论海明威小说中的水意象
海明威冰山原理
海明威冰山原理
海明威冰山原理，又称为“冰山理论”，是美国著名作家海明威提出的文学创作理论。
他认为，好的文学作品就像冰山一样，只有一小部分露在水面上，更多的内容都隐藏在水下，读者需要通过阅读和思考来发掘其中的深层意义。
在海明威看来，文学作品的真正魅力在于其潜在的意义和隐喻，而不是表面上的文字和故事情节。
他强调作品中的细节和对话应该是冰山的一角，而作者真正想要表达的东西则是隐藏在水下的部分。
这种“冰山原理”不仅适用于文学创作，也可以应用于其他艺术形式和生活中的各种情境。
在文学创作中，海明威冰山原理的应用可以帮助作家创造更加深刻和有内涵的作品。
通过留白和暗示，作品可以给读者留下更多的想象空间，引发更深层次的思考和情感共鸣。
作家可以通过精心设置的细节和对话，暗示作品的主题和意义，让读者在阅读过程中逐渐发现其中的深层内涵。
除了文学创作，海明威冰山原理也可以启发人们在生活中更加深入地思考和理解事物。
人们常常只看到表面的现象和表达，却忽略了其中的更深层次的含义和价值。
通过运用冰山原理，我们可以学会更加细致地观察和思考，发现事物背后更加丰富的内涵和意义。
总之，海明威冰山原理提醒我们，事物的真正意义往往隐藏在表面之下，需要通过深入的思考和观察才能发现。
在文学创作中，作家可以通过留白和暗示，创造更加丰富和有内涵的作品；在生活中，人们也可以通过冰山原理，更加深入地理解和把握事物的本质。
这一理论的应用不仅可以丰富文学作品的内涵，也可以启发人们更加深入地思考和理解世界。
论海明威小说中的“水”意象
湖南第一师范学院毕业论文题目论海明威小说中的“水”意象学生姓名姜芳学号10610258601指导教师谭永院部名称文学与新闻传播学院专业班级六年制汉语言文学2012级586班完成时间2016年5月湖南第一师范学院教务处制本科毕业论文论海明威小说中的“水”意象学生姓名：姜芳院部名称：文学与新闻传播学院专业名称：汉语言文学指导教师：谭永毕业论文作者声明1．本人提交的毕业论文是本人在指导教师指导下独立进行研究取得的成果。
除文中特别加以标注的地方外，本文不包含其他人或其它机构已经发表或撰写过的成果。
对本文研究做出重要贡献的个人与集体均已在文中明确标明。
2．本人完全了解湖南第一师范学院有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学院保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交本文的复印件和电子版，允许本文被查阅、借阅或编入有关数据库进行检索。
同意湖南第一师范学院可以采用影印、打印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本文，可以用不同方式在不同媒体上发表、传播本文的全部或部分内容。
3．湖南第一师范学院在组织专家对毕业论文进行复审时，如发现本文抄袭，一切后果均由本人承担，与学院和毕业论文指导教师无关。
作者签名：日期：二Ｏ一年月摘要海明威是二十世纪最著名的小说家之一，是美国“迷惘的一代”作家中的代表人物。
他的小说充满了比喻、意象、象征，其中“水”意象在他的六部代表作中各具形态、各有象征。
这些“水”意象的频繁使用有着多重原因，海明威从小热爱捕鱼，长期住在海边与渔夫为友，这种经历是他写作的重要素材。
其次，海明威的小说深受象征主义代表人物庞德和弗洛伊德精神分析学理论的影响，他借用象征和意识流的写作手法是为了更好的表达自己对于人生及人与自然关系的思考。
他借河水奔腾不息、循环往复的特点来喻示人类生存发展的轨迹；同时又借海水滋养万物但又危及人类的生命的特性，来表述人与自然和谐又冲突的关系。
海明威小说中丰富而具有哲理的“水”意象及其象征意义使其作品呈现出深刻的哲理意蕴。
论英汉语文学作品中水的意象情感“乐”
论英汉语文学作品中水的意象情感“乐”关于《论英汉语文学作品中水的意象情感“乐”》，是我们特意为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助。
摘要：水作为一种自然物质进入人们的文化视野，经历了漫长的民族文化积淀而成为一种独立意象存在于英汉语文学作品中。
人生充满喜、怒、哀、乐，“水”亦蕴涵同样的人情韵味，“乐”是其主要特征。
“喜中品乐”反映出中国“天人合一”的整体功能宇宙观，“怒中取乐”显示了西方“天人分离”的宇宙观。
“哀中求乐”则是中西古人面对神奇的大自然发出的无尽感叹，是中西文化的自由追求――逍遥游与荒诞的完美契合。
下载论文网关键词：英汉语文学作品：“水”意象；乐中图分类号：1106文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-3104(2007)02-0224-06中国风水学说《管子?水地篇》曰：“地者，万物之本源，诸生这根箢也。
……水者，地之血气，如筋脉之流通者也……万物莫不以生。
”即认为地是万物之根本，而水是地之血气。
又说：“人，水也。
男女精气合，而水流行。
是以水……凝蹇而为人”。
正如《宅经》中所言：“以形势为身体，以泉水为血脉。
”地之水犹如人之血，可见水对地之重要。
水．可能是《诗经》中那“巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮”的秋水伊人；水，也可能是《牡丹亭》内杜丽娘伤怀的似水流年；水，更可能是杨慎《临江仙》里“滚滚长江东流水”，淘尽英雄人物的历史悲叹。
滔滔流动的江水，恰似连绵起伏的别情相思，无穷无极。
“知(智)者乐水”，水就如仁智者，展现出它多方面的意象，蕴含着深邃悠长的历史人生意味，丰富了中国文化的审美意境与情趣。
西方经典《圣经?创世纪》记载，“野地还没有草木，田间的菜蔬还没有长起来，因为耶和华上帝还没有降雨在地上，也没有人耕地，但有雾气(即水蒸汽)从地上腾，滋润遍地。
耶和华上帝用地上的尘土造人，将生气吹在他鼻孔里，他就成了有灵的活人，名叫亚当。
”水．可能是诺亚方舟故事中泛滥在地上，毁灭天下所有生灵的漫天洪水；水．也可能是消灭上帝自己所造的活物的水；水，更可能是艾略特(T.S Eliot)《荒原》(The Waste Land)中象征死亡和苦难的水。
《老人与海》的象征意义
《老人与海》的象征意义《老人与海》奠定了海明威在世界文学中的突出地位，这篇小说相继获得了1953年美国普利策奖和1954年诺贝尔文学奖。
店铺为大家整理了《老人与海》的象征意义，希望大家喜欢。
《老人与海》的象征意义：大海——生存环境大海在整篇故事中起着举足轻重的作用，它是圣地亚哥老人赖以生存的物质世界，是他生活的全部内容，海为他准备了神秘的大鱼，为他提供了展示其无比的勇气和毅力的场所，从美学角度来讲，大海是一幅“意味着许多东西”的写意画!在苍茫而神秘的大海，她是“仁慈的，十分美丽的，但是她有时竟会这样地残忍，又是来得这样的突然，那些在海面上飞翔的鸟儿，不得不一面点水搜寻，一现发出微细而凄惨的叫喊……”，可是“老头儿总是把海当作一个女性，当作施宠或者不施宠的一个女人。
”“为什么盗贼鸟和强大的鸟把像海燕一样的鸟儿弄得那样柔弱、那样纤细，海洋有时竟能够如此残忍呢?”圣地亚哥虽然也想到“海洋仁慈又十分美丽”，但是，他所强调的是“海洋就是能够如此的残忍，又是来得这样的突然”，那些弱小的鸟儿只能发也“微弱而凄惨的叫声”。
圣地亚哥在这里流露的分明是对海洋残忍的不满，是对海燕一类弱小鸟儿的同情，如果我们联系当时的美国现实，当时麦卡锡主义在美国猖獗横行，民主与进步力量遭到疯狂的迫害，整个美国社会弥漫着疑惧和恐怖的气息，圣地亚哥关于海洋会突然变的残忍。
又为什么要反复交待圣地亚哥对大海上小鸟的同情呢?作者只提到属于同类的海上的两种鸟儿，海燕和黑色的小海燕，而“尤其为弱不禁风的黑色小海燕伤心”。
当麦卡锡主义在美国猖獗时，美国共产党人却没有形成一支对抗力量，众多的共产党人和民主进步人士遭受审判和监禁，美国人民经历着空前的大劫难。
海明威正是在这特定的残酷现实面前，把“海燕一类的鸟儿”写成了无法抗拒风浪的生灵，并把它选作受害于“海洋残忍”的代表。
《论老人与海中的象征艺术及其现实意义》.docx
厄内斯特.海明威是一位20世纪最重要、最有影响力的文学巨匠之一。
他通常其独特的叙事手法而著称。
在他数十年的创作生涯中, 海明威逐渐的形成了自己特有的写作风格。
而这种写作风格, 在他的最后也是最重要的一部作品《老人与海》中体现的淋漓尽致。
《老人与海》代表着海明威创作的巅峰。
这部短篇小说在出版之后仅两天时间内就售出530万册, 创下了人类出版史上的奇迹, 并且稳居当时畅销作品榜首, 达半年之久。
同时代著名作家福克纳高度评价了《老人与海》。
他说: 《老人与海》是海明威的最好作品。
时间将证明, 他这本小书的质量胜过我们任何人的作品, 我指的是他的和我的现在的作品。
就像人们预料的那样, 这部小说摘得了1953年的普利策奖, 海明威也凭借此小说成为了1954年诺贝尔文学奖的获得者。
如今, 《老人与海》依然是全世界最受欢迎的文学作品之一, 对读者的价值观和人生观都产生了重大而深远的影响。
《老人与海》以极其简洁而生动的语言描述了古巴老渔夫圣地亚哥同一条巨大马林鱼之间的一场壮烈的斗争。
小说一开始, 在84天捕鱼一无所获的不利局面下, 圣地亚哥并不气馁, 在第85 天再次独自出海, 钓到了前所未有的巨大马林鱼, 在连续抗争了三天之后终于将马林鱼捕获, 然而在返回途中, 渔船遭到了鲨群的袭击, 圣地亚哥竭尽全力反抗, 但马林鱼最终只剩下了一副骨架。
在这部小说里海明威创造了一位重压下保持优雅并且具有不可征服的精神的老英雄。
《老人与海》的问世, 引起了文学界的广泛关注, 好评如潮。
在小说发表以后的15 年间, 文学评论家们的声音基本上是肯定的。
但60 年代中期以后, 有人开始对小说提出批评, 认为作品脱离现实, 内容不真实。
进入了20世纪80年代, 文学界对海明威作品的研究又有了新的发展。
许多文章不约而同从新颖的角度探讨海明威的作品。
比如, 有人将海明威本人的一生和价值观同其作品了解起来, 有人则深度剖析了作品中出现的的各种意象所代表的意义。
海明威冰山理论的解读
海明威冰山理论的解读海明威是美国著名作家，他的作品以简洁、明快的语言风格而闻名于世。
他提出的冰山理论是他创作的核心思想之一，也是他独特的写作风格的基石。
本文将对海明威冰山理论进行解读，探讨其在文学创作中的重要性和影响。
一、冰山理论的概念海明威在《老人与海》中首次提出了冰山理论。
他认为，文学作品就像一座冰山，只有露出水面的部分才是读者所能看到的，而冰山底下的巨大部分则隐藏在水下。
这个比喻意味着，作品中的真正意义和深层内涵往往需要读者去发掘和理解。
二、冰山理论的内涵1. 真实感受的表达海明威强调作品应该通过简洁、准确的语言来表达真实的感受。
他认为，作家应该像记者一样客观地记录事实，而不是通过华丽的辞藻来掩盖真实。
冰山理论要求作家将真实的情感和体验融入作品中，让读者能够感受到作者的内心世界。
2. 隐喻和象征的运用冰山理论强调作品中隐喻和象征的重要性。
海明威认为，隐喻和象征是作品中隐藏的部分，通过它们可以传达更深层次的意义。
作家应该善于运用隐喻和象征，让读者通过阅读和思考去发现和理解其中的含义。
3. 省略和留白的运用海明威的作品以其简洁、省略的风格而著称。
他认为，作家应该通过省略和留白来激发读者的想象力，让读者自己去填补故事中的空白。
冰山理论要求作家只展示作品中最重要、最关键的部分，而将其他细节留给读者去想象和推测。
三、冰山理论的意义和影响1. 强调读者的主动参与冰山理论强调读者的主动参与和思考。
作品中的隐喻和象征需要读者去发现和解读，省略和留白需要读者去填补和想象。
这种参与性的阅读方式激发了读者的思考和想象力，使阅读过程更加丰富和有趣。
2. 培养简洁明快的写作风格冰山理论要求作家用简洁、准确的语言表达真实的感受，通过省略和留白来激发读者的想象力。
这种写作风格不仅使作品更加生动和有力，也培养了作家的写作技巧和表达能力。
3. 深化作品的内涵和意义冰山理论强调作品中隐藏的部分，通过隐喻和象征来传达更深层次的意义。
《一个干净明亮的地方》之文体学分析
《一个干净明亮的地方》之文体学分析作者：刘敏来源：《大观》2014年第07期摘要：海明威的小说话语朴实但含蓄隽永，简洁的言语中常常蕴含了丰富的寓意，留给读者思考回味的空间。
本文试通过从文体学的角度对其短篇小说《一个干净明亮的地方》进行分析，探究作者的写作手法对主题的贡献。
关键字：文体学意象；修辞；叙事角度欧内斯特？海明威被认为是二十世纪美国最著名的小说家之一，他也是“迷惘的一代”的代言人。
海明威精通于叙事艺术，同时也因为他在文学风格中所发挥的影响，因此于1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖。
在美国文学史上，其作品多以围绕“海明威式”的主题——生者的孤独、不畏死亡以及面对艰难困苦的“硬汉”勇气和尊严等方面展开。
他独特的叙事风格在其短篇小说中尤为突出，有的评论家一贯认为海明威在短篇小说风格方面的成就等于或高于他在长篇小说上所取得的成就，他在短篇小说中将自己的独特风格展现得淋漓尽致，这种风格用海明威自己的话来说是“冰山原则”：“我总是按照冰山的原则来写作。
那就是浮出水面的只有八分之一，还有八分之七藏在水下。
你知道的东西可以省略不写，这样反而加固你的冰山。
”[2：179]《一个干净明亮的地方》用词和情节都十分简单，但其中却蕴含了深刻的道理，是海明威一贯“冰山原则”的展现。
探究其具体的写作手法和作者是如何通过将深刻的内涵寄托在朴素简洁的用词上，这对研究海明威小说具有重要意义。
一、写作背景在海明威诸多的短篇小说中，《一个干净明亮的地方》（A Clean， Well-lighted Place）被认为是海明威写作技巧与对人类生存状态深刻洞察的代表作。
该小说写于1933年，当时海明威亲历了第一次世界大战的残酷，身体和心灵都受到重创。
正如他在《永别了，武器！》中写道：“像神圣、光荣、牺牲这些空洞的字眼总令我困窘……我观察了很久，没有见到什么神圣的东西，原来光荣的东西也没呈现出光荣，而牺牲就像芝加哥的屠宰场，不同的只是把肉埋掉罢了。
试论《荒原》中的水的象征意象
试论《荒原》中的水的象征意象
《荒原》是海明威的一部重要小说,其中运用了多种象征意象来表现复杂的人性和情感。
其中,水是一个非常典型的象征意象。
水是一种万能的代表,可以代表生命、成长、清洁、清洁、自由、渴望等等。
在小说中,水被频繁用来代表这些意象。
比如,在《沙漠之神》中,水象征着渴望自由的人的灵魂;在《老人与海》中,水象征着年轻人对成长的渴望;在《荒原》中,水则代表着人类的生命和渴望清洁的精神。
水还具有流动的特性,可以象征人类的生命和变化。
小说中,水总是不断地流动,不断地变化,表达了人类生命的无常和不可预测性。
水的流动还代表着人类追求进步和不断变化的精神,这种精神也是小说中重要的主题之一。
此外,水还具有清凉、透明、柔软等特点,这些特点也可以用来象征人类的纯洁和美好。
在小说中,水总是清澈透明,象征着人类的心灵和思想。
水也可以用来代表女性的纯洁和美丽,例如在《阿拉丁神灯》中,女主角娜拉的水象征着女性的纯洁和美丽。
《荒原》中的水是一个非常具有代表性的象征意象,它代表着许多复杂的人性和情感,也反映了海明威对人性的深刻思考。
论海明威小说中水的意象
水的意象
水的意象水，作为一种自然物质进入人们的文化视野，经历了漫长的民族文化积淀成为一种独立意象存在于中国文学之中。
写水、颂水的作品不胜枚举，特别是在诗歌当中，水意象的重章叠唱日益引起研究者的注意。
关于"水"在现代诗歌中的意象作用，近二十年的研究成果如下：一、纵向追源任何学问的研究都必须涉及到其植根的母体研究的范畴上，对于中国现代诗歌的研究也不例外。
文化所具有的普遍传承性影响着一代又一代的诗人，水是生命之源："水者何也？万物之本原也，诸生之宗室也，美恶贤不肖愚俊之所产也。
"①水，除了实用价值外，还具有很高的审美价值。
梁德林在《广西师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》 2003年02期上发表《古代诗歌中的水意象》中指出，由于古代文人对水的喜爱，水意象便大量出现在古代诗歌中，而且有着非常丰富的意蕴，或象征道德，或象征隐逸，或象征阻隔，或象征时间。
此外，还常被用以比喻人心所向，比喻知音，比喻感情的深长等等，具有丰富的意蕴。
文章从水意象的道德象征意蕴、水意象的隐逸象征意蕴、水意象的阻隔象征意蕴、水意象的时间象征意蕴以及水意象的多重象征意蕴这五个方面进行阐释。
孔子说："知(智)者乐水，仁者乐山。
"(《论语·雍也》)智者为何乐水？《韩诗外传》是这样解释的："问者曰：夫智者何以乐于水也？曰：夫水者缘理而行，不遣小间，似有智者。
动而之下，似有礼者。
蹈深不疑，似有勇者。
障防而清，似知命者。
历险致远，卒成不毁，似有德者。
天地以成，群物以生，国家以平，品物以正。
此智者所以乐于水也。
" 在古人眼里，水"似有德者"，故有"德水"之称。
水有清有浊，古人以之比喻人的道德之高尚与低下。
水除了可以比德之外，还可喻道，儒、佛、道三家都有以水喻道的言论。
儒家言："流水之为物也，不盈科不行。
君子之志于道也，不成章不达。
谈海明威永别了武器中意象手法的运用
谈海明威《永别了，武器》中意象手法的运用A Talk about the Use of Imagery in Hemingway’s A Farewellto Arms摘要在众多伟大的美国作家中，海明威以其独特的写作风格而著称。
在他所有的作品中，《永别了，武器》这部小说是最能体现他独特写作手法的一部作品。
这部小说语言看似简洁自然，其实却蕴含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。
小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。
海明威在小说中运用了独特的意象写作手法——即形象化比喻的方法。
小说中有多个意象并且被巧妙地贯穿起来。
海明威以大自然为背景，形象生动地描写了高山的广阔,平原的危险,雨的不期而至等。
本文主要讨论这篇小说的意象手法的运用。
全文共分为七个象征，分别是高山、平原、水、星星、雨、雪和凯瑟琳的头发，并逐个分析了它们的比喻和象征意义。
很显然海明威善于意象手法的使用。
本文通过分析了七个事物的象征意义，来探讨意象手法在小说中的使用特点。
能使读者从不同的观察角度得到不同的象征意义，更好的来解读《永别了，武器》这部世界性经典作品。
使读者能从不同的角度得到不同的主题。
对内涵和新意具有更进一层的理解。
关键词：意象手法高山平原水雨Being distinguished from many great American writers, Hemingway is noted for his writing techniques. Among all of his works,A Farewell to Arms is a typical one which can display his unique writing techniques among his novels. The language Hemingway uses in this novel is simple and natural superficially but actually they're selected deliberately and artificial. The simplicity of the novel is highly suggestive and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. In A Farewell to Arms,Hemingway uses his unique imagery technique that is a metaphor to describe the characters or settings in a novel. He employs the nature as the background of his novel. This essay not only analyzes the clarity of the mountains, the danger of the plains and the unknown of the rain and so on, but also mainly discusses the use of image in the novel. There are seven symbols analyzed in this essay: mountains, plains, water, stars on Frederic’s uniform, rain, snow and Catherine’s hair. And it analyzes the metaphorical and symbol meanings of mountains, plains, water, stars on Frederic’s uniform, rain, snow and Catherine’s hair. It’s clear that Hemingway is good at employing the imagery technique. By analyzing the metaphorical and symbolic meaning of mountains, plains, water, stars on Frederic’s uniform, rain, snow and Catherine’s hair，presented in i t. The paper aims to explore the features of Hemingway’s use of imagery in the novel and make readers have a good comprehension of the different symbolic meanings from different perspectives and understand the theme fully from different aspects in order to read this novel, the world classic work.Key words: imagery technique mountains plains water rain1Introduction (1)2 A General Introduction to Ernest Hemingway and his Novel, A Farewell toArms (2)2.1A Brief Introduction to Hemingway (2)2.2A Brief Introduction to A Farewell to Arms (3)3 Comment on Writing Technique of Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms─theUse of Image (5)3.1 The Imagery Use of Mountains and Plains (5)The Mountains (6)The Plains (8)3.2 The Imagery Use of Water and the Stars on Frederic’s Uniform (9)Water (9)The Stars on Frederic’s Uniform (11)3.3 The Imagery Use of Rain and Snow (11)Rain (11)Snow (14)3.4 The Imagery Use of Catherine’s Hair (15)4 Conclusion (15)References (17)1. IntroductionErnest Hemingway has always been one of the world's best-known novelists for the use of imagery techniques. His writing styles and techniques of image are more different from others especially. He uses them very well that the readers do not always pick them up. The novel A Farewell to Arms written by Hemingway is a classic about the love story of a nurse and a war-ridden soldier. The story starts as Henry, the main character in A Farewell to Arms, serving in the Italian Army. He meets his future love in the hospital that he gets put in for various reasons; A Farewell to Arms is a good novel with a lot of symbols. Imagery is placed strategically through the novel.In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway uses his unique imagery technique that is a metaphor to describe the characters or settings in a novel. He uses the nature to structure the novel. Nature serves as a basic structure for the plot and the actions that occur and the background of his novel. It also emerges as a source of symbols that replace human sentiment or feelings. When Catherine, the heroine dies, there is no mention of sadness or pain. Instead, Hemingway only uses rain as the symbol of her death. The replacement of emotions with symbols allows Hemingway to frequently understate what is really going on in the action. He further uses symbols to completely omit references to sentiments or feelings. This essay not only analyzes the clarity of the mountains, the danger of the plains and the unknown of the rain and so on, but also mainly discusses the use of image in the novel. It can be divided into seven symbols analyzed in this essay: mountains, plains, water, stars on Frederic’s uniform, rain, snow and Catherine’s hair. And it analyzes the metaphorical and symbolic meanings of mountains, plains, water, stars on Frederic’s uniform,rain, snow and Catherine’s hair. It’s clear that Hemingway is good at employing the imagery technique. By analyzing the metaphorical and symbolic meaning of mountains, plains, water, stars on Frederic’s uniform, rain, snow and Catherine’s hair, the paper aims to explore the features of Hemingway’s use of imagery in the novel and make readers have a good comprehension of different symbolic meanings from the different perspectives and understand the theme fully from different aspects in order to read this novel──the world classic work. A Farewell to Arms is full of facts, most of which comes from Hemingway's own experience. So the way to use a variety of symbols is also a very important writing technique employed in this novel. This essay mainly discusses the symbols of the novel. And it's clear thatHemingway is good at presenting images.2. A General Introduction to Ernest Hemingwayand his Novel, A Farewell to Arms2.1 A Brief Introduction to HemingwayErnest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, near Chicago on July 21, 1899. His father, a well-to-do physician bequeathed his son a way of life, and of death, initiated him into the rituals of hunting and fishing in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. In 1917, after graduation from high school, Ernest Hemingway went to work as a reporter for The Kansas City Star. Rejected for army service in the World War I because of poor vision, he volunteered to serve as a driver for an American ambulance unit in France. Hemingway then transferred to duty on the Italian front, where he was seriously wounded in the explosion of a mortar shell. He was the first American to be wounded in Italy during World War I. After his recovery, and with decorations for which he believed he did not deserve, Hemingway returned home. He worked for the Toronto Star, covered the Grace-Turkish war as a foreign correspondent, and then returned to Paris, Hemingway-along with Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot, and James Joyce-accomplished a revolution in literary style and language.They were called the Last Generation in American Literature. Hemingway developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simple sentence structure, the use of a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone. His three stories and ten poems were published in 1923.With the publication of The Sum Also Rises, three years later, Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “The Lost G eneration”.His works have sometimes been read as an essential commentary on a modern world filled with sterility, failure, and death. Yet such a nihilistic vision is repeatedly modified by Hemingway affirmative assertion of the possibility of living with style and courage. His primary concern was an individual’s “moment o f truth,” and his fascination with the threat of physical emotional or psychic death is reflected in his novels (A Farewell to Arms, published in 1929, and For Whom the Bell Tolls, published in which mainly described the cruel war and the scenes of the wars, 1904), The bullfight (Death in the Afternoon, 1932), [9] and the hunt (The Green Hills of Africa, 1935). To Hemingway, man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure, or what he described in The SunAlso Rises as holding the “purity of line through the maximum of exposure”.Hemingway’s stat us as a writer was confirmed with the publication of in his novel, A Farewell to Arms, 1929.The novel chiefly portrayed the main characters’desire for saying a farewell to war and longing for gaining love. Hemingway had rejected the romantic ideal of the ultimate unity of loves, suggesting instead that all relationship of the main characters would end in their death. In1937, he became a foreign correspondent covering the Spanish Civil War. Three years later he published For Whom the Bell Tolls. Witnessing and experiencing the Spanish Civil War. Hemingway restated his view of love which was lost due to the war and described the indomitable spirit of the common people .In 1952 the same judgment was reflected in his portrayal of the old fisherman, Santiago, triumphant even in defeat, in the old Man and the Sea.For his novels and for his shout stories, which include some of the finest in the English language? Hemingway received wide acclaim. In 1954 he was award ed a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration.” He became a public figure whose pronouncements and adventures were publicized and scrutinized throughout the world. Numerous Parallels exist between the events of Hemingway’s life and those of his characters, but few were closer than those of Richard Cantwell, the hero of Across the River and into the Trees (1950), whose eventual suicide foreshadowed the struggles and defeats of Hemingway’s final years. In the early morning of July 2, 1961, standing beside his beloved gun rack in his home, he died of head wounds resulting from the discharge of his favorite shotgun, in his own hand.2.2 A Brief Introduction to A Farewell to ArmsA Farewell to Arms is one of Ernest Hemingway’s famous novels which announce Hemingway’s opposition to wars. The author wrote the novel by adopting the first call to narrate the story.Lieutenant Frederic Henry, a main character was a young American attached to an Italian ambulance unit on the Italian front. When Henry returned to the front leave he learned from his friend, Lieutenant Rinaldi, which a group of British nurses had arrived during his absence to set up a British hospital unit. Rinaldi introduced him to a nurse named Catherine Barkley.Between ambulance trips to evacuation posts at the front, Henry called on Barkley, The young man and girl fell in love with each other but he couldn’t stay with her because he should go to the front. Before he left for the front to take, shegave him a St. Anthony medal as a gift.At the front, as Henry and some Italian ambulance drivers were eating in a dugout, an Austrian projectile exploded over them Henry, badly wounded in the legs, was taken to a field hospital. Later he was moved to a hospital in Milan. Catherine Barkley came to the hospital and Henry recognized that she was in his lover and he became very excited. The doctors told Henry that he would have to lie in bed for six months before they could operate on his knee. Meanwhile, Catherine Barley managed to stay with Henry constantly. After his operation Henry convalesced in Milan with Catherine Barkley as his attendant.Summer passed into autumn. Henry’s wound healed and he was due to take convalescent leave in October. He and Catherine planned to spend the leave together, but he came down with jaundice before he could leave the hospital. The day before he left for the front, Henry and Catherine stayed together in a hotel room; already she had disclosed to him that she was pregnant.Henry returned to the front with orders to load his three ambulances with hospital equipment and go south into the Povalley. Morale was at low ebb. Rinaldi admired the job, which had been done on the knee and observed that Henry acted like a married man. War weariness was all- pervasive. At the front, the Italians, having learned that Germ divisions have reinforced the Austrians, began their terrible retreat from Caporetto. During the night the retreat was halted in the rain for hours.At daybreak Henry cut out of the long line and drove across country in an attempt to reach Udine by side roads. The ambulance got stuck in a muddy side road.By that time the Italian army was nothing but a frantic mob Soldiers were throwing down their arms and officers were cutting insignia of rank from their sleeves. Henry was detained, but in the dark of night he fled free, plunged into the river, and escaped on a log. He crossed the Venetian plain on foot. Then jumped aboard a freight train and rode to Milan, where he went to the hospital in which he had been a patient. There he learned that the English nurses had gone to Stresa.During the retreat from Caporetto Henry had made his farewell to arms. He borrowed civilian clothes from an American friend in Milan and went by train to Stresa, where he met Catherine, who was on leave. The bartender of the hotel in which Henry was staying offered his boat by means of which Henry and Catherine could escape to Switzerland. Henry rowed all night. They reachedSwitzerland safely and were arrested. Henry told the police that he was a sportsman who enjoyed rowing and that he had come to Switzerland for the winter sports. The valid passports and the ample funds that Henry and Catherine possessed saved them from serious trouble with the authorities.During the rest of the fall and the winter the couple stayed at an inn outside Montreux.When the time for Catherine’s confinement approached, she and Henry went to Lausanne to be near a hospital, because Catherine was to give birth to a baby. At the hospital Catherine’s pains caused the doctor to use an anesthetic on her. Suffering from pair for hours she gave birth to a dead baby. The nurse sent Henry out to get something to eat. When he went back to the hospital, he learned that Catherine had had a hemorrhage. He went into the room and stayed with her until she died. Experience the sctrence grief, there was nothing he could do, no one he could talk to, and no place could he go. He left the hospital and walked back to his hotel in the dark. It was raining.3. Comment on Writing Technique of Hemmingway’s AFarewell to Arms—The Use of Imagery The novel A Farewell to Arms written by Ernest Hemingway is a classic about the love story of a nurse and a war-ridden soldier. The story starts as Frederick Henry is serving in the Italian Army. He meets his future love in the hospital that he gets put in for various reasons. I thought that A Farewell to Arms was a good novel because of the symbolism, the exciting plot, and the constant moving of the main character.Hemingway is capable of employing symbols in his novel to mean something more .The symbols convey his sense of the world’ s futility and horror that were always more significant than the characters who personified them . A Farewell to Arms marks Hemingway’s maturity at his writing techniques. In this novel Hemingway employs an imagery way to create the characters and plots to symbolize the different meanings and sense of the characters, theme of the novel. This paper will take about seven images used by Hemingway.3.1 The Imagery Use of Mountains and PlainsHemingway makes use of some very important images in this novel. Even as early as the first paragraph, he sets up two major symbols — the plains and the mountains —which will be in conflict throughout the story. Hemingwayrepresents the plains as dangerous, miserable, dry, and barren. The mountains, on the other hand, represent safety, happiness, and good health. The military action that Frederic Henry witnesses takes place on the plains, and his escape, through the cleansing, baptismal ritual of jumping into the river, reaches its end in the secluded mountain chalet with Catherine. But Frederic must take Catherine out of the mountains and back down to the city below to the hospital where she is to give birth, disaster strikes again. The critic Carlos Baker's essay, "The Mountain and the Plain,"[1] is an excellent source for studying these aspects of Hemingway's use of symbolism.The MountainsThere are some uses of imagery of mountains following in which the author uses the mountains to replace some special meanings.(a) Fredrick is wounded at the end of the long mountain road leading to the front.(b) Fredrick is bothered by the strategic difficulties of mountain warfare.(c) Fredrick and Catherine go to Switzerland because it is "snowing" in the mountains there.(d) The lovers are anxious to get a mountain cabin in the snow.(e) Catherine dies in the mountainous country of Switzerland.The author adopts the mountains to provide a sense of safety to Fredric Henry. Henry and the ambulance driver are eating in a small dugout, waiting for the battle to start. Henry comment on the battle, which was to begin for four hundred twenty or mineworker. He said that the battle would start. But the battle fields aren’t any four hundred twenties away in the mountains. This statement indicates the characters of more safety, from the mountains because the enemy’s larger guns are harder to transport in the mountains. It implies that fighting is also less successful in the mountains for enemy. Tactically speaking, a mountain is not very mobile, so “in the old days the Austrians were always whipped them there”[3].The mountains do not only provide safety in the war; they also give a convenience for Henry and Catherine to escape to Switzerland. As they row across the lake, the mountains in the moonlight are watching over them. As the novel puts “Looking back I could see the long dark point of Castagnola and the lake with white-caps and beyond, the moon on the high snow mountains”[3] The police in Switzerland, as well, are helpful and courteous to the two runaways. When they are arrested in the customs town, the policeman, after seeing theyhave money and passports, His attitude toward them become less haughty. This is another image of safety in the mountains added to Hemingway’s description. Switzerland is a country full of mountains. Hemingway designed the plot of Henry and Catherine’s escaping there. It is evident the author symbolize the mountains as a safe place for the couple. Hemingway also points out Switzerland with it’s blending in so simple and moving a fashion of the eternal notes of love. The plot also states it can be allowed that the lovers are not free of the contaminating shadow of war until they have escaped up the lake and mountains of Switzerland established themselves in their little chalet above Montreux.The mountains give a sense of home in A Farewell to Arms. After Henry and escaped into the Swiss Alps, they stayed, “in a brown wooden house in the pine trees on the side of the mountain and at night there was frost so that there was a thin ice over the water on the two pitchers on the dresser in the morning. Their stay in the Alps continued until the spring rains came and they decided to move into town. Carlos Baker, a literary critic explains the conditions they found there, saying that they were very happy. This vision of home is the main point of discussion in Carlos Bader’s The Mountain and the Plain. He argues the Home-concept, for example, is associated with the mountains; with dry-cold weather; with peace and quiet; with love, dignity, healthy, happiness, and the good life [1]. It is clear that the mountains portray all of those things Baker lists.With the mountains comes the cold, and with the cold comes clarity. While on the Alps with his girlfriend, Henry gained an appreciation for the cold, as he opened the windows and saw the night and the cold stars and the pine trees below the window and then got into bed as fast as he could, It was lovely in bed with the air so cold and clear and the night outside the window. While isolated from the war by the mountains, it was never lost on Henry that the war was still going on, He thought, the war seemed as far away as the football games of some one else’s college. But he knew from the papers that they were still fighting in the mountains because the snow would not come. This is an interesting description with an implication. If they were still fighting it would not snow again. The description is also an image which would have a meaning that the war was actually affecting the weather, and stopping the peaceful snows. There is more interestingly snowing hard outside. The snow in the mountains shows Carlos Baker’s notion of love, dignity, health, happiness and the good life.The majesty and serenity of the mountains soon begins to portray religiousideas. The clearest example of this is a priest, whom Henry made a friend with. The priest is from Abuzzi, a mountain town where his family still lives. Henry mentioned his upcoming leave, and the priest said:I would like you to go to Abuzzi” As Henry travel ed through the lower mountains he saw more and more mountains, mounting on top of each other which looked like the Pope in the celebrated. Alps on Alps arise’ Hemingway us es the mountains here to symbolize more safety and friendship from his priest friend to Henry. The priest continued to extend his kindness to Henry after him injured by the trench mortar, and he completed a bridge between religions and kindness, in the mountains.Although the mountains have a very strong presence in the novel as a place of home, safety, and kindness, there is still some ambiguity in how Hemingway has presented it. Through the first chapter of the novel, Hemingway presents a situation where the war is taking place within the mountains that are so sacred, He wrote that there was fighting in the mountains and at night they could see the flashes from the artillery. In the dark it was like summer lightning, but the nights were cool and there was not the feeling of a storm coming. The fighting in the mountains, with the death and the suffering, causes some doubt that the mountains are all forgiving and benevolent. It brings to light that it is the cold that is associated with the mountains and the snow there that symbolizes the good things in life. E. M. Halliday notes this in his writings, which comment on Hemingway’s image of the mountains, would expect to find, despite this difficulty, a salient artistic emphasis of the plain in symbolic association with all those images which his interpretation sets against those coalescing around the mountain symbol. [2]3.1.2 The PlainsThe second image used by Hemingway is the plains. He uses plains to symbolize a more unsafe feeling of the main characters in A Farewell to Arms. The plains provide a contrast to the mountains, both in a physical sense and in a literary sense. Where the mountains provide an image of safety, the plains have a more unsafe feeling. Henry’s retreat through Italy moved him through the countryside. He and the other drivers stopped at an abandoned farmhouse to rest, but the girls they brought from the town wouldn’t go in. As they get closer to Udine, they start seeing German troops along the bridges. Aymo, one of the men Henry drove with, was shot, and Henry said it was because they started across the field. The cleanliness and clarity are shown in A Farewell to Arms if themountains are also brought into opposition. The captain who was always picking up the priest was from the plains, and their contrasts are brought out when the captain said “Come on. We go to the whorehouse before it shuts”. Nearing the end of the novel, Henry and Catherine go to the town of Lausanne from Montreux. It seems depressing, and quite a change when they took the train from Lausanne to Montreux. Looking out the window toward where they had lived they could not see the mountains for the clouds. This plot shows Henry and Catherine left the mountains and also went out of their safety. The train was moving forward the plain. It brought them unsafe feeling.War images and associations are linked to the plains very strongly throughout the novel. As a contrast between the mountains and the plains again, wars are always launched and held in the plains.However the link between the plains and bad things is enough evidence which comes to the unsafe feeling of the main characters. They may not have an absolute association. At the beginning of the novel there is a description of the place in which Henry lived. Hemingway describes how Henry left from his village and then was across the river and the plain to go for the mountains. This description implies Hemingway’s image that the plain would be war, pestilence, and plague. At the same time Hemingway describes the plains with crops; there are many orchards of fruit trees in the plains and beyond the plain, the mountains are brown and bare. On the superficially such description of the plains seems contradictory. Actually the author wants to make his artistic emphasis of the plain in symbolic association with all those images which his interpretation sets against those coalescing around the mountain symbol.3.2 The Imagery Use of Water and the Stars on Frederic’s UniformWaterThe two symbols best noticeable in this novel are the water. The third image used by Hemingway is water. In the novel there are some representative symbolic uses of the water:(a) The city of Gorizia, where Fredrick is stationed, is separated from the Austrian front by a river.(b) During the Caporetto retreat in Book III, Fredrick and his company are trapped on the "enemy" side of the river, a place where the distinction betweenallies and opponents becomes blurred. In this symbolic no-man’s land, Aymo is killed by a retreating fellow Italian and Fredrick is assumed to be an Austrian in an Italian uniform.(c) Fredrick escapes being executed by the caribinieri by jumping into the Tagliamento River(d) Fredrick and Catherine escape to the neutral country of Switzerland by rowing across Lake Maggiori in Book IVIn the novel the water symbolizes new, clean life that Henry is going to live a new life after escaping from the war. In the novel water is also depicted as a way for Henry to escape. Hemingway uses rivers and lakes repeatedly as an escape device. Henry, while being captured by the ‘battle police’ of the Italian army, witnessed two other officers were killed, At that point, he decided to flee by means of the river, diving in the river with a splash. He escaped from the Italians with luck and through a fast flowing river, Malcolm Cowley, a literary critics states that ‘he is performing a rite of baptism that prepares us for the new life he is about to lead as a deserter from the Italian army. Henry’s anther escape gained success by way of Lake Geneva as Henry and Catherine left Italy for Switzerland, as he saw the lights of the hotel he was rowing out until they didn’t see the lights. They come near a sea running but they were going with the wing.The cleaning power of water, seen in other literary works, is also described very evident in this novel. Fredric Henry’s jump into the Tagliamento River became a huge turning point in the story. It signaled his departure from the life of a man in the army, and he said anger was washed away in the river along with any obligation. This left him free of any connection to the Italian army or to anything associated with it, at least in his mind. More symbolically, water provides clarity for Fredric when he thinks about it.The bed of the river in the middle distance referring to the first paragraph of the novel produces a sense of clearness, dryness, whiteness, and sunniness, which is to grow very subtly under the artist’s hands until it merges with one of the novel’s two dominant symbols, the mountain-image. However river image is completely separate from the mountain image. The river must, of course, flow from the mountains, but in the perspective seen from the house occupied by Fredric Henry, it would appear to be very close it hand-closer than the plain, and quite in contrast to the distant mountains. Most likely, it is a combination of both. All rivers do begin in the mountains, yet they also flow through the plains。
海明威作品的意象及其关系意蕴分析
学校代码：１０２００分类号：Ｉｌ００１３９６ｌ研究生学号：**************密级：玉⑧东牡ｊＩｆ予荭大雪硕士学位论文海明威作品的意象及其关系意蕴分析ＴｈｅｉｍａｇｅｒｙｏｆＨｅｍｉｎｇｗａｙ’Ｓｗｏｒｋｓａｎｄｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｍｅａｎｉｎｇｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓ指导教师：学科专业：研究方向：学位类型：作者：俞成俐刘建军教授比较文学与世界文学欧美文学学历硕士东北师范大学学位评定委员会２０１０年６月～Ｊ一独创性声明本人郑重声明：所提交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。
据我所知，除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。
对本人的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明。
本声明的法律结果由本人承担。
学位论文作者签名：钮邀至到日期：学位论文使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解东：ＩＬＮ范大学有关保留、硬用学位论文的规定，即：东北师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。
本人授权东北师范大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存、汇编本学位论文。
（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书）学位论文作者签名：／自醴！ｊ指导教师签名：日期：硒￡！：占：，９Ｅｌ期：学位论文作者毕业后去向：工作单位：通讯地址：电话：——邮编：——＇ｔ：’摘要海明威是二十世纪美国最伟大的作家之一，他的作品对世界各国的读者都产生了深远的影响。
到今天为止，国内外的学者们对海明威的研究也已经非常深入。
他们分别从不同的角度运用不同的批评方法对海明威的作品进行了解读，为我们展示出了海明威作品各个层面的不同内涵。
细读海明威的所有作品，我们发现他总是重复地使用几类意象：自然意象、人物意象和社会活动意象，并通过这几类意象的拆分与组合给我们勾勒出不同的人物关系和故事内容。
简论海明威_老人与海_的象征手法
鱼 等 等 描 写 ， 探 讨 标 题 、文 中 人 物 、事 物 以 及 场 景 所 蕴 涵 的 象 征 意 义 ， 从 而 全 面 深 刻 地 把 握 海 明 威 文 学 创 作 思 想 的
精 髓 — —— 象 征 手 法 。
关 键 词 ： 《老 人 与 海 》； 海 明 威 ； 象 征 手 法
老人与海是海明威最具代表性的一部文学作品文章通过作者对老人与海小男孩以及大马林鱼等等描写探讨标题文中人物事物以及场景所蕴涵的象征意义从而全面深刻地把握海明威文学创作思想的精髓象征手法
第７卷 第２期 ２００８ 年 ０４ 月
邵阳学院学报（ 社会科学版） Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｓｈａｏｙａｎｇ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ（Ｓｏｃｉａｌ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ Ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ ）
三 其它事物的象征
１． 大 马 林 鱼 的 象 征 。大 马 林 鱼 象 征 着 老 人 理 想 的追求之物， 而老人对大马林鱼的征服， 则表明了 人类要实现自己的理想必须克服许多困难和阻 碍 。老 人 唯 一 的 目 的 是 能 捕 到 一 条 鱼 ， 他 已 经 连 续 八 十 四 天 没 捕 到 一 条 鱼 。尽 管 这 样 ， 他 还 是 决 定 继 续 第 八 十 五 天 的 航 行 。他 从 未 放 弃 过 心 中 的 信 念 ， 当他看到一条又长又是漂亮且神奇的大马林鱼跳 起 来 的 时 候 ， 老 人 立 即 决 定 降 服 它 。尽 管 他 有 坚 强 的意志， 但没有强壮体质。相反， 这条大马林鱼年 轻又强壮。大马林鱼曾发怒似地拍打老人的脸以 至于想把老人脱下船， 并在他的眼皮底下划了一 条 口 子 。 “Ｆｉｓｈ ”他 大 声 地 喊 道 ， “Ｉ’ｌｌ ｓｔａｙ ｗｉｔｈ ｙｏｕ ｕｎｔｉｌ Ｉ ａｍ ｄｅａｄ． ”如 此 的 一 个 信 念 支 撑 着 他 继 续 斗 争 下 去 。 狮 子 和 ｔｈｅ ｇｒｅａｔ Ｄｉｍａｇｇｉｏ 的 梦 想 和 他 自 己在这场搏斗中的必胜的信念鼓舞着他。经过三 天的斗争， 大马林鱼终于没有力气了， 老人以胜利 告 终 。大 马 林 鱼 是 老 人 理 想 事 物 的 象 征 ， 老 人 对 大 马林鱼的追捕象征着他用坚强的意志去追求理想 事物的实现。航行八十四天后没有捕到一条鱼而 选择继续航行象征着人类对理想事物的不懈追 求 。 困 此 ， “一 个 人 只 要 有 坚 强 的 意 志 并 且 奋 战 到 底 前 途 必 将 一 片 光 明 。 ”［６］
《老人与海》中的象征意义浅析
《老人与海》中的象征意义浅析《老人与海》，是美国著名作家厄内斯特?海明威（Ernest Hemingway）的最重要作品之一。
海明威通过赋予小说中各种形象以丰富的象征意义，使这部小说表现了更为广大的思想空间。
，通过分析《老人与海》中部分形象的象征意义，旨在帮助读者更好地理解这部经典小说。
海明威《老人与海》象征意义《老人与海》是美国著名作家厄内斯特?海明威（Ernest Hemingway）的最重要作品之一。
这部中篇小说于1952年9月登上《生活》周刊后，便引起了巨大的社会反响，并帮助海明威一举斩获了1953年的普利策奖和1954年的诺贝尔文学奖。
《老人与海》讲述了古巴老渔夫桑迪亚哥在连续84天没捕到鱼的情况下，终于独自钓上了一条大马林鱼，但这鱼实在太大，把他的小船在海上拖了3天，大马林鱼才筋疲力尽，被他杀死了绑在小船的一边，在归程中却一再遭到鲨鱼的袭击，最后回港时只剩下鱼头鱼尾和一条脊骨。
海明威说：“我试图塑造一位真正的老人、一个真正的孩子、一片真正的海、一条真正的鱼和真正的鲨鱼。
”但他也曾经说过：“如果我能将他们塑造得十分出色和真实，他们将意味着很多东西。
”笔者以为，海明威此处提到的“意味”实际上就是指“象征”。
一、桑迪亚哥——人类精神的象征小说中的主人公桑迪亚哥是一位“独自在湾流中一条小船上钓鱼的老人，至今已过去了84天还没捉到一条鱼”，他的船帆“用面粉袋补了又补”“正好似一面象征永远失败的旗子”，他的神态“消瘦而憔悴”。
他的双手布满了很深的伤疤，这些伤疤“像无鱼可打的沙漠中被侵蚀的地方一样古老”，这些描写都使作者看到了一个失败者的形象。
然而，海明威却紧接着刻画了主人公的眼睛：“他身上的每部分都显得老迈，除了那一双眼睛。
那双眼睛啊，跟海水一样蓝，是愉快的，毫不沮丧的。
”眼睛是人类心灵的窗户，正是由于海明威对于这双眼睛的描写，使读者看到了桑迪亚哥这位老渔夫的坚毅乐观的精神世界。
当桑迪亚哥面临84天都没有捕获一条鱼的残酷现实时，他仍然没有放弃，想要证明自己的勇气和实力，想要捕获一条大鱼。
从生态文学角度浅析《老人与海》中“海”的象征意
从生态文学角度浅析《老人与海》中“海”的象征意摘要：《老人与海》作为海明威的代表作，作品中的老人、大海、小男孩、狮子等形象都蕴含着极强的象征意义。
自生态批评诞生以来，它引起了人们从生态文学角度的极大关注。
其中的“海”也被赋予了更多的象征意义。
本文将从生态文学角度，浅析《老人与海》中“海”的象征意义。
关键词：老人与海；生态文学；海；象征在20世纪的生态思潮中，生态文学是极其重要的支流，20世纪70年代以来，全球环境危机日趋严重，世界各国学者们开始关注地球环境，欧美文学更是掀起了文学批评的浪潮。
生态批评是美国生态批评家切丽尔•格罗特费尔蒂在20世纪中期提出的理论：“基于生态思想的基本原则，即整体的、和谐的、多样的、相互依存的原则，重新评价和判断文学作品，看他们是否有助于生态系统的和谐、稳定和持续的自然存在；是否有利于人类重返或重建与自然的和谐；是否有助于人与人之间关系的和谐均衡。
”[1]20世纪90年代以来，这一概念在中国得到了进一步的关注，王诺在《欧美生态文学》中给“生态文学”下的定义是：“生态文学是以生态整体主义为思想基础、以生态系统整体利益为最高价值的考察和表现自然与人之关系和探寻生态危机之社会根源的文学。
生态责任、文明批判、生态理想和生态预警是其突出特点。
”[2]《老人与海》是美国作家海明威的经典之作，也是文学批评关注的经典，作品中的老人、大海、小男孩、狮子等形象都蕴含着极强的象征意义，人们曾从不同的角度、运用不同的理论对其进行过不同的解读。
同样，自从生态文学诞生以来，《老人与海》也引起了人们从生态文学角度对它的极大关注，其中的物象“海”也被赋予了更多与以往不同的象征意义。
一、现实人生的角斗场——人与自然的较量《老人与海》是围绕一位老年古巴渔夫桑提亚哥，与一条巨大的马林鱼在深海湾流中搏斗而展开故事讲述的。
小说中的大海是人物活动的最主要场景环境，主人公桑提亚哥在海上打渔，在海边生活，他与海洋紧密相连，但同时，为了获取食物、钱财等生存、生活必需品，桑提亚哥也无时无刻不在与海洋搏斗。
海明威《老人与海》中象征主义的浅析
海明威《老人与海》中象征主义的浅析海明威《老人与海》的象征主义的浅析现代文秘Y131 Y01113140 殷丽内容摘要：海明威的著名小说《老人与海》，运用象征主义的创作手法，颂扬了人类在与自然搏斗时表现出的“可以被摧毁、不能被打败”的伟大精神。
而细读作品，发现作品中出现过的老人、大海、小男孩、大马林鱼等均具有特定的象征意义，本文着重挖掘老人、大海、小男孩、大马林鱼等蕴涵的象征意义，进而理解海明威的创作风格。
关键词：象征主义；老人与海；海明威一、《老人与海》讲述的主要内容老渔夫桑提亚哥独驾孤舟在大海捕鱼，连续84天都一无所获．在第85天他遇到了一条比船还大的马林鱼。
经过三天三夜的生死搏斗，老人终于将其捕获。
不料返航途中遭到了一群鲨鱼的进攻。
他们围绕着绑在船弦边的马林鱼你争我夺。
尽管老人奋力拼搏，也无济于事，最后老人拖着疲惫的身体，仅将光秃秃的马林鱼骨架带回了小茅屋。
这就是小说《老人与海》的全部情节。
然而就是这样一部“简单”的小说却能深深影响欧美文坛，震撼数亿读者心灵，重要原因之一就是小说看似简单的故事却包含着多层次、复杂而深刻的象征意义。
老人桑提亚哥是人类的缩影，海是老渔夫活动的舞台之一，出海捕鱼是与大海抗争、不屈于命运、积极奋争的象征。
《老人与海》故事象征的是人类同大自然抗衡的故事。
二、“老人、大海、小孩、鱼骨架”的象征意义分析1、老人桑提亚哥——“硬汉式”人物桑提亚哥可被解读为一个典型的“硬汉式”人物。
主人公曾是海边最有经验、捕鱼本领最高的渔夫，然而现在老了，生活状态也不佳。
但是他并没屈服，仍然对生活充满着昂扬的斗志，为的就是要证明自己还是最棒的渔夫。
所以他能够忍受三天三夜的饥饿，并想尽一切办法把扑到的鱼带回来（尽管剩下的只是骨头），以此证明他从来都不是弱者，而是命运的强者，从来不气馁，永远都乐观地面对生活。
我们可以认为，主人公桑提哥的“硬汉”形象是海明威理想化的。
老人在与成群结队的鲨鱼进行搏斗的过程中，表现出了非凡的勇气、斗志和能力，然而这一切努力似乎最终被证明是徒劳的。
从《老人与海》看海明威的“冰山原则
从《老人与海》看海明威的“冰山原则1932年,海明威在他的作品《午后之死》中第一次提出文学创作的“冰山”原则:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。
”海明威的“冰山”象征着他在创作实践中对形式美的追求,体现了他的创作个性,开美国文坛一代文风。
冰山之雄伟,让人为之观叹,是因为它展示的是冰山的一小部分,还有八分之七在水下。
虽然我们看不到它,却可以通过想象去挖掘深藏的意蕴。
这是海明威在他的创作中潜心追求的。
海明威“冰山”风格主要有以下几个特征:一、丰富的生活积累过的感受”而感到极其幸运。
二、语言简洁却富有深蕴在丰富的生活积累基础上,海明威乱中取意,以少概多,用最简洁的语言和手法来表达鲜明的艺术形象,把自己的情感和思想深蕴在鲜明的艺术形象之中。
海明威在谈创作《老人与海》时曾说:“《老人与海》本来可以写成一部一千多页的巨著,可以将渔村的每一个人都写进去,把他们如何谋生、出生、受教育和养育儿女过程全部写进去。
”然而在实际创作中“,凡是那个渔村听来的故事我都避而不谈”“正是这些见闻构成了冰山隐藏在水下的部分”。
这部小说的中译本只不过一百多页,只是通过老人和孩子两个人物将海明威对整个人类命运的思考表现出来。
在小说中,海明威惜墨如金,刻意用简洁朴实的白描手法来勾画出那些鲜明生动的场景,使人在平淡处见新奇。
海明威在写作方面有准则:“要用短句”“要有明快的风格”“要用动作词写。
删去不必要的形容词。
能用一个字表达的决不用两个字”。
在语言上他尽可能客观冷静地去叙述,用有限的文字去表达丰富的内容,让读者透过纸面去解释、咀嚼,这也是海明威“冰山”原则的目的。
《老人与海》开篇就写到:“他是一个独自在海湾里一只小船上打鱼的老头儿,他到那儿接连去了八十四天,一条鱼也没有捉到。
”语言简洁朴实,一笔就触及主人公这个失败的英雄,用最简洁的词语表达了最复杂的意义:老渔夫背运、孤独,但却有着坚强的意志。
再如,写老人的眼睛“跟海水一样蓝”,简单的几个字就写出老人天真正直的性格,也写出了一个渔夫的特点。
赏析《老人与海》的意象
《赏析《老人与海》的意象.doc》《老人与海》是美国作家海明威于1951年在古巴写的一篇中篇小说，于1952年出版。
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《老人与海》的象征意味
《老人与海》的象征意味《老人与海》的象征意味《老人与海》是海明威的代表著作，小说描写了老人圣地亚哥的悲惨命运，并刚柔相济，成功地塑造了一位“在重压之下仍能保持风度”的英雄形象。
《老人与海》的象征意味《老人与海》是美国著名作家厄内斯特・海明威(Ernest Hemingway)的最重要的作品。
海明威通过赋予小说饱满的象征意义，使这部小说表现了更为广阔的思想生活空间，1953年获普利策奖，1954年获诺贝尔奖。
小说情节简单：古巴的一个名叫桑提亚哥的老渔夫，独自一个人出海打鱼，在一无所获的84天之后钓到了一条巨大的马林鱼。
这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的，比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。
鱼的劲非常大，拖着小船在海上整整漂流了两天两夜，老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验，终于把大鱼刺死，拴在船头。
然而这时不幸遇上了鲨鱼，老人与鲨鱼几经殊死搏斗，最终大马林鱼被鲨鱼吃光了，最后拖回家的只剩下一副光秃秃的鱼骨架和一身的劳伤，可还是得到了人们的赞赏。
人物形象也单一：仅有桑提亚哥老渔夫和一个小男孩。
这部小说篇幅也短，但象征性却使他言简意赅，赋予思想性和哲理意味。
既是人类生存方式真诚反映，又是获得自我意识之后的作家对我们人类自身生存方式的品质与诗意的表达。
该作品的象征意味主要体现于下列几方面。
1.大海――深广辽阔，变幻莫测。
象征广袤苍凉的大自然，复杂深广的社会环境，是人类生存斗争的场所。
战天斗地所不能缺少的去处。
大海是海明威生存环境的象征，大海在整篇故事中起着举足轻重的作用，它是桑提亚哥老人赖以生存的物质世界，是他生活的全部内容，海为他准备了神秘的大鱼，为他提供了展示其无比的勇气和毅力的场所，从美学角度来讲，大海是一幅“意味着许多东西”的写意油彩画。
2.老人――孤老头子，人生就是孤独的奋斗者，象征独立人格，在苍茫的大海上，老人形象还是近似于陈子昂的那种深沉又悲怆的孤独意识，仿佛千百万年来悠悠天地间只我一人独行。
论_老人与海_的象征意义
摘要：海明威在《老人与海》的创作中奉行“冰山原则”，处理人与自然斗争这一重大题材，运用象征主义手法通过赋予老人桑提亚哥、大海、马林鱼、鲨鱼、群狮、小男孩等以丰富的象征和寓意，使小说表现出的主题远远超出题材本身的内涵，表现了更广阔的思想空间。
关键词：海明威；《老人与海》；象征意义中篇小说《老人与海》是美国现代著名作家厄内斯特·海明威的代表作之一，它为海明威赢得了1953年的美国普利策奖和1954年的诺贝尔文学奖。
这篇小说被认为是20世纪欧美文坛最有影响力的小说之一，对欧美文学的发展具有深远影响。
《老人与海》出版后广受欢迎，海明威自己对该书也很满意，他在交稿时致出版社编辑的信中提起“这是我一辈子所能写的最好的一部作品”。
《老人与海》是海明威一生思想和艺术探索的总结，也是最典型的海明威式小说，集中体现了海明威的世界观和人生哲学，作品的主题思想具有深刻的哲理性：人类应当勇敢地面对磨难、面对失败，决不妥协。
小说中有一句名言：“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可以把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他”。
小说故事情节极为简单。
一位打渔的老人桑提亚哥在墨西哥湾八十四天没有捕到鱼后，终于在第八十五天捕到一条见所未见、闻所未闻的巨大马林鱼。
在与它较量了三天两夜之后，终于将它杀死。
返航的途中，鲨鱼袭击了老人的战利品。
最后老人只带着马林鱼的骨架返回了陆地。
为了突出想要表现的主题，作者把主人公桑提亚哥抛进了几乎与世隔绝的茫茫大海之中，让他孤独地与海洋和鲨鱼搏斗。
桑提亚哥孤军奋战的形象是海明威在20世纪20～30年代创造的“硬汉”形象的进一步发展和升华，而且“硬汉”形象在《老人与海》中的艺术概括程度更高，用象征手法表现作品的主题达到了新的高度。
小说的“冰山顶部”峻拔剔透，而水面以下的大千世界则深藏若虚。
自小说问世之日起，文学评论界和读者对其中随处可见的象征手法就有很多解读。
有人认为它纯粹写实，有人认为它蕴含着丰富的象征意义。
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论海明威小说中的水意象研究综述水是西方文化中一个传统意象。
从《圣经》中我们可以知道，水这一意象有三个方面的含义。
第一，生命的根源。
创世纪记载，“野地还没有草木，田间的菜蔬还没有长起来，因为耶和华上帝还没有降雨在地上。
也没有人耕地，但有雾气（水蒸气）从地上升腾，滋润遍地。
耶和华上帝用地上的尘土造人，将生气吹在他的鼻孔里，他就成了有灵的活人，名叫亚当。
”约翰福音第四章耶酥说：“人若喝了我所赐予的水就永远不渴。
我所赐的水，要在他的心里成为源泉。
”第二，再生与希望的象征。
新约记载，上帝赐福给犹太祭司撒利亚及其妻子伊丽莎白，两人年老得子，取名约翰。
约翰幼年隐居旷野，成年时劝人悔罪，用约旦河水给人施洗，表示罪已赦免。
耶酥来到约旦河畔接受他的洗礼。
洗礼后来成为基督教入教的仪式。
因为水本身具有涤罪的特征，因此被视为神圣。
洗礼的圣水能够洗刷罪孽，并且一生只赐予一次。
圣水能使人脱胎换骨，使一段历史死亡，成为新人。
第三，灾难来临。
创世纪记载，亚当夏娃偷吃禁果，被逐出伊甸园，从此人间充满强暴仇恨和嫉妒，深深陷在罪恶之中。
上帝决计毁灭世界，降了40昼夜的滂沱大雨，洪水爆发，江河横溢，宇宙苍茫一片，洪水无情的吞没了一切有生命的物种。
洪水泛滥150天，宣告苦难来临，是深重灾难的象征，水可导致死亡。
创世时上帝将水分为上界水和下界水，分别象征着平静安全和动荡不安。
平静的海水代表着和平和秩序，苦涩的海水是罪孽的温床。
海明威深受《圣经》的影响，他说：“我是靠阅读圣经学习写作
的，主要是旧约全书”。
他喜欢捕鱼打猎等户外活动，长期住在海边与渔夫为友。
他的小说经常出现雨、雪、河流、大海和冰山等具体形象，它们构成了水的具象型符号式意象，暗示和象征着某些观念或哲理。
小说作为一种独特的文学艺术，以其丰富多义的意蕴让人们难以解读。
对海明威小说艺术中的意象研究至今还不超过三分之一个世纪，其可以借鉴的研究的理论成果亦十分有限，这难免给我们的研究者带来很大程度上的困难。
一.本世纪初到至今关于海明威小说意象研究的成果主要有：王伟的《耶稣意象在海明威硬汉小说中的呈现及变形》（<河南大学学报>.2007年9月）；赵茜的《他又梦见了狮子——简析海明威小说《老人与海》中的意象与象征》（《鸭绿江（下月版）》2015年7月）；邱永旭的《论海明威小说中的水意象》（《小说评论》2009年5月期刊）；梅捷的《海明威作品中战争意象的圣经原型》（《河北师范大学》2014年11月）；兰芬芳和胡泓的《《老人与海》中的系列意象之解密》（《外语教育》2008年4月期刊）；俞成俐的《海明威作品的意象及其关系意蕴分析》（《东北师范大学》2010年6月）；韦梦杰的《《永别了,武器》中的意象》（《青年文学家》2014年4月期刊）；艾桂琴的《死亡意象与《乞力马扎罗的雪》》（《赤峰学院学报》(汉文哲学社会科学版)2013年4月期刊）；王丽莎的《《白象似的群山》中“酒”的意象之探秘》（《理论观察》2013年1月期刊）等。
以上这些论文的统计是通过对资料进行人工检索和中国期刊网搜索所得的，相信还有遗漏之处。
通过上述论文的检索、统计，我们不难发现，关
于海明威小说中的“水”意象研究成果不是很多，这里面似乎除了邱永旭的1篇论文外，关于其他学者的研究文章微乎其微，更不必说有关于海明威小说水意象研究之类的专著了。
符合本题的论文只有邱永旭的《论海明威小说中“水”意象》。
因为这1篇论文是从水作为包容性的自然意象的角度来进行分析、探讨的。
下面主要邱永旭的论文作简要的综述：1、水暗示着战争的残酷和生活中的不幸。
2、水能使人逃离战争，并且洗去战争留下的创伤，重新树立起生活的勇气。
3、水是人生的理想，寄予了无限的希望。
研究水意象的价值在于海明威小说中大量出现水的意象，并不是偶然的情况，里面必然夹杂着作者的审美倾向、生活体验、生命感悟等思想意识，以及“生命痕迹”内在的意蕴，其潜伏着巨大的思想文化价值。
然而由于这个研究领域的外在的口径小，人们往往会不够重视，从而将研究的眼光转向那些研究的热点和大范围的领域；他们认为这样会更有研究的意义和重要价值。
从而造成了“水”意象极少有人问津的“尴尬境地”。
殊不知在出现次数过多的“水”意象里蕴涵的价值实在。