专八人文知识精讲 美国 16-22
专八人文(美国文学部分)
the Prairie大草原
the pathfinder探路人
the Deerslayer杀鹿者
Edgar Allan Poe爱伦·坡(poet, novelist)
Father of the American detective stories
Tales of the Grotesque andArabesque怪诞奇异故事集
站在大贵族大资产阶级立场上观察描述现实社会，被称为“温和现实主义”
O. Henry欧亨利
1.The father of modern American short stories;
2.American life humor encyclopedia
3.Short prose writer laureate as Manhattan
2Focus on commonness of the lives of the common people;
3Objective rather than idealistic view of human nature;
4Present moral visions;
5Usually open ending.(开放式结局)
2.pen name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens
3.Three giants of American realistic writers.
1.TheAdventures of TomSawyer;
2.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(“all modern American literature comes”---Hemingway)
英语专业八级人文知识精讲
What is not a nationally observed holiday of American?A. Easter SundayB. Veterans’ DayC. Independence DayD.Christmas解答:在美国有10个节日是全国性的节日:圣诞节(Christmas, Dec 25) 、新年(New Year’s Day, Jan. 1)、感恩节(Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thurs in Nov.)、劳动节(Labour Day, 1st Mon. in Sept.)、退伍军人节(Veterans’Day, Nov.11)、独立纪念日(Independence Day, July 4)、华盛顿诞辰纪念日(Washington’s Birthday, 3rd Mon. in Feb.)、哥伦布纪念日(Columbus Day, 2nd Mon. in Oct.)、阵亡将士纪念日(Memorial Day, May 30)、马丁.路德金诞辰纪念日(Martin Luther King’s Birthday, 3rd Mon. in Jan.)Easter Sunday (复活节)是基督教的重要节日,但不是全国同庆的节日.1.Where is Edinburgh?A. In WalesB. In ScotlandC. In Northern IrelandD. In Ireland 解答:B。
Wales的首府为Cardiff(加的夫), Scotland的首府为Edinburgh(爱丁堡), Northern Ireland 的首府为Belfast(贝尔法斯特), Ireland的首府为Dublin(都柏林)。
2.Which of the following is NOT a U.S. news and cable network?A. ABCNC.CBSD.BBC解答:D。
《专八英美文学知识》课件
的作品，了解这个时期的文学革命。
3
2 0世纪文学
4
了解现代主义和后现代主义对英美文学 产生的影响，并研究20世纪的权威作家。
古代文学
从古代民间故事到史诗诗歌，探索英美 文学的根源和起源。
1 9世纪文学
探索浪漫主义、现实主义和自然主义等 19世纪文学的关键特点和作家。
重要作家与作品
威廉·莎士比亚
探索莎士比亚的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《罗 密欧与朱丽叶》。
3 超自然和奇幻
欣赏奇幻文学和超自然元素在作品中的运用，从魔法到神话传说。
经典文学解读
通过深入解读经典文学作品，如《1984》和《傲慢与偏见》，探究其深层含 义和与现实世界的关联。
总结
总结各个部分的主要内容，并鼓励听众进一步探索英美文学的魅力和多样性。
《专八英美文学知识》 PPT课件
在这个PPT课件中，我们将深入探讨英美文学的各个方面，从概述到重要作家 与作品，再到文学主题与风格，以及经典文学的解读。
标题
在文学中，一个好的标题可以吸引读者的注意力，并传达出作品的主要思想和情感。融入创意和挑逗性元素， 将读者吸引到故事中。
导言
引言
通过一个引人入胜的故事或悲观的民谣，引导听众进入《傲慢与偏见》和 《理智与情感》。
欧内斯特·海明威
研究海明威的小说，如《老人与海》和《别了，武 器》。
托尼·莫里森
探索莫里森的作品，如《宠儿》和《云图》。
文学主题与风格
1 爱与悲伤
探索文学中关于爱情和失落的主题，以及不同作家对这些主题的表现方式。
2 社会批判
研究文学作品中对社会不公和不平等的批判，以及作家对这些问题的态度。
背景
简要介绍英美文学的背景和意义，以及与文化和历史的关联。
专八人文知识讲义
Unit One English Literature and American LiteratureSection One English Literature1. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greek culture, new discovery in geography and astrology and the religious reformation and the economic expansion.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress（天路历程）is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.3. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, Alexander Pope （蒲柏）was the first to introduce rationalism to England.4. Generally speaking, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is humanism.5. In “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets 18), “this”refers to poetry.6. About Renaissance, a) humanism is the essence; b) Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation; c) The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real stream of the English Renaissance.7. It is Geoffrey Chaucer （杰弗里﹒乔叟）alone who, for the first time in English Literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.8. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s sonnets.9. The reasons for that Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞）is famous for “the poets’poet”are Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty and his exquisite melody.10. Marlowe （马洛）gave new vigor to blank verse with his “mighty lines”.11. In Shelly’s “To a Skylark”, （雪莱，《云雀颂》）the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture and human limitation.12. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?…and if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it As hard for you to leave, as it is now for me to leave you.”The above quoted passage is most probably taken from Jane Eyre.13. The sentences “and now he stared at her so earnestly that I thought the very intensity of his gaze would bring tears into his eyes; but they burned with anguish, they did not melt”are found in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte.14. The most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson（琼森）.15. Descriptions about the Neoclassical Period: a) The Neoclassical Period is prior to the Romantic Period; b) Henry Fielding （菲尔丁）is one of the representatives of the Neoclassical period; c) The modern English novel came into being in the Neoclassical period.16. “O prince, O chief of my throned powers, / That led th’embattled separation to war / Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds / Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king’. In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Lost, the phrase “thy conduct’refers to Satan’s conduct.17. Comments on William Blake（布莱克）: a) Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience; b) Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entryinto maturity; c) Symbolism in wide range is a distinctive feature of his poetry.18. It is generally regarded that Keat’s （济慈）most important and mature poems are in the form of ode.19. Daniel Defoe’s （笛福《鲁宾逊漂流记》）novels mainly focus on the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for security.20. In the Shepherds Calendar, Edmund Spenser tried to express his laments over the loss of Rosalind.21. In Beowulf, （《贝尔武甫》）Beowulf fought against the monster Grendel and a five breathing dragon.22. In Spenser’s masterpiece The Faerie Queen, （《仙后》）he speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman.23. Francis Bacon is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.24. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is allegorical poem.25. The characteristics of Spenser’s poetry are a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination.26. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）, a fictional primitive region.27. We can perhaps describe the west wind in Shelly’s poem Ode to the West Wind as swift, proud and wild.28. “Blindness”, “Partiality”, “Prejudice”and “Absurdity”in the novel Pride and Prejudice are most likely the characteristics of Elizabeth.29. The modern English novel came into being in the middle of the 18th century.30. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, a) it is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novel; b) it isoriginally drafted as “First Impressions’; c) In it, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.31. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to 1836-1901.32. Dickens’first child hero is Oliver Twist.33. R. B. Sheridanh （谢里丹）was the only important English dramatist of the 18th century. His plays especially The Rivals（《情敌》）and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernald Shaw.34. Middlemarch（《弥德玛契》）is considered to the George Eliot’s （艾略特）greatest novel, owing to a) it vividly depicts English country life; b) it provides a panoramic view of life; c) it reveals women’s true feelings.35. As the most gifted of the “University Wits”, Marlowe composed six plays within his short life, and among which there are T amburlaine（《帖木儿大帝》）, Dr. Faustus（《浮士德》）and The Jew of Malta.36. The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.37. The author of the writing The Return of the Native（《还乡》）is Thomas Hardy.38. The Major figures of modernist movement are Eliot, Joyce and Dickens.39. “At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused that I did not know what to answer. She asked me was I going to Araby. I forgot whether I answered yes or no. It would be a splendid bazaar, she said; she would love to go.”The passage is taken from James Joyce’s Dubliners.40. Tess of the D’Urbervilles, one of Thomas Hardy’s best known novels, portrays man ashaving no control over his own fate.41. The author of the writing Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage（《恰尔德﹒哈罗德游记》）is Byron.42. Pilgrimage（《游记》）, Ulysses and Mrs. Dalloway are stream-of-consciousness novels.43. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling brings Henry Feilding the name of the “Prose Homer”. Of all the 18th century novelists, he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.44. In the Robert Browning’s works, The Ring and the Book established his position as one of the greatest English poets.45. The major concern of D. H. Lawrence’s fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.46. George Bernard Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.47. Samuel T aylor Coleridge, Robert Southy (骚塞)and William Wordsworth are regarded as “Lake Poets’.48. Generally, English Romanticism refers to the period of 1836-1901.49. The protagonist of Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge（《卡斯特桥市长》）is a man of self-sufficience.50. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for spiritual salvation.51. The lines “Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;”are found in John Donne’s （多恩、邓恩）writings.52. Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives arealistic presentation of life of the common English people.53. In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard（《墓园挽歌》）, Thomas Gray reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despite them and bring havoc on them.54. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people.55. Thomas Hardy not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.56. The protagonist of the poem Love Song of T. Alfred Prufrock（《J﹒阿尔弗雷德﹒普鲁弗洛克的情歌》艾略特）is a kind of figure caught in a sense of deafened idealism and tortured by satisfied desires. He is neurotic, self-important and illogical.57. The sentence “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”is from the essay Of Study by Francis Bacon.58. Women in Love is considered to be a better-structured novel of D. H. Lawrence’s.It is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any other writing by him.59. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told his experience in Lilliput.60. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among the host of playwrights.61. Francis Bacon lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.62. Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasized that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good tasteand decorum.63. Dickens’works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.64. James Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novel, and his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man（《一个青年艺术家的肖像》）is a naturalistic account of the hero’s bitter experiences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literature and it could hardly be termed as a traditional novel, because there is no story, no plot and no action inside65. Don Juan’s （《唐璜》拜伦）writings can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of Romantic literary.66. Byronic hero can be described as proud, mysterious and progressive.67. In Daniel Defoe’s novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor is shown. Robinson Crusoe is his first novel and is universally considered his masterpiece.68. In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.69. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we may come to know that Mrs. Bennet is a woman of simple character and poor understanding.70. According to D. H. Lawrence, George Eliot was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”.71. The poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is dramatic monologue.72. The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.73. “The Vanity Fair”（名利场）is a well-known part in The Pilgrim’s Progress.74. In The Songs and Sonnets（《歌与十四行诗》）, for which Donne is probably best known, love is the basic theme.75. Bitter Satire is a typical feature of Swift’s （斯威夫特）writings.76. The period of Old English literature refers to about the year 450-the year of 1066.77. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly literary form, that is the modern English novel, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.78. The protagonist of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine is a man of cruelty and ambition.79. In Oliver Twist（《雾都孤儿》）, Charles criticizes dehumanizing of workhouse system.80. Henry IV by Shakespeare is history play.81. William Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.82. Charles’works include A Tale of Two Cities, Hard Times and Oliver Twist.83. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. The School for Scandal is his masterpiece.84. The sentences, “This fair is no new-erected business, but a thing of ancient standing; I will show you the original of it”, are taken from The Vanity Fair.85. Charles Dickens’serious intention is to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. The later works such as A T ale of Two Cities, show his development towards a highly conscious artist of the modern type.86. In his novel Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the hard-working people.87. The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in the history.88. George Bernard Shaw’s career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play Widowers’Houses（《鳏夫的房产》）was put on by the Independent Theater Society. He began his literary career by writing novels soon after his settling down in London. His playscan be termed as problem plays.89. In Hardy’s “Wessex”novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.90. In Leda and the Swan by William Butler Yeats we can find the allusion to Helen and the Trojan Way.91. The Waste Land（《荒原》）by T. S. Eliot （艾略特）is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry.Section Two American Literature1. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. Rationalism was the dominant spirit.2. “God help them that help themselves”is found in Franklin’s work.3. Franklin was a scientist and a master of diplomacy. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.4. Declaration of Independence stirred the world and helped form the American republic.5. Common Sense, The American Crisis and The Rights of Man are connected with Thomas Paine.6. “These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Their author is Thomas Paine.7. Philip Freneau （弗雷诺）was a satirist, a pamphleteer and a poet. He wrote The Wild Honey Suckle（《野金银花》）. He was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”.8. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the Enlightenment Movement.9. Hawthorne （霍桑）is a great allegorist and a master of symbolism. One source of evil that heis concerned most is over-reaching intellect.10. In Walt Whitman’s There was a Child Went Forth（《有一个孩子向前走去》）, the child refers to the young America.11. In Moby-Dick（《白鲸》、《莫比敌》）, the voyage symbolizes a search for truth. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize mystery of the universe, power of the Great Nature and evil of the world. It is regarded as the first American prose epic. For Melville, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the Universe.12. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with nature.13. The Transcendentalist （先验论、超验主义）group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.14. The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. In this writing, “A”may stand for “Adultery”, “Angel”and “Amiable”.15. The Romantic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irving （欧文）’s The Sketch Book（《见闻札记》）and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）. And The Sketch Book signs the beginning of the American literature.16. Washington Irving’s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed, to some extent,in his famous story Rip Van Winkle（《瑞普﹒凡﹒温克尔》）. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature is particularly evident in this writing. His fame mainly rested on his Tales about America.17. Poe’s （艾伦﹒坡）first collection of short stories is Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque（《怪诞奇异故事集》）.18. Characters which appear in the novel The Scarlet Letter include Hester Prynne, Atthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl.19.Typee（《泰比》）was a romanticized account of Melville’s （麦尔维尔）stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville become known as the “man who lived among cannibals”.20. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as the Romantic Period.21. Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne include The House of the Seven Gables（《有七个尖角阁的房子》）, The Marble Faun （《玉石雕像》）and The Blithedale Romance（《福谷传奇》）.22. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is religion, love and marriage, and life and death. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for brevity, directness and plainest.23.The thought “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity”is reflected in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown（《小伙子布朗》、《好人布朗》、《古德曼》）. He is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.24. Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is famous for Rip’s 20-year sleep.25. The publication of Nature established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.26. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.27. Typee, Omoo（《奥穆》）and Mardi（《玛地》）drew from Melville’s adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.28. In the poem Song of Myself, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of the theory of university and singularity and equality of all beings in value.29. Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass”and the self as well.30. Emily Dickinson’s poems (441) “This is my letter to the World”expresses the poet’s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.31. Poems by Walt Whitman are characterized by free-flowing, simple and rather crude, conversational and casual.32. Writings finished by Ralph Waldo Emerson include Nature（《论自然》）, Essays（《散文集》）and The Over-Soul（《论超灵》）.33. In I heard a Fly buzz-when I died（《我在死时听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声》）, Emily Dickinson describes the moment of death peacefully.34. Books written by Emerson include Representative Men（《代表人物》）, English Traits（《英国人的特征》）and Nature.35. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States refers to the period from 1865 to 1914.36. Henry James, William Dean Howells and Mark Twain are the representativ e writers in the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States.37. Innocents Abroad（《傻子出国记》）explores the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gives its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post Civil War era.38. An American Tragedy is considered to be Theodore Dreiser’s greatest work.39. Daisy Miller is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed”by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first.40. Stylistically. Henry James’fiction is characterized by highly refined language.41. Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝里芬历险记》）is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience.”42. The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors and The Golden Bowl are novels by Henry James dealing with the international theme.43. Darwin exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers.44. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his local color.45. In Henry James’Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of the free spirit of the New World.46. The literary characters of the American type in the early 19th century are generally characterized by the features that they speak local dialects, that they are simple and crude farmers, and that they are noble savages (red and white) untainted by society.47. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, realism became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of 19th century.48. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be pessimists.49. Henry James experimented with many different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being international theme.50. Theodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of America’s naturalists.51. Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire（《欲望三部曲》）includes three novels. They are T he Financier（《金融家》）, The Titan（《巨人》）and The Stoic（《斯多葛》）.52. The book from which “all modern American literature comes”refers to The Adventures of huckleberry Finn.53. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American naturalism.54. Mark Twain had led an active life in the very center of the American experience. He had been a printer, pilot, soldier, silver-minor, gold-washer, lecturer, traveler, businessman, novelist and autobiographer.55. While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel Martin Eden.56. In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named The Son of the Wolf（《狼孩》）.57. Stephen Crane’s best short stories include Open Boat（《小划子》）, An Experiment and The Blue Hotel, all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredity overwhelming man.58. Dreiser was left-oriented in his views. He visited Russia and wrote Dreiser Looks at Russia and Tragic America to express his new faith, and shortly before his death, he joined the Communist Party.59. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy.60. F. Scott Fitzgerald （费兹杰拉特）is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. His fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Period.61. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s first true love novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of“The Lost Generation”.62. Ezra Pound（庞德）, William Carlos Williams and Robert Frost belong to “The Lost Generation”.63. In a tragic sense, The Old Man and the Sea is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible.64. Faulkner once said that The Sound and the Fury（《喧哗与骚动》）is a story of “lost innocence”, which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.65. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms—the sonnets, rhyming couplets, blank verse —with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.66. Ezra Pound, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement”.67. Sinclair Lewis’Babbitt（《巴比特》）presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited middle-class mind.68. Yank’s sense of belonging nowhere, hence homeless and rootless. The Hairy Ape（《毛猿》）is thus a play that concerns the problem of modern man’s identity.69. American fiction in the 1960s and 1970s proves to be different from its predecessors. It is always referred to as “new fiction”.70. As an autobiographical play, O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night（《长夜漫漫路迢迢》）(1951) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.71. Tender Is the Night is a novel by Fitzgerald.72. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature, if not the most successful in all his experiments, is Eugene O’Neill.73. From Eugene O’Neill’s works, we can see he is a man of pessimism.74. Eugene O’Neill a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama of the modernistic period.75. Absalom, Absalom is said to be a “historical novel”by Faulkner.76. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening（《雪夜林边小驻》）stems from the ambiguity of the speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown.77. Hemingway’s writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanetly influenced by his experiences in the war.78. William Faulkner, John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemingway were awarded Nobel Prize for literature.79. The Great God Brown（《大神布朗》）fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.80. Most of Eugene O’Neill’s plays are tragedies, dealing with human existence and predicament.81. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction in the modernistic period.82. “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…”In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to one’s course of life.83. The American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash, through the ensuing Great Depression, untilthe outbreak of the Second World War 1939. This was a period of poverty, bleakness, important social movements and a new social consciousness.84. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas.85. Ezra Pound’s long poem The Cantos（《诗章》）contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.86. Wallace Stevens’poetry is primarily motivated by the belief that true ideas correspond with an innate order in nature. Many of his good poems derive their emotional power from reasoned revelation. This philosophical intention is supported by the titles Stevens gave to his volumes such as Harmonium（《风琴》）, Ideas of Order（《关于秩序的思想》）and Parts of a World.87. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and travelling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties, The Jazz Age and The Dollar Decade.88. In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.89. Faulkner wrote about the society in the south by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.90. In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called stream of consciousness in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character. 91. Most of the writers in the modern period were able to probe into the inner world of human。
专八人文辅导美国篇
专八人文辅导-美国简史1.）Brief History of U.S.A 美国简史(PART１)A：Before the Colonial Period 殖民时期以前（1607年以前）1402年意大利航海家克里斯托弗哥伦布（Christopher Columbus）发现“新大陆”（The new world）。
当时居住在美洲的主要是印第安人（indians）B:Clonial Period 殖民时期（1607--1753）1607年，英国在北美建成第一个永久性殖民地（FIRST ENGLISH COLONY）--詹姆斯镇（Jamestown）。
18世纪中叶，英国在“新大陆”建成了13个殖民地(The thirteen colonies)。
1620年9月23日，著名的“五月花”号（MAYFLOWER）在这不堪忍受英国总监迫害的清教徒（Puritans）到达美洲。
1620，1621年之交，这些移民遇到了难以想象的困难。
在印第安人的帮助下，他们克服了困难，生存下来。
按照宗教传统习俗，这些移民规定了感谢上帝的日子，并决定邀请印第安人一同庆祝以感谢他们的真诚帮助。
这也是感恩节（Thanksgiving Day）的起源。
附：Mayflower Contract 五月花公约"In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&.Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620以上帝的名义，阿门。
英语专业八级考试 人文知识复习
英语专业八级考试人文知识复习：美国地理概况本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。
专业英语8级人文知识之美国文学
专业英语八级人文知识之美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）概述1、美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）早在欧洲人闯入北美大陆之前，那里世世代代居住的原始人是印第安人，他们的文化早已在这片土地上流传、存在了几千年之久。
他们创造出了并仍然在创造这优秀的印第安口头文学。
在各种典礼上咏诵的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，世世代代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山间岩壁上的象形史诗，都是印第安传统文学的只要内容和形式，也是人类文明的宝贵遗产之一。
后来，随着殖民地的开拓，移民人数的剧增，印第安文化不断遭受重创，从而在17世纪出现断裂。
18世界末又开始以书面文学的形式开始了新的发展。
Three stages of development：1）traditional literature 2）transitional literature 3）modern literature2、北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末—十七世纪中期）北美殖民文学的开端，以1607年英国在今佛吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立第一个永久性殖民点为标志。
从那时起直到1776年美利坚合众国成立，这半个世纪的北美英语文学的发展是外来文学移植、扎根并本土化的一个准备过程。
这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记随笔等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。
John Smith was considered to be the first author in the history of American literature。
3、清教思想的表述最初从欧洲来到美国的定居者被成为“清教徒”，因为他们迁徙的主要目的之一是为了“净化”教堂中的宗教行为。
他们的作品主要以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主。
第二阶段独立革命时期（17世纪中期—18世纪末）概述独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折，其主要内容和形式与殖民时期文学截然不同：如果说殖民时期文学主要反映的是清教精神，独立革命时期的文学则充满了浓烈的政治性和思辨性。
英语专业八级人文知识
第一章美国概况1.概述American Anthem (国歌)：The star-spangled banner星光灿烂的旗帜American Flag（国旗）: 星条旗美国地理著名山脉河流The Appalachian Mountains (阿巴拉契亚山脉)The Great Centeral plain(中部大平原)：落基山和阿巴拉契亚山脉之间的平原。
The Rocky Mountains(洛基山脉)：“the backbone of the continent”, 6,187 meter high, in the middle of the Alaska.其被称为北美大陆的脊梁，大陆分水岭。
The Cordillera Range (西部科迪勒拉山区)：洛基山脉等。
The Mississippi River (密西西比河)：美国最长、最重要的河流。
世界上第三长的大陆河流（第一长：非洲尼罗河；第二长：南美洲的亚马逊河。
）Missouri river是其最长的分支。
其被称作：“Father of Waters”“Old Man River)五大湖：从西到东：都位于美国东北部。
其是世界上最大的淡水湖群，有“美洲大陆地中海”之称。
Lake Superior(苏必利尔湖，为世界最大淡水湖)，Lake Michigan(密执安胡，五大湖中唯一完全位于美国境内)，Lake Huron(休伦湖)，Lake Erie (伊利湖)，Lake Ontario（安大略湖）The Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)：在伊利湖和安大略湖之间。
Yellowstone National Park(黄石国家公园)Statue of Liberty (自由女神像)位于纽约湾美国主要行政区和它们的首府和主要城市：地区概述：“美国”的表达有五种：The United States of American/ American /The states/the U.S.A./Uncle Sam美国全国分为50个州和一个特区（哥伦比亚特区，即首都华盛顿所在地）本土有48个州，另外的两个海外州是：阿拉斯加（首府：Juneau朱诺）和夏威夷（Hawaii，主产：甘蔗和菠萝，最重要产业：旅游业，首府：Honolulu火奴鲁鲁。
专八人文知识
专八人文知识一、概况1. 英国：①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：Godsave the queen，首都：伦敦②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。
③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。
议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。
司法(judiciary)⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党）2. 美国：①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：Lake Michigan/Superior/Erie/Huron/Ontario, 其中Lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，Lake Ontario 和Lake Erie 之间有Niagara Falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River③纽约被称为“the Big Apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约）⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。
专八人文知识(美国文学)
一．Literature of colonial settlements(北美殖民时期文学)（16C末——17C中）John Smith “the first author”《A True Map of Virginia》二．the literature around the revolution of independence (17C中——18C末)1．Franklin （1706——1790）scientist politician writer《the Autobiography，自传》《poor Richard’s almanac穷查理历书》2. Thomas Jefferson (1743——1826) 《the declaration of independence，独立宣言》3. Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺(1752——1832) “father of American poetry”《the wild honey suckle，野忍冬花》《The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地》《the British prison shop英国囚船》《the rising glory of America美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》三．American Romanticism(18C末——19C中后)1. Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父《the sketch book 见闻札记》《the legend of sleep hollow 睡谷的传说》《rip Van Winkler 瑞普·凡·温克尔》2. James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·菲尼·莫库珀《the spy 间谍》《the pioneers 拓荒者》《the last of the Mohicans 最后的莫西干人》《the prairie 大草原》《the pathfinder 探路人》《the deerslayer 杀鹿者》《leather stocking tales 皮袜子的故事集》3. Edgar Allen Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡写科学和侦探小说“侦探小说的鼻祖”《tales of the grotesque and arabesque 怪诞故事集》《the murders in the Rue morgue 莫格街谋杀案》《the fall of the house of Usher 厄舍古厦的倒塌》4．Ralph waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生transcendentalism超验主义《Nature 论自然》《essays 论文集》《the American scholar 美国学者》5．Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗超验主义《Walden 瓦尔登湖》6．Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔《Moby Dick 莫比·迪克》7．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·朗费罗《the song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌》《voices of the night 夜吟》《A psalm of life 人生礼赞》8．Walt Whitman 华尔特·惠特曼《leaves of grass 草叶集》《song of myself 自我之歌》四．American Realism （19C中——20C初）1．Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽叶特比彻斯托夫人女《uncle tom’s cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋》（anti-slavery novel）2．Mark Twain 马克·吐温《the adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索耶历险记》《the adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·芬历险记》《life on Mississippi 密西西比河上》《the gilded age镀金时代》海明威评价：“全部美国文学都来自马克吐温的《哈克贝利·芬历险记》”3．O·Henry 欧·亨利短篇小说《the cop and the anthem 警察与赞美诗》《the furnished room 带家具出租的房间》《the gift of the magi 麦琪的礼物》《the last leaf 最后一片藤叶》4．Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯《Daisy Miller 黛西·米勒》《the portrait of a lady 贵妇人画像》《the wings of the dove 鸽翼》《the ambassadors 大使们》《the Golden bowl 金碗》5．Jack London 杰克·伦敦《the sea wolf 海狼》自传体短篇小说《Martin Eten 马丁·伊登》《the call of the wild 野性的呼唤》6．Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛《sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹》《Jennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘》五．American modernism （20C初——）1．Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯1930年第一个美国人获诺贝尔奖《main street 大街》《Babbitt 巴比特》2．Eugene O’Neill 尤金·奥尼尔剧作家1936年获诺贝尔奖《long day’s journey into night 进入黑夜的漫长旅途》《the hairy ape 毛猿》《the Iceman cometh 送冰人来了》3．Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠1938年获诺贝尔奖《the good earth 大地》翻译了《水浒传all men are brothers》4．Thomas Stearns Eliot T.S.艾略特1948年获诺贝尔奖《the wasteland 荒原》《four quartets 四个四重奏》《murder in the Cathedral 大教堂的凶杀案》《the hollow man 空心人/透明人》5．William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳1949年获诺贝尔奖《the sound and the fury 愤怒与喧嚣》《as I lay dying 当我垂死的时候/我弥留之际》6．Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威“the lost generation迷惘的一代”的代表作家1954年获诺贝尔文学奖《the sun also rises 太阳照常升起》《farewell to arms永别了，武器》《for whom the Bell tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣》《the old man and the sea 老人与海》7．F·Scott Fitzgerald 司各特·费茨杰拉德《the great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比》（jazz age）8．John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克1962年获诺贝尔奖《the grapes of wrath 愤怒的葡萄》《of mice and men 人与鼠》9．Toni Morrison 托尼·莫瑞森黑人作家1993年获诺贝尔奖《song of Solomon 所罗门之歌》10．J.D. Salinger J.D.塞林格《the catcher in the rye 麦田里的守望者》11．Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃里森African-American novelist 《the invisible man 隐形人》12．Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒“黑色幽默”文学代表人物《catch-22 第二十二条军规》13．Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉斯剧作家《A streetcar named desire 欲望号街车》14．Ezra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德意象派诗歌（imagism）创始人《in A station of the metro 地铁车站》（14words ：the apparition of these faces in the crowd；petals on a wet, black bough.）15．Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特“新英格兰诗人”《new Hampshire 新罕布什尔》《A boy’s wish 一个孩子的愿望》16．Margaret Mitchell 玛格丽特·米切尔《gone with the wind 飘》。
英语专八考试人文知识
英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况1．The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.（密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线）2．The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3．The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4．Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。
2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5．America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6．The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境)7．In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8．Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9．The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10．Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)英语专业八级人文知识(2)美国概况1．Of the fifty states of America, 38states now have the death penalty as punishment.（美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑）2．The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. （美国的主要四大部分不包括北部）3．The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. （美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响）4．California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. （加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多）5．“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6．The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。
专八人文知识
英语国家概况第一节：美国概况国旗（National Flag)星条旗（stars and stripes)。
主体部分由13道红白相间的横条（horizontal stripes）组成；旗面左上角排列着50颗白色五角星。
国旗上有白红蓝3种颜色。
13道宽条代表美国最初的13个殖民地（thirteen colonies），50颗五角星代表美利坚合众国的州数（50 U.S states）。
国徽（National Emblem)主体为一只胸前带有盾（shield）形图案的兀鹰(bald eagle)。
兀鹰上方的顶冠内13颗白色五角星代表美国最初的13个殖民地。
鹰爪分别抓这橄榄枝（olive branch）和箭（arrows）；鹰嘴叼着的黄色绶带上用拉丁文写着“合众为一”（Epluribus unum means “out of many,one”)。
国歌（National Anthem)《星条旗永不落》(The Star-Spangled Banner)。
1931年，美国国会正式将它定为国歌。
绰号（Nickname)美国的绰号叫“山姆大叔”（Uncle Sam)。
1961年美国国会通过决议，正式承认“山姆大叔”代表美国形象。
国花（National Flower)象征美丽、芬芳、热忱和爱情的玫瑰(rose)。
地理：美国位于北美洲中部，领土还包括北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加（美国最大的州）和太平洋中部的夏威夷群岛，面积仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国，列世界第四。
美国北与加拿大接壤，南靠墨西哥湾，西临太平洋，东濒大西洋，海岸线长22680公里。
美国陆地（阿巴拉契亚山除外）可以分为七个主要地区：阿巴拉契亚山区、沿岸低地、中部平原区。
奥沙克山区、落基山脉、西部草原盆地和太平洋海岸低地。
自然资源：阿巴拉契亚山脉（Appalachian Range)又称“阿巴拉契亚高地”，位于美国东部，是北美洲东部的一座山系。
阿巴拉契亚山脉全长1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原（Piedmont Plateau)、阿巴拉契亚高原（Appalachian Plateaus)及阿巴拉契亚山脉（Appalachian Range)组成。
英美人知识资料
• C. Elizabeth C. Gaskell. D. Jane Austen.
该题是关于英国文学知识，考查的是英国著名小说家的作品, 考查作家作品
是专业该书为浪漫主义时期女作家Jane Austen所作，因此答案是D。
• 2．Which of the following novels was written by Emily Bronte? （2007 年真题第35题）
二、国家历史知识 1. 最早居民或早期居民
英国：The Iberians 古伊比利亚人 美国：The Indians 印第安人
加拿大：The Inuits 因纽特人 澳大利亚：The Aborigines 土著居民 新西兰：The Maoris 毛利人
2.重要历史事件
英国:The Norman Conquest of 1066(1066年诺曼征服)、
condensed into fourteen lines (2006年真题第37题)
• A. Free verse
B. Sonnet
• C. Ode
D. Epigram
该题是关于文学术语的问题。十四行诗（Sonnet ）是欧洲的一种抒情诗体，诗句 共 有十四行，音译为"商籁体"，语源于普罗旺斯语Sonnet。原系中世纪民间流行并用于 歌唱的一种短小诗歌。 自欧洲进入文艺复兴时代之后，这种诗体获得广泛的运用。十 六世纪初，十四行诗体传到英国，风行一时，到十六世纪末，十四行诗已成 了英国最 流行的诗歌体裁。产生了锡德尼、斯宾塞等著名的十四行诗人。莎士比亚 进一步发展 并丰富了这一诗体，一生写下一百五十四首十四行诗。莎士比亚的诗作，改变了彼得 拉克的格式，由三段四行和一副对句组成，即按四、四、四、二编排， 其押韵格式为 ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG。每行诗句有十个抑扬格音节，常常在最后一副对句中点明 题意。后来，弥尔顿、华兹华斯、雪莱、济慈等人也曾写过一些优秀 的十四行诗。因 此答案为B。
美国文学笔记完整版专八人文知识.docx
美国文学笔记整理完整版1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism ）Jonathan Edwards1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence（启蒙运动）本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard ’s Almana c 穷查理历书；Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道；1706-1790The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点 )托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolutionThomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets ）1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册）Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命）The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响）菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人 a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲1752-1832The British Prison Ship英国囚船The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言 Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson18 世纪末 -19 世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1.早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第 1 个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔( 李伯大梦 )The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novelJames Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）1789-1851The Pilot领航者（sea novel）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel ）The Pioneer 拓荒者（ the first true romance of the frontier in American literatureThe Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人（主角： Natty Bumppo纳蒂班波）The Prairie大草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者2.超验主义New England Transcendentalism拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书 manifestoRalf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;1803-1882Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days 日子 - 首开自由诗之先河free verse亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden 瓦尔登湖Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周1817-1862Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great Americanwriter of fiction象征主义大师Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American proseepic 史诗）1819-1891Typee泰比Omoo 奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃;Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集（the birth of truly American poetryand the end of romanticism）(共和圣经 Democratic Bible美国史诗American Epic)1819-1892Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas民主的前景埃米莉·迪金森她的诗大量破折号dash, 主题love, nature, death, immortality;语言 plain, brevity, directEmily Dickinson This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信1830-1886I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I ’ m Nobody. Who Are You? 我是无名小卒。
专八人文知识之北美概况
d.绰号（NICK NAME)Uncle Sam is a national personification(n. 化身, 象征) of the United States (US), and sometimes more specifically(adv. 特定之,明确之) of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812 and the first illustration dating from 1852. He is often depicted (v. 描述) as a serious elderly white man with white hair and a goatee(n. 山羊胡子), and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of flag of the United States—for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.美国之绰号叫山姆大叔。
传说在英美战争期间，美国商人山姆威尔逊在装供应军队牛肉之桶上写有“U.S."，表示这是美国之财产。
这恰与山姆大叔（UNCLE SAM）之首字母缩略相同。
于是人们便戏称带有”U.S."标记之物资是山姆大叔之，而山姆大叔也就逐渐成为了美国之绰号。
1961年美国国会通过决议，正式承认“山姆大叔”代表美国之形象。
e.国歌（NATIONAL ANTHEM)美国国歌《星条旗永不落》（"the star-spangled banner"曾译《星条旗》歌）诞生在巴尔底摩。
专八人文常识辅导材料(美国文学)
American Literature: A Concise HistoryI. Review1. Who wrote The American? (2008)A. Herman MelvilleB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Henry JamesD. Theodore Dreiser2. Death of a Salesman was written by____. (2007)A. Arthur MillerB. Ernest HemingwayC. Ralph EllisonD. James Baldwin3. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by___. (2006)A. Scott FitzgeraldB. William FaulknerC. Eugene O’NeilD. Ernest Hemingway4. William Sydney Porter, known as O’Henry, is most famous for_____. (2005)A. his poemsB. his playsC. his short storiesD. his novelsII. Historical Periods1. Colonial Period: 17th~18th (faith → reason)2. Romantic Period: end of 18th to the Civil War ★3. The Age of Realism: 1865-1890 ★4. The Age of Naturalism: 1890-19005. Modern Period: 1912-1945 ★6. Postwar Realism: 1950s-1960s7. Postmodernism: 1960s-1980sIII. Key Figures1. Benjamin Franklin2. James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving; Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson/Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville (R. W. Emerson, H.D. Thoreau)3. O’Henry, Henry James, Mark Twain4. Stephan Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London5. Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, R.L. Frost/Ernest Hemingway, F.S. Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck/Eugene O’Neil l, Tennessee Williams, Arthur Miller6. Jerome Salinger7. NabokovMark Twain: ①Trend: realism (local colorism) ②Genre: fiction ③Masterpiece: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ④Distinctive Style: vernacular language ⑤Other Important WorksIV. Sample1. American literature produced only one female poet during the 19th century. She was __________.A. Anne BradstreetB. Jane AustenC. Katherine Anne PorterD. Emily Dickinson2. The first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature was a sharp social critic, whose name was __________.A. T.S. EliotB. Sinclair LewisC. Ernest HemingwayD. William Faulkner3. Which of the following is NOT included in Dreiser’strilogy of desire concerning the ruthlessness ofcapitalists?A. The GeniusB. The FinancierC. The TitanD. The Stoic4. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, __________ became the major trend in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism5. From 1732 to 1758, Franklin wrote and published his famous __________, an annual collection of proverbs.A. AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine6. ―The American Renaissance‖ is the period of ______ in the history of American literature.A. local colorismB. RomanticismC. TranscendentalismD. Colonism7. _________ is Mark Twain’s master work, the one book from which as Hemingway noted, ―All modern American literature comes‖.A. The Gilded AgeB. Life on the MississippiC. The Adventures of Tom SawyerD. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn8. _______ is the only American playwright awarded Nobel Prize of Literature.A. Arthur MillerB. Eugene O’NeillC. Tennessee WilliamsD. Sinclair Lewis9. Which of the following does NOT be long to ―Beat Generation‖?A. Jack KerouacB. F. S. FitzgeraldC. Allen GinsbergD. William Burroughs10. __________ is identified as the father of modern American poetry, who also plays an important role in transmitting Chinese culture to the English-speaking world.A. T. S. EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD. Walt WhitmanI. Colonial Period: 17th~18thThe influence of Puritanism on writing:fresh, simple and plaintraceable to the direct influence of the Biblefrequent reference to the technique of symbolismAnne BradstreetThe Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in AmericaMichael WigglesworthThe Day of DoomEdward Taylor: a metaphysical poetBenjamin Franklin: the spokesman of the American Enlightenment (Age of Reason/Great Awakening); created the image of the Yankeepseudonym: Silence DogoodPoor Richard’s AlmanacAutobiographyThomas Paine (his style: plain)Common Sense—the first pamphlet urging immediate independence from Britain; his most famous pamphlet; the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphletsPhilip FreneauThe first American-born poet; Poet of the American RevolutionTheme: nationalismThe beginning of American RomanticismII. Romantic Period: 1) Early RomanticsNew England Poets (Fireside/Schoolroom Poets):Henry Wadsworth LongfellowThe song of Hiawatha—the first American epic in blank verse about the American IndiansThe first American poet to be honored by having his bust placed in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster AbbeyWilliam Cullen Bryant: the American WordsworthThanatopsis (pondering on death)—his greatest poemNovelist:James Fenimore Cooper: the first successful American novelist32 novels3 kinds:about the revolutionary past—The Spyabout the sea—The pilot★about the frontier—The Leatherstocking Tales (The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, and The Deerslayer; protagonist: Natty Bumppo-- ―the essential American soul‖ by D. H. Lawrence)Story Writer and Prose Stylist:Washington IrvingThe Sketch Book won him international fame―Rip Van Winkle‖ & ―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖―Crayon‖ styleIntroduced the familiar essay to AmericaII. Romantic Period: 2) TranscendentalistsNew England Transcendentalism=American RenaissanceFeatures:It stressed the power of intuition.It placed spirit first and matter second.It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.It emphasized the significance of the individual.It envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ―Oversoul‖.It held that commerce was degrading.The Transcendental Club & their journal The DialEssayists:Ralph Waldo EmersonTranscendentalism’s most seminal forceThe Lyceum MovementNature—―the manifesto of American transcendentalism‖The American Scholar—―America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence‖Henry David ThoreauHis first major influence: nonviolent struggle as expressed in his ―Civil Disobedience‖His second major influence: call of ―Back to Nature‖Walden—a classic of American prose; reads like a diary of a nature loverSymbolismII. Romantic Period: 3) High RomanticsEdgar Allan PoeLiterary theories:1) A theory of PoetryThe most important purpose of poetry is the creation of beauty (English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty).The tone of its highest manifestation is one of sadness.The death of a beautiful woman is the most potential topic.death –predominant theme in Poe’s writing―Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.‖2) About His FictionThe mental world of the people should be illuminated.The principle of concentration and thematic totality should be stressed.Truth rather than beauty is often the aim of the tale.Literary achievements:The Raven—his most famous narrative poemDetective stories, ratiocinative stories & science fictionThe Murders in the Rue MorgueThe Fall of the House of UsherThe Masque of the Red DeathWalt WhitmanLeaves of Grass (9 editions)—America’s first genuine epic poemStyle: free verseThe envelope structure, catalogue technique, thought rhythmRepresents a turning point in the history of American poetryEmily DickinsonFor the whole 19th century she was the only woman poet who enjoys high academic esteem today.PoemsThemes:religion – doubt and belief about religious subjectsdeath and immortalitylove – suffering and frustration caused by lovephysical aspect of desirenature – kind and cruelfree will and human responsibilityNathaniel Hawthorne—the first American romancer; the first major novelist in English to wed morality to artHis novels were perhaps the deepest and most psychological in the 19th century.The Scarlet LetterHester Prynne, Pearl, Chillingworth, DimmesdalePoint of view: Evil is at the core of human life. Wherever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.Herman Meiville—an adventure writer, known as ―a man who lived with cannibals‖Moby Dick—the first American prose epic; the greatest American novel by some criticsA symbol to represent cruel, brutal, malicious powers of natureThe technique of multiple viewsStyle: highly symbolic and metaphoricalIII. The Age of RealismFeatures:truthful description of lifetypical character under typical circumstanceobjective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life―Realistic writers are like scientists.‖open-ending:Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves.William Dean HowellsProductive except the genre of poetryThe Rise of Silas LaphamWilliam Sydney Porter (O. Henry)The surprise ending is his specialty, e.g. ―The Cop and the Anthem‖.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio★Henry James: novels of mannersDeveloped the international novelDaisy Miller established his reputation at home and abroad (theme: American innocence vs. European sophistication) The Ambassadors: his most ―perfect‖ work of art, claimed by himself3 influential subjects: children, new women and artistsTheory of fiction in his The Art of FictionChief criterion: showing rather than tellinghonor s: the first of the ―modern psychological novelists‖A ―realist of the inner life‖A bridge of American and European culturesLocal ColorismThe late 1860s to early 1870sTo write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.Hamlin Garland’s ―Under the Lion’s Paw‖Harriet Beech er Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin—the greatest of all anti-slavery literatureMark Twain (Samuel Clemens)—―the Lincoln of our literature‖; the true father of American literatureOne famous essay: ―To the Person Sitting in Darkness‖His greatest achievement: The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnOther works: His penname was made famous by ―The Notorious Jumping Frog of the Calaverus County‖;The Gilded Age: a satire against corruptionThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Life on the Mississippicolloquial language, vernacular language, dialectslocal coloursyntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammaticalhumourtall tales (highly exaggerated)social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)III. The Age of Realism: ComparisonThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower classTechniqueHowells –genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colorism and colloquialismIV. The Age of NaturalismRealism vs. Naturalism:Though naturalists also describe real life, they present harsher reality, usually the violent, sensational, unpleasant, and ugly aspects of life.Their writing style and technique were more innovative.Stephan Crane--pessimismMaggie, A Girl of the Streets—the first naturalistic novel written by an AmericanThe Red Badge of Courage—his most famous book about the American Civil WarStyle: realistic, naturalistic, and impressionisticFrank Norris--optimismMcTeague—the first full-bodied naturalistic American novelThe Octopus—his most impressive prose epicTheodore Dreiser–―the wheelhouse of American naturalism‖Sister Carrie: a slave to her heredity and to her environmentAn American Tragedy: his masterpieceStyle: journalistic method of reiteration, word-pictures, sharp contrast, stubborn honestyJack LondonThe Son of the Wolf—first collection of the storiesThe Call of the Wild—an all-time best sellerHis fiction has the unusual and intriguing power of ancient myth.The originator of a new type of writing: rough realismV. Modern Period: 1)PoetrySub-branches:Imagism, symbolism, impressionism, futurism, constructivism, surrealism, etcFeatures:Modernism dramatized discontinuity.Modernists had a sense of fragmentation.It has a strong and conscious break with tradition. (stream of consciousness)V. Modern Period 1) PoetryEzra Pound—the father of modern American poetryCantos—his major work of poetryCathay—a volume of Chinese translationsStyle: clarity, precision and a direct conversational diction, economy of verseImagismT. S. Eliot—a poet, a playwright, and a literary criticHe declared himself a ―classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and Anglo-Catholic in religion‖The Waste Land—a central poem of modernism; reads like a manifesto of the ―Lost Generation‖Five segmentsOrganizing principle: the myth of death and rebirthNew England Poets:E. A. Robinson won Pulitzer for three times.Robert Lee Frost—the most popular American poet from 1914 to his deathHe won Pulitzer for four times.Pastoral poetryV. Modern Period 2) FictionLost Generation:The term was first used by Gertrude Stein.Ernest Hemingway—a Nobel Prize Winner (1954)The Sun also RisesA Farewell to Arms: established his reputation as a great American writerFor Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the SeaTelegraphic styleIceberg theory of writing―the code hero‖Francis Scott FitzgeraldThis Side of Paradise—his first novel; the first American novel depicting the casual dissipations of ―flaming youth‖The Great Gatsby—his best novel which deals with the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of the American dream★Sinclair Lewis—the first American writer to receive the Nobel Prize for literature (1930)Main Street satirizes the smug provincial complacency of the middle classBabbitt—his masterpieceThe word ―babbittry‖ means energetic shallowness and self-satisfactionSatiric monologueJohn Steinbeck—the foremost writer of the Great DepressionThe Grapes of Wrath—his masterpiece, won a Pulitzer PrizeA combination of naturalist and symbolist techniqueV. Modern Period: 3) DramaEugene O’Neill—the founder of modern American drama3 Pulitzer Prizes & the Nobel PrizeIntroduced trends of realism, naturalism and expressionismBeyond the HorizonLong Day’s Journey into NightTennessee WilliamsThe Glass MenagerieA Streetcar Named Desire—won him his first Pulitzer PrizeColloquial southern speechArthur MillerDeath of a Salesman—his masterpiece; an American myth and a contemporary tragedyVI. Postwar RealismJohn Cheever—short fictionJohn Updike—the most realistic of all the postwar realists; ―Olinger‖ storiesJames Thurber—the greatest American literary humorist of the 20th centuryJerome Salinger—a representative of alienated young Americans; generation gapThe Catcher in the Rye—a modern Huck FinnVII. Post-modernism: FictionModernism vs. post-modernismUnlike modernism, which suggested a historic period, post-modernism described a sensibility, a feeling for innovation.Controllable vs. uncontrollable;Order vs. disorderRealistic vs. nihilisticThe fundamental rule: the absurd and the arbitraryStyle: fragmented, discontinuous, ironic, and full of black humorVladimir Nabokov: LolitaBeat GenerationWomen WritersBlack LiteratureSouthern Literature1. Beat GenerationThe term is associated with the first half of the 1950s.★Jack Kerouac—the founder of the Beat Generation who first used the term; On the Road★Allen Ginsberg—the poet laureate of the Beat Generation; HowlLawrence Ferlinghetti opened the City Lights Bookstore, the headquarters of the Beats.William BurroughsWomen Writers: 1) Before the 20th CAnne Bradstreet—the first lady of colonial literature in AmericaEmily Dickinson—America’s greatest woman poetMargaret Fuller—Women in the Nineteenth Century: America’s first landmark feminist treatiseWomen Writers: 2) Of the 20th CKatherine Anne PorterJoyce Carol OatesSylvia PlathJoanna RussAlice Walker: a black woman writerBlack LiteratureLangston Hughes—the ―Poet Laureate of Harlem‖/ ―O. Henry of Harlem‖Richard Wright—protest fiction, Native SonJames Baldwin—race & homosexuality: two themesRalph Ellison—Invisible Man★Toni Morrison (female)—Beloved, Nobel Prize (1993) (the second American woman writer to enjoy the honor) (the first American woman writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature: Pearl Buck)Southern LiteratureThe South is known as the Bible Belt.★William Faulkner—the foremost southern writer of the 20th C; Nobel Prize (1950)The Sound and the Fury—Stream of ConsciousnessYoknapatawpha CountyWilliam Styron—Sophie’s Choice。
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专八人文知识精讲(16)：美国文学1 Part 1. Colonial America 殖民地时期的美国文学Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩(1737-1809)：The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man:Downfall of Despotism人的权利：专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺(1752-1832)：The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华(1702—1758)：The Freedom of the Will自由意志论；The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended伟哉原罪论辩；The Nature of True Virtue 真美德的性质Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790):A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money；Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传Part 2. American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文(1783-1859)：A History of New York纽约的历史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The SketchBook见闻札记；The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说——使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀(1789-1851)：The Spy间谍；The Pilot领航者；The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿；Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集：The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人；The Prairie大草原；The Pathfinder探路者；The Deerslayer杀鹿者专八人文知识精讲(17)：美国文学2Part 3.New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义文学Ralf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(1803-1882)：Essays:Nature散文集：论自然——新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书；The American Scholar论美国学者；Divinity:TheOversoul论超灵；Self-reliance论自立；The Transcendentalist超验主义者；Representative Men代表人物；English Traits英国人的特征；School Address神学院演说；Concord Hymn康考德颂；The Rhodo杜鹃花；The Humble Bee野蜂；Days日子——首开自由诗之先河Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817-1862)：Wadden, or Life in the Woods瓦尔登湖，或林中生活；Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience论公民的不服从；A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河与梅里麦克河上一周Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗(1807-1882)：The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗；Voices of the Night夜吟；Ballads and Other Poems民谣及其他诗；Belfry of Bruges and OtherPoems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗；Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事：AnApril Day四月的一天；A Psalm of Life 人生礼物；Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔；Evangeline伊凡吉琳；The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚；Poems on Slavery奴役篇Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804-1864)：Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事；Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔：Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗；The Scarlet Letter红字；The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子；The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇；The Marble Faun玉石雕像Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(1819-1891)：Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比；Omoo奥穆；Mardi玛地；Redburn雷得本；White Jacket白外衣；Pierre皮尔埃；Piazza广场故事；Billy Budd比利·巴德Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892)：Leaves of Grass草叶集：Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌；I hear America Singing 我听见美洲在歌唱；When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时；Democratic Vistas民主的前景；The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题；Song ofMyself自我之歌Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·迪金森(1830-1886)：The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡(1809-1849)：Tales of the Grotesque andArabesque怪诞奇异故事集；Tales故事集；The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌；Ligeia莱琪儿；Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李——歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头；Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗；The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗：The Raven乌鸦；The City in the Sea 海城；Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔；To Hellen致海伦Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽特·比彻·斯托(1811-1896)：Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋；A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片；The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚；The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠；Oldtown Folks老城的人们专八人文知识精讲(18)：美国文学3Part 4. The age of Realism 现实主义文学William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯(1837-1920)：The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹；A Modern Instance现代婚姻；A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转；A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客；Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼——乌托邦小说；Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读Henry James 享利·詹姆斯(1843-1916)：小说：Daisy Miller戴茜·米勒；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家；Hawthorne霍桑；Partial Portraits不完全的画像；Notes and Reviews札记与评论；Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术Part 5. Local Colorism 本地主义文学Mark Twain(Samuel Langhorne Clemens) 马克·吐温(1835-1910)——美国文学的一大里程碑：The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙；The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记；The Gilded Age镀金时代；The Adventures of TomSawyer汤姆·索耶历险记；The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿；The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记；A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬；TheTragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊；Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克；The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人；How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事——对美国早期幽默文学的总结专八人文知识精讲(19)：美国文学4Part 6. American Naturalism 自然主义文学Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩(1871-1900)：Maggie: A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬——美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子；The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯(1870-1902)：Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰；Mc-Teague麦克提格；The Epic of the Wheat小麦诗史；A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱塞(1871-1945)：Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹；Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘；Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲：Financer金融家；The Titan巨人；The Stoic斯多葛；An American Tragedy美国的悲剧——被称为美国最伟大的小说；Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗Edwin Arlington Robinson 鲁宾逊(1869-1935)：Captain Craig克雷格上尉——诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇；The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成Collected Poems诗集Jack London 杰克·伦敦(1876-1916)：The Son of the Wolf狼之子；The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤；The Sea-wolf海狼；White Fang白牙；The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们；The Iron Heel铁蹄；Marti Eden马丁·伊登；How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人；The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争；What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么；Revolution革命；Love of Life热爱生命；The Mexican墨西哥人；Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下Upton Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱尔(1878-1968)：Spring and Harvest春天与收获；The Jungle屠场——揭发黑幕运动的代表作家；King Coal 煤炭大王；Oil石油；Boston波士顿；Dragon’s Teeth龙齿专八人文知识精讲(20)：美国文学5Part 7. The 1920s 20世纪20年代的美国文学Imagism意象主义：Ezra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德(1885-1972)：The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神；The Anthology DesImagistes意像派诗选；Cathay华夏——英译中国诗；Literary Essays文学论；A Few Don’ts by Imagist意象派戒条；Personage面具；Polite Essays文雅集；The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章——109首及8首未完成稿Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯·艾略特(1888-1965)：Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克；The Waste Land荒原：TheBurial of the Dead死者的葬礼；A Game of Chess弈棋；The Fire Sermon火诫；Death byWater水边之死；What the Thunder Said雷电之言；名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三；Four Quarters四个四重奏；诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案；Family Reunion大团圆；Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯(1879-1955)：Harmonium风琴；The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人；Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记：Peter Quince at the Clavier 彼得·昆斯弹风琴；Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨；The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦；Collected Poems诗集William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯(1883-1963)：Spring andAll春；The Journey of Love爱的历程；Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像；Paterson佩特森——5卷长诗；Asphodal, That Green Flower常青花日光兰——长诗；Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车；The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨；The Sparrow, to My Father麻雀——致父亲；Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像Robert Frest 罗伯特·弗罗斯特(1874-1963)：A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北：Mending Wall修墙；After Apple-picking摘苹果之后；Mountain Interval山间；The Road Not taken没有选择的道路；West-running Brook西流的溪涧；A Further Range又一片牧场；A Witness Tree一株作证的树Carl Sandburg 卡尔·桑德堡(1878-1967)：Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人；In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热；The Prairie Years草原的年代；The War Years战争的年代——林肯传记；The American Songbag美国歌袋；The People,Yes人民，好；Honey and Salt蜜与盐；Corn-huskers辗米机；Smoke and Steel烟与钢E Cumings 肯明斯(1894-1962)：Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱；The Enormous Room大房间；XLI Poems诗41首；Viva万岁；No, Thanks不，谢谢；Collected Poems诗集；Eimi爱米——访苏游记The Lost Generation迷惘的一代：F Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德(1896-1940)：The Side of Paradise人间天堂；The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉；The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比；Tender in the Night夜色温柔；The Last Tycoon最后的巨头；短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们；Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事；Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号；The Ice Palace冰宫；May Days五一节；The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石；Winter Dreams冬天的梦；The Rich Boy富家子弟；Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦；The Crack-up崩溃——自传体文集“迷惘的一代”代表人物：Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威(1899-1961) ：In Our Time在我们的年代里；The Torrents of Spring春潮；The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起；Farewell to Arms永别了，武器；For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣；短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人；The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获；The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇；政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳(1897-1962)：The Marble Faun云石林神——诗集；Soldiers'Pay兵饷——小说；Absalom, Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙——家世小说；短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月；The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣；As I lay dying当我垂死的时候；Light in August八月之光Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森(1876-1941)：Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子；Marching Men前进中的人们；Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌；Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志；Poor White穷苦的白人；Many Marriages多种婚姻；Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事；Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事；I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么美国第一个获诺贝尔奖获得者：Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯(1885-1951)：Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生；The Job求职；The Main Street大街；Babbitt巴比特；Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯；Elmer Gantry艾尔默·甘特里；Dodsworth多兹沃斯；It can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里；Kingsblood Royal王孙梦Villa Sibert Cather 维拉·凯塞(1873-1947)：O, Pioneers啊，先驱们；My Antonia我的安东尼亚；The Professor’s House教授之家；Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死Thomas Wolfe 托马斯·沃尔夫(1900-1938)：Look Homeward, Angel天使，望故乡；Of Time and the River时间与河流；The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石；You Can’t Go Home Again有家归不得；The Hills Beyond远山——未完成；短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨专八人文知识精讲(21)：美国文学6Part 8. The 1930s 20世纪30年代的美国文学John Dos Passos 帕索斯(1896-1970)：The Three Soldiers；Manhattan Transfer；District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区：The Adventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的冒险；Number One第一号；The Grand Design伟大的计划；Orient Express东方特别快车——游记John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克(1902-1966)：Cup of Gold金杯；Tortilla Flat煎饼房；In Dubious Battle胜负未定；Of Mice and Men鼠和人；The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄；The Moon is Down月亮下去了；Cannery Row罐头厂街；The Pearl珍珠；短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马Part 9. Black American Literature 美国黑人文学Frederick Douglass 弗莱德里克·道格拉斯(1817-1895)：Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an AmericanSlave弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述MyBondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由The lifeand Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代William E.B. Dubois 威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯(1868-1963)：Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂；The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国；The Philadephia Negro；John Brown；The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）James Langston Hughes 詹姆斯·兰斯顿·休斯(1902-1969)：Mulatto混血儿——剧本；The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声；Dear Lovely Death亲爱的死神；Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚；I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考；The Best of Simple辛普尔精选Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·埃利林(1914-1994)：长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人；散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动；Going to the Territory步入文学界James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温(1924-1987)：散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记’Fire Next Time下一次烈火；No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘‘The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作；小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁’Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间‘Another Country另一个国度；Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久；IfBeale Street Could Talk假如比尔能说话；Just Above My Head就在我头上；短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人；剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角；Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨；One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后专八人文知识精讲(22)：美国文学7Part 10. American Drama 美国戏剧Eugene Oneil 尤金·奥尼尔(1888-1953)：独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫；The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢；The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月；多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外——成名作；Anna Christie安娜·克里斯蒂；The Emperor Jones琼斯皇；The Hairy Ape毛猿；All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀；The Great God Brown大神布朗；The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲；Mourning Becomes Electra素娥怨/悲悼；The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了；The Long Days Journey Into Night进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉J D Salinger 杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格(1919- )：短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人；短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇；中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼；Zooey卓埃；Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高；Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人；长篇小说：The Catcher in the Rye麦田里的守望者Tennessee William 田纳西·威廉斯(1911-1983)：American Blues美国的布鲁斯；Battle of Angels天使的战斗；The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园；The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车；Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫；The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜；Summer and Smoke夏与烟；The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹；Sweet Bird of Yout可爱的青春鸟Arthur Miller 阿瑟·米勒(1915- )：Situation Normal情况正常；The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人；All My Sons都是我的儿子；The Death of a Salesman推销员之死；The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫；A View from the Bridge桥头眺望；A Memory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆；After the Fall堕落之后；Incident at Vichy维希事件；The Price代价；The Creation ofthe World and Other Business创世及其他；The Archbishop’s Ceiling大主教的天花板；The American Clock美国时钟Edward Albee 爱德华·阿尔比(1928- )：The Zoo Story动物园的故事；The Death of Bessie Smith贝西·史密斯之死；The Sandbox沙箱；The American Dream美国梦；Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫；Tiny Alice小爱丽丝；A Delicate Balance脆弱的羊群；Seascape海景；The Lady from Dubuque来自杜布克的女人；The Man With Three Arms三臂人Part 11. The Post-War Scene 战后美国文学Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄(1915- )：长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人；The Victim受害者；The Adventure of Augie March奥基·马奇历险记；Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊；Herzog赫索格；MrSummlar’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星；Humboldt’s Gift洪堡的礼物；中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝The Beaten Generation垮掉的一代：Norman Mailer诺曼·米勒(1923- )：Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨；The Deer Park廘苑；An American Dream一场美国梦；The White Negro白色黑人；Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告；Why Are We inVietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner’s Song刽子手之歌;The Armies of theNight夜色幕下的大军——历史小说；New Journalism新新闻报道Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒(1923- )：长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规；Something Happened出了毛病；As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好；剧本：We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文；Catch-22: Clevinger’s Trial克莱文杰受审——据Catch-22第八章John Barth 约翰·巴思(1930- )：长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧；The End of the Road穷途末路；The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商；Letters书信集；Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯；Lost in the Funhouse迷失在开心馆里；Chimera客迈拉；Sabbatical学院的轮休假；The Friday Book:Essays and Other Nonfictions星期五的书：论文及其他非小说Postmodernism后现代主义：Thomas Pynchon 托马斯·品钦(1937- )：Geography of a Horse Dreamer马上梦者的地理；Angel City天使城；The Tooth ofCrime罪恶的牙齿；Family家庭：Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒；BuriedChild被埋葬的孩子；True West真正的西部；Fool for Love情痴；A Lie of the Mind心灵的谎言；Paris/Texas德州的巴黎。