英语国家人文知识概况——专八考试资料
专八人文知识汇总
第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括Ⅰ地理有四个部分组成great Britain(England,Wales,Scotland)and northern IrelandⅡ地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover 多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone :the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ,首都是Edinburgh ,river Clyde 克莱德河3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖(Lough Neagh)5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river(赛文河),第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河,(Thames river),典型的海洋性气候(maritime climate)Ⅲ人口60million ,英国人是Anglo-Saxons,苏格兰人hospitable and generous,Wales are emotional and cheerful people,北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语,其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区ⅣHistory:1 first settlers are Lberians (伊利比亚人)2 1066(Norman conquer)1215 (大宪章)1337—1453(英法百年战争)1381(农民起义)1458(玫瑰战争,1350-1650(Renaissance)1642-1646(first civil war ),1658(the restoration 王朝复辟)1688(the glorious revolution)Ⅴ教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习ⅥReligionEstablished churches分为the Church of England(official church ,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定)and the Church of Scotland(Presbyterian,长老教会)Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会,the free churches 自由教,the roman catholic church 天主教Ⅶ主要节日Christmas day December 25th Easter 复活节(主要的天主教节日)whit Sunday(圣灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日)Gay Fawkes day (盖伊福克斯之夜,11月5日,燃放烟火的节日)Ⅷsports ,足球是最受欢迎的(职业足球从August 到May),最典型的英国运动是cricket,板球)网球(annual Wimbledon fortnightⅨArts 博物馆(the British museum,the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery)Music (甲壳虫乐队,the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaⅩmedia (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper)ⅪPoliticalconstitutional monarchy,没有宪法,全靠惯例,parliament (the house of lord and the house of commons,任期为五年)political party :labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party(Tories 托利党)第二节美国概括Ⅰyellow National park(大平原地带),大峡谷(the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California )ⅡAlaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits,also called Eskimos)Hawaii (Mauna Loa ,莫纳罗亚山,the world’s largest active volcano,盛产sugar cane and pineapple,首府是Honolulu)Ⅲ地理特征1 两大主要山脉是,Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ,2 the Mississippi river (greatest continental rivers,American Ruhr ),Ohio river(俄亥俄河)3 the great lakes:lake Michigan(唯一一个在美国境内),lake superior(世界上最大的淡水湖),the lake Huron(休伦湖)lake Erie(伊利湖)and lake Ontario(安大略湖)Ⅳhistory1620,201 pilgrim,mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立,签署停火协议),1789(established federal government),1812(和英国开战,认识到强大的联邦政府的重要)1861-1865(civil war),gilded age (镀金时代,国内战争到20世纪初),1949(north Atlantic treaty),1950s (civil rights movement)1950-1975(the Vietnam war),1972(Watergate scandal)1972 (访华),1979(中美建交)ⅤAmerican political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法,(1789讨论成立,国会两院,三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
专八人文知识吐血整理版
Part 1 英语国家概况第一章英国第一节概述1 英国四部分首都英格兰(England)首都London,苏格兰(Scotland)首都爱丁堡(Edinburgh),威尔士(Wales)首都加的夫(Cardiff)北爱尔兰(Northern Ireland)首都贝尔法斯特(Belfast)2 英格兰占地面积为整个岛屿的60%(13万平方公里)3 南面的(south)的英吉利海峡(English channel)与东面的(east)的北海(North sea)将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。
4 爱尔兰的官方语言(official language)是Irish,第二语言是English5 Scotland 位于北部(northernmost part)6 主要作物是大麦(wheat)和小麦(barley)7 最佳农业区是英格兰的东南部(northeast)8 70%的劳动力集中在服务业(service)9 农民仅占人口2%,管理70%的土地。
10 运输业,家庭取暖系统(domestic heating system),食品供应(food supply)很大程度上依赖于石油(oil )11 在19世纪造船业(shipbuilding)中世界领先12 England 的人口最多第二节地理1 本尼维斯山(Ben Nevis)是英国最高的山(highest mountain)2 斯克菲尔峰(Scafell)是英格兰最高峰(highest peak)3 塞文河(Severn River)是英国最长的河(longest river)4 泰晤士河(Thames River)是英国第二大河和最重要的河流(second and most important river)5 内伊湖(Lough Neagh)是英国最大的湖(largest lake),位于北爱尔兰6 英吉利海峡(The English Channel)是分隔England和France的狭窄海道,连接大西洋(Atlantic ocean)与北海(North Sea)7 英国是海洋性气候(the maritime type),由于受墨西哥湾流(the Gulf Stream)的影响,比同纬度其他地方温度高(warmer),温和适中,冬天温和,夏天凉爽,天气多变(changeable),有时会在一天经历四季变化。
英语专业八级人文知识
第一章美国概况1.概述American Anthem (国歌):The star-spangled banner星光灿烂的旗帜American Flag(国旗): 星条旗美国地理著名山脉河流The Appalachian Mountains (阿巴拉契亚山脉)The Great Centeral plain(中部大平原):落基山和阿巴拉契亚山脉之间的平原。
The Rocky Mountains(洛基山脉):“the backbone of the continent”, 6,187 meter high, in the middle of the Alaska.其被称为北美大陆的脊梁,大陆分水岭。
The Cordillera Range (西部科迪勒拉山区):洛基山脉等。
The Mississippi River (密西西比河):美国最长、最重要的河流。
世界上第三长的大陆河流(第一长:非洲尼罗河;第二长:南美洲的亚马逊河。
)Missouri river是其最长的分支。
其被称作:“Father of Waters”“Old Man River)五大湖:从西到东:都位于美国东北部。
其是世界上最大的淡水湖群,有“美洲大陆地中海”之称。
Lake Superior(苏必利尔湖,为世界最大淡水湖),Lake Michigan(密执安胡,五大湖中唯一完全位于美国境内),Lake Huron(休伦湖),Lake Erie (伊利湖),Lake Ontario(安大略湖)The Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布):在伊利湖和安大略湖之间。
Yellowstone National Park(黄石国家公园)Statue of Liberty (自由女神像)位于纽约湾美国主要行政区和它们的首府和主要城市:地区概述:“美国”的表达有五种:The United States of American/ American /The states/the U.S.A./Uncle Sam美国全国分为50个州和一个特区(哥伦比亚特区,即首都华盛顿所在地)本土有48个州,另外的两个海外州是:阿拉斯加(首府:Juneau朱诺)和夏威夷(Hawaii,主产:甘蔗和菠萝,最重要产业:旅游业,首府:Honolulu火奴鲁鲁。
专八人文常识辅导材料(英美概况)
I. Review1. The largest city in Canada is ______.A. VancouverB. MontrealC. TorontoD. Ottawa2. _________ is the capital city of Canada.A. VancouverB. OttawaC. MontrealD. York3. The capital of New Zealand is___________.A. ChristchurchB. AucklandC. WellingtonD. Hamilton4. Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.?A. Huston.B. Boston.C. Baltimore.D. Philadelphia.5. The President during the American Civil War was_________.A. Andrew JacksonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington6. The Declaration of Independence was written by _________.A. Thomas JeffersonB. George WashingtonC. Alexander HamiltonD. James Madison7. U.S. presidents normally serve a (an) _________term.A. two-yearB. four-yearC. six-yearD. eight-year8. According to the United States Constitution, the legislative power is invested in ______.A. the Federal GovernmentB. the Supreme CourtC. the CabinetD. the Congress9. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of__________.A. the Shadow CabinetB. the ParliamentC. the OppositionD. the Cabinet10. The Head of State of Canada is represented by_________.A. the MonarchB. the PresidentC. the Prime MinisterD. the Governor-general11. The head of the executive branch in New Zealand is ______.A. the PresidentB. the Governor-GeneralC. the British monarchD. the Prime Minister12. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?A. The aboriginesB. The MaorisC. The IndiansD. The Eskimos13. The original inhabitants of Australia were________.A. the Red IndiansB. the EskimosC. the AboriginesD. the Maoris14. The majority of the current population in the UK are decedents of all the following tribes respectively EXCEPT________.A. the AnglosB. the CeltsC. the JutesD. the Saxons15. ________ is the state church in England.A. The Roman Catholic ChurchB. The Baptist ChurchC. The Protestant ChurchD. The Church of England16. Which of the following is the oldest sport in the United States?A. BaseballB. TennisC. BasketballD. American footballII. HintsKey cities, their location and position (refer to the maps)Key figures relating to key historical events (esp. Presidents in the American history)Political systemsNatives and populationMulti-facets of culture such as religions and sports纵向理清线索The History of UK:Early settlers--Roman invasions--Anglo-Saxons--the Viking and Danish Invasions--the Norman Conquest--William’s Rule--the Great Charter--the Hundred Year’s War--the English Reformation--the English Renaissance--the Civil War--the Glorious Revolution--the Industrial Revolution--in the two World WarsThe History of the U.S.:The War of Independence--the War of 1812--territorial expansion and Westward Movement--the Civil War--in the two World Wars--the Cold War--the Berlin Blockade--the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s--the Vietnam WarIII. Samples1. The capital of Northern Ireland is_________.A. EdinburghB. CardiffC. DublinD. Belfast2. The largest city in Australia is_________.A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. CanberraD. Perth3. The “Motor City” is in the state of ________ in the U.S.A. MichiganB. MississippiC. MassachusettsD. Washington4. In New Zealand, the two large islands (North Island and South Island) are separated by the fairly narrow _________.A. Bering StraitB. the Strait of DoverC. Cook StraitD. South Strait5. Ireland is divided into two political parts: _________.A. Northern Ireland and Southern IrelandB. Southern Ireland the Republic of IrelandC. The Republic of Ireland and Northern IrelandD. Northern Ireland and Britain6. British recorded history began with _____.A. Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion7. In the U.S., a President can be elected to office only ________.A. onceB. twiceC. three timesD. four times8. Among the most typical English sports, having been in existence since the 16th century, it is _______.A. cricketB. rugbyC. boxingD. football9. Which degree is offered in community colleges in the United States?A. Master’s degreeB. Doctor’s degreeC. Bachelor’s degreeD. Associate degree10. The main theme of Thanksgiving has always been _____.A. friendship and happinessB. peace and plentyC. cooperation and rich rewardD. love and happiness11. _______are associated with Halloween.A. Ghost costumes and witches’ hatsB. Pumpkin-LanternsC. Trick or treatD. All of the above12. There are ______ political divisions on the island of Great Britain.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four。
专八人文知识精华
英国社会与文化概况:I.Land and People1.国名:U.K(the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland )2.英联邦:the British Commonwealth /1931/533.位于North Atlantic Ocean/ the English Channel/ the North Seathe Straits of Dover/ 33km/ France4.最高峰:Ben Nevis/1343m/Scotland; 最长河:the Severn River/338km 最大湖:the LoughNeagh(Ireland);Lough Ness(尼斯湖/ Scotland)5.the Lake District / England/ three famous poets: William Wordsworth, Taylor Coleridge andRobert Southey6.苏格兰(Edinburgh)地形:北部高地,中部低地,南部山地/ 威尔士(Cardiff)地形:mountainous ,12% arable.7.英国气候:maritime climate8.人种来源:Anglo-Saxons and CeltsII.History1.3000BC.:Iberians / 700BC:the Celts/ 55BC: Julius Caesar, the Romans/ mid 5th century:Anglo-Saxons and Jutes2.the first king of England: 829 Egbert3.the Witan(贤人会议)—the basis of Privy Council(枢密院)4.king Alfred:Father of the British Navy / defeated the Danes/ a legal system5.the Norman Conquer of 1066: William the Conqueror/ King Haroldresult: the feudal system in England was established.6.《大宪章》/ the Great Charter/ Magna/ King John 12157.百年战争:1337-1453/ between France and England/ Calais of France/ Joan of Arc of France8.黑死病: the Black Death/ the 14th century9.玫瑰战争: 1455-1485 ( Sir Walter Scott)10.Elizabeth I(1558-1603) / 1588 defeated Armada/ England became a naval power11.文艺复兴: Renaissance/ rebirth/ the 14th century in Europe/ Leonardo Da Vinci/ WilliamShakespeare12.火药阴谋案the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:最有名的天主教密谋13.英国内战the First Civil War (the Puritan Revolution)/ between Charles I and Parliament/Cavaliers and RoundheadsResult: overthrew the feudal system in England and started the modern world history.14.1649—1658 Commonwealth/ Oliver Cromwell15.1702 Anne’s reign/ the name of Great Britain came into being16.18th-19th century: the Whigs and the Tories(Conservative Party) controlled the parliament.17.The Industrial Revolution: the late 18th—early 19th century/ workshop of the world by 183018.Colonial expansion began from Newfoundland in 1583/ 1763 Canada by the Treaty of Paris19.Canada as a dominion / the British North America Act of 186720.1900 a big Empire that the sun never sets/ 25% of the world’s population and area21.1973: 欧共体成员22.1979/ the Conservative Party/ Thatcherism / self-reliance and privatisationIII.Economy1.1950s-1960s: John Keynes2.the Midlands : 钢铁中心;Silicon Valley: between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland3.3% 人口:70% land area 耕地:东部和东南部IV.Government and Administration1.法律:没有成文法:no written constitution, is made up of statute law, common law andconventions. 法律来源:statute law, common law, equity law and European law.2.议会包括:the Sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons. 五年一届3.两党制:the Conservative Party and the Labor Party 反对党:Opposition, shadow cabinet4.首相:由君主任命;首席财政和文职大臣;下议员议员;唐宁街10号,主持内阁事务。
英语专八考试人文知识
英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况1.The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.(密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线)2.The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3.The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。
2000年以后,拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数,成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5.America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6.The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境)7.In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8.Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10.Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)英语专业八级人文知识(2)美国概况1.Of the fifty states of America, 38states now have the death penalty as punishment.(美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑)2.The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. (美国的主要四大部分不包括北部)3.The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. (美国的新英格兰地区,也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响)4.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. (加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州,拥有人口也最多)5.“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6.The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河,也是美国最重要的一条河流。
英语专业八级人文知识
顺序是:Celts--Roman--Anglo Saxon
答案: BBBAD DACAC
Vowel Glide 又称元音过渡,指的是双元音组成的,前一个音为纯元音,后一个音为短促的滑音。 New York City
With a metropolitan population of around 16 million, New York, called the “Big Apple”, is the largest city in the United States, and the financial, manufacturing and transportation center.
7____is the first American professional writer and the first writer of detective story in the world.
A Ezra Pound B Washington Irving C Nathaniel Hawthorne D Edgar Ellen Poe
A novels B poems C short stories D dramas
6.The island of Lilliput can be found in ___
A Robinson Grusoe B Gulliver's Travels C Adventures of Tome Sawyer D Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
英语专业八级 人文知识
专八考试人文知识考试内容的总结涉及到三个方面的内容:英美文学,英语语言学和英语国家概况。
其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。
英国文学主要分为六个时期:1. Old and Medieval English Literature(中古英国文学)。
2. The Renaissance Period(文艺复兴时期)。
3. The Neoclassical Period(新古典主义时期)。
4. The Romantic Period(维多利亚时期)。
5. The Victorian Period(维多利亚时期)。
6. The Modern Period(现代时期)。
美国文学主要分为四个时期:1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence(独立革命前后的文学)。
2. American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义文学)。
3. American Realism(美国现实主义文学)。
4. American Modernism(美国现代主义文学)。
语言学,考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学,音位学,形态学,句法学,语义学和语言学的知识。
关于英语国家概况,英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程,但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况,不光包括英国和美国,还有其他一些说英语的地区,包括爱尔兰概况,加拿大概况,澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。
了解了专业八级考试人文知识的内容以后,下一步我们要做的就是好好学习,抓紧时间去掌握这些必需的知识了。
祝愿大家都能适应新的考试题型,都能考出理想的成绩。
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学;在语言或一门语言中,对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学,音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法,研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学,以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym :首字母组合词,首字母缩略词,比如,NA TO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼,但VOA是Initialism。
专八人文知识汇总-自我总结版
第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括I地理有四个部分组成great Britain (England ,Wales,Scotland)and northern Irelandn地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone :the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ,首都是Edinburgh ,river Clyde 克莱德河是最重要的河流,3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖(Lough Neagh)5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river (赛文河),第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河,(Thames river),典型的海洋性气候(maritime climate )川人口60million ,英国人是Anglo-Saxons ,苏格兰人hospitable and generous, Wales are emotional and cheerful people,北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语,其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区IV History :1 first settlers are Lberians (伊利比亚人)2 1066(Norman conquer)1215 (大宪章)1337—1453(英法百年战争)1381(农民起义)1458(玫瑰战争, 1350-1650(Renaissance)1642-1646 (first civil war ), 1658(the restoration 王朝复辟)1688(the glorious revolution )V教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习W Religio nEstablished churches 分为the Church of England (official church ,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定)and the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian , 长老教会)Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会, the free churches 自由教, the roman catholic church 天主教vn 主要节日Christmas day December 25 th Easter 复活节(主要的天主教节日)whit Sun day (圣灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日)Gay Fawkes day (盖伊福克斯之夜, 11月5日, 燃放烟火的节日)忸sports,足球是最受欢迎的(职业足球从August至U May),最典型的英国运动是cricket ,板球)网球(annual Wimbledon fortnightIX Arts 博物馆(the British museum, the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery )Music (甲壳虫乐队,the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaX media (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,finan cial times ,the Guardia n, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper)幻Politicalconstitutional monarchy ,没有宪法,全靠惯例,parliament (the house of lord and the house of commons ,任期为五年)political party :labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party ( Tories 托利党) 第二节美国概括I yellow National park (大平原地带),大峡谷 (the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is thelargest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California )n Alaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits , also called Eskimos)Hawaii ( Mauna Loa,莫纳罗亚山,the world 'largest active volca no,盛产sugar cane and pin eapple,首府是Honolulu )川地理特征1 两大主要山脉是,Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ,2 the Mississippi river ( greatest continental rivers ,American Ruhr ),Ohio river (俄亥俄河)3 the great lakes: lake Michigan (唯一一个在美国境内),lake superior (世界上最大的淡水湖) ,the lake Huron (休伦湖) lake Erie (伊利湖) and lake Ontario (安大略湖)IV history1620,201 pilgrim ,mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立,签署停火协议) ,1789( established federal government),1812(和英国开战,认识到强大的联邦政府的重要) 1861-1865(civil war ) ,gilded age (镀金时代,国内战争到20 世纪初),1949 (north Atlantic treaty),1950s (civil rights movement) 1950-1975 (the Vietnam war),1972(Watergate scandal) 1972 (访华),1979(中美建交)V America n political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法, (1789 讨论成立,国会两院,三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
英语国家人文知识概况——专八考试资料
Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国●Full NameThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,简称“UK(联合王国)”。
●Geography位于欧洲大陆西北部的Great Britain Island(大不列颠岛)上,东濒North Sea(北海),西临Atlantic(大西洋),南与European Continent (欧洲大陆)以English Channel(英吉利海峡)、Denver Channel (多佛海峡)相隔。
由Great Britain(包括England、Scotland、Wales 和Ireland东北部)和附近大约5500多个小岛组成。
陆界与Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰共和国)接壤。
国土总面积共24.18万平方公里,海岸线总长1.15万公里。
Ⅰ、Scotland(苏格兰地区)Glasgow(格拉斯哥)——第一大城市(英国全境第三大城市),为苏格兰地区工业重镇,著名的Clyde(克莱德河)即流经此地。
市里有University of Glasgow(格拉斯哥大学)、St Monger(圣蒙戈)大教堂和Hampton Court Park(汉普登公园)。
Edinburgh(爱丁堡)——第二大城市,为苏格兰自治政府所在地,历史悠久,素有“Northern Athens(北方雅典)”之美誉。
城区以Princes Street(王子大街)为界,一边是New T own,一边是Old Town。
著名古迹有:Edinburgh Castle(爱丁堡城堡)、St Giles′Cathedral(圣吉尔教堂)、National Gallery of Scotland(苏格兰国立美术馆)、Scott Monument (司各特纪念碑)、Palace of Holyroodhouse(圣十字架宫)等。
专八人文知识 (删地图)
测试要求:1 英语国家地理、历史、文化、教育等等。
4题。
主要考察英国、美国必有(地理、历史、文化和政治),加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰概括,爱尔兰没有出现,2 英语文学知识。
3题。
文学部分英美文学作家作品,流派、文学贡献也会出现,及格律3 英语语言学知识。
3题。
语言学基本概念,及其代表理论、代表著作第一章英语国家概况第一节美国地理:东南西北地理位置、人口3亿(人口最多的是加州、德州、纽约州、佛罗里达州等,主要为印第安人,首先移民到此是英国人和荷兰人)、星条旗为国旗(13和50)、国徽白头鹰、国歌《星条旗永不落》(1931年通过)、首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区,属于中央政府管理。
50州,最大阿拉斯加,最小罗得岛州,美国本土最大德克萨斯州。
美国又称为Uncle Sam(1961年美国国会正式承认),国花为玫瑰Rose。
美国本土共分为6大地区:New England:6州,最重要为马萨诸塞州(波士顿)、罗德岛州(普罗维登斯)和新罕布什尔(康科德)。
总统大选初选开始于新罕布什尔。
1 美国诞生地和独立战争的主要战场。
2 波士顿美国最古老的城市,有麻省理工学院和哈佛。
波士顿的龙虾很有名3 新英格兰人又称为yankees.the Middle Atlantic States: 7州、最重要的为纽约州、宾州、新泽西州和马里兰州。
1 白宫和国会山在华盛顿特区。
2 纽约是美国最大的城市,联合国大厦等等著名建筑在此。
共有5个区:分别是曼哈顿、皇后、布鲁克林、布朗克斯和斯塔滕岛。
有帝国大厦和自由女神像。
哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学。
纽约称为big apple。
3 尼亚加拉大瀑布在纽约州的水牛城。
4 葛底斯堡位于宾州,林肯曾在此发表过演讲。
5 费城有独立大厅,美元一百元背后的图案。
the Midwest: 12州、重要的为俄亥俄州、印第安纳州、明尼苏达州等。
1 五大湖地区位于此,中部大平原位于此。
2五大湖分别为:苏必利尔湖(世界上最大的淡水湖)、密西根湖(全部在美国)、休伦湖、伊利湖和安大略湖。
英语专业八级人文常识generalknowledge[整理版]
5. The Hundred Years’ War between Britain and France (英法百年战争)from 1337-1453.
6. In 1455 the Duke of York tried to displace the Lancaster King,Henry VI and the Wars of Roses broke out, which marked the decline of feudalism in England and transition to Monarchy from 1455-1485.
7. The Industrial Revolution: 1780-1830
8. The Chartist Movement: 1836-1848
III. Economic Culture
The Development of British Economy after World War II.
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Britain=England+Scotland+Wales+Northern Ireland
Capital: London
II. Historical Culture
The Romans went across the Channel and invaded Britain and it was ruled by the Romans from 55 BC410AD.
6. Arts Museum and Art Gallery British Museum Drama Opera Arts Festival
专八人文知识整理版
专八人文知识整理版一、概况1. 英国:①国旗:Union Jack,国歌:God save the queen,首都:伦敦②爱丁堡:苏格兰首府,Cardiff:威尔士首府,Belfast:北爱尔兰首府,英联邦成立于1931年,共53个成员国。
③英格兰脊梁:the Pennine Chain,最高峰:Ben Nevis,最重要的河:Thames river,第一大河:Severn river④英国政治:议会君主制,君主仅是国家首脑,真正的权利在首相(Prime Minister)及其内阁(cabinet)手中。
议会(Parliament)是立法机构,包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)(权利真正来源)。
司法(judiciary)⑤党派:保守党(来源托利党)和工党(来源辉格党)2. 美国:①国旗:stars and stripes,国歌:the star-spangled banner 星条旗永不落,国庆:7月4日,首都:华盛顿②北美脊梁:Rocky Mountains,五大湖(在美国和加拿大中间):lake michigan/superior/erie/huron/ontario, 其中lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖,lake Ontario 和Lake Erie之间有Niagara falls,father of waters: the Mississippi River③纽约被称为“the big apple”,洛杉矶:有好莱坞,芝加哥:又名“the windy city”,旧金山:UN诞生地(1945年),波士顿:很多著名大学所在地④著名总统:Thomas Jefferson:撰写独立宣言,Abraham Lincoln:内战时期任职,废除奴隶制,解放妇女等,Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政,Nixon:冷战及越南战争(楚门条约)⑤1812年,美国彻底摆脱英国控制。
专八必备英语国家地理人文知识
1 河流湖泊山脉英国最长的河:Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英国最长的河流。
全长338公里。
泰晤士河是英国第二大河,也是英国最重要的河。
全长336公里。
Thames RiverRiver Clyde克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
River Mersey 是苏格兰流程最长的河,源自格兰扁山脉。
River Tay 是苏格兰流程最长的河。
英国最大的湖:Lough Neagh讷湖(内伊湖)是英国最大的湖,位于北爱尔兰。
面积为396平方公里。
本尼维斯山为英国最高峰,海拔1,343米。
Ben Nevis斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点,海拔1,085米。
Snowdonia英国第一大城市:伦敦英国第二大城市:伯明翰Birmingham英国第三大城市:曼彻斯特ManchesterGlasgow格拉斯哥是苏格兰第一大城市和重要港口美国最长的河:密西西比河Mississippi美国五大湖:在加拿大和美国交界处,有五个大湖,这就是闻名世界的五大淡水湖。
它们按大小分别为苏必利尔湖、休伦湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖和安大略湖。
1 苏必利尔湖Superior,lake北美洲五大湖最西北和最大的一个,也是世界最大的淡水湖之一,是世界仅次于里海的第二大湖。
2 休伦湖Huron,lake为北美五大湖中第二大湖。
3 密歇根湖Michigan,lake也叫密执安湖,是北美五大湖中面积居第三位,唯一全部属于美国的湖泊。
其余的湖均与加拿大共有。
4 伊利湖Erie,lake是北美五大湖的第四大湖5 安大略湖Ontario,lake是北美洲五大湖最东和最小的一个美国最高的山:惠特尼峰,4417米美国最大的州:阿拉斯加州Alaska美国最小的州:罗得岛州是美国最小的一个州,(Rhodia)美国最大的城市:纽约美国第二大城市:洛杉矶美国西部最大的工业中心,制造业产值约占加利福尼亚州的1/2,居全国第三位。
英语专业八级人文知识
黑死病(the Black Death)是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫是流行疾病,在14世纪传播了到欧洲。
1348年夏天横扫全英国。
英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万。
《大宪章》(Great Charter)是约翰国王(King John)1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的,总共63条,其中最重要的内容是:(1) 未经大议会同意,不得征税;(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产;(3) 教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由;(4) 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权;(5) 全国要使用统一的重量和长度度量衡。
大议会(The Great Council)是当今英国议会(BritishParliament)的原型。
1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加。
大议会发展到后来演变成议会,分为上议院(House of Lords)和下议院(House of Commons)。
其作用是咨询而非决定;也没有选举和政党。
著名的诺曼底征服(The Norman Conquest)发生在1066年。
诺曼底公爵威廉发动了这场战争。
他是前诺曼底公爵罗伯特一世的私生子,也是独生子。
1066年1月,英王爱德华去世,9月,威廉借口爱德华生前曾许其继承英国王位,遂纠集诺曼底贵族和法国各地骑士,在罗马教皇的支持下,率军渡过海峡,在英格兰南部佩文西登陆,入侵英国。
哈斯丁一役,威廉大败英军,不久攻占伦敦,于12月自立为英王,称威廉一世(WilliamⅠ)。
诺曼底征服对于英国历史发展的影响可谓深远。
威廉建立的、他的后继人所保持的强大中央政府,由于这个政府所掌管的军事力量,英国从未再遭侵略。
相反,它还不断地在海外进行军事行动。
文化方面,英国当时现有的文化与诺曼-法国文化得到了水乳交融;大量的新词进入英语,使得英国语言得到了长足发展。
同时英国的教会与罗马教会的联系变得更为密切。
专八人文知识
一、英语国家概况英国世界上最大的博物馆:大英博物馆世界上最大的哥特式建筑:威斯敏斯特教堂英国第二大城市:伯明翰利物浦:披头士的故乡曼彻斯特:棉纺织业中心最重要的河流:泰晤士河内伊湖:最大的湖《大宪章》,1215,限制英国国王的绝对权力《联合法》,1707,英格兰和苏格兰统一1830年,英国成为“世界工厂”1900年,英国建立了“日不落”帝国政治:英国国家元首是国王或女王政府:行政权国会:立法权司法权独立伦敦警察署直接接受内政大臣管辖英国议会是立法的最高权力机关,最终立法权归下议院所有议会=国王(the Sovereign)+上议院(the House of Lords)+下议院(the House of Commons) Conservative Party(保守党)Labour Party(工党)教育:英国实行5-16岁义务教育制度白金汉大学:英国唯一一所私立大学美国国花:玫瑰花国鸟:秃鹫地理:美国的发源地:新英格兰,美国独立战争爆发于此费城:美国独立战争爆发于此第一次和第二次大陆会议在此召开美国宪法草案在此起草和签署这里是美国民主的诞生地世界著名的“玉米带”位于美国中西部落基山脉:大分水岭(the Continental Divide)密西西比河:“众河之父”或“老人河”俄亥俄河:美国的鲁尔河格兰德河:美国和墨西哥之间的天然界河密歇根湖:唯一一个完全在美国境内的湖速必利尔:世界上最大的淡水湖历史:英国第一个殖民地:弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦1783.9,《巴黎条约》的签署标志着英国正式承认美国独立美国内战:1861.4-18651862,Emancipation Proclamation《解放黑奴宣言》20世纪20年代,物质上成功、精神上迷惘的时期,美国经济呈现发展不平衡的繁荣现象1941.12.7国耻日政治:美国宪法:起草:1787 生效:1789 是世界上最早的成文宪法,也是美国的最高法律国会:众议院(两年选举一次)+参议院政党:民主党(the Democratic Party) +共和党(the Republican Party)文化:主要杂志:《读者文摘》《时代》《电视指南》《新闻周刊》《国家地理》美国本土音乐:乡村音乐和西部音乐加拿大国庆日:7月1日“枫叶之国”除魁北克之外,英语是加拿大的主要语言首都:渥太华魁北克:最大的省圣劳伦斯河:最重要的河流麦肯齐河:最长的河John Cabot:第一个发现加拿大的人制造业是加拿大最主要的经济活动政党:Liberal Party自由党Progressive Conservative Party进步保守党澳大利亚James Cook:第一个到达澳大利亚的英国人英国队澳大利亚的殖民开始于18世纪最大的城市:悉尼Anzac Day(澳新军团节):澳大利亚最重要的节日大选每三年一次世界上最大的羊毛出口国Cricket(板球):国球新西兰首都:惠灵顿最大的城市:奥克兰1893,成为第一个给予妇女选举权的国家世界上最大的羊肉出口国The world’s biggest farm二、英国文学1. 中古时期头韵:指单词开头辅音的重复Thomas Marlory: Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》乔叟:英国诗歌之父、英国小说之父《坎特伯雷故事集》《公爵夫人之书》《声誉之宫》《百鸟会议》《贤妇传说》《特洛伊罗斯与克里西达》2. 文艺复兴时期(14世纪-17世纪)Thomas Wyatt:最先将十四行诗引入英国文学Christopher Marlowe:使无韵诗成为英国戏剧的主要表现形式Tamburlaine《帖木儿》The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》Edmund Spenser:诗人中的诗人The Faerie Queen仙后Thomas More:Utopia《乌托邦》Francis Bacon:第一位英国散文家The Advancement of Learning 《论学术的进展》EssaysThe New Atlantis莎士比亚:四大戏剧:《仲夏夜之梦》、《皆大欢喜》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》3.资产阶级革命和王政复辟时期(17世纪)John Donne:玄学派创始人A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分别:莫悲伤》John Milton:无韵诗大师Paradise lostParadise RegainedSamson Agonistes《力士参孙》John Bunyan:The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》John Dryden:18世纪英国古典主义的先驱者“英国批评文学之父”All for Love《一切为了爱情》An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》4. 启蒙运动时期(18世纪)Alexander Pope:英国18世纪最伟大的诗人An Essay on CriticismThe Rape of the Lock《夺发记》Essay on ManRichard Steele:The Tattler《闲谈者报》Joseph Addison:The Spectator《旁观者报》Samuel Johnson:The Dictionary of the English LanguageThe Lives of English Poets《诗人传》Daniel Defoe:现代小说的奠基人,“英国和欧洲小说之父”Robinson CrusoeCaptain Singleton《辛格顿船长》Colonel Jacque《杰克上校》Moll Flanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》Jonathan Swift:爱尔兰讽刺大师A Tale of a Tub《一个木桶的故事》Gulliver’s TravelsA Modest ProposalHenry Fielding:“英国小说之父”小说:Joseph Andrew《约瑟夫·安德鲁的经历》Jonathan Wild the Great《大伟人乔纳森·维尔德》The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》Amelia《阿米莉亚》Samuel Richardson:Pamela《帕米拉》Laurence Sterne:Tristram Shandy《项狄传》A Sentimental Journey《伤感旅行》Oliver Goldsmith:The Traveler《旅游人》The Deserted Village《荒村》The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师》Thomas Gray:“墓畔派”领导人Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》John Gay:The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌剧》Sheridan:The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》,继莎士比亚之后最好的喜剧5. 浪漫主义时期(18世纪末-19世纪中期)浪漫主义时期:开始:1798年,《抒情歌谣集》的出版结束:1832年,司各特的逝世William Blake:Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Robert Burns:苏格兰民族诗人A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》Wordsworth:Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》The Prelude《序曲》Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《孤舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯塔贝尔》Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底狱的倒塌》Robert Southey(罗伯特·骚塞):Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》Wat Tyler《瓦特·泰勒》Byron(拜伦):She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影里》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan《唐璜》Shelly(雪莱):Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》To a Skylark《致云雀》Keats(济慈):“ Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美即是真,真即是美Ode on Melancholy《忧郁颂》Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》Ode to Autumn《秋颂》Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》Charles Lamb(查尔斯·兰姆):Old China《古旧的瓷器》William Hazlitt(威廉·哈兹列特):The Spirit of the Age《时代精神》Table Talk《桌边文谈》Quincey(昆西):The Confession of an English Opium-Eater《一个抽鸦片人的自白》Walter Scott(沃尔特·司各特):他的去世标志着英国浪漫主义的结束,向现实主义过渡The Lady of the Lake《湖畔夫人》Waverly《威弗利》Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Jane Austen(简·奥斯丁):英国第一位女性小说家Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Emma《爱玛》Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Persuasion《劝导》Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》6. 维多利亚时期(1836-1901)Dickens(狄更斯):The Pickwick Papers《匹克威客外传》Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Dombey and Son《董贝父子》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Hard Times《艰难时刻》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》Great Expectation《远大前程》Thackeray(萨克雷):Vanity Fair《名利场》The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》Charlotte Bronte(夏洛特·勃朗特):第一次把以家庭教师为题材的小说引入英国文学历史,女权主义和女权主义文学的先驱者Professor《教师》Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Bronte(艾米丽·勃朗特):Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》,批判资产积极婚姻制度Anne Bronte(安妮·勃朗特):Agnes Grey《艾格尼丝·格雷》Mrs. Gaskell(盖斯凯尔夫人):Mary Barton《玛丽·巴顿》George Eliot(乔治·艾略特):Adam Bede《亚当·彼德》The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南》Hardy(哈代):开创了地域小说(regional novels)Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Far From the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》Tennyson(丁尼生):维多利亚时期最伟大的诗人“人民的诗人”“ Poet of the People ”丁尼生、布朗宁、阿诺德:维多利亚诗人“三巨头”Break, Break, Break《拍吧,拍吧,拍吧》Ulysses《尤利西斯》The Princess《公主》Robert Browning(罗伯特·勃朗宁):贡献:戏剧独白(dramatic monologues)My Last Duchess《我的公爵夫人》,常被作为戏剧独白最典型的例子Arnold(阿诺德):Dover Beach《多佛海滩》7. 现实主义时期(19世纪末)Oscar Wilde(奥斯卡·王尔德):The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林·格雷的画像》A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子故事集》Bernard Shaw(萧伯纳):莎士比亚之后最伟大的剧作家Mrs. Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》Pygmalion《茶花女》Heartbreak House《伤心之家》Man and Superman《人与超人》Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》Samuel Beckett(塞缪尔·贝克特):Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》W. B. Yeats(叶芝):The Countess Cathleen《伯爵夫人凯瑟琳》T. S. Eliot:The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quartets《四重奏》D. H. Lawrence:心理小说Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》James Joyce(詹姆斯·乔伊斯):“意识流”的先驱者Dubliners《都柏林人》A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《一个年轻艺术家的画像》Ulysses《尤利西斯》Araby《阿拉比》Virginia Woolf(维吉尼亚·伍尔夫):20世纪最有影响力的女作家,女权运动的倡导者To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》Orlando《奥兰多》三、美国文学1. 殖民地时期及独立战争革命时期(17世纪-18世纪末)John Smith(约翰·史密斯):A True Reflection of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚真实的叙述》,被认为是美国文学史上“第一本书”Benjamin Franklin(本杰明·富兰克林):美国开国者Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查年鉴》The Autobiography《自传》Thomas Paine(托马斯·潘恩):美国革命之父The Common Sense《常识》,最著名的政治宣传册The American crisis《美国危机》Philip Freneau(菲利普·弗伦诺):美国革命诗人,美国诗歌之父The Rising Glory of America《美洲光辉的兴起》The Wild Honey Suckle《野金银花》Thomas Jefferson(托马斯·杰斐逊):Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》2.浪漫主义时期(18世纪末-19世纪中后期)Washington Irving(华盛顿·欧文):美国文学之父幽默感极强The Sketch Book《见闻札记》,标志着美国浪漫主义的开始The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传奇》Cooper(库伯):开创了边疆传奇小说(Frontier Saga)The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》Emerson(爱默生):任何自然现象背后都是自然的灵魂Nature《论自然》,被称为“美国超验主义宣言”The American Scholar《美国学者》Thoreau(梭罗):Walden《瓦尔登湖》Hawthorne(霍桑):第一位伟大的美国小说家作品中心主题:人类灵魂象征主义大师The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables《带七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》Herman Melville(赫尔曼·梅尔维尔):擅长描写航海奇遇和异域风情Typee《泰比》White Jacket《白外套》Moby Dick《白鲸》Walt Whitman(沃尔特·惠特曼):自由体之父Leaves of Grass《草叶集》,标志着真正的美国诗歌诞生,被赞为“共和诗经”和“美国史诗”Song of Myself《自我之歌》Emily Dickinson(艾米丽·迪金森):作品主题:爱、自然、友谊、死亡、永恒I’m Nobody, Who Are You?《我是无名小卒,你是谁?》Allan Poe(艾伦·坡):第一位美国职业作家,第一位侦探小说家The Fall of the House of Ushe r《厄舍古厦的倒塌》The Raven《乌鸦》Bryant(布莱恩特):To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》Longfellow(朗费罗):A Psalm of Life《人生礼赞》The Song of Hiawatha《海华沙之歌》Whittier(惠迪尔):V oice of Freedom《自由之声》3.现实主义时期(19世纪中期-20世纪初)Stowe(斯托):Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Douglass(道格拉斯):My Bondage and Freedom《我的枷锁和自由》Henry James(亨利·詹姆斯):The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇人的画像》Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》Mark Twain(马克·吐温):The Golden Age《镀金时代》The Adventure of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》Life on Mississippi《在密西西比河上》Theodore Dreiser(西奥多·德莱赛):Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》The American Tragedy《美国悲剧》Jack London(杰克·伦敦):心理现实主义文学创始人The Mexican《墨西哥人》The Low of Life《生命的法则》O. Henry(欧·亨利):美国现代短篇小说之父The Cop and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》The Last Leaf《最后一片叶子》The Gift of Magi《麦琪的礼物》4.现代主义时期(20世纪初)Pound(庞德):美国现代诗歌创始人,意象派诗歌之父In a Station of the Metro《在地铁站里》Robert Frost(罗伯特·弗罗斯特):The Road Not Taken《未选之路》Fitzgerald(菲茨杰拉德):The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》Hemingway(海明威):A Farewell to Arms《永别了,武器》The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》Sinclair Lewis(辛克莱·刘易斯):第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国作家William Faulkner(威廉·福克纳):小说中心主题:人类心灵与自己冲突The Sound and the Fury《喧嚣与骚动》John Steinbeck(约翰·斯坦贝克):The Grape of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Of Mice and Men《人与鼠》Eugene O’Neil(尤金·奥尼尔):Beyond the Horizon《天外边》The Emperor Jones《琼斯皇帝》Anna Christie《安娜·克里斯蒂》Ralph Ellison(拉尔夫·埃里森):Invisible Man《隐形人》J.D.Salinger(塞林格):The Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》Jack Kerouac(杰克·布鲁亚克):On the Road《在路上》四、语言学1. 语言和语言学Design Features of Language语言的区别性特征:Arbitrariness任意性、Duality二重性、Creativity创造性、Displacement移位性信息功能是语言的主导功能语言学史对语言的科学研究2.音系学PhonologyMinimal Pairs最小对立体:两个意思不同的单词,除了出现在同一个位置上的音外,其余的音都相同。
专业英语八级人文知识
专业英语八级人文知识第一篇:专业英语八级人文知识英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学(499-1066)1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝:英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体)6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学(伊丽莎白时代)(14-16世纪)1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、Thomas Wyatt 和 Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活;现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人;斯宾塞体诗节;5、莎士比亚:长篇叙事诗:《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧:哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧(comedy of manners)《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期(18世纪)1、约翰、弥尔顿:《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬:《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿:英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人;《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏:英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表;英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用;《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷:感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克:天真之歌、经验之歌;7、罗伯特、彭斯:苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人;8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一;《鲁滨逊漂流记》;《铲除非国教徒的捷径》,仪表达自己的不满;10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》;《格列佛游记》;《桶的故事》;11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人;帕米拉;克拉丽莎;查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史;12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人;《约瑟夫。
专八人文知识
英语国家概况第一节:美国概况国旗(National Flag)星条旗(stars and stripes)。
主体部分由13道红白相间的横条(horizontal stripes)组成;旗面左上角排列着50颗白色五角星。
国旗上有白红蓝3种颜色。
13道宽条代表美国最初的13个殖民地(thirteen colonies),50颗五角星代表美利坚合众国的州数(50 U.S states)。
国徽(National Emblem)主体为一只胸前带有盾(shield)形图案的兀鹰(bald eagle)。
兀鹰上方的顶冠内13颗白色五角星代表美国最初的13个殖民地。
鹰爪分别抓这橄榄枝(olive branch)和箭(arrows);鹰嘴叼着的黄色绶带上用拉丁文写着“合众为一”(Epluribus unum means “out of many,one”)。
国歌(National Anthem)《星条旗永不落》(The Star-Spangled Banner)。
1931年,美国国会正式将它定为国歌。
绰号(Nickname)美国的绰号叫“山姆大叔”(Uncle Sam)。
1961年美国国会通过决议,正式承认“山姆大叔”代表美国形象。
国花(National Flower)象征美丽、芬芳、热忱和爱情的玫瑰(rose)。
地理:美国位于北美洲中部,领土还包括北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加(美国最大的州)和太平洋中部的夏威夷群岛,面积仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国,列世界第四。
美国北与加拿大接壤,南靠墨西哥湾,西临太平洋,东濒大西洋,海岸线长22680公里。
美国陆地(阿巴拉契亚山除外)可以分为七个主要地区:阿巴拉契亚山区、沿岸低地、中部平原区。
奥沙克山区、落基山脉、西部草原盆地和太平洋海岸低地。
自然资源:阿巴拉契亚山脉(Appalachian Range)又称“阿巴拉契亚高地”,位于美国东部,是北美洲东部的一座山系。
阿巴拉契亚山脉全长1200英里,由皮德蒙特高原(Piedmont Plateau)、阿巴拉契亚高原(Appalachian Plateaus)及阿巴拉契亚山脉(Appalachian Range)组成。
英语国家概况专八资料
Media
1. BroadcastingBBC 2. TelevisionBBC1, BBC2, ITV3, ITV4, ITV5 3. News AgenciesReuters, Press Association (新闻联合社), AFX News Ltd. 4. Newspapers Times – the first newspaper in the world – 泰晤士报; The Guardian – The Manchester Guardian – 卫报; The Financial Times – 金融时报; The Daily Telegraph – 每日电讯报; The Observer-– 观察家报; The Daily Express – 每日快报; The Daily Mail – 每日邮报; The Mirror-– 镜报 5. Magazines The Economist, The Spectator, The New Statesman, The Woman’s Own, etc.
Niagara Waterfall
It contains two falls, on the New York side is the American Falls, over on the canadian side is the great big Horseshoe Falls.
Maid Of the Mist Tour
英语国家概况
A Brief Survey of the English Speaking Countries
英语国家社会文化知识
英国(UK) 美国(United States) 加拿大(Canada) 澳大利亚(The Commonwealth of Australia ) 新西兰(New Zealand)
《英语专业八级人文知识》(英语国家概况部分)征服冲击波
《英语专业八级人文知识》(英语国家概况部分)征服冲击波系列美国部分1. The traditional dividing line in America between "east" and "west" is _______.A. the Mississippi river.B. the Appalachians.C. the Rocky Mountains.D. the Hudson river.2. Which part m America is the earliest to be found and taken over by early settlerA. The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.B. The Appalachians and their foothills.C. The interior lowlands.D.The Cordillera.3. Which is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S. A?A. Hispanics.B. American Indians.C. Non-Hispanics white.D. Asian Americans.4. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is ________.A. Latinos/HispanicsB. Asian AmericansC. Native AmericansD. African Americans5._______ has the world's oldest written constitution and political party.A.AmericaB.CanadaC.EnglandD.Australia6. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U.! Constitution?A. He is the head of the state.B.He is the chief executive of the U. S. .C.He is the commander in chief of the aimed forces.D. He is the head of his political party.7. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved IA. The New DealB. World War nC. New energy sourcesD. Technological changes8. In the United States, how many years does primary education require?A. Four years.B. Five years.C. Six years.D. Seven years.9. Most college students in the United States are in _______.A. private institutionsB. city-funded universitiesC .high-tuition universitiesD .public institutions10.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are as fol- lows EXCEPT _______.A.the United States State CourtsB.the United States District CourtsC.the United States Courts of AppealD.the United States Supreme Court11. All states of America are governed by the common law EXCEPT _______.A. LouisianaB.WashingtonC.California D .New York12 .Of the fifty states of America, how many states now have the death penalty as punishment?A.37.B.38.C.39.D.40.13. The four major regions of the United States are _______.A.NortheastB. SouthC. MidwestD.WestE. NorthA.ABCD.B.ACDE.C.BCDE.D.ABCE.14 .Which region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit?A. The Middle-Atlantic Region.B. The New England Region.C. The Pennsylvanian Region.D. The Mormon Region.15._____ is the latest state in terms of size and population in America.A. CaliforniaB. IndianaC. KansasD. Massachusetts16. Which of the following is NOT in Middle-Atlantic Region?A.Broadway.B. The Statue of liberty.C.Time Square.D.Bible Belt.17. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of American characters?A. Ambition.B. Individualism.C. Consideration.D. Self-reliance.18. Which of the following is NOT America's newspaper?A. Wall Street Journal.A Today.C. Guardian.D. The Milwaukee Journal.19. Which of the following are U. S. News and Cable network?a.ABCb.NBCc.BBCd.ABAA.abB.bcC.cdD.ad20."Hollywood"is often used as a synonym for _______.A. American filmsB. American forest industryC. Christians in the U. S. AD. American advertising industry21. The most important and largest river in the United States of America isA. the Ohio RiverB. the Colorado RiverC. the Missouri RiverD. the Mississippi River22. The north-eastern part of the United States-New England enjoys a ___climate.A. northern and oceanic type ofB. typical continentalC. very coldD. fairly warns23. To the west of mainland America lies theA. Atlantic OceanB. Pacific OceanC. Indian OceanD. Arctic Ocean24. Detroit, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for itsA. automobile industryB. textile industryC. iron and steel industryD. aircraft industry25. The natives of the continent of America are theA. CanadiansB. IndiansC. MexicansD. Hispanics26. Thanksgiving Day is celebrated inA. BritainB. Britain and U. S. AC. the United StatesD. all the English-speaking countries27. is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.A. Washington D. C.B. Los AngelesC. San FranciscoD. New York City28. Which of the following minority groups enjoys the worst social and economic conditions?A. Blacks.B. Hispanics.C. Indians.D. Asian Americans.29. Which of the following is NOT in New York City?A. Wall Street.B. Fifth Avenue.C. Broadway Street.D. Niagara Falls.30. Washington D. C. is namedA. after the U. S. President George WashingtonB. after Christopher ColumbusC. after both George Washington and Christopher ColumbusD. after none of them31. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _-A. defenseB. citizenship and naturalizationC. marriageD. the regulation of foreign trade32. American and British English are two of the English language.A. varietiesB. elementsC. partsD. forms33. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party wasA. Thomas JeffersonB. James MonroeC. James MadisonD. Abraham Lincoln34. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area isA. Rhode IslandB. VirginiaC. TexasD. Montana35. The national flag of the United States is known asA. the Star-Spangled BannerB. Uncle SamC. Hot DogD. Union Jack36.7he colony that did NOT send representatives to the First Continental CongresswasA. GeorgiaB. VugirriaC. MassachusettsD. Rhode Island37. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on theA. contribution a state has made to the rationB. populationC. sizeD. none of the above38. The tenn "Fattier of Waters" is used to refer toA. the Amazon RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Nile RiverD. the Hudson River39. The statue of liberty was given to American people by as a gift in 1884.A. FranceB. SpainC. ItalyD. Britain40. music is perhaps America's greatest contribution to the world of popular music.A. BluesB. RockC. JazzD. Waltz41. is a special day of loveA. Valentine's DayB. April fool's dayC. HalloweenD. Easter42. American national flower isA. violetB. roseC. lilyD. primrose43. Whose presidential tern is the longest?A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Abraham LincolnD. Franklin D. Roosevelt44. Ernest Hemingway isA. EnglishmanB. AmericanC. DutchD. Denmark45. John Fitzgerald Kennedy is the president.A. 35thB. 34thC. 33rdD. 32nd46. In 1837, the first college-level institution for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, opened in to serve the "Muslim sex" .A. New EnglandB. VirginiaC. MassachusettsD. New York47 . The capital of Massachusetts isA. ProvidenceB. BostonC. MontpelierD. Augusta48. is the dividing line between the South and North.A. The Hudson RiverB. The Potomac RiverC. The Ohio RiverD. The Missouri River49. is Washington's largest city.A. BoiseB. DenverC. TacomaD. Seattle50. Washington D. C. , the capital of U. S. is situated on the River bankA. St. LawrenceB. HudsonC. PotomacD. Missouri51. When did the American Civil War break out?A.1775.B.1812.C.1861.D.18W .52. Who prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence?A. John Adams.B. Thomas Jefferson.C. Benjamin Franklin.D. John Hancock.53. In which day is Halloween celebrated?A.5 November.B.31 October..C .17 March. D. 25 December.54. the following were the founding fathers of the American Republic exceptA. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. William PennD. Benjamiin Franklin55. The New Deal was started byA. Franklin RooseveltB. J. F. KennedyC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson56. The United States was rated in the world in terms of land area.A. secondB. thirdC. fourthD. fifth57. The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided byA. teachersB. studentsC. headmasterD. boards of education}"58. The Bill of Rights consists ofA.10 very short paragraphs in an amendmentB.10 amendments adopted in 1787C.10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791D. the amendments concerning the freedom of speech, the freedom of the pressand the freedom of religion59. The United States produces ass much as half of the world's _A. wheat and riceB. cottonC. tobacco and vegetable oilD. soybeans and corn60. Which invention marked the beginning of "The Age of Visual Information" ?A. Newspaper.B. Telegraph.C. Laundry machine.D. Television.61. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainlyfromA. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. John Adams D .John Locke62.The District of Manhattan is in the city ofA. Washington D. C.B.San FranciscoC. New YorkD. Chicago63. The sears in the Senate are allocated to different statesA. according to their populationB. according to their sizeC. according to their tax paid to federal governmentD. equally64. The Rocky Mountains is located inA. Great BritainB. AustraliaC. South AfricaD. North America65. Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to which city?A. Los Angeles.B. Chicago.C. New York.D. Washington.66. Which of the following is an American newspaper?A. The Guardian.B. Newsweek.C . The International Herald Tribune. D. The Daily Telegraph.67. The U.S. is called a " melting pot" becauseA. its steel industry is highly developedB. it has great influence on the worldC -it is an important economic center of the worldD .people from different races live there together68. The first Puritans came to America on the shipA. CodpeedB. Susan ConstantC. May FlowerD. Discovery69. Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those,haveA. given their lives for their countryB. made great; scientific discoveriesC. won American great reputation in sportsD . donated large amounts of money to the country70. "'Trick or Treat" is a phase that children often use when they celebrateA. New Year's DayB. Veteran's DayC. HalloweenD. Christmas71 . The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associatedEaster, are considered to representA. vigor and bravery B . fertility and new lifeC. originality and speedD. happiness and fun72.Which of the following books is not written by Mark Twain, whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens?A. The Adventures of Tom SawyerB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. Leaves of Grass73. Which of the following books is written by Washington Irving?A. NatureB. The Scarlet LetterC. The Sketch BookD. Farewell to Arms74. The world-famous Harvard University is inA. MassachusettsB. New YorkC. WashingtonD. C. D. Maine75. Which of the following statements about American education is wrong?A. Elementary and secondary education in America is free and compulsoryB. Private schools are financially supported by religious or nonreligious private organizations orindividualsC. There are more public colleges and universities than the private onesD. Credits taken at community colleges are normally applicable to requirement for a four-yearbachelor's degree76. is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.A. BroadwayB. Wall StreetC. The Fifth AvenueD. Times Square77. is not a tourist attraction in the United States.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. Grand CanyonC. St. Patrick's CathedralD. Stonehenge78. was an actor before he became the President.A. Ronald ReaganB. Abraham LincolnC. Herbert HooverD. Jimmy Carter79. New Englanders were originally known as , which come to stand for all Americans.A. HippiesB. YankeesC. Uncle SamD. Brother Jonathan80. On the 30th of April, 1789, George Washington took the oath of office inwhich housed the government then.A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. PhiladelphiaD. Boston81. Which of the following people was not an American President?A. John HancockB. John AdamsC. John Q. AdamsD. Jimmy Carter82 . Henry Ford was the first than toA. design a planeB. fly an aeroplaneC. mass-produce carsD. design and make a car83. "That government of the people, by the people, for the people, . . . " werewords byA. Thomas JeffersonB. Abraham LincolnC. Andrew Johnson D .Theodore Roosevelt84. State is in the North-West of the United States.A. MissouriB. MarylandC. New YorkD. Washington85. The famous Silicon Valley is in the state ofA. TexasB. IdahoC. IllinoisD. California.86. Of the five Great Lakes, is the only lake that lies entirely in the US.A. Lake ErieB. Lake HuronC. Lake MichiganD. Lake Superior87. In the United States, the largest groups of native Americans live on___A. the Great PlainsB. the Pacific coastC. the Colorado PlateauD. the Appalachian Mountains88. The symbol for the Democratic Party in the United States isA. the bullB.the bearC. the donkeyD. the elephant89. is often used to refer to the US Department of Defense.A. Capitol HillB. The PentagonC .The White House D.The Empire State Building90. The American government is divided into three branches with each having its ownpowers. This is calledA. absolute monarchyB. balance of powersC. checks and balancesD. separation of government91. President George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, is a MemberOfA. Whig PartyB. the Democratic PartyC. Federalist PartyD. the Republican Party92. In the United States, NASA is the acronym forA. National Aeronautics & Space Adrnini-trationB. National Autograss Sports AssociationC. Nice And Safe AttitudeD. National Association of Students of Architecture93. When Neil Armstrong, one of the three crew, first landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, he said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap formankind. "A. Apollo 11B. Apollo 12C. Apollo 15D. Apollo 1794. The inventor of lightning rod isA. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas JeffersonC. Albert EinsteinD. Thomas Edison95. , the tallest building in North America was built iru 1974 in Chicago.A. Sears TowerB. Empire State BuildingC. John Hancock CenterD. Aon Center96. The most popular spectator sports in the United States isA. rugbyB. cricketC. footballD. American football97. Why is the United States called "a nation on the wheels"?A. Because Americans love making carsB. Because Americans depend much on cars in their daily lifeC. Because Americans constantly move from city to city in their carsD. Because the car industry has earned the United States its reputation98. music is a native American music and its origins lie in the folk songs of the English, Scottish, and Irish.A. JazzB. Hip PopC. Rock and RollD. Country and Western99. Up to now, is the country' s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits .A. TexasB. FloridaC. Rhode IslandD. North Dakota100. Which of the following corporations is not an automobile giant in AmericaA. FordB. ChryslerC. General MotorsD. International Business Machines练习题答案及题解1.A2.A3.C4. D5.A6.D7.B8.C9.D10. A11.A12 B 13. A14B 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. C 19.A 20. A21.D 22. B23. B24. A25. B 26. C 27. D 28. A 29D30. C31.C 32.A 33. D 34 A 35. A 36. A 37.B 38. B39. A 40. C41.A 42. B 43. D 44. B 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. D 50. C51. C 53. B 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. C 59. D60. D61.D.62. C 63. D64. D 65. A 66. B 67. D 68. C 69. A 70. C71.B 72. D 73. C 74. A 75.C 76. A 77. D 78. A 79.B80. A81.A 82. C 83.B 84. D 85. D 86. C 87. C 88. C 89. B90. C91.D 92.A 93. A 94. A 95.A 96. D 97. B 98. D 99. A100. D 。
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Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国●Full NameThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,简称“UK(联合王国)”。
●Geography位于欧洲大陆西北部的Great Britain Island(大不列颠岛)上,东濒North Sea(北海),西临Atlantic(大西洋),南与European Continent(欧洲大陆)以English Channel(英吉利海峡)、Denver Channel(多佛海峡)相隔。
由Great Britain(包括England、Scotland、Wales和Ireland东北部)和附近大约5500多个小岛组成。
陆界与Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰共和国)接壤。
国土总面积共24.18万平方公里,海岸线总长1.15万公里。
Ⅰ、Scotland(苏格兰地区)Glasgow(格拉斯哥)——第一大城市(英国全境第三大城市),为苏格兰地区工业重镇,著名的Clyde(克莱德河)即流经此地。
市里有University of Glasgow(格拉斯哥大学)、St Monger(圣蒙戈)大教堂和Hampton Court Park (汉普登公园)。
Edinburgh(爱丁堡)——第二大城市,为苏格兰自治政府所在地,历史悠久,素有“Northern Athens(北方雅典)”之美誉。
城区以Princes Street(王子大街)为界,一边是New Town,一边是Old Town。
著名古迹有:Edinburgh Castle(爱丁堡城堡)、St Giles′Cathedral(圣吉尔教堂)、National Gallery of Scotland(苏格兰国立美术馆)、Scott Monument(司各特纪念碑)、Palace of Holyroodhouse(圣十字架宫)等。
著名学府有Edinburgh University(爱丁堡大学)和Heriot-Watt University(海里奥特-瓦特大学)等。
著名节日有Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama(爱丁堡国际音乐戏剧节,每年8月最后两周和9月第一周举行)、Film Festival(电影节)、Jazz and Blues Festival(爵士与蓝调音乐节)和Book Festival (图书节)等。
Nevis(尼维斯山)——英国最高山,海拔1343米。
Hadrian’s Wall(哈德良城墙)——位于苏格兰南部,公元2世纪初由Ancient Roman Emperor Hadrian为防御北方Celt(克尔特人)各部落的入侵而建,该土墙从东部的Tyne(泰恩河)到西部的Soleway Firth(索尔维海湾)横跨73英里,为苏格兰和南部的英格兰地区分界。
Lake District(湖泊区)——位于英格兰西北海岸,靠近苏格兰,边界方圆2300平方公里。
湖区拥有英格兰最高峰Scafell Pike(斯科菲峰)和英格兰最大的湖Lake Windermere(温德米尔湖)。
Cadbury(坎伯里山脉)横贯湖区,把湖区分为南、北、西三区,湖区北部最大的城镇是Keswick(凯斯维克)。
Ⅱ、England(英格兰地区)英国四个行政区中最大的一个,位于大不列颠岛东南部,地是比较平坦,Pennies(奔宁山脉)纵贯其间,是英格兰的“Chine(脊骨)”。
London(伦敦)——英国首都,欧洲的经济文化中心,位于英格兰东南部平原上,横跨The Thames River(泰晤士河),距离The Thames River入海口88公里。
伦敦是全国政治中心。
Palace of Westminster(威斯敏斯特宫)是The British Parliament(英国议会)的House of Lords and House of Commons(上、下两院)的活动场所,故又称为“Parliament Assembly(议会大厅)”。
Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特大教堂)内有20多个英国国王、著名政治家、军事家以及Newton(牛顿)、Darwin(达尔文)、Dickens(狄更斯)、Hardy(哈代)等科学家、文学家和艺术家的墓地。
Buckingham Palace(白金汉宫)为英国王宫,是王室成员生活和重大国事活动的场所。
Downing Street White Hall(白厅)为英国政府机关所在地,其核心No 10. Downing Street(唐宁街10号)是英国历代首相官邸。
伦敦也是世界文化名城。
建于18世纪的British Museum(大英博物馆)是世界上最大的博物馆,另外还有The National Gallery(国家画廊),以及London University(伦敦大学)、Royal Music College(皇家音乐学院)和Empire College of Science and Technology(帝国理工学院)等著名高校。
文物古迹和旅游景区有Tower of London(伦敦塔)、Palace of Westminster(威斯敏斯特宫)、Tower of Victoria(维多利亚塔)、Big Ben(大本钟)、Hyde Park(海德公园)、Greenwich Astronomical Observatory(格林威治天文台)、Royal Botanic Garden(皇家植物园)、Trafalger Square(特拉法加广场)、Regency Street(摄政街)等。
伦敦还是许多国际组织总部所在地,如IMO Inner London(国际海事组织)、ICA(国际合作社联盟)、International Alliance of Women(国际妇女同盟)、Amnesty International(大赦国际)等。
英国报业的集中地在伦敦城的Fleet Steet(舰队街),著名的报刊有The Times(《泰晤士报》)、Financial Times (《金融时报》)、The Daily Telegraph(《每日电讯》)、The Guardian(卫报)等。
BBC(The British Broadcasting Corporation,英国广播公司)和Reuters(路透社)也设于此。
Portsmouth(朴次茅斯)——英国南部中断沿海比较重要的商港和最老的海军基地之一,建于12世纪。
Birmingham(伯明翰)——英国仅次于伦敦的第二大城市,工业发达,是举世闻名的“Workshop of World(世界车间)”。
Manchester(曼彻斯特)——英国中部地区工商业、金融及文化中心,也是英国工业革命的发源地,这里有欧洲最大的Slums(贫民窟)。
Liverpool(利物浦)——位于英格兰西海岸Mercy(摩西)河口,为英国大工业中心和第二大商港,历史悠久。
Ⅲ、Wales(威尔士地区)该地区有着浓厚的乡土气息和美丽的田园风光,是英国主要农牧区,主要发展养羊业、乳牛和园艺业。
境内的Snowdon(斯诺登山)是英国第二高峰。
Cardiff(加的夫)——Wales的首府和政治、商业中心,位于Bristol Channel(布里斯托海峡),号称英国第七大城市。
其公园世界闻名,有1200多座。
Ⅳ、Northern Ireland(北爱尔兰地区)Belfast(贝尔法斯特)——Northern Ireland首府,英国西部港口城市。
●Climat海洋性温带阔叶林气候,特点是湿润、温和,季节性温度变化小,多雨。
4~9月为春夏季,晴朗温暖;10~翌年3月为秋冬季,潮湿寒冷。
●EducationUniversity of Oxford(哈佛大学)、University of Cambridge(剑桥大学)、University of Edinburgh(爱丁堡大学)等。
●Festivals1月New Year:1日,元旦Burns Night:25日,彭斯之夜,苏格兰庆祝国家诗人Robert Burns之庆典2月Corsairs’Day:中旬,海盗船节,有烧船仪式等3月St Patrick’Day:17日,圣帕特里克节,爱尔兰社区纪念其守护神。
Shrove Tuesday:忏悔星期二,煎煎饼和在Dorset(多塞特)举行街头足球赛4月Maundy Day:复活节前两周,濯足节,女王选定场所分发救济金给老年人。
Easter Day:星期一,复活节5月Ascension Day:复活节后40天,耶稣升天节,一些地区以花图画装饰水井6月Royal National Eisteddfod of Wales:第一周,威尔士皇家全国诗歌音乐比赛会10月Halloween:31日,万圣节,小孩子装扮成妖魔鬼怪,提南瓜灯,去邻居家要零食等12月Christmas Eve:圣诞前夕Christmas Day:25日,圣诞节Boxing Day:26日,按传统习俗,在这一天向仆人赠送礼品。
第二章美国●Full NameThe United State of America(美利坚合众国),简称U.S.A,首都Washington(华盛顿),国土面积937.614万平方公里,是仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国的世界第四大国家。
●Geography位于North America南部,北临加拿大,东南连Gulf of Mexico(墨西哥湾)和Mexico(墨西哥),东临The Atlantic Ocean(大西洋),西濒The Pacific Ocean(太平洋),由本土48个州,1个Direct Jurisdiction Area(直辖特区)——首都Washington Direct of Columbia(华盛顿市哥伦比亚特区)和2个远离本土的Outlying Territories (飞地)——Alaska(阿拉斯加州)和Hawaii(夏威夷州)组成,此外美国还拥有Guam(关岛)、Eastern Samoa (东萨摩亚群岛)、Puerto Rico(波多黎各岛)和US-Virgin(美属维尔京群岛)等海外领地。
海岸线长22680公里。
主要山脉:Apalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉)、The Rockies(落基山)、Nevada Mountains(内华达山脉)等。
主要河流:Mississippi(密西西比)、Hudson River(哈得孙河)、Colorado River(科罗拉多河)、Columbia River(哥伦比亚河)主要湖泊:五大湖区,由大到小依次为Lake Superior(苏必利尔湖)、Lake Huron(休伦湖)、Lake Michigan(密歇根湖)、Lake Erie(伊利湖)、Lake Ontario(安大略湖)。