation and fostering stability in volatile regions. Diplomacy serves as a critical tool for de-escalating tensions, building trust, and resolving disputes through peaceful means. By promoting dialogue and negotiation, nations can address underlying grievances and reduce the likelihood of conflict, thereby contributing to a more secure and peaceful international order.Furthermore, addressing non-traditional security threats, such as terrorism, transnational crime, and pandemics, is integral to comprehensive defense planning. These threats transcend borders and require cooperation among nations to combat effectively. Strengthening law enforcement cooperation, enhancing border security measures, and promoting information sharing are essential componentsof a holistic approach to safeguarding national security.In conclusion, defending against external threats requires a multifaceted and proactive approach that encompasses military preparedness, diplomatic engagement, alliance-building, and addressing non-traditional security challenges. By investing in defense capabilities, fostering international cooperation, and promoting peace and stability, nations can safeguard their sovereignty and protect the interests of their citizens in an increasingly uncertain world.。

有关于合作的英语作文

Cooperation is a vital aspect of human interaction that enables individuals to achieve common goals more effectively than they could alone.In this essay,we will explore the importance of cooperation,its benefits,and how it can be fostered in various settings.The Essence of CooperationCooperation is the act of working together towards a shared objective.It involves collaboration,communication,and mutual understanding among individuals or groups. The essence of cooperation lies in its ability to combine diverse skills,perspectives,and resources to overcome challenges and achieve success.Importance of Cooperation1.Enhanced Problem Solving:When people cooperate,they can pool their knowledge and skills to find innovative solutions to complex problems.This collective intelligence often leads to more effective and creative outcomes than what an individual could achieve alone.2.Efficiency and Productivity:Working together allows tasks to be divided among team members,which can lead to increased efficiency and productivity.Each person can focus on their area of expertise,ensuring that the work is completed more quickly and to a higher standard.3.Shared Responsibility:Cooperation distributes the workload and responsibility among team members.This shared accountability can motivate individuals to contribute their best efforts and ensure that the team meets its objectives.4.Learning and Growth:Engaging in cooperative efforts provides opportunities for individuals to learn from one another.This exchange of knowledge and experience can lead to personal and professional growth.5.Building Trust and Relationships:Cooperation fosters trust and strengthens relationships among team members.Trust is a cornerstone of successful collaboration and can lead to longterm partnerships and a positive work environment.Benefits of Cooperation1.Achieving Greater Goals:Through cooperation,individuals and organizations can achieve goals that would be unattainable on their own.This collective effort can lead to significant advancements in various fields,such as science,technology,and socialdevelopment.2.Diversity of Thought:A diverse group of collaborators brings a range of perspectives and ideas to the table.This diversity can lead to more robust and wellrounded decisions and solutions.3.Risk Mitigation:Cooperation allows for the sharing of risks among participants.This can be particularly beneficial in business ventures or research projects where the outcomes are uncertain.4.Enhanced Creativity:The interaction of different ideas and approaches in a cooperative environment can spark creativity and innovation,leading to breakthroughs and new discoveries.5.Cultural Exchange:In a globalized world,cooperation often involves individuals from different cultural backgrounds.This exchange can lead to a greater understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures,fostering global harmony and mutual respect.Fostering Cooperation1.Clear Communication:Open and transparent communication is essential for effective cooperation.It helps to align team members on goals,expectations,and responsibilities.2.Mutual Respect:Recognizing and respecting the contributions and perspectives of all team members is crucial for a harmonious and productive cooperative environment.3.Shared Vision:A shared vision or goal provides a common direction and motivation for the team.It helps to ensure that all members are working towards the same objectives.4.Leadership:Effective leadership is necessary to guide the cooperative process,resolve conflicts,and ensure that the team stays focused on its goals.5.Continuous Improvement:Regularly reviewing and refining the cooperative process can help to identify areas for improvement and ensure that the team is continually evolving and adapting to new challenges.In conclusion,cooperation is a fundamental aspect of human society that enables us to achieve more than we can as individuals.By understanding and embracing the principles of cooperation,we can unlock the full potential of collaborative efforts and create a more successful and harmonious world.。

中考英语缩略词与缩写练习题40题

中考英语缩略词与缩写练习题40题1. “He is a good student.”的缩写形式是：A. He's a good student.B. He a good student.C. His a good student.D. He is good student.答案：A。

选项 A 是“He is”的缩写形式“He's”，正确。

选项B 缺少谓语动词“is”。

选项C“His”是“他的”的意思，与题意不符。

选项D 缺少缩写形式。

2. “I am happy.”的缩写形式是：A. I'm happy.B. I am happy.C. I a happy.D. Im happy.答案：A。

选项A 是“I am”的缩写形式“I'm”，正确。

选项B 不是缩写形式。

选项C 缺少谓语动词“am”。

选项D 写法错误。

3. “They are my friends.”的缩写形式是：A. They're my friends.B. They a my friends.C. Their my friends.D. They is my friends.答案：A。

选项A 是“They are”的缩写形式“They're”，正确。

选项B 缺少谓语动词“are”。

选项C“Their”是“他们的”的意思，与题意不符。

选项D“They”后面不能用“is”。

4. “She is beautiful.”的缩写形式是：A. She's beautiful.B. She a beautiful.C. Her beautiful.D. She is beautiful.答案：A。

选项A 是“She is”的缩写形式“She's”，正确。

选项B 缺少谓语动词“is”。

选项C“Her”是“她的”的意思，与题意不符。

选项D 不是缩写形式。

5. “It is a cat.”的缩写形式是：A. It's a cat.B. It a cat.C. Its a cat.D. It is cat.答案：A。

现在越来越多的人注意到合作的力量英语作文

现在越来越多的人注意到合作的力量英语作文Cooperation is a powerful force that can bring about positive change in various aspects of our lives. In today's interconnected world, the importance of collaboration and teamwork cannot be overstated. Whether it's in the workplace, in the community, or on a global scale, the ability to work together towards a common goal is essential for achieving success and making a meaningful impact.In the workplace, cooperation among colleagues and teams is crucial for driving innovation, problem-solving, and achieving business objectives. When individuals with diverse skills, perspectives, and expertise come together to collaborate, they can leverage their collective strengths to overcome challenges and drive the organization forward. Effective teamwork fosters a supportive and inclusive work environment, where individuals feel valued and motivated to contribute their best efforts.On a broader scale, cooperation among different communities and nations is essential for addressing complex global issues such as climate change, poverty, and publichealth. By working together, countries can share resources, expertise, and best practices to tackle common challenges and promote sustainable development. International cooperation also fosters mutual understanding and goodwill among nations, paving the way for peace and prosperity.In our daily lives, cooperation plays a role in building strong relationships and fostering a sense of community. Whether it's lending a helping hand to a neighbor, organizing a charity event, or participating in volunteer work, coming together with others to support a common cause can create a sense of unity and belonging. By working collaboratively, individuals can make a positive impact in their communities and contribute to the greater good.Overall, the power of cooperation lies in its ability to bring people together, leverage collective strengths, and achieve common goals. By embracing a spirit ofcollaboration and teamwork, we can drive positive change and create a better future for ourselves and others.合作是一种强大的力量，可以在我们生活的各个方面带来积极的改变。

北大西洋公约组织新动向

❖ Formed in 1949, NATO was set up to discourage an attack by the Soviet Union on the non-Communist nations of North America and Europe.
(NATO counties, 1950)
Defence reform
Consultation on
Consultation on: - struggle against terrorism
- str-- ucnroigsni-gspmrloealifneaargagetiaomnienntst terrorism - cr-isarimssmconatrnola&gceonmfideenncte-building measures - ar--mtsheseaarctcrheo&mnirsetsrsicloeuledeaftesnecae - se-amrilcitahry-&to-mreilistacryucoeopaetrastioena& defence reform - na--tcnuievwrilaethmlreeearmgtsen&ecricehgsaellenncgeises
Working to jointly plan military operations…
Member Nations Commit Troops to NATO Missions
Military or Relief Missions Carried Out
Actions Against Terrorism
NATO-Partner cooperation against terrorism

呼吁全球人民加强合作,共同发展的作文英语

呼吁全球人民加强合作,共同发展的作文英语The world we live in today is more interconnected and interdependent than ever before. Advancements in technology, transportation, and communication have brought people and nations closer together, creating a global community that faces shared challenges and opportunities. In the face of pressing global issues such as climate change, economic inequality, and geopolitical tensions, it is clear that no single country or individual can tackle these problems alone. Only through collective action and strong international cooperation can we hope to build a more prosperous and sustainable future for all.At the heart of this call for global cooperation is the recognition that our fates are inextricably linked. The actions of one nation or community can have far-reaching consequences for the rest of the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has starkly demonstrated this reality, as a local outbreak in one part of the world rapidly escalated into a global health crisis that has impacted every corner of the globe. Similarly, the effects of climate change know no borders, with rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and environmental degradationaffecting people and ecosystems across the planet.To address these complex and interconnected challenges, we must embrace a spirit of unity and collaboration that transcends national boundaries and ideological differences. This means setting aside narrow self-interests and instead focusing on the common good of humanity. It requires a willingness to share knowledge, resources, and best practices, and to work together towards mutually beneficial solutions.One area where global cooperation is particularly crucial is in the fight against climate change. Climate change is a global threat that requires a global response. No country can single-handedly mitigate the impacts of climate change or transition to a low-carbon economy. It is only through coordinated international efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, that we can hope to limit global temperature rise, protect vulnerable communities, and safeguard the planet for future generations.Similarly, in the realm of global health, international cooperation is essential for preventing, detecting, and responding to emerging infectious diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for stronger global health governance, with greater information-sharing, resource-pooling, and coordinated policy responses. By working together, countries can enhance theircollective resilience and better protect the health and well-being of their populations.Beyond these pressing global issues, international cooperation can also unlock new opportunities for sustainable development and shared prosperity. By collaborating on initiatives such as clean energy technology, sustainable agriculture, and digital infrastructure, countries can leverage their collective expertise and resources to drive innovation, create jobs, and improve the lives of their citizens.Furthermore, global cooperation can help to address the persistent challenge of economic inequality, both within and between countries. Through initiatives such as international tax cooperation, fair trade agreements, and development assistance, the global community can work to create a more equitable and inclusive global economy that benefits people from all walks of life.Of course, achieving meaningful global cooperation is not without its challenges. Differences in national interests, political ideologies, and cultural values can often create barriers to effective collaboration. Additionally, the rise of nationalist and protectionist sentiments in some parts of the world can undermine the spirit of international cooperation.However, these obstacles are not insurmountable. By fostering agreater sense of global citizenship and shared responsibility, we can overcome these divisions and work towards a more just and sustainable future. This will require a concerted effort to promote cross-cultural understanding, strengthen international institutions, and empower civil society organizations to play a more active role in shaping global governance.Ultimately, the call for global cooperation and joint development is a call to embrace our common humanity and to recognize that our fates are inextricably linked. By working together, we can harness the collective power of the global community to tackle the most pressing challenges of our time and build a better world for all. It is a vision that requires vision, courage, and a steadfast commitment to the principles of solidarity, sustainability, and shared prosperity. If we can rise to this challenge, the rewards will be immense – a more peaceful, equitable, and thriving global community that benefits people and the planet alike.。

NATO Begins Largest Exercise Since Cold War

NATO Begins Largest Exercise Since Cold WarThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1949 based on a military alliance signed by 29 North American and European countries. NATO countries agree to protect all member states against attack from any external nation.Currently, NATO members are sending a "very simple message", as NATO sergeant Davor Petek puts it, that the alliance is as strong as it has ever been.Around 50,000 NATO personnel from 31 NATO and partner countries are currently t aking part in the alliance’s "Trident Juncture 18" exercises –NATO's largest drills since the end of the Cold War.The massive exercises are taking place in and around Norway and involve about 65 ships, 250 aircraft and 10,000 vehicles.“We are ready, and we are capable to meet any possible security threat coming to our NATO borders,” Petek said.“Nobody’s willing to mess with an alliance that has so much potential, so much capability.”“It’s an alliance that’s been there for a long, long time – over 70 years –but I’d say it was never probably as active and determined as it is right now,” Petek said.NATO said the drills are not an act of aggression, and the alliance has invited Russia to observe.“I’m happy that we have observers because they’re going to see that we’re very good at what we do. And that will have a deterrent effect on anybody who wants to cross those borders, but one nation in particular,” US Navy commander James Foggo told reporters at the Pentagon earlier this month.The exercises come as Russia and the west are divided over Moscow’s illegal annexation of Ukraine’s Crimea peninsula, with some NATO countries concerned over the possibility of Russian invasion.It also comes as US President Donald Trump has criticized NATO for benefiting Europe more than the United States.NATO members have committed to spend at least 2 percent of their GDP on defense by 2024, but just nine of the military alliance’s 29 members are expected to reach or surpass that amount this year.。

汉译英：基本功

最近我看了⼀本⽤英⽂出版的论⽂集，是介绍我国改⾰开放的情况的。

书中共有⽂章18篇，其中13篇有译者署名，并经8⼈审阅，其余5篇没有译者署名，可能是作者⾃译，也许是直接⽤英⽂写的。

这18篇⽂章均出⾃相关领域的专家学者之⼿，专业性⽐较强，要译好，或者要评论译⽂的优劣，必须有相关的知识。

我们不具备这样的条件，⽽且我们只见到译⽂⽽见不到原⽂，因此我们只能就译⽂本⾝提出⼀些看法。

⼀。

名词与冠词 1. Over long period of time in our country, state enterprise is a main provider in respect to financial income of nation. 2. Those belonged to the latter approach pay much more attentions to the individuals. 3. ...in term of both economics and environment. 4. In other word, what do we think...? 5. The actual situation is far from such a simple. 6. In addition, the development of economy always has periods of rise as well as fall. 7. Since 1990's, "globalization" has almost become an "everyday word" of the mass media in various countries. 8. Those suffering more have to ask for aids from IMF and some western countries like U.S. 9. On June 5, 1972 in Stockholm, United Nations held its first UN conference on Human Settlement, for the first time raising human environment issue into the agenda of international politics. 10....capacity building thus becomes an only effective approach to sustainable development. 英语的名词分可数名词和不可数名词，⽽且往往要和冠词连⽤。