2009年湖南师范大学资源与环境科学学院851区域经济学考研真题【圣才出品】

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湖南师范大学综合英语2009年真题

2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试题册业余课代码：719业余课名称：综合英语ⅠChoose the best answer for each item.(1分×20=20分)1，We -----Edison’success to intelligence and work.A, contribute B attribute C impling D allude2, In English, how are hurricane named?A, They are given Roman numerals.B, They are named after some scientists.C Girls’names are given to them.D, Numbers are used.3, I --------with amusement. The dear child had learned her lessons well.A, chuckled B giggled, C sneered, D, titteres4,…you can buy everything you need for the most sumptuous dinner, or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and apprentices and eat your humble breed and cheese. The figure of speech used here is ----.A, allusion B, synecdoche C, metonymy D, pun.5, “Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it.” That is to say-----A, words will harden into things for us.B, language is arbitrary and words are only symbols representing things.C, There is always rebellion against a cultural dominance.D, words always stands for reality.6, Every white man had his thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. The underlined part can be explained with all the following except：A，hidden B, tucked C loaded D put away secretly7, “We hold these truths to be self- evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unreliable Rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. ” This statement is taken from-----.A, The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.B, “Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R”C, “the American Declaration of Independence”D. the Bible8, Fat is one word we’d never, never dream of using. Nor are we fond of portly, oversized or heavyset. When referring to our customers, we much prefer to say king—sized. What figure ofspeech is employed here?A personificationB euphemismC hyperboleD irony9, She is----.A, an angel of a girl B a girl of an angelC the girl of the angelD the angel of the girl10, After a week in space, the spacecraft returned to ----.A landB soilC groundD earth11, China beat America in the game. The rhetorical device----is employed in this statement.A metonymyB metaphorC allusionD synecdoche12, …the reality of life is an endless back-breaking struggle to ---- a little food out of an eroded soil.A WrestleB WringC TrickleD Hoe13, On sunny days we could sit on the balcony----up the sun.A soakingB bathingC sparingD stroking14, I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States faithfully, and will to the best of my ability, -------, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.A reserveB preserveC safeguardD conserve15, It was a splendid population ----for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish--brained sloths stayed at home, What figure of speech is used in this sentence?A, Metonymy B, Antithesis C, Onomatopoeia D, Alliteration16, I had overlooked the necessity of having an “iron will”, my own powers of will-----little or none of this peculiar metallic quality.A to have B, had C,have D,having17, I used to read, with wonder, those sycophantic stories of the warlike superman who could lie down and plunge themselves immediately into deep, to wake up, -------at given time.A refreshing B, refreshed C,to refresh D, to be refresh18, I just -----it suspiciously, not knowing what it was going to taste like.A gulped B, galloped C, sipped D, trotted19, “Try on the coat,” said I, He ---. The coat bunched high over his ear and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. “Fits fine,” he said happily.A, complied B, comported C, composed D, confirmed20, The steamship prepared to sail on a pleasure cruise to Europe and the Holy Land. What does the Holy Land refer to?A Jerusalem B, Palestine C, Pakistan D, IsraelⅡParaphrase the following sentences(2分×5=10分)1，Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.2，The moralizing of his early writing had been well padded with humor. Now the gloves came off with biting satire.3，Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market.4，Horowitz sees the rock music arena as a sort of debating forum, a place where ideas clash and crash.5，It seemed clear that my period was doomed to failure. The girl simply had a logic-proof head.ⅢCloze(1×10=10分)In a little place Le Monastier, in a pleasant highland valley fifteen miles from Le Puy, I spent about a month of fine days. Monastier is notable for (1)---making of lace, for drunkenness, for freedom of language, and for unparalleled political dissension. There are adherents of each of the (2)----French parties – Legitimists, Orleanists, Imperialists, and Republicans – in this little mountain-town; and they all hate, loathe, decry, and calumniate each other. Except for business purposes, or to give each other the lie in a tavern brawl, they have laid (3)---- even the civility of speech. ’Tis a mere mountain Poland. In the midst of this Babylon---(4) found myself a rallying-point; every one was anxious to be kind and helpful to the stranger. This was-(5)------ merely from the natural hospitality of mountain people, nor even from the surprise with which I was regarded as a man living of his own free will in Le Monastier, when he(6) -------just as well have lived anywhere else in this big world; it arose a good deal from my projected excursion southward through the Cevennes. A traveler of my(7) ----- was a thing hitherto unheard of in that district. I was looked upon (8)----- contempt, like a man who should project a journey to the moon, but yet with a respectful interest, like one setting forth for (9)----- inclement Pole. All were ready to help in my preparations; a crowd of sympathisers supported me at the critical moment of a bargain; not a step was(10) ----but was heralded by glasses round and celebrated by a dinner or a breakfast.ⅣProofreading and Error Correction(1×10=10分)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it inthe following way. For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, just cross out it with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governedmy life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearablepity for suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, 1,_________have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deepocean of anguish, reach to the very verge of despair. 2.__________I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy –ecstasy so great thatI would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this 3,________joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness--that terribleloneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim ofthe world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, 4, _________ finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystical miniature, 5,__________the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good to human life, 6,__________this is what- at last- I have found.With equally passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to 7,___________ understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know the stars shine. 8,_________And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which numberholds sway above the flu. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward towardthe heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes ofcries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victimstortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons,and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery ofwhat human life should . I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and 9, ___________I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worthy living, and would gladly 10,__________live it again if the chance were offered me.ⅤReading ComprehensionDirections; Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D and write your answers on the answer sheet. （2×20=40分）Passage oneEducation begins with “teachers”. Yet teaching seems to be losing its appeal for many of the best and brightest colleges students. In high school, many of the best students decide that they want to be teachers, but their relatives and friends soon convince them to change their minds. One student’s mother kept reminding her of the relatively skimpy salaries teachers currently earn until the student changed to anther major. Another student took computer science courses because his father thought that teachers were at the bottom of the social ladder. One said that none of her friends looked upon teaching as a worthwhile career, so came to think of teaching as not notable enough and went into pharmacy instead. According to several recent reports on the shortcomings of American public schooling, teaching’s lack of appeal for the brightest college students is one of the teaching profession’s most worrisome problems.Many articles on teaching , currently popular in newspapers, magazines, and professional education journals, concentrate on the negative aspects of teaching. The expression “teacher burnout” is commonly ascribed to thousands o thoughtful and decided teachers who are leaving the profession. Teacher burnout is caused by such problems as violence in the classroom, and vandalism, inadequate salaries, involuntary transfers, interfering parents, oversized classes, and believe the public expects them to , and they give up teaching in despair.Despite the more limited financial prospects, the deterioration of the American public’s attitude toward teachers, and the problems caused by disruptive students, many of the best students conclude that they want to pursue careers in the classroom after all. The three students mentioned above discovered that they wanted personal fulfillment from their life’s work more than they wanted material rewards. Each eventually chose to become a teacher. However, a growing body of evidence shows that such students are exceptions, rather than the rule, in America’s more than 1200 teacher-training programs. Many teacher-training schools beginning to look at ways to recruit the kind of people who would be inclined toward the positive aspects ofteaching. The teaching profession has to become more attractive to good students.Prospective teachers will see increased emphasis by national teachers organizations, state certification agencies, and local districts on improving the status of the profession, as well as on improving teachers salaries. Continued efforts to eliminate jobs teachers do that are not teaching ----such as policing the restrooms, hallways and cafeterias---are important for upgrading the profession.While teaching is not a wise career choice for all, teaching is a notable and rewarding profession for those who indeed seek personal fulfillment from their life’s work. The first year of teaching is frequently the most frustrating year in a teacher’s life. the experience of solving problems that deal with instruction, students, parents, administrators, and fellow teachers is of immeasurable value for future success.1, The main idea of the first paragraph is thatA, teachers are indispensable to educationB, teaching is not a worthwhile careerC teaching profession is looked down on by most parentsD, teaching is losing its appeal for the best college students2, Which of the following statement is true?A, Despite the negative aspects of teaching, more and more good students want to pursue teaching career.B, The percentage of the best college students who want to become teachers is still very low.C, More and more good students want to pursue careers in the classroom because teaching profession had become more and more attractive to them.D, Teaching career has become more attractive because it offers more materials rewards than ever before.3, It is implied in the passage thatA, most teachers are not willing to do jobs which have little to do with teachingB the expression “teacher burnout” does not reflect the reality of the teaching professionC personal fulfillment is extreme importance for most students to choose their future careers.D, No articles in professional education journals pay attention to the positive aspects of teaching.4, It can be inferred from this passage thatA teaching profession is not a wise choice for the brightest generationB the future of teaching profession will become much brighterC teaching profession has become more attractive to good studentsD teaching is the most rewarding profession in the U.S.5, What is the best title for this passage?A, Teaching and students’ futureB, Teaching , an important part of educationC, Teaching , a wise choice for youD, Teacher: a job to be popularPassage TwoMany physicians tend to think of depression as an illness of adulthood. It fact, Brown(1996) stated that “it was only in the 1980’s that mood disorders in children were ”included in the category of diagnosed psychiatric illness.” In actuality, 7%--14% of children will experience an episode of major depression before the age of 15. An average of 20%--30% of adult bipolar patients report having their first episode before the age of 20. In a sampling of 100000 adolescents, two to three thousand will have mood disorders out of which 8—10 will commit suicide. Black man (1995) remarked that the suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than 200% over the last decade. Brown added that an estimated 2000 teenagers per year commit suicide in the U.S, making it the leading cause of death after accidents and homicide. Blackman stated that it is not uncommon for young people to be preoccupied with issues of mortality and to contemplate the effect their death would have on close family and friends.Once it has been determined that the adolescent has the disease of depression, what can be done about it? Blackman has suggested two main avenues to treatment: “psychotherapy and medication.” The majority of the cases of adolescent depression are mild and can be dealt with through several psychotherapy sessions with intense listening advice and encouragement. Morbidity is not unusual in teenagers and possible pathology, including anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, learning disability or attention deficit hyperactive disorder, should be searched for and treated, if present. For the more severe cases of depression, especially those with constant symptoms, meditation may be necessary and without pharmaceutical (medical ) treatment, depressive conditions could escalate and become fatal. Brown added that regardless of the type of treatment you chosen, “it is important for children suffering from mood disorders to receive prompt treatment because early onset places children at a greater risk for multiple episodes of depression throughout their life span.”Until recently, adolescent depression had been largely ignored by health professionals but now several means of diagnosis and treatment exist. Although most teenagers can successfully climb the mountain of emotional and psychological obstacles that lie in their paths, there are some who find themselves overwhelmed and full of stress. How can parents and friends help out these troubles teens? And what can these teens do about their constant and intense sad moods? With the help of teachers, school counselors, mental health professionals, parents, and other caring adults, the severity of a teen’s depression can not only be accurately evaluated, but plans can be made to improve hi s or her well-being and ability to fully engage life.6, The author wrote the first paragraph in order toA show that more and more adolescent commit suicide because of depressionB, show that physicians’ opinions are not necessarily rightC, prove that depression is also possessed by adolescentsD, show that not until the 1980’s did people consider depression as an adolescent disease7, From the first paragraph We can learn thatA, adolescent depression has been paid special attention for a long timeB, over 40%adolescents who suffer from disorders commit suicideC, accident is the second reason for which people are deprived of their lives each yearD, young people may think of the effect of their death8, Which is not the possible treatment for adolescent depression?A, stimulation B encouragement C suggestion D medicine9, Depressed adolescents should be treated at once becauseA, they may have negative influence on other adolescentsB, if not, they are more likely to suffer more depression in their later timeC, they may commit suicideD, their deeds may affect their families10, According to the passage, which of the following is not true?A, Most adolescents who suffer from depression needn’t get medical treatmentB, Adolescent depression may be fatal to teenagers.C, All adolescent depression can be properly treatedD, Parents and friends are helpful in curing depressionPassage ThreeJudged by the hubristic promises that preceded it, the G20 meeting was bound to disappoint.The leaders of the world’s 20 biggest rich and emerging economies, gathered in Washington, DC, on November 15th , did not remake global finance-----as some of them had set out to do. Nor, as others had hoped, did they come up with a co-ordinate fiscal boost to counter the deepening global downturn(though they talked of using fiscal measures to “to rapid effect”).And within days even some of their promises looked thin. The five-page communiqué included a solemn pledge that G20 countries would “refrain from raising new barriers” to trade and investment over the next twelve months. Two days later Russia’s government said it would raise tariffs on imported cars. On November 18th India slapped a 5% duty on a number of iron and steel products.So was it all a waste of time? There are some reasons to think not. For one, this was the first time the leaders of this group of rich and emerging economies-------which between them represent almost 90% of global GDP---had gathered for an economic summit. They have already scheduled a follow-up session before April 30th, and the old, rich-only G7 looks increasingly anachronistic.Fortunately, the G20’s attitude to global finance seems realistic. The communiqué was not a grand manifesto but a pragmatic acknowledgement of the tension between a globalizing capital market and national regulation. From the creation of colleges of financial supervisors to oversee the biggest cross-border financial institutions to the development of a single global accounting standard, the G20 leader set out incremental reforms to the global finance.They also made clear that the governance of global financial institutions must change . the membership of the Financial Stability Forum, a group regulators and central bankers charged with the technicalities of financial supervision, is to be broadened. The IMF and World Bank are to be “comprehensively” reformed. It is easy to be cynical. Talk about reforming power within the IMF has gone on for years. But with emerging economies now firmly at the top table of international finance, such an overhaul has become much more likely . not a new Bretton Wood---but a deceive shift in the old order.A, Answer the following questions in your own words.11, What do the two examples of Russia and India listed in the second paragraph suggest?12, What is the significance of the G20 meeting ?B , Explain the following phrases or sentences taken from the passage.13, …some of their promises looked thin14…the old, rich-only G7 looks increasingly anachronistic.15, …with emerging economies now firmly at the top table of international financePassage FourJEFREY SACHS, a development economist, writers in his book “The End of Poverty” of a telling phrase by Gro Harlem Brundtland, then the director-general of the World Health Organization. “If you want to get someone’s attention about the health crises in Africa, ‘show them money’, she once remarked to him. This is something that governments and international agencies have long known: emphasizing that an idea is good for economic growth makes it easier to sell.” The WHO has used the same argument to press for more investment in health.The link between health and income seems pretty uncontroversial. After all, healthy people can work longer and harder than sick people. Healthier children are likely to stay school longer and learn more , earning more when they enter the workforce. Even across countries the relationship seems clear: those with better health are generally richer, and those that improve their citizens’ health grow faster. So the conclusions of the two recent papers that improving life expectancy at birth (a common indicator of better health) can depress income per head for as long ad two generations may come as a shock.Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson, both of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(Johnson is a former chief economist of the IMF), are skeptical about the notion that healthier countries are richer, because it is not clear where the causality lies: countries with higher incomers may simply spend more on health. To investigate, they needed to study health improvements that were not driven by economic growth in the countries concerned. The expansion of the international public-health system after 1940, the researchers found, fitted the bill.Beginning in the 1940s, several medical innovations involving penicillin, streptomycin and DDT made it easier to treat diseases---such as tuberculosis, malaria and yellow fever—that disproportionately affected people in developing countries. Because these ideas originated in the rich world and were spread by organizations such as the WHO, any improvements in health they led to would have been unconnected with prior improvements in the economic circumstances of poor countries.This international revolution in public health did lead to substantial increases in life expectance in poor countries by the 1950s. However, the researchers found that income per head actually declined when life expectancy went up and did not recover for up an astonishing 60 years.The reason was that increased life expectancy led to a higher population using a limited stock ofthings like land and capital, thus depressing income per person. Over time, reduced fertility, more investment and the entrepreneurial benefits of having more people could reserve some of this, but the data suggested that reductions in fertility in particular took a long time.Researchers at Brown University reached a similar conclusion. They used estimates of how various health improvements affected different economic variables, such as schooling, and how schooling in turn affected adult wages, in a model of the economy to work out the broader impact of an increase in life expectancy. Their results looked forward and confirmed what Messrs Acemoglu and Johnson had found by looking back: increased population would more than wipe out any productivity benefits of better health. For the first 30 years after an increase in life expectancy from 40 to 60, income per person would be lower than it would have been if life expectancy had not improved.A, Answer the following questions in your own words.16, What does the example of “medical innovations” in paragraph 4 suggest?17, Why didn’t the international revolution in public health lead to the increase of income per head in poor countries?B, Explain the following phrases or sentences taken from the passage.18,…an idea is good for economic growth makes it easier to sell.19,…fitted the bill20, …increased population would more than wipe out any productivity benefits of better healthⅥTranslate the following into English(15 分)人们在谈到科学时总是立即将它同计算机，电视，卫星等许多科学发明创造联系在一起。

湖南师范大学2024年硕士研究生自命题考试大纲 855环境工程原理

湖南师范大学硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目考试大纲考试科目代码：855 考试科目名称：环境工程原理第1篇环境工程原理基础1．环境工程处理概论考试要点：（1）环境净化与污染物控制体系（2）环境净化与污染控制技术原理基本要求：掌握环境净化与污染物控制体系及污染控制技术原理，掌握水、大气、固废相关的物理处理法、化学处理法，掌握其处理对象、处理方法及主要原理。

2．质量衡算与能量衡算考试要点：（1）常用物理量（2）质量衡算（3）能量衡算基本要求：掌握常用物理量的单位换算，常用物理量及其表示方法；掌握稳态系统、非稳态系统，封闭系统与开放系统的区别及联系，掌握稳态反应系统物料衡算及能量衡算。

3．流体流动考试要点：（1）流体流动中管道内流动系统的衡算方程（2）流体流动的内摩擦力（3）边界层理论（4）流体流动的阻力损失基本要求：掌握流动中阻力损失基础、流体的运动状态、流体流动的内摩擦力、牛顿黏性定律、动力黏性系数、流体类别，理解边界层理论、边界层分离，能够分析简单物体的边界层分离现象及阻力变化。

4．热量传递考试要点：（1）热量传递的方式（2）热传导（3）对流传热（4）辐射传热（5）换热器基本要求：掌握热传导、对流传热和辐射传热的基本原理，传热过程的计算，传热速率方程式、热流量、平均传热温度差、总传热系数的计算；列管式换热器的设计、选型。

5．质量传递考试要点：（1）环境工程中的传质过程（2）质量传递的基本原理（3）分子传质（4）对流传质基本要求：掌握传质机理、费克定律、分子扩散系数，对流传质系数。

第2篇分离过程原理6．沉降考试要点：（1）沉降分离的基本概念（2）重力沉降（3）离心沉降（4）其他沉降基本要求：掌握重力沉降和离心沉降的基本原理、沉降速度的定义、意义及基本计算方法。

7.过滤考试要点：（1）过滤操作的基本概念（2）表面过滤的基本理论（3）深层过滤的基本理论基本要求：掌握过滤速率、恒压过滤、恒速过滤、过滤常数的计算；掌握板框过滤机、真空过滤机的基本结构及相关计算；过滤常数的测定方法。

851区域经济学

湖南师范大学硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲考试科目代码：【851】考试科目名称：区域经济学一、考试形式与试卷结构1)试卷成绩及考试时间：本试卷满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。

2)答题方式：闭卷、笔试3)试卷内容结构（1）基础知识、基本理论部分60%（2）综合应用部分40%4)题型结构a: 名词解释题，6小题，每小题5分，共30分b: 简答题，5小题，每小题12分，共60分c: 论述题，3小题，每小题20分，共60分二、考试内容与要求重点测试考生对区域经济学基础理论和分析方法的掌握程度，以及综合运用所学知识分析和解决区域发展问题的能力。

要求考生对基本理论有较深入的理解，对区位论、产业空间组织与区域发展的影响因素及经济规律有系统的认识，能较好地掌握区域分析方法的基本原理及关键技术，具备综合分析区域经济问题的能力。

（一）区域、区域系统与区域经济学考试内容区域、区域系统、区域经济系统形成和发展的客观基础、区域经济学。

考试要求1、掌握区域的概念、类型与特征。

2、掌握区域系统的组成、特征与功能；理解区域系统的结构分析方法与演化方向、方式及机理。

3、掌握自然禀赋的差异性、经济活动的不完全可分性与空间距离的不可灭性等区域经济系统形成和发展的客观因素。

4、掌握区域经济学研究的对象、性质和任务；理解区域经济学的研究内容；了解区域经济学的发展前沿与方向。

（二）区域发展与科学发展考试内容区域发展概述、促进区域发展的途径和措施、区域科学发展、区域可持续发展能力建设。

考试要求1、掌握区域发展的内涵与形式。

2、掌握自然条件、人口与劳动力、资金、科技进步、资源配置、贸等影响区域发展因素的作用机制和资源开发、区域产业结构调整与优化、区域生产布局的调整与优化、重大工程项目的组织建设等促进区域经济发展的途径。

3、掌握科学发展观和可持续发展的内涵；理解区域的类型与可持续发展、区域的层次性与可持续发展、不认同层次区域可持续发展的目标模式。

湖南大学环境科学与工程专业2000-2009考研真题卷

湖南大学2000年招收攻读硕士学位研究生一．填空题（30分，每空0.5分）1.根据微生物与氧的关系，可将微生物分为好氧微生物、兼性厌氧微生物、厌氧微生物三类。

2.细菌细胞的特殊节后主要为芽孢、鞭毛、荚膜、粘液层、菌胶团等。

3.放线菌的菌丝由于形态和功能的不同，一般可分为营养菌丝和气生菌丝。

4.根据培养基的物理状态，可将培养基分为液体培养基、半固体培养基、和固体培养基三类。

5.微生物与其他类型微生物相比具有个体极小、分布广种类繁多、繁殖快、易变异等特点。

6.病毒的繁殖过程一般可分为吸附、侵入、复制、聚集与释放等四步。

7.水体污化系统一般将受有机污染的河段分为多污带、α-中污带、β-中污带和寡污带等四带。

8.微生物之间的相互关系一般可分为竞争关系、互生关系、共生关系、拮抗关系（偏害）、捕食关系、寄生关系。

9.根据微生物生长所需能源和碳源的不同，一般可将微生物分为光能自养、光能异养、化能自养、化能异养。

10.革兰氏染色的步骤是先用草酸胺结晶紫、碘-碘化钾着色和媒染，使用乙醇脱色，最后用蕃红染液复染。

其中最关键的一步是乙醇脱色。

大肠杆菌经蕃红革兰氏染色后呈红颜色，为革兰氏阴性菌。

11.细菌细胞的原生质体是由细胞质膜、细胞质内膜、和细胞核物质组成。

12.活细菌数的测定方法有载玻片薄琼脂层培养计数、平板菌落计数、液体稀释培养计数、薄膜过滤计数。

13.微生物所需的营养主要包括：水、C源、N源、无机盐和生长因子。

这些营养物质如果是大分子、则首先要分解为小分子然后以单纯扩散、促进扩散、主动运输、基团转位等不同方式穿过细胞膜而进入细胞内。

14.在废水生物处理中，常见的原生动物主要有四类：鞭毛纲、纤毛纲、吸管纲、肉足纲。

它们一般具有指示作用和净化作用。

15.根据厌氧消化（沼气发酵）三阶段理论，可将厌氧消化过程分为水解与发酵、生成乙酸与氢、生成甲烷等三个阶段。

二、名词解释（28分，每题4分）1.灭菌P1372.菌胶团P303.水体自净P1904.硝化作用P2105.污泥驯化P148 6，互生关系P141 7.酶P77污泥驯化：在工业废水生物处理中，用含有某些污染物的工业废水筛选、培养来自处理其他废水的菌种，使它们适应该种工业废水并有高效降解其中污染能力的方法。

湖南师范大学试卷及答案

湖南师范大学环境与资源保护法学考核试题课程代码: 05010016 考核方式: 闭卷考试时量: 120 分钟试卷类型: A一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题, 每小题1分, 共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的, 请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

1. 世界环境与发展委员会在1987年向联合国提交的研究报告是………………（）①《我们共同的未来》②《联合国人类环境宣言》③《关于可持续发展的声明》④《人类环境行动计划》2. 根据我国法律的规定, 对经中华人民共和国过境转移危险废物的行为……( )①实行审批制度②予以禁止③征收一定的费用④进行监视3. 下列不属于第一类环境问题的是………………………………………………（）①地震②雷电起火③火山爆发④乱开矿山引起山崩4. 我国环境资源法的适地范围根本不包括…………………………（）①我国的领陆、领水、领空、底土②我国的领陆、领水、领空、底土的延伸意义上的领域③外层空间④中华人民共和国管辖以外的海域5. 环境法以自然资源法或自然保护立法为主是我国下列哪个时期的环境法的特征…………………………………………（）①建国初期②创业时期③经济转型时期④现阶段6. 1989年《中华人民共和国环境保护法》尚未明确规定的基本制度有…………（）①环境影响评价制度②排污收费制度③许可证制度④限期治理制度7. 《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》不适用于中华人民共和国境内的…………（）①江河②湖泊③水库④领海8、我国《环境噪声污染防治法》规定, 在城市范围内从事生产活动确需排放偶发性强烈噪声的,（）①环境保护主管部门②公安机关③卫生部门④人民政府9.下列不属于我国环境资源标准体系的有………………………………………（）①国家环境标准②地方环境标准③环境保护行业标准④企业标准10.下列哪一标准是认定排污行为是否超标、违法、是否应让排污者承担相应法律义务与责任的根据……………………………………………………………（）①环境质量标准②污染物排放标准③环境基础标准④环境监测方法标准和环境样品标准11.下列关于环境影响评价制度说法错误的是………………………（）①环境影响评价制度适用的范围是《环境影响评价法》规定的规划和建设项目②对所有的建设项目都要实行环境影响评价③其中公众参与的方式包括论证会、听政会或其他形式④对规划实施后还应实行跟踪评价12.我国现在尚未征收的环境资源税费有…………………………………（）①排污费②资源税③资源补偿费④二氧化碳税13.在我国有权依法划定生活饮用水地表水源保护区的机关是………（）①省级以上人民政府②市级以上人民政府③县级以上人民政府④各级人民政府14.我国《矿产资源法》规定, 矿产资源资源属于………………………………（）①集体所有②国家所有③集体所有和国家所有④国家所有、集体所有和投资者所有15.我国环境污染损害赔偿的诉讼时效期间为……………………………………（）①1年②2年③3年④4年16.关于环境污染赔偿责任和赔偿金额的纠纷的解决, 下列哪项表述符合法律规定……………………………………………………………………………………（）①先请求环保部门进行处理, 对处理不服, 才可以提起行政诉讼②先请求环保部门进行处理, 对处理不服, 才可以提起民事诉讼③可以先请求环保部门进行调解, 对调解不服的, 可以提起行政诉讼④可以先请求环保部门进行处理, 对处理决定不服的, 可以向人民法院起诉, 也可以直接向人民法院起诉17.在环境保护法中，具有积极意义的的防止性责任形式是……………………（）①排除危害②停止侵害③排除妨碍④消除危险18.《环境噪声污染防治法》规定, 在城市市区范围内, 建筑施工过程中使用机械设备, 可能产生环境噪声污染的, 施工单位向工程所在地县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门申报该工程的项目名称、施工场所和期限、可能产生的环境噪声值以及所采取的环境噪声污染防治措施的情况的法定期限是…………( )①必须在工程开工7日以前②必须在工程开工10日以前③必须在工程开工15日以前④必须在工程开工20日以前19. 按照《土地管理法》的规定, 已办理审批手续的非农业建设占用耕地, 一年以上未动工建设的, ………………………………………………………………………( )①应当缴纳闲置费②由县级以上政府无偿收回③应当交由原农村集体组织恢复耕种④处以罚款20. 2002年l0月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国水法》规定, 直接从江河、湖泊或者地下取用水资源的单位和个人, 应当按照国家取水许可制度和水资源有偿使用制度的规定, 向水行政主管部门或者流域管理机构申请领取取水许可证, 并缴纳水资源费, 取得…………………………………………………………………………( )①取水权②水资源③水交易权④用水权二、多项选择题（本大题共10小题, 每小题2分, 共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中有二至四个是符合题目要求的, 请将其代码填写在题干的括号内。

2009年武汉大学经济与管理学院814经济学基本理论考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2009年武汉大学经济与管理学院814经济学基本理论考研真题及详解西方经济学部分1．（10分）要建设两型社会，减少污染物排放，有哪些政策措施可以采用？哪一个政策更合适一些？为什么？答：污染物排放属于负的外部性问题。

负的外部性表现为，经济主体的一项经济活动给其他社会成员带来危害，而自己却并不为此支付足够补偿这种危害的成本。

此时，这个人为其活动所付出的私人成本小于该活动所造成的社会成本。

（1）建设两型社会，减少污染物排放的措施主要有：①命令与控制政策：管制政府可以通过规定或禁止某些行为来解决外部性。

环境管制可以采取多种形式。

包括规定工厂可以排放的最高污染水平，或要求企业采用某项减少排污量的技术。

②以市场为基础的政策1：矫正性税收与补贴政府可以通过对有负外部性的活动征税以及对有正外部性的活动提供补贴来使外部性内在化。

用于纠正负外部性影响的税收被称为矫正税。

一种理想的矫正税应该等于有负外部性的活动引起的外部成本，而理想的矫正补贴应该等于有正外部性的活动引起的外部利益。

③以市场为基础的政策2：可交易的污染许可证从经济效率的观点看，允许污染许可证交易是一种好政策。

这一交易必然会使污染排放工厂的状况都变好，因为他们是自愿达成交易的。

而且，这种交易没有任何外部影响，因为污染总量仍然是相同的。

如果政府允许进行污染许可证交易，实际上就创造了一种新的稀缺资源：污染许可证。

交易这种许可证的市场将最终形成，这种市场将为供求力量所支配。

看不见的手将保证这种新市场有效地配置排污权。

（2）采用基于市场为基础的政策会比直接管制的政策更好，其原因在于：①无论在哪种情况下，为了制定出良好的规则，政府管制者都需要了解有关某些特定行业以及这些行业可以采用的各种技术的详细信息，但政府管制者要得到这些信息往往是困难的。

②作为解决污染的方法，经济学家对矫正税的偏爱通常大于管制，因为在减少污染总水平上，税收和管制同样有效，但税收可以以较低的社会成本减少污染。

2009年湖南大学848经济学综合考研真题

湖南大学848经济学综合2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题及参考答案一名词解释（每题5分）1 、净出口函数在宏观经济学中，常将净出口简化的表示为：nx=q－ry+n（EPf / P），此式被称为净出口函数，式中，q、r和n均为参数2、政府转移支付乘数是指收入变动与引起这种变动的政府转移支付变动的比率。

政府转移支付增加，增加了人们可支配收入，因而消费会增加，总支出和国民收入增加，因而政府转移支付乘数为正值。

用Ktr表示政府转移支付乘数。

3、裤子捏成曲线略4 、无差异曲线是用来表示消费者偏好相同的两种商品的所有组合。

或者说它是表示能够给消费者带来相同的效用水平或满足程度的两种商品的所有组合5 、边际收益边际收益是指增加一单位产品的销售所增加的收益，即最后一单位产品的售出所取得的收益。

它可以是正值或负值。

边际收益是厂商分析中的重要概念。

利润最大化的一个必要条件是边际收益等于边际成本。

在完全竞争条件下，任何厂商的产量变化都不会影响价格水平，需求弹性对个别厂商来说是无限的，总收益随销售量增加同比例增加，边际收益等于平均收益，等于价格。

6、纳什均衡假设有n个局中人参与博弈，如果某情况下无一参与者可以独自行动而增加收益（即为了自身利益的最大化，没有任何单独的一方愿意改变其策略的），则此策略组合被称为纳什均衡二解答题（每题12分）1、说明导致政府财政正出现“挤出效应”的机制及影响因素。

【参考答案】挤出效应图[1]一、政府通过在公开市场上出售政府债券来为其支出筹资。

在这种情况下，由于货币供给不变，政府出售债券相当于收回流通中的部分资金，则市场上资金减少，从而利率升高,利率上升减少了私人投资，引起了挤出效应，而挤出效应的大小取决于投资的利率弹性，投资的利率弹性大则挤出效应大。

二、政府通过增加税收来为其支出筹资。

在这种情况下，增税减少了私人收入，使私人消费与投资减少，引起了挤出效应,而挤出效应的大小取决于边际消费倾向，边际消费倾向大，则税收引起的私人消费减少多。