中科院考博真题
中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题
中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试试题(1)考试科目：动物学一、名词解释(每题3分，其中举例1分；共30分)1．后口动物2. 咽鳃裂3. 羊膜动物4. 鳞嵴5. 物种6. 口咽式呼吸7. 混合体腔8. 生物多样性9. 动物区系10. 同源器官二、填空题（每空0.5 分，共15分）1. 降河洄游入海的鱼类其体液渗透压需要完成由（）转变为（）。
（提示：填高或低）。
2. 粘孢子虫是渔业养殖中危害较大的病原体之一，其无性生殖方式是（）生殖。
3. 华枝睾吸虫病是一种在我国较为流行的食源性寄生虫病。
其病原体的虫卵排入水体后被第一中间宿主螺吞食后逸出（），然后逐渐发育为胞蚴，（）和（）；后者成熟后被释放到水体中，遇到第二中间宿主鱼或虾后侵入其体内发育为（）。
4. 寡毛纲动物神经系统为（）。
5. 水体中常见的浮游动物蚤状溞属于甲壳纲（）亚纲。
6. 蚌和鳑鮍鱼是自然界生物间相互依存的典型实例；鱼将卵产于蚌的（）中，蚌的（）寄生于鱼的皮肤上。
7. 动物的肌肉组织是由（）胚层发育分化而来。
8. 我国陆地动物区系分属于（）届与( )届两大区系；现代动物区系的基本轮廓呈现于（）初期。
9. 甲壳纲动物体节常分为（）部和（）部；具有（）对附肢。
10. 藤壶是附着在海边岩石、船体上的一种常见生物，它隶属于（）亚门。
11. 大多数鱼类身上被有鳞片，而鱼鳞主要分为3种，即硬鳞、（）和（）。
12. 环毛蚓的生殖系统为雌雄（），生殖时（）受精。
13. 环节动物的循环系统属（）式循环；节肢动物的循环系统是（）式；两栖动物的循环方式为（）和（）的双循环。
14. 鸟类在繁殖期常各自占有一定的领域，不许其他鸟类（尤其是同种鸟类）侵入，称为（）现象。
15. 棘皮动物的成虫呈（）对称，其幼虫呈（）对称。
三、问答题(共55分)1. 简述脊索动物的三大主要特征及脊索的出现在动物演化史上的意义。
（8分）2. 简述近年来动物系统分类学中三大学派的主要观点。
中科院考博试题特
中科院多科考博试题中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。
中科院考博英语真题
司法考试票据法要点详解备注：1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。
2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。
二、背书（一）回头背书：（二）禁止转让背书（三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。
三、承兑和保证承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。
保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。
四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。
五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。
票据权利的种类1.付款请求权票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。
付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。
付款请求权须符合以下条件：（1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。
（2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款；（3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。
（4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。
（5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。
这是对票据权利不确切的处置。
2.追索权指持票人行使付款请求受到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，或有其他法定事由请求付款未果时，向其前手请求支付票据金额的权利。
由于这一请求是在第一次请求未果后的再次请求，所以将其称为第二次请求权，是票据权利的再次行使追索权的追索对象视票据种类的不同，可以分别包括出票人、背书人、保证人、承兑人和参加承兑人，这些人在票据中的地位是连带债务人，持票人可以不按照汇票债务人的先后顺序，对其中的法\律|教育网任何一人、数人或全体行使追索权；持票人对汇票债务人仍可行使追索权。
中科院考博真题
名词解释生物圈、气候、太阳辐射、降水、径流、风蚀作用、植物群落、土地退化、土壤剖面、地域分异规律简答1、气候变化2、基本地貌类型3、水量平衡4、成土学说5、生态系统的组分和结构论述1、试述地带性学说2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征名词解释矿物、地下水的总矿化度、季风、河流、地域分异规律、生物群落、对流层、土壤简答1、生物多样性的价值2、自然区划原则3、土壤的物质组成4、地球表面的基本特征5、影响地貌的形成因素论述1、陆地生态系统的主要类型2、自然地理学的研究对象分科及各学科的联系名词解释梅雨、基流、物候谱、山海经、光合潜力、焚风效应、超渗流、雅丹地貌、地域分异、地理大发现简答土壤侵蚀、尺度转化的概念和地理学意义、地理学发展方向名词解释变质作用、大气环流、风化作用、河流阶地、季风、降水强度、流量、生物多样性、土壤质地、纬度简答题1、气候形成的地理因子2、植被分类3、土壤的一般形态4、温室效应5、主要成土过程论述题1、试述地理地带性2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征简答题（10×3）1、自然区域划分原则2、成土学说3、地球表面的基本特征论述题1、陆地生态系统的主要类型（20）2、地球自转和公转的意义（20）3、中国的气候特征（30）中国科学院地理所博士入学考试试题1999年自然地理1.概述土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究及意义。
2.论述自然地域系统研究及其科学意义和应用前景。
3.试述黄河流域的主要环境问题及其管理。
4. 试述青藏高原作为我国一个独特地理单元的自然地理意义《自然地理学》2000年考试题1．关于自然地理学科发展；2．西部土地退化有哪几种类型3．西部开发面临的主要问题4．自然地域分界线（前两题为简答，后两题为论述）《自然地理学》2001年考试题一、简述种群、群落地理地带水量平衡构造地貌成土过程二、论述1. LUCC内容与进展2. 我国自然地理基本特征3. 温室效应与全球环境意义2001年自然地理学入学试题一．简答题1．构造地貌2．植物种群与植物群落3．水量平衡4．地理地带5．成土过程二．论述题1．中国自然地理环境的基本特征2．温室效应与全球变化3．土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究内容与进展《自然地理学》2002年考试题一、简述1.流水地貌2.水循环（或土壤地带性）3.生态系统（或生物多样性）（注，因是不同的人回忆的，有点差异，你都看看）二、论述1.简述我国自然地理地域性特征2.论述我国主要土地退化3.论述我国水问题自然地理2003一、种群、群落地理地带水量平衡构造地貌成土过程二、1.LUCC内容与进展2.我国自然地理基本特征3.温室效应与全球环境意义土地资源学2006土地资源学耕地保护的目标及其意义土地分类方法与步骤,,举例我国1:100万土地分类图分类体系FAO土地评价方法与美国土地潜力分级的特点与异同我国土地利用存在的问题和对策对<全国土地利用规划修编>的看法和建议2005年土地资源学：当前土地工作中的问题与对策自己设计一个土地相关课题，要研究路线，方法，创新美国和中国的分类体系适应性评价土地利用/土地覆被变化土地资源管理政策分析耕地保护现状问题对策，长效机制土地类型2001土地资源1.综合剖面制图方法（15）2.苏联、澳大利亚、中国土地分级系统（15）3.4.LUCC意义与内容（20）5.西部大开发战略中土地资源开发、利用、治理、保护问题（20）2002土地资源学1.简述土地资源研究中系列制图的综合制图与制图综合问题（10）2.简述联合国粮农组织的土地适宜性评价体系（15）3.简述土地质量指标体系研究中的PSR模型（15）4.论述土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究的意义和主要内容（20）5.论述土地资源开发的结构和布局（20）6.论述我国耕地保护的意义、目标和主要措施（20）生态历年考题书：蔡晓明2001年考题：1.名词解释：种群、群落、水量平衡？2.简答、论述：碳循环、氮循环；以森林生态系统为例，描述一下能量流动过程；生态系统健康对全球变化的理解2002年考题1.生态系统健康2.生态系统生产力3.碳氮循环4.生态系统调控（正、负反馈）恢复生态学。
中科院应化所考博真题高等物理化学及答案
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所二O一O年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题高等物理化学一、选择题〔每题2分，共40分〕1. 物质的量为n 的纯理想气体，该气体的哪一组物理量确定后，其他状态函数方有定值？〔〕〔A〕p 〔B〕V 〔C〕T,U 〔D〕T, p2. 273 K，10p 下，液态水和固态水〔即冰〕的化学势分别为μ(l) 和μ(s)，两者的关系为：〔〕(A) μ(l) >μ(s) (B) μ(l) = μ(s)(C) μ(l) < μ(s) (D) 不能确定3. 一封闭钟罩中放一杯纯水A 和一杯糖水B，静止足够长时间后发现：〔〕〔A〕 A 杯水减少, B 杯水满后不再变化〔B〕 A 杯水变成空杯，B 杯水满后溢出〔C〕B杯水减少, A 杯水满后不再变化〔D〕B杯水变成空杯，A杯水满后溢出4. 硫酸与水可形成H2SO4·H2O(s)、H2SO4·2H2O(s)、H2SO4·4H2O(s)三种水合物,问在101 325 Pa 的压力下，能与硫酸水溶液及冰平衡共存的硫酸水合物最多可有多少种( )(A) 3 种(B) 2 种(C) 1 种(D) 不可能有硫酸水合物与之平衡共存。
5. A 和B 可构成固溶体，在A 中，假设参加B 可使A 的熔点提高，那么B在此固溶体中的含量必_______ B 在液相中的含量。
( )(A) 大于(B) 小于(C) 等于(D)不能确定6. 反响2NH3= N2+ 3H2在等温条件下，标准平衡常数为0.25，那么，在此条件下，氨的合成反响(1/2) N2+(3/2) H2= NH3的标准平衡常数为：( )(C) 2 (D) 17. 在一定温度和压力下，对于一个化学反响，能用以判断其反响方向的是：( )(A) Δr G m(B) K p(C) Δr G m(D) Δr H m8. (1) 处于标准态的CO2(g) 和O2 (g)，其标准燃烧焓值为零(2) 因为Δr G m= -RT ln K p，而K p是由平衡时的组成表示的，所以Δr G m表示平衡时产物的吉布斯自由能与反响物的吉布斯自由能之差(3) 水在25℃, p 下蒸发，求算熵变的公式为ΔS m=(ΔH m-ΔG m)/ T(4) 在恒温，恒压下可逆电池反响，求算熵变的公式为Δr S m= Δr H m/ T上述说法正确的选项是：〔〕(A) 1 , 2(B) 2 , 3(C) 1 , 3(D) 3 , 49.对于催化剂特征的描述，哪一点是不正确的：〔〕(A)催化剂不能实现热力学上不可能实现的反响.(B)催化剂有“中毒〞现象。
中科院博士考试样卷附答案
中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。
试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。
试卷二为书面表达部分。
时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。
试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。
每题有12-15秒答题时间。
每段对话的录音只播放一遍。
B节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。
问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。
录音材料只播放一遍。
本部分大约需要25分钟。
第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。
A节：共15题，每题1分。
在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。
本节大约需要20分钟。
B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。
考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。
本节大约需要35分钟。
C节：共10题，每题1分。
考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。
本节大约需要20分钟。
本部分总需时间约75分钟。
试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共1题，10分。
要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要（约占原文的1/4-1/3）。
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中科院生物物理所 生物化学考博真题及答案
6个简答和2个论述题CAS-ibp-2004名词解释：肽平面；肽键中的C—N键具有部分双键的特征，不能自由旋转，这些现象是因共振而产生的。
其结果使肽键处在一个刚性的平面上，此平面被称为肽键平面(酰胺平面)。
磷酸戊糖途径；一个葡萄糖-6-磷酸经代谢产生NADPH和核糖-5-磷酸的途径。
其过程可以分为两个阶段：①六碳糖（6-磷酸-葡萄糖）脱羧形成五碳糖（5-磷酸-核酮糖），并伴有NADPH+H+和CO2的生成；②5-磷酸-核酮糖通过异构化，转酮基，转醛基与糖酵解途径联系起来。
荧光共振能量转移（FRET）；当一个荧光分子（又称为供体分子）的荧光光谱与另一个荧光分子（又称为受体分子）的激发光谱相重叠时，供体荧光分子的激发能诱发受体分子发出荧光，同时供体荧光分子自身的荧光强度衰减。
简答：1 “限制性内切酶是原核生物抵抗外界，免疫防御的一道防线”这句话如何理解。
定义：限制性核酸内切酶是可以识别特定的核苷酸序列，并在每条链中特定部位的两个核苷酸之间的磷酸二酯键进行切割的一类酶，简称限制酶。
在20 世纪60 年代，人们就注意到DNA 在感染宿主后会被降解的现象，从而提出限制性切酶和限制酶的概念。
1968 年，首次从E.coli K 中分离到限制酶，它有特定的识别位点但没有特定的切割位点，其中切割位点离识别位点达1000bp 以上。
1970 年，美国约翰·霍布金斯大学的H. Smith 于偶然中发现，流感嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus influenzae）能迅速降解外源的噬菌体DNA ，其细胞提取液可降解E.coli DNA ，但不能降解自身DNA ，从而找到HindⅡ限制性内切酶。
限制性核酸内切酶分布极广，几乎在所有细菌的属、种中都发现至少一种限制性内切酶，多者在一属中就有几十种，例如在嗜血杆菌属中（Haemophilus）现已发现的就有22种。
限制作用实际就是限制酶降解外源DNA，维护宿主遗传稳定的保护机制。
中国科学院植物保护研究所考博专业课真题
中国科学院植物保护研究所考博专业课真题1、空塑料瓶在( )情况下最不容易倒。
[单选题] *A.瓶口向下B.瓶底装一些沙(正确答案)C.瓶口向上2、35铁钉生锈速度最快的是( )。
[单选题] *A.铁钉完全浸没在水中B.铁钉一半浸在水中一半暴露在空气中(正确答案)C.铁钉一半浸在油中一半在干燥的空气中3、如果发现小草上有很多蚜虫，比较好的方法是（）。
[单选题] *A.用农药喷，蚜虫、飘狐虫等动物很快死光光B.用除草剂，让蚜虫没有食物而死光光C.如果不是特别严重，就不用管它，保证瓢虫、小鸟的生存(正确答案)4、洋葱表皮是由细胞构成的。
( ) [单选题]对(正确答案)错5、下列选项中，说法正确的是( )。
[单选题] *A.转基因食品对人体都是有害的B.转基因食品对人体都是有益的C.转基因食品可能存在安全问题(正确答案)6、动物和植物都是由细胞构成的，微生物不是由细胞构成的。
[单选题] *A.对B.错(正确答案)7、船的载重量与以下哪种因素无关（）。
[单选题] *A.船的材料B货物放置的位置C.货物的重量(正确答案)8、工程设计里面“制订方案”这一环节并不重要，有没有这一环节都无所谓，因为后面制作改进过程中肯定会对最初的方案进行修改的。
[判断题] *对错(正确答案)9、下列说法正确的是( ) 。
[单选题] *A.种子只有在土壤里才能发芽B.种子发芽一定要有阳光C.种子发芽必须要有水(正确答案)10、用放大镜观察，可发现蝴蝶的翅膀由许多彩色的小鳞片组成，这些小片是扁平的细毛。
( ) [单选题]对(正确答案)错11、菜场里的豆芽黄黄的、嫩嫩的、长长的，原因是（）。
[单选题] *A.水太多B.在黑暗中生长(正确答案)C.空气充足12、藻类植物属于绿色开花植物。
( ) [单选题]对错(正确答案)13、蜡烛燃烧发生的变化属于( )。
[单选题] *A.物理变化B.化学变化C.物理变化和化学变化(正确答案)14、我们制作的小船可以装上风力推动装置或蒸汽推动装置。
2024年中国社会科学院大学801经济学考博真题回忆版及答案解析
2024年中国社会科学院大学801经济学考博真题回忆版及答案解析（一）厂商成本函数为C（Q）=F+0.5a Q21．求厂商的规模报酬区间2．厂商的供给函数3．若市场需求函数为P=A-b Q（A,b均为正数），市场由该厂商唯一供给，且厂商是价格接受者，在什么条件下存在唯一的市场均衡？【育明教育解析】1.AC=C Q=F Q+12aQ当F Q=12Aq，即Q=2F a时，AC取最小值2aF故Q在0，2F a2F a，+∞上规模不经济1.MC=dC dQ=aQ=p∴供给函数为Q=P a，（p≥2aF）0，（p<2aF）2.p=A−bQQ=P a=>p=aA a+b，Q=A a+b唯一均衡存在的条件是：p=aA a+b≥2aF（二）有a，b两人，消费物品1,2。
效用函数分别为，，a，b 的禀赋分别为（9,3）和（12,6）1．求1和2的超额需求函数，并验证瓦尔拉斯法则2．求均衡价格3．若经济禀赋为（21,9），写出契约线方程。
【育明教育解析】1.对a来说，maxx1a,x2a ln x1a+2ln x2a s.t.p1x1a+p2x2a≤9p1+3p2用lagrangean 乘子法，得：1x 1a =λP 12x 2a =λP 2=>2x 1a P 1=2x 2ap 2代入约束式并取等号解得：x 1a =3+P 2p 1，x 2a =2+6P 1p 2同理，对b 来说，解得：x 1b =4+2P 2p 1，x 2b =4+8P 1p 2∴z 1（P 1）=x 1a +x 1b−21=3P 2p 1−14；z 2（P 2）=x 2a +x 2b−9=14P 1p 2−3∴z 1（P 1）∙P 1+z 2（P 2）∙P 2=0，满足walras 法则2.令z 1（P 1）=0，得：P 2p 1=1433.在契约线上，应有两人的边际替代率相等，即∂U a∂x 1a ∂U a∂x 2a =∂U b∂x 1b ∂U b ∂x 2b ∴1x 1a 2x 2a =121−x 1a 19−x 2a =>9x 1a =21x 2a ，或写成x 2a =37x 1a（以a 的坐标轴）（三）三个小国1，2，3，其中1，2为生产国，3为消费国。
中国科学院(中科院)生物学考博专业课试题汇总
中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2000-2001年细胞生物学（博士）2000年一、名词解释（每词3分，共30分）1．着丝粒 6. 核骨架2．微管 7. 核糖体3．溶酶体 8. 细胞的程序死亡4．核孔复合体 9. 主动运输5．细胞周期蛋白 10. 静息电位二、试述核小体的结构，核小体与DNA复制、转录的关系。
（20分）三、扼要阐述细胞通讯中信息跨膜传递的方式与机制。
（20分）四、以克隆大熊猫为题设计一个研究课题，包括立项依据、研究目的、研究内容、技术路线及预期结果。
（30分）2001年一、名词解释：（每条4分，共40分）1．原核细胞 6. 类囊体2．核纤层 7. 溶酶体3．着丝粒 8. 协同运输4．异染色质 9. 微管5．核糖体 10. 细胞的程序死亡二、细胞连接有哪几种类型，各有何功能？（20分）三、简述内质网的结构和功能。
（10分）四、就你感兴趣的课题，写一份研究设计方案。
包括题目名称、立项依据、目的意义、技术路线、创新之处及预期结果。
（30分）中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学（博士）一、解释题（每题3分，共30分）1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPF4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控（有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控）（18分）三、以哺乳动物精子和卵子发生为例。
简述减数分裂。
（17分）四、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组两套遗传装置的相互作用关系。
（18分）五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，并加以简述（17分）中科院动物所2001年细胞生物学（博士）一、哺乳动物（或人）细胞膜化学组分有几种？并简述其内容（17分）二、某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，请以图解说明（17分）三、哺乳动物生殖细胞（配子）发生为例，简述减数分裂异同点（18分）四、详述造血干细胞的增殖分化的调节（18分）五、解释题（请选择10个小题，每题3分，共30分）1、整合素?2、信号肽?3、奢侈基因?4、PCR技术?5、 MAPK 信号通路6、巨大染色体?7、钙泵?8、通讯连接?9、细胞分化?10、细胞周期11、溶酶体?12、MPF?13、基因组?14、核仁组织区?15、G0期细胞中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、请解释以下概念（每题4分，共20分）1、有丝分裂2、减数分裂3、受精过程4、信号转导5、编程性细胞死亡二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）：1、细胞的发现要归功于英国科学家（）。
中科院生物物理所 细胞生物学考博真题及答案
6简答2-4论述CAS-ibp-2011简答：1、iPS诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells, iPS cells）最初是日本人山中申弥（Shinya Yamanaka）于2006年利用病毒载体将四个转录因子（Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 和c-Myc）的组合转入分化的体细胞中，使其重编程而得到的类似胚胎干细胞（ES）的一种细胞类型。
在基础研究方面，它的出现，已经让人们对多能性的调控机制有了突破性的新认识。
细胞重编程是一个复杂的过程，除了受细胞内因子调控外，还受到细胞外信号通路的调控。
对于Oct4、Sox2和Nanog等维持干细胞自我新能力的转录因子的研究正在逐渐地展开；利用iPS 干细胞作为实验模型，只操纵几个因子的表达，这更会大大加速对多能性调控机理的深入研究。
在实际应用方面，iPS干细胞的获得方法相对简单和稳定，不需要使用卵细胞或者胚胎。
这在技术上和伦理上都比其他方法更有优势，iPS干细胞的建立进一步拉近了干细胞和临床疾病治疗的距离，iPS干细胞在细胞替代性治疗以及发病机理的研究、新药筛选方面具有巨大的潜在价值。
2、脂筏定义：以甘油磷脂为主的细胞质膜上富含胆固醇和鞘磷脂等形成相对有序的脂相，如同漂浮在脂双层上的脂筏。
近年来的研究表明, 脂筏( 包括质膜微囊) 具有如下主要的功能: ①信号转导。
从脂筏所含有的蛋白质和脂类来看, 其中很多都是与细胞信号转导有关的组分, 为信号的起始和交叉作用提供了一个结构平台。
②跨细胞运输。
包括内吞和外排, 同时也包括胞外毒素、细菌以及病毒的内吞。
③胆固醇的运送。
④维持胞内Ca2+的稳态平衡。
众所周知, 物质通过细胞膜的内吞或外排或分泌都是以微囊形式来运送的。
大量试验结果表明, 这些微囊表面富含脂筏结构。
同时脂筏是多种病原体进入宿主细胞的位点, 支持病毒粒子的组装和出芽, 其信号转导功能一方面可以启动宿主细胞的保护性免疫应答, 另一方面也被病原体利用, 以利于病原体的传播和疾病发生.3、Autophag4、核糖体功能核糖体功能是按照mRNA的指令将氨基酸合成蛋白质多肽链,所以核糖体是细胞内蛋白质合成的分子机器核糖体蛋白质与RNA的功能；核糖体上具有一系列蛋白质合成的结合位点与催化位点。
中科院考博英语真题
2007年国家司法考试试卷三（合同法部分）一、单项选择题，每题所给的选项中只有一个正确答案。
本部分1－50题，每题1分，共50分。
1．某酒店客房内备有零食、酒水供房客选用，价格明显高于市场同类商品。
房客关某缺乏住店经验，又未留意标价单，误认为系酒店免费提供而饮用了一瓶洋酒。
结帐时酒店欲按标价收费，关某拒付。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．关某应按标价付款 B．关某应按市价付款C．关某不应付款 D．关某应按标价的一半付款3．甲公司业务经理乙长期在丙餐厅签单招待客户，餐费由公司按月结清。
后乙因故辞职，月底餐厅前去结帐时，甲公司认为，乙当月的几次用餐都是招待私人朋友，因而拒付乙所签单的餐费。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司应当付款 B．甲公司应当付款，乙承担连带责任C．甲公司有权拒绝付款 D．甲公司应当承担补充责任4．甲公司在与乙公司协商购买某种零件时提出，由于该零件的工艺要求高，只有乙公司先行制造出符合要求的样品后，才能考虑批量购买。
乙公司完成样品后，甲公司因经营战略发生重大调整，遂通知乙公司：本公司已不需此种零件，终止谈判。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司构成违约，应当赔偿乙公司的损失B．甲公司的行为构成缔约过失，应当赔偿乙公司的损失C．甲公司的行为构成侵权行为，应当赔偿乙公司的损失D．甲公司不应赔偿乙公司的任何损失5．王某因多年未育前往某医院就医，经医院介绍A和B两种人工辅助生育技术后，王某选定了A技术并交纳了相应的费用，但医院实际按照B技术进行治疗。
后治疗失败，王某要求医院返还全部医疗费用。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．医院应当返还所收取的全部医疗费B．医院应当返还所收取的医疗费，但可以扣除B技术的收费额C．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费或赔偿损失D．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费，但是有权请求医院赔偿损失6．乙买甲一套房屋，已经支付1/3价款，双方约定余款待过户手续办理完毕后付清。
后甲反悔，要求解除合同，乙不同意，起诉要求甲继续履行合同，转移房屋所有权。
中科院应用生态研究所博士入学英语考试试题
中科院应用生态研究所博士入学英语考试试题PhD Entrance Exam - Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesSection 1: Reading ComprehensionPassage 1: The Importance of Biodiversity Conservation1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. According to the passage, what are the main causes of biodiversity loss?3. Give two examples of ecosystem services provided by biodiversity.4. How can individuals contribute to biodiversity conservation, according to the passage? Passage 2: Climate Change and its Impact on Ecosystems1. What is the main focus of the passage?2. How does climate change affect biodiversity?3. Describe two strategies that can help mitigate the impacts of climate change on ecosystems.4. How can scientists contribute to combating climate change, as mentioned in the passage? Section 2: Vocabulary and Grammar1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate word from the given options:The ___________ of a species refers to its disappearance from a particular geographic area.a) extinction b) invasion c) adaptation d) rehabilitation2. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence:___________ rainforests are characterized by high levels of rainfall and biodiversity.a) Tropical b) Temperate c) Desert d) Savanna3. Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence:The research team _________ extensive data on ecosystem dynamics.a) analyzed b) analyzes c) had analyzed d) have analyzed4. Rewrite the sentence in the passive voice:The researchers are studying the impact of pollution on coastal ecosystems.Section 3: Essay WritingChoose one of the following topics and write an essay of about 500 words.1. The Role of Technology in Conservation BiologyDiscuss the benefits and drawbacks of using technology in conservation biology. Provide examples and discuss potential future advancements in this field.2. Sustainable Agriculture and Food SecurityExplain the importance of sustainable agriculture in ensuring global food security. Discuss the challenges and potential solutions for achieving sustainable agricultural practices.3. Urbanization and Biodiversity ConservationAnalyze the impact of urbanization on biodiversity and discuss potential strategies for integrating biodiversity conservation into urban planning.Remember to use appropriate academic language, provide evidence and examples to support your arguments, and structure your essay with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Note: This sample exam paper is just for reference purposes and may not represent the actual entrance exam of the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.。
2023年中科院考博英语真题
中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。
2022年中科院考博英语真题及答案详解
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMYOF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarchPAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD.tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for Valentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On Valentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the National Confectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented Valentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted to limited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take theUniversity of Iowa. In July , the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July . “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expectthem to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage TwoThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SATs, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SATs, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say thatstandards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side pointsto indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SATs is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln:“Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman wouldretain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplicityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New York Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New York and the country’s vicepresident under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the Virgin Islands, Vermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots. Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers hadincluded parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on theheart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades of the 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way,the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since , a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected inmany art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. inD. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and bygovernments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over。
中科院考博05高等数学考题
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 二ОО五年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试高等数学（三）1．（10分）求极限（1）n n x x x 2cos 2cos 2cos 2lim ∞→ (0≠x ) （2）30)1(2)1(lim x e e x x x x --+→2．（10分）计算积分（1）⎰+dx x x )1ln( （2）⎰---2221x x dx3．（10分）给定双曲线x y 1=, 求过点(-3,1)的切线方程。
4．（10分）计算⎰⎰=D yxdxdy ye I 22 其中D 是由直线1=x , 2=x ,0=y 和曲线1=xy 围成。
5．（10分）在区间(-1, 1)内求幂级数∑∞=+01n nn x 的和函数。
6．（10分）求初值问题⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧==+1)1()(ln 2y y x a x y dx dy 的解)(x y y =。
7．（8分）设⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=101020101A , I 为单位矩阵，X 满足A X A I AX 232++=+, 求X 。
8．（12 分）讨论λ取何值时， 方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++111321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有唯一解，有无穷多解，无解？并在有解时，求其解。
9．（10 分）箱中有形状相同的6个黑球和4个白球，掷一颗均匀的骰子，掷出几点就从箱中取出几个球。
问：（1） 取出的全是白球的概率是多少？（2） 若已知取出的全是白球，问掷骰子出的是3点的概率是多少？。
10．（10分）已知随机变量X 的密度函数为⎩⎨⎧≤≤++=，其它，，010,)(2x c bx ax x f 又已知数学期望5.0)(=X E , 方差15.0)(=X D , 试求a, b, c 。
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名词解释
生物圈、气候、太阳辐射、降水、径流、风蚀作用、植物群落、土地退化、土壤剖面、地域分异规律
简答
1、气候变化
2、基本地貌类型
3、水量平衡
4、成土学说
5、生态系统的组分和结构
论述
1、试述地带性学说
2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征
名词解释
矿物、地下水的总矿化度、季风、河流、地域分异规律、生物群落、对流层、土壤简答
1、生物多样性的价值
2、自然区划原则
3、土壤的物质组成
4、地球表面的基本特征
5、影响地貌的形成因素
论述
1、陆地生态系统的主要类型
2、自然地理学的研究对象分科及各学科的联系
名词解释
梅雨、基流、物候谱、山海经、光合潜力、焚风效应、超渗流、雅丹地貌、地域分异、地理大发现
简答
土壤侵蚀、尺度转化的概念和地理学意义、地理学发展方向
名词解释
变质作用、大气环流、风化作用、河流阶地、季风、降水强度、流量、生物多样性、土壤质地、纬度
简答题
1、气候形成的地理因子
2、植被分类
3、土壤的一般形态
4、温室效应
5、主要成土过程
论述题
1、试述地理地带性
2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征
简答题（10×3）
1、自然区域划分原则
2、成土学说
3、地球表面的基本特征
论述题
1、陆地生态系统的主要类型（20）
2、地球自转和公转的意义（20）
3、中国的气候特征（30）
中国科学院地理所博士入学考试试题
1999年自然地理
1.概述土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究及意义。
2.论述自然地域系统研究及其科学意义和应用前景。
3.试述黄河流域的主要环境问题及其管理。
4. 试述青藏高原作为我国一个独特地理单元的自然地理意义
《自然地理学》2000年考试题
1．关于自然地理学科发展；
2．西部土地退化有哪几种类型
3．西部开发面临的主要问题
4．自然地域分界线
（前两题为简答，后两题为论述）
《自然地理学》2001年考试题
一、简述
种群、群落
地理地带
水量平衡
构造地貌
成土过程
二、论述
1. LUCC内容与进展
2. 我国自然地理基本特征
3. 温室效应与全球环境意义
2001年自然地理学入学试题
一．简答题
1．构造地貌
2．植物种群与植物群落
3．水量平衡
4．地理地带
5．成土过程
二．论述题
1．中国自然地理环境的基本特征
2．温室效应与全球变化
3．土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究内容与进展
《自然地理学》2002年考试题
一、简述
1.流水地貌
2.水循环（或土壤地带性）
3.生态系统（或生物多样性）
（注，因是不同的人回忆的，有点差异，你都看看）
二、论述
1.简述我国自然地理地域性特征
2.论述我国主要土地退化
3.论述我国水问题
自然地理2003
一、
种群、群落
地理地带
水量平衡
构造地貌
成土过程
二、
1.LUCC内容与进展
2.我国自然地理基本特征
3.温室效应与全球环境意义
土地资源学
2006土地资源学
耕地保护的目标及其意义
土地分类方法与步骤,,举例我国1:100万土地分类图分类体系
FAO土地评价方法与美国土地潜力分级的特点与异同
我国土地利用存在的问题和对策
对<全国土地利用规划修编>的看法和建议
2005年土地资源学：
当前土地工作中的问题与对策
自己设计一个土地相关课题，要研究路线，方法，创新
美国和中国的分类体系
适应性评价
土地利用/土地覆被变化
土地资源管理政策分析
耕地保护现状问题对策，长效机制
土地类型
2001土地资源
1.综合剖面制图方法（15）
2.苏联、澳大利亚、中国土地分级系统（15）
3.
4.LUCC意义与内容（20）
5.西部大开发战略中土地资源开发、利用、治理、保护问题（20）2002土地资源学
1.简述土地资源研究中系列制图的综合制图与制图综合问题（10）
2.简述联合国粮农组织的土地适宜性评价体系（15）
3.简述土地质量指标体系研究中的PSR模型（15）
4.论述土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究的意义和主要内容（20）
5.论述土地资源开发的结构和布局（20）
6.论述我国耕地保护的意义、目标和主要措施（20）
生态历年考题
书：蔡晓明
2001年考题：
1.名词解释：种群、群落、水量平衡？
2.简答、论述：
碳循环、氮循环；
以森林生态系统为例，描述一下能量流动过程；
生态系统健康
对全球变化的理解
2002年考题
1.生态系统健康
2.生态系统生产力
3.碳氮循环
4.生态系统调控（正、负反馈）
恢复生态学。