Translation of Culture Vacancies
《古文观止》中的文化缺省及其翻译策略研究
Cultural Default in Gu Wen Guan Zhiand Its Translation Strategies《古文观止》中的文化缺省及其翻译策略庄秉权摘要：《古文观止》是中国民间流传最广,影响较大,为初学古文者所常用的一本书。
所集纳的文章,大部分思想性、艺术性较高,千百年来一直脍炙人口,是中华民族优秀文化遗产的一部分。
阅读《古文观止》可以使人们提高文学修养、写作能力和表达能力,还可以得到美的艺术享受。
初学文言文的读者,从《古文观止》入手,可以取得事半功倍的效果。
作品中出现大量文化缺省，对作品的翻译产生较大阻碍，对这些文化缺省的翻译将很大程度上影响国外读者对这部作品的理解。
本文在参照现有的对其他作品中的文化缺省的研究的基础上，进行归纳和创新研究，总结出了包括归化、省略、加注、重组、意译等翻译策略，并对每个策略结合《古文观止》中的例子进行阐述，说明这些翻译策略各自适用的范围以及优劣之处。
关键词：文化缺省；《古文观止》；翻译策略Cultural Default in Gu Wen Guan Zhiand Its Translation strategiesZhuang BingquanAbstract：Gu Wen Guan Zhi has been one of the most popular of its kind among readers for a long time.As a collection of ancient Chinese prose works,Gu Wen Guan Zhi contains the most representative and well-known masterpieces which are good choices for beginners of ancient Chinese literature. This paper focuses on different cultural defaults in Gu Wen Guan Zhi and their respective translation strategies.In this paper, strategies like domestication,omission, annotation, paraphrase, contextual explanation and free translation are introduced with respective examples from the translation of Gu Wen Guan Zhi which help illustrate the appropriate situation each strategy is applicable.Key words:cultural default;Gu Wen Guan Zhi;translation strategy1.IntroductionAs a collection of masterpieces of ancient Chinese literary works,Gu Wen Guan Zhi helps foreign readers get familiar with ancient Chinese literature. However, there are many cultural defaults in this book, which make it difficult for translators to makethe translation easy to understand and at the same time lose the least of its cultural contents.This paper studies cultural default in the translation of Gu Wen Guan Zhi. In the first part, this paper gives an introduction to Gu Wen Guan Zhi,its cultural significance and previous study of cultural defaults in the book; in the second part,the paper introduces different types and elements of cultural default in Gu Wen Guan Zhi; in the third part,sentences from different articles in Gu Wen Guan Zhi are drawn as examples for analyzing and concluding the methods and strategies of translating and compensating the cultural defaults in the translation of the book.2.Significance of Gu Wen Guan Zhi and Previous Studies2.1 Significance of Gu Wen Guan ZhiGu Wen Guan Zhi has been one of the most popular of its kind among readers for a long time as a collection of ancient Chinese prose works. The words “Guan Zhi” were originally used in 8 AD by Ji Zha who finished listening to the musical performance by the Zhou Dynasty, which means it was unnecessary for him to listen to any other music performance because it had been and would be the best music he had ever heard. Likewise, the book was named in the light of Ji Zha’s remarks and it literarily means that this book is the best collection of ancient Chinese literary works(Zhen Fu, 1979).Gu Wen Guan Zhi was compiled by Wu Chucai and Wu Diaohou. The two compilers chose from the numerous ancient masterpieces 222 works and compiled the 12-volume Gu Wen Guan Zhi.The collection of Gu Wen Guan Zhi dates from Qin Dynasty to late Ming Dynasty and it contains works of various schools without prejudice. It has been one of the most read and influencing book which is a must for beginners of ancient Chinese literary works. The works which were chosen are generally full of wisdom and artistic beauty and they have been deeply studied into and gone through the examination of the time. They contribute an indispensible part to the Chinese literary heritage and are among the best prose of ancient Chinese works.As an enlightening book for beginners of ancient Chinese literature, Gu Wen Guan Zhi contains the essence of ancient prose works, which are the most representative and well-known masterpieces, which contains the most worth reading and massively culture-loaded contents. By reading Gu Wen Guan Zhi, the readers can improve their literary accomplishment and enhance their writing and reading capability in ancient Chinese literature(Zhang Lixia, 2006).Gu Wen Guan Zhi has been translated into modern Chinese language long ago and is well known among the Chinese people. Such an important work is a necessity not only to the domestic readers but also to the foreign readers who want to have a look at ancient Chinese literature. The translation of this book into English can well contribute to the introduction of ancient Chinese literature to foreign countries and thus calls for a precise and appropriate translation. However, the translating of Gu Wen Guan Zhi almost hasn’t b een touched by any of the Chinese translators, not to mention foreign scholars. In 1912, a small book of 98 pages was written by JiangFengwei, which contains the translation of a few prose in Gu Wen Guan Zhi,was published. After that, no translation was done until in 2005, Professor Luo Jingguo Published a version called “A Selection of Classical Chinese Essays from Gu Wen Guan Zhi”.①With the growth of China’s cultural influence in the world, there is a more and more desperate need for more studies in the translation of this masterpiece.2.2 Previous Studies on Cultural Default in Gu Wen Guan Zhi In order to get a general knowledge about the research on cultural default in Gu Wen Guan Zhi, the author has conducted a brief research on the former study of cultural default.However, among all the thesis on CNKI, only one is related to the study of the translation of Gu Wen Guan Zhi, which studies the translation of six texts from the book from the perspective of relevance theory，They are “The First Memorial to the King Before Setting off for War” by Zhuge Liang (前出师表，诸葛亮),“Going Home”by Tao Yuanming (归去来辞，陶渊明),“A Tribute to King Teng’s Tower by Wang Bo (腾王阁序,王勃),“The Life of Camel Guo,the Tree Planter”by Liu Zhongyuan (种树郭橐驼传,柳宗元),and “The Stone Bell Mountain”by Su Shi (石钟山记,苏轼).The last one is“The First Ode on the Red Cliff”by Su Shi (前赤壁赋,苏轼).From this number we can see the necessity of a further study on the translation of Gu Wen Guan Zhi, and cultural default in the translation of Gu Wen Guan Zhi is a study-worthy topic which has hardly been touched before, which reveals the value and necessity of this paper.3.Cultural Default in Gu Wen Guan ZhiThe author of this paper intends to study cultural default in the translation of Gu Wen Guan Zhi,and adopted A Selection of Classical Chinese Essays from Gu Wen Guan Zhi by Luo Jingguo which was published in 2005.The author of this paper selected examples from the book after carefully reading the book and making much comparison between the original and translated edition.3.1 Definition of Cultural DefaultCultural default, a linguistic phenomenon in communication, is frequently reflected in literary works. The term is first mentioned by Wang Dongfeng in 1997.Cultural default refers to the absence of the cultural background knowledge shared by an author and his intended readers(Wang Junping,2006).As a matter of fact, the writer always leaves many semantic vacancies in his writing for economy’s sake. On the other hand, he creates opportunities for intended readers to actively participate and appreciate the aesthetic value in his work. On the reader’s part, the relevant cultural background knowledge is activated to fill in the vacancies left by the author. As for ①来源：/search?channel=search>ag=&sw=%B9%C5%CE%C4%B9%B9&Field=all&adminidthe target readers of translation, they are not the intended readers of the original writer，so they cannot obtain coherent understanding. In this case, cultural default is regarded as a great challenge to translators (Zhang Hui, 2009).3.2 Types of Cultural DefaultIn Gu Wen Guan Zhi, cultural default can be generally classified into three categories, and these categories mainly concern their individual treatment of translation: compensable cultural default, translatable default and omissible default. 3.2.1 Compensable Cultural DefaultCompensable cultural default refers to the cultural default in the original works that can bring comprehensive barriers to the target language readers if the translator interprets it directly into the target language without any compensation;at the same time, if the translator omits that cultural default, the significant cultural connotation which that cultural default derives from will no longer exist.For example, “舅夺母志”is compensated by “my mother was forced by her brother to remarry”. In this sentence, “志”means“not to marry”, and “夺志” means“to force somebody to marry”.“虽无丝竹管弦”is compensated by“though lacking musical accompaniment”. Here“丝竹管弦” is compensated by musical accompaniment in order to make sure the readers know what it means without the knowledge of the ancient Chinese musical instrument. “黄发垂髫” is compensated by “young and old”, here “黄发” is compensated by “young”and “垂髫” is compensated by “old” because the hair of young children are not black or dark and looks yellow and “垂髫” refers to those adults whose hair is long and droops.3.2.2 Translatable Cultural DefaultTranslatable cultural default refers to the cultural default in the original works that can be transferred to the target language when translated without any compensation and omission.For example,and“形影相吊”is translated as“body and shadow comforting each other”，“俯仰之间”is translated as“soon”,“觥筹交错”is translated as“the wine cups and gambling chips lay scattered in disarray”.In the translation above, no compensation was made and the reader can relate to the writer with the translation.3.2.3 Omissible Cultural DefaultOmissible cultural default refers to the cultural default that has already lost its original cultural connotation and become a cliché or conventional saying only to show the speakers’ politeness or to be formal.For example,“臣不胜犬马怖惧之情，谨拜表以闻”is translated as“I am trembling all over as I present to Your Majesty this petition”.In this translation,“不胜犬马”is omitted because it is only a cliché to show politeness, and after all, foreign readers may get confused if it is translated as,for example，“being inferior to dogs and horses”.3.3Elements of Cultural DefaultIn the following section, the author of the paper sum up seven elements of cultural default appeared in Gu Wen Guan Zhi,they are ancient stories, history, religion, customs and habits, cultural-specific objects, culture images, and literary quotations.3.3.1 Ancient StoriesAncient Chinese stories have been putting great influence on Chinese culture，and Chinese people are more or less acquainted with most of them.Consequently,in writing,many stories are often treated as cultural default elements with hints to suggest them.For example,“死当结草”is a cultural default in“A Letter To His Majesty”with which“结草”contains an ancient story about a ghost returning a favor to a man who saved his daughter.In the translation of this cultural default, the translator should add footnote or specific explanations in order to help the readers know what this cultural default means.3.3.2 HistoryEvery history is full of incidents that happened in the past from society to economy, from the royal class to ordinary family，from renowned heroes to common citizens.As a result, recording historical events becomes essential for later generations to learn from them lessons which may turn out to be beneficial. Historical events are studied and consistently referred to and some of them are attached with extended meanings as time goes on.They are also mentioned in written texts,either to tell the events themselves or to use their extended meanings.In“A Tribute To King Teng’s Tower”, the sentence“冯唐易老李广难封”contains two historical events which foreign readers may not know. These historical events contain lots of information and convey the writer’s ideas and intentions, if they are omitted, the readers would lack lots of what the cultural default conveys.3.3.3 ReligionReligion is an irreplaceable element of a culture.For example,Taoism and Buddhism played a large part in the development of traditional Chinese culture, and had a great influence on common people’s beliefs and thoughts. They have enormously enlarged the Chinese language and its culture.Many religious stories and beliefs which came forth during the religious evolution have become known to most Chinese people step by step.As a result, in writing, they are usually regarded as cultural default elements which contain certain connotations. In“Going Home”,“乐夫天命复奚疑”contains a cultural default in which“天”represents the heaven. The meaning of“天”is wide in range in Chinese. In order to keep the original flavor of this word, the translator translated it into “heaven” instead of “God” to conform to the Chinese conventionality.3.3.4 Customs and HabitsCustoms and habits are what people in a particular culture performed by following the tradition. Every country has its own customs and habits which are not familiar to the people from other cultures. It is difficult for them to perceive or understand the cultural meaning of the customs and habits of other cultures. As symbol of the social condition,1iterary works often refer to the customs or habits of the author’s own country. The author hardly introduces the comprehensive description of the exact content,which are believed clear and obvious to the source language readers and thus is dealt as cultural default elements.For example,“引以为流觞曲水”is translated as“floating wine vessels”.In the translation, the translator added endnotes and explain to the readers that floating wine vessel is an elegant way in the ancient time to drink; and“慈父见背”is translated as “my father died”,“见背”is a saying to show politeness and is also part of the customs.In this translation, the cultural default is omitted.3.3.5 Cultural-Specific ObjectsEvery country has its unique way of life，and there are various objects used in daily life.A most common object in one society may not exist in another society. Some cultural-specific objects with cultural connotation mentioned in a work do not exist in contemporary other cultures.From another aspect,to the readers of the author’s time, those things were common and thus the relevant background knowledge was not necessary to provide. And since they are objects, their own names just serve as the trigger.For example,“箪瓢屡空”is a cultural default with the cultural-specific objects.Here,“箪瓢”is tool to store rice and food, and this saying suggests that the person it refers to is in lack of food and is poor.3.3.6Culture ImageEvery culture gives certain things their own associative image. The image,as a cultural symbol,is shown in different ways, such as animals，plants and numbers. Chinese culture abounds with culture-loaded images.The cultural associative meanings of these images are culture-specific because of the special cultural experiences of certain language community and its people.However,those linguistic units usually do not refer to their literal meanings,but imply the associative images which are acknowledged by people of the same culture.As a result,in writing,the associative meaning of the language terms are hidden behind the literal meaning,as the writer knows that the readers would have no difficulties in understanding the text. For example,“环堵萧然”is a cultural default with the culture image of“环堵”which means the wall and represents the house.This saying suggests that the house it refers to is shabby and old.3.3.7 Literary QuotationThere are many literary masterpieces in the world. These works bring wisdom and happiness to their readers. The stories, literary figures or beautiful words in them leave impression on people a lot and are often referred to and used again and again by the later generations. In Chinese, there are numerous literary works which contain plentiful cultural information.In daily life and literal composition, people frequently quote from famous literary masterpieces. In written works, the stories, literary figures behind those quotations are quite known to people of the source language culture,so the detailed information about them can be treated as cultural default.For example,“东隅已逝桑榆非晚”is an edited form of the literary quotation“失之东隅收之桑榆”which means that people will gain something after a loss.4.Strategies of Translating Cultural Defaults in Gu Wen Guan ZhiGu Wen Guan Zhi contains many cultural defaults, thus demanding its translators to have a good command of the translation strategies of cultural defaults.4.1DomesticationDomestication is to use the expressions in the target language to represent expressions with unique national distinctions in the source language.Though such a method will make the translated works easier to be understood,the translator may be at the risk of omitting the culture of the source language.Furthermore,it will misguide the readers.However,it is not possible to use footnotes everywhere,which will surely bring a burden to the readers and make them lose interest.As a result,the translator may apply the strategy of domestication sometimes,especially when they can find expressions which are ready in the target language which are about the same with those of the source language.For example,“周公”is translated as Duke of Zhou. Duke is not equal to“公”, but they are very similar to each other, thus the translator use duke as a replacement instead of the transliteration.And“诸侯”is translated as “government official”which is more general and not totally proper, however, this translation avoids too much footnote and thus is considerable.This strategy is applicable to compensable cultural default.4.2OmissionAs is discussed above, omissible cultural defaults can be translated with the strategy of omission.For example,in the translation of“愿陛下矜悯愚诚，听臣微志”,“愚”and“微”are omitted and the sentence is translated as“ I sincerely hope Your Majesty may show mercy on me so that I can fulfill my lifelong wish”.In this sentence,“愚”and“微”are Chinese clichés expressing politeness and low social status of the speaker, thus can be omitted and would cause no obstacle for foreignreaders.However, omission should be used carefully because it leaves out some of the cultural information.This strategy is applicable to omissible cultural default.4.3 AnnotationAnnotation is to translate the contents containing elements of cultural default literally into the target language and at the same time show the defaulted parts with notes, such as footnotes and endnotes.By using annotation,the translator can provide specific cultural knowledge about certain cultural elements of the text. there is no reconstruction in the translation for elements of cultural default in the original works in adopting the method of annotation.For example,“臣本布衣”is translated as “ I was originally a commoner who had to wear clothes made of hemp”(Footnote:In old times commoners were only allowed to wear clothes made of hemp.)“侍中、尚书、长史、参军”is transliterated as “shizhong, shangshu, zhangshi and canjun”with their respective footnotes explaining the function of each official.This strategy is applicable to compensable cultural default.4.4 Contextual ExplanationContextual Explanation is to translate the elements of cultural defaults literally without notes. The notes are actually merged into the text to compensate for the cultural defaults. In other words,in order to complete the meaning, the translator adds necessary words which can compensate what is defaulted in the original works. For example,“投笔”was translated as“serve in the army” instead of“dropping the pen”because“投笔”means to give up literature and devote to the army, and in this way, the translator integrates the note into the translation and do not need to add footnote. This strategy is applicable to translatable cultural default.4.5 ParaphraseParaphrase may be defined as a means to mainly convey the feeling and intention of the original work in the translated version without managing to compensate in detail for the target languag e reader’s cultural default. It focuses on the expression of meaning, rather than the literal translation of the original work,this method is generally used by the translator to illustrate to the target language reader the meaning of cultural elements of the original contents. For example,“臣之进退实为狼狈”was respectively translated as “I am in a dilemma, knowing not what to do.”This paraphrase makes the sentence more fluent for foreign readers and help them better understand the exact meaning of the sentence.This strategy is applicable to translatable cultural default.4.6Free TranslationWhen faced with cultural defaults which explanations and footnotes can not help, free translation can be a choice.For example, in“A Letter To His Majesty”, the translation of“朝不虑夕”adopts the strategy of free translation with the translation “she may die at any moment”.If it is literally translated as“not thinking about the night in the morning”, the readers may be confused.Though in this free translation, some cultural information is lost, it better helps the reader understand and makes the translation more acceptable to foreign readers.This strategy is applicable to translatable cultural default.5.ConclusionThis paper studies the translation of the cultural default in Gu Wen Guan Zhi.Since there is little study done before in this field, the author makes a tentative study on the types and elements of the cultural default in Gu Wen Guan Zhi,and discusses the specific strategy of translation and compensation for different cultural defaults.In the translation practice of the culture default contents, it is important to choose the corresponding and proper strategy in order to make good translation which makes readers get the meaning and at the same time not losing the cultural information.This paper gives a brief introduction on the translation of cultural defaults in Gu Wen Guan Zhi,which on some degree can bring attention to this field and help the further study on it.However, due to the limitation of the knowledge of the author, the paper still lack more detailed information of the translation strategies, which will for sure be further studied by the forthcoming scholars.Bibliography[1]Iser,W.The Act of Reading:A Theory of Aesthetic Response[M].Baltimore:The JohnsHopkins University Press,1978.[2]Luo Jingguo. A Selection of Classical Chinese Essays from Gu Wen Guan Zhi[M]北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2005.[3]Tian Zhiwei.On Translators Paying Attention to The Culture Default[J].Business China, 2010, (8): 214-215.[4]葛珊珊.《阿Q正传》两英译本中文化缺省重构的对比研究[D].上海外国语大学, 2007.[5]靳宁.浅析《红楼梦》中的文化缺省及其翻译[D].南华大学，2007.[6]刘伊俐.文化缺省及其在翻译中的重构[J].福州师专学报.2007,(3):89-92.[7]王东风.文化缺省与翻译中的连贯重构[J].外国语,1997,(6):55-60 .[8]王军平.翻译中的文化缺省研究[J].西安电子科技大学学报，2006, (4):73-75.[9]吴楚材，吴调侯．古文观止[M],哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社,2006.[10]张卉.关于文化缺省内涵的几点思考[J].云南农业大学学报，2009,(2):102-106.[11]张琍霞.《古文观止》:引领读者进入古典阅读的殿堂[J].江西图书馆学刊2006,(4):125-126.[12]赵菁，粟进英．文化作品中的文化缺省及其研究[J]．益阳师专学报,2001,(4):77-78.[13]赵玉珍．《红楼梦》杨译本对文化缺省的处理[J]．和田师范专科学校学报,2009,(5):135-136.[14]赵玉珍；马茁萌．文化缺省与翻译[J]．安徽文学(下半月),2009,(9):361.[15]振甫.漫谈古文观止[J]．新闻战线,1979,(1): 66-67.[16]郑意长．浅析《儒林外史》英译本中的“文化缺省”[J]．井冈山师范学院学报,2004,(8):55-57.[17]周沪．从关联理论角度试析《古文观止》英译本的得与失[J]．贺州学院学报,2009,(6):80-82.。
文化负载词翻译
文化负载词翻译四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 中国文化负载词的翻译作者：郑秋红院系：文理学院外语系年级： 2006级专业班级：英语（师范）2班学号： 6411106232指导教师：刘慧玲答辩日期： 4月24日中国文化负载词的翻译学生：郑秋红指导教师：刘慧玲摘要：中国文化负载词是表达中国文化中的特有事物，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候,这些文化负载词又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语，被外国人所接受的呢? 本文从中式英语、中国特色词汇和中国文化负载词的对比分析入手，尝试探讨中国文化负载词的特点，分析文化负载词英译中出现的各种问题及其成因。
最后得出结论：在中国文化负载词英译中，译者可以通过意译、直译、意译等方法实现文化负载词的转化和使用，从而逐渐融入传统英语中，为英语使用者所接受。
关键词：中国文化负载词；文化差异；翻译Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded WordsAbstract: Each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, such as idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions. Translation is not only an Interlingua transfer, but also a cross-cultural communication. Chinese culture-loaded words are becomingincreasingly important in the study of China English. Chineseculture-loaded wordsrefer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation ofChinese culture. With the wide spread of Chinese culture to the world, how can they beunderstood and accepted by foreigners accurately in translation? The paper, by giving agood number of examples, introduces some methods of translating Chineseculture-loaded words, including transliteration, literal translation, and free translationand so on. These methods help to understand how Chinese culture-loaded words aretransformed into and used in English.Key words: Chinese culture-loaded words; culture differences; translationContentsIntroduction (1)Part ⅠThe r elation between Chinese Culture and Chinese Culture-loaded word (2)1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and Chinglish (2)1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded words (3)1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded words (4)Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word (7)2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history culture (7)2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differences (8)2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and cultures (8)Part ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words (10)3.1 Hypo taxis and Parataxis (10)3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words (11)3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translation (11)3.2.2 Literal Translation plus free translation (12)3.2.3 Interpretation in culture-loaded words (13)Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)IntroductionToday, English is undeniably becoming a more widely used international language, and it is the interaction tool between countries. Along with the accelerated process of global integration, China’s foreign deepening of reform and opening up and China’s further economic development, a large number of new terms appeared in modern Chinese, including the old words with new meaning, buzzwords, new alien words and expressions, etc.; even many old words that have been annihilated for many years frequently appears. Words with Chinese characteristics are part of the culture-loaded words. Therefore the research of words with Chinese characteristics will gradually become an important discussion of the subject on China’s English teaching and the research community. Cultural-loaded words, as a series of symbols for communication, are the carriers of national culture. They not only open up the unique characteristics of a nation, but also bring difficulties and confusion to English learners Mr.SunZhili said, “It is the meaning of the culture that makes the translation the most difficult ratherthan the language itself.” Mr.WangZuoliang has also said, “The most difficulty of translation is the difference of two different cul tures.” Mr.LiuShouhua thinks, “People with different culture have different view to the real world, therefore making their own language demonstrate uniqueness and nationality in its develop ment.”Cultural terms have different names, such as culture-loaded words, cultural vacancies words, vocabulary vacancies. This paper prepares to discuss the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words in the following aspects: the characteristics of Chinese culturally-loaded words and the reason why it come into being, and will also introduce some of the translation methods of the Chinese culturally-loaded words.Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and ChineseCulture-loaded word1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and ChinglishSince China is a country with a long history of more than 5000 years, during which it has cultivated and accumulated a broad and profound culture. Chinese culture-loaded words refer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation of Chinese culture, such as “Baxianguohai”in the “Eight Immortals”Who was this guy?Which, “Liu Qin”? There is a saying called “seven things” (seven daily needs of household), which “7”?“柴米油盐酱醋茶”(fuel, rice, oil, soy sauce, vinegar and tea) somehow is highlighted. As for the “三教九流”can be translated into people of all sorts, people of different social origins and backgrounds and so on English words with Chinese culture can be regarded as China English, which is almost the same with culture-loaded words. While China English is absolutely different from Chinglish. It is necessary to make it clear what are China English and Chinglish. China English, mainlyused as an international language in China, with Chinese unique borrowings, or phrases, contributes much to the international communication. In contrast, Chinglish refers to the English usually created by inferior Chinese English learners, who translate English into their own words so arbitrarily, that the interpretation fails to accord with grammar rules or custom usages, thus being regarded as an unaccepted form of English.The distinctions between China English and Chinglish lie in three aspects. First, grammatical or spelling mistakes are inevitably found in Chinglish while China English complies with English practical norms strictly. For example, “Open the door see mountain” is a typical Chinglish term, which means explaining one object in very clear words directly before any specific information is given. In the sense of grammar, the phrase is poor. Both “open” and “see” are verbs. They shouldn’t be put together without a conjunction. On the contrary, China English is always accurate, concise polished and hit the nails on the head. Take “one country, two systems” as an examp le. It refers that two diverse political systems coexist in one unified country. With respect to grammar, this term is correct to the core. Besides, it is brief; yet, well-polished, conveying a sophisticated idea with concise words. Thus, correctness differentiates Chinglish and China English. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards these two languages also set them apart from each other. China English is considered as an accepted new form of English, contributing to enriching original language whileChinglish causes barriers and misunderstandings in communication. China English is gaining increasing importance in multinational communication, for the sake of better understanding about Chinese unique policy. Nevertheless,Chinglish is suffering a stead decline, for its negative influences.Actually, that the English language is originally the language of English people. Other peoples who use English should follow the idiomatic and conventional ways of the English people. However, each nation has its specific culture. As in China, there must be special Chinese culture and way of life to be expressed in English, that is, China English is to express Chinese phenomena and ideas.As for China, be it old or new words, it has many things with Chinese characteristics that need to be expressed when they are translated in English. To support this idea, we can cites some examples as follows: Hanlingyua n(翰林院),Imperial examination(科举), May Fourth Movement(五四运动),Xiucai(秀才),Eight-legged essay(八股文),Baihuawen(白话文),Two hundred policies(双百方针), Ideological remolding(思想改造),Four modernization(四个现代化),and so on. All these English versions with Chinese characteristics are correct English and should belong to China English.1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded wordsCulture-loaded words are mainly an international variety. We take Chinese borrowings for instance. From seventeenth to twentieth century, many Chinese borrowings directly entered English through transliteration such as tea (茶), kowtow(叩头), yamen(衙门), Great Leap Forward (大跃进), Great Cultural Revolution (文化大革命), Gang of Four (四人帮), Four Modernizations (四个现代化). All these English versions of course belong to China English no matter where they are used. As is well known, the relation between language and thought is of dialectical unity. Language development can promote that of thought, and vice versa. An accomplished language acquisitionmarks the formation of a certain thinking mode. One’s English inevitably has Chinese features once he or she has acquired Chinese and formed the way of Chinese thinking.Accordingly, the Chinese features of China English are unavoidably caused by the intrinsic thinking model specific to Chinese people and culture. What are the characteristics of culture-loaded words?Firstly, Culture-loaded words do not exist without Chinese interference. When one’s English proficiency is improved, one’s Chinese interference may be less, but it can never disappear completely. This is even so for an expert in English. So long as one has Chinese as one’s nat ive language and thinks in Chinese way, one’s English is definitely characteristic of Chinese flavors. The fourth is on the scope of the features of China English, that is, whether China English has the features at the level of phonology.Secondly, in the process of English language learning, it has been realized that there are sometimes no equivalence between English and Chinese culture-loaded. There exist big differences in the connotation of diverse words, due to unparallel historical and cultural developments of the two languages. By tracing the distinctive cultural elements reflected by certain words, learners are able to thoroughly understand the language itself and the disparity between the Chinese and western cultures, which is definitely conductive to the master of English.Language is closely related to the development of culture, while the various elements of vocabulary in the language can best reflect the material aspects of the culture, and therefore it is greatly influenced by the I culture. By studying a culture of a nation can learn its values and way of thinking, customs, way oflife and traditional customs, religious beliefs, etc.（XuJun, 2001）It is better to give some examples to illustrate the characteristics of the culture-loaded words. Th e mascots “Fuwa” of the Olympic Games in 2008 is a cultu re-loaded word. The English translation of “Fuwa” ---“friendliness” has aroused controversy since its birth. The first, “friendliness” are suspected of having something wrong w ith its spelling; because as an adjective “friendly” means: “affable, friendly, environmentally.” Used as a noun it means “friendly competition”. As in this plural form, it must be used as noun, but its meaning is not proper. The second, “friendliness” is hard to display Chinese characteristics and reflect the distinctive Chinese language and culture.The mascots of each Olympic Games are required to have a wide range of cultural content, which can reflect the national characteristics of the host country.1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded wordsLanguage is a long history of development in the form, the language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the language of the soil. For this the true meaning of culture and cultural groups, it is all too familiar for something, but for different cultural groups, it is very strange. Different cultures create different language groups, so that when different language groups in the process of mutual exchange term vacancies on the rise, that can not be within the scope of non-native languages to find to express the meaning of the correspondingvocabulary, these cultural differences, mainly manifested in the belief, art, ethics, law, Customs, as well as the rest of the community learned abilities and habits.From a certain prospective, it covers all special things. Obviously, there’re many things with Chinese characteristics that haven’t been described in English, not to mention the new things that constantly spring up in recent years. For example, in the aspect of food, there are new different kinds of vegetables and fruits which need to be further discussed. At present, the comparatively practical method is to use Chinese spelling and add notes, most of which have been the Chinese loans in English. For example, lychee, litch(荔枝), baozi, jiaozi, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, etc have been the popular Chinese loans in English. Foreigners can totally understand what they are referring to, for they have accepted the China English version. However, many Chinese specific words cannot be translated in proper English, which is used among the native English speakers, such as “汤圆、馄饨、刀削面”etc, they cannot be replaced by dumplings. That’s because there is no correspondent thing in western countries. Accordingly, few Chinese loans share the same meaning with English words. Therefore, the Chinese loans get involved in English in a completely new meaning.V ocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, the nation’s cultural values and values at all levels of culture are reflected in the vocabulary of their own systems, which form a kind of cultural words with cultural connotations. As with the load of a special connotation of the national culture, cultural terms is often posed as difficulties in the translation of The original existence of the cultural lexical gap shows that translation is not only just a language activity, but also a kind of cultural activities. Therefore, the translator is required not only a bilingual abilities, but also a double-cultural competence. If he can not see the original cultural lexical gap, he will impose his ownunderstanding of the translation to the reader.For example, in an English article, whose author talked about his favorite saying when he was a teacher: Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe? The translation is: “当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸” it is no doubt that very few Chinese readers can understand this meaning. However, the sentence implied in the cultural lexical gap of the Western reader is very clear: According to the “Bible”, which say that humans were made by God with the earth, when the God endowed life to the clay, this clay is completed by the creative process, becoming a living creature. Here the author compared the work of teachers to the God’s work, suggesting that teachers help students to become a flesh and blood person with a soul, so that students have a real life.Cross-cultural communicative and even become an obstacle to information transmission. In next chapter, I will discuss the difficulties in culturally-loaded words translation.Translation is not only the conversion between languages, but also the communicationbetween cultures. Translation language and culture are closely linked. Because language is an integral part of culture, it is also the symbols of culture, its using ways and expressing content still possess a certain cultural connotation. In the process of creating works, the original author’s intended readers generally do not include foreign readers, particularly does not include those with different language and culture. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge which is easy to understand for the original mother tongue speakers in communication is possible not understood or missed the meaning by the people from other culture.Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history cultureChina is an ancient oriental civilization with a long history, its traditional culture and thought of a natural reaction to the language. While tradition is deeply rooted in people's minds, like the “dragon” character, in the Chinese culture, the “dragon” is a legend of the miraculous character of animals, and the phoenix, the unicorn, turtle collectively k nown as the “four spirits”. In addition to the word meaning, it can also be regarded as a symbol of the Chinese nation, forming a kind of totem of the Chinese culture, and now that Chinese people as “Descendants of the Dragon”, is indicative of the great. Later emperors sat on the “dragon” were regarded as a symbol of authority, such as sitting on the throne, wearing gown and robe, sleeping dragon bed and so on. However, in Western countries, “Dragon” (dragon) is a danger thing, because in English history from the Beowulf times, the dragon is a symbol of evil, dangerous and is a monster spit fire injuries. This is the accumulated result of the traditional people’s different interpretations of the same thing; its further development will result in a lexical g ap. What’s more, “Mid-Autumn Festival”Mid-Autumn Day; “Splash”Water-Splashing Day, etc, which are the Chinese traditional festival, are excellent cultural accumulations that has a long history of heritage treasures, these traditional cultural festival is now not only exclusive to the Chinese people, but also a number of foreigners like the Chinese culture. While Europe and the United States is a Christian faith, so there are a lot of words, including their festivals with the “Bible” and Christian related.If a covenant of salt (not betray the Covenant), as poor as achurch mouse (utterly destitute); than the Han culture, an important part and is inseparable from Buddhism and Taoism, such as: Oliver bounds repent and are saved, Buddhism boundless. Then there are some, such as “martial arts”wu shu, “kung fu”kung fu, “Niu Yangge”yang ko, the characteristics of these folk cultures in China has not yet opened to the outside world, which is unheard of for a Westerner, and these reflect The vocabulary of the vacancy caused by two different history and culture.2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differencesRegional cultural differences refer to a nation’s geographical location, natural conditions and ecological environment formed by various cultural differences. Language generations and people’s working and living environment greatly related to the culturally-loaded words. The large number of English idioms, allusions, slangs, sayings, maxims and proverbs are with a thick Chinese name, ethnic and geographical characteristics. Han Chinese living in the Asian continent, the people’s life is inseparable from land. The UK is an island nation; the maritime industry has been very well developed. The difference appeared in Chinese culture, a lot of vocabulary are land-related, while in the English vocabulary in many of which are related with the sea; for example, Chinese with “土崩瓦解” to describe the total collapse and can not be collected, while the English version “get into hot water”, describing a difficult p osition. “烂醉如泥” English with “drunk as a sailor”, here they use sailor to replace “mud”. It may wondered why they use “sailor” instead of “mud”, that’s because the regional culture differences. In English native speakers, they could not use“mud” to describe a person, while in Chinese people’s eyes, they usually use some others words to make the phrase more active, actually these words as “mud” are often without any relation with the phrase itself.In addition, the geographical differences in turn affected by changes in the weather will affect agriculture and animal husbandry;Humid and rainy mountains northwest of the British Isles, followed by an moist type, suitable for the growth of mushrooms in the woods, while China is located in Southeast Asia, the difference between them is quite large, so the Chinese language is used to prompt a large number of new things compared to emerged phrase. For instance: “雨后春笋” was translated into English when the spring up like mushrooms or to mushroom up.Springing up like mushroom refers to after the rain of spring, bamboo shoots turn out suddenly, which means a lot of new things are emerging constantly. England could n ot produce “shoot”, “bamboo” is a foreign language, therefore, use “mushroom” is more acceptable for the r ecipient, but also convey the same meaning. What need to mention is that the emotional color and pragmatic effect are not entirely right, bamboo shoots give vibrant sense, which is compliment, “mushrooms”, with a short growing season, turn out and disappear rapidly, is neutral.2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and culturesThe difference between English and Chinese customs, reflected in many aspects, such as diet, marriage, solar terms, the preference of color, family relations, etc. These differences between languages often make a relatively lexical gap. For example, in China, people like the red to decorate and theauspicious red represents good luck and new love in marriage when they are wearing red clothes; while in Western countries，they think that the red represents the violence and bloody, the new people in the wedding use white to represent their love, but in China, white has often been regarded as unfortunate thing .Therefore, the auspicious day in Chinese is a white day which the English people couldn’t not understand. The attitude in the treatment of animals, dogs are one of the British national favorite pets, they think the dog is very loyal. The dog in the Chinese culture is a kind of humble animal, it is considered a “humble” a synonym. Therefore, most of the dog-related derogatory terms such as: “狗胆包天” ,monstrous audacity“狗仗人势” ,a cock is bold on his own dunghill ，use the influence of sb. in bullying others, be a bully with the backing of a powerful person , be a bully under the protection of a powerful person “狗腿子”,henchman; lackey; hired thug“狗头军师” ,a person who offers bad advice , a person who offers bad advice; inept adviser“狗急跳墙” ,a cornered beast will do something desperate, even a worm will turn , do something desperate; but in English, there is no pejorative term on the majority of phrases concerned with dog, such as: be top dog “living high” ; “lucky”a lucky dog. Again, the Chinese women in ancient times should take three inch golden lotus (“三寸金莲”translated in lite ral meaning) for beauty, so there is woman “bound feet”: A vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually and the “child bride” child wife: girl rose from childhood to be wife of son of family. There are some words that reflect C hina’s living habits, such as “kang”: a heat able brick bed and so on. All these can be seen as a result of cultural differences, customs lexical gap.The whole chapter demonstrates some of the reasons that cause our culturally-loaded words: they are traditional history culture, regional cultural differences and the custom differences. These differences will absolutely make our translation more difficult. For example, when we translate “三寸金莲”,we can not use the literal translation”three inch golden lotus” w hich will confuse the foreigners, they cannot understand what it refers to and don’t know it’s deep meaning. Therefore we must pay more attention to these cultural differences when we do the translation. The translation methods of the culture-loaded words must be chosen according to certain circumstancesPart ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words 3.1 Hypo taxis and ParataxisHypo taxis and Parataxis are the basic difference between English and Chinese language. . Hypo taxis is the meaning of the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives (Christiane, Nord.1988:128), while, the concept of parataxis means that the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.Hypo taxis reflect the thought pattern that westerners attach more importance on logic and empirical, while parataxis reflect that Chinese emphasize on introspection and simple way of expressing, they don’t emphasis the logic, with a ambiguous meaning mode of thinking. With an appropriate understanding of hypo taxis and parataxis is beneficial to the translation of English and Chinese. The translator should be carefully to figure out the differences of the source language and target language, both should not only loyal to the original work, but also think of the feeling of the reader, so that letting the translation be as close as possible with the original article. Mr. Flake once said theexcellent words:” the ideal translation of the works of foreign authors usually gives readers feel as if they are writing in Chinese.”The main difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of Hypo taxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Therefore, English words or sentences are well knitted, and Chinese ones are terse and lucid. Some shortened sentence forms are adopted in Chinese so as to make words or sentences concise. Consequently, this features of Chinese sentence translation is reflected in China English consisting of many short sentences forms, the following translation examples can well illustrate this point:(1) Life is above and service is first. “生命至上,服务第一”(2) Safety is first and prevention is most. “安全第一,预防为主”(3) The higher authorities have polices and the localities have their counter-measures. “上有政策,下有对策”（4）Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, and seize the hour. “一万年太久,只争朝夕”(李文中, 1993:53) These examples fully demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese, whose translation is not rigidly adhere to the original sentences, instead, it uses short, colloquial Chinese language words and sentences to make it read natural and active.Here is another example:“原文：有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地.”English version：There is an old village called Grant Chester, and an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.The Original article is taken fro m Xu’s essay, “I know Cambridge,” the article writes with delicate strokes, refreshing style which is easy to read and feel quite cordial. The picture depicted in the text is just like a group of Cambridge landscape, from far to near, and then from near to far. The whole sentence is not connected with a word, the subject to clause changing every time, but there is no offensive feeling. However, when they were translated in English, the original meaning must be skillfully and reasonable weaving in the “form”with proper English syntax. The most important thing is to identify a verb as the main axis of the structure. Here the translation use the str ucture of “There is ... “as the main line,“Where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees” as attributive clause of “an orchard” , “as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed” as the adverbial of “you ca n lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea “of , with a dash leads to” truly a paradise on earth “as conclu sive and further describe. The translation make s full use of the English translation Hypo taxis features, which make the text read with a sense emotion and fluently, almost like the original style.All these English translation versions mentioned above are close to the structure and style of the original Chinese, and every phrase conforms to English syntax. A series of the symmetric short forms reflect the features of Chinese sentence structure3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translationFrom an information-theoretical point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed。
中国文化术语翻译
中国文化术语翻译焚书坑儒 burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive牛郎织女 the Cowherd and the Girl Weaver or the Cow Herder and the Weaver Maid封建礼教 feudal ethical codes善有善报，恶有恶报Good will be rewarded with good and evil repaid with evil《山海经》 Classics of Mountians and seas精卫填海 Jingwei Determines to fill up the sea饮食疗法 dietotherapy or food therapy色香味 color, aroma and taste美食家 gourmet南甜北咸东辣西酸Sweet in the south, salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in the east.中国四大菜系 Grand Four Categories of Chinese Cuisine八大菜系 eight main schools of Chineses Cuisine点心 Dim Sum鉴别诊断 differential diagnosis礼仪之邦 land of ceremony and propriety良药苦口 Good medicine tastes bitter.控制阴阳失调 to conterbalance the Yin-yang disequilibrium 衣食住行 clothing, food, shelter and transportation曲裾 curving-front robe直裾 straight-front robe战国时期 Warring States Period男女授受不亲to avoid close contact of the male and the female唐装 Tang Costume盘扣 buttonhole loop玉珮 jade ornament道家四象 the four T aoist quadrants风水先生 a geomancer皇陵 the imperial mausoleum宗庙或祠堂 the ancestral temple天坛 the Temple of Heaven塔 pagoda莫高窟 the Mogao Grottoes天人合一 unity of Heaven and man拙政园 Humble Administrattor's Garden卢沟桥的狮子数不清The lions on the Lugouqiao are uncountable世界遗产名录 List of World Heritage金丝猴 golden snub-nosed monkey人间仙境 Fairy Land on Earth五岳 Five Sacred Mountains有眼不识泰山One who fails to recognize a somebody has been compared to a person unable to see Mt.Tai.稳如泰山 as stable as Mt. Tai会当凌绝顶，一览众山小Only by ascending Mt. Tai will you find how dwarfish all mountains under heaven are.五岳归来不看山，黄山归来不看岳I find it no longer worth my while to look at a mountain after visiting the five sacred mountains. No longer do I find it worth my while to look at the sacred five after returning from Huangshan.四川大熊猫自然保护区 Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries云南三江并流 Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 国家风景区 National seenic area桂林山水甲天下The scenery in Guilin is unparalleled in the world( or topped all under heaven)阳朔山水甲桂林The montains and waters in Yangshuo are even better than those in Guilin.烽火台 beacon tower天下第一关the World’s First Pass故宫 the Palace Museum（the Forbidden City）秦始皇陵 Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor《史记》 The Historical Records兵马俑 Terra cotta legions释迦牟尼 Sakyamuni（皇帝）登基 ascend the throne腐败无能的政府 corrupt and impotent government天圆地方 round Heaven and square Earth春节 the Spring Festival元宵节 the Lantern Festival清明节 T omb Sweeping Day or the Clear Bright Festival端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival中秋节 the Mid-Autumn Festival重阳节 the Double Ninth Festival泼水节 Water Sprinkling Festival那达慕 the Nadam Fair火把节 the Torch Festival阴历 the lunar calendar公历 Gregorian calendar年糕 sticky cakes红包 lucky money in little red envelopes春联 spring couplets年画 New Year pictures舞狮 Lion Dances闰月 an intercalary month年饭 the New Year feast元宵glutinous rice dumplings stuffed with various sweet fillings赛龙舟 dragon boat races粽子 pyramid-shaped dumplings with glutinous rice吉祥话 auspicious messages秋分 the autumn equinox月饼 moon cake《易经》 I-Ching (the Book of Changes)登高节 Height Ascending Festival赏菊 enjoying the flourishing chrysanthemum中国生肖 the Chinese zodiac五行 the Five Elements算命 fortune telling护身符 talismans相手术 palmistry相面 face reading皇道吉日之类的 almanacs红色等同于财富 Red is synonymous with wealth.火化 cremation避邪 to avoid epidemies七夕节 the Double Seventh Festival礼轻情意重 A gift may be insignificant, but it carries tremendous friendship绢花 silk flower漆器 lacquer wares景泰蓝cloisonné enamel青铜器 bronze wares唐三彩 the Tang tricolor ceramics盆景 bonsai司线戊方鼎 Simuwu Quadripod陶器 earthenware新石器时代 the Neolithic Age刺绣 embroidery钟鼎文 inscription甲骨文 tortoise shell script青花瓷 the blue and white porcelain岁寒三友 three friends of winter君子四艺 the four skills of a learned scholar to pursue挂轴 hanging scroll工笔画 gongbi or meticulous brushwork山水画 landscape painting国粹 quintessence of Chinese culture小篆 the Small Seal Script隶书 the Official Script草书 the Cursive Script行书 the Running Script楷书 the Regular Script文房四宝 four treasures of the study花鸟图 flower and bird painting出淤泥而不染 come out of the mire without being sneared 《赵氏孤儿》An Orphan of the Zhao Family《15贯》 Fifteen Strings of Coppers《空城计》 The Ruse of an Empty City《白蛇传》 The Story of a White Snake《贵妃醉酒》 The Drunken Concubine《岳母刺字》Yuefei’s Mother Tattooing His Back《打渔杀家》Fisherman’s Revenge《二进宫》 Entering the Palace for the Second Time《霸王别姬》 Farewell My Concubine《群英会》 Gathering of Heroes《乌盆记》 The Story of the Black Basin《宝莲灯》 The Lotus Lantern《智取威虎山》 Takeover of Tiger Mountain四大名旦 Four Major Dan Roles梵语 Sanskrit中医 TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine)望 observation闻 auscultation and olfaction问 interrogation切 pulse feeling and palpation经络 channels or meridian中草药 herbal medicine针灸 acupuncture艾灼 moxibustion拔罐 cupping推拿 massage刮痧 guasha五行相生结构：金水木火土 The Generating cycleMetal produces water, water nourishes wood, wood fuels fire, fire makes earth, earth yields metal.五行相克结构：金木土水火 The Regulating CycleMetal can cut wood, wood can contain earth, earth can absorb water, water can extinguish fire, fire can melt metal.九歌 Nine Songs木兰辞 the Ballad of Mulan《西厢记》 The West Chamber《诗经》 The Book of Songs《离骚》Lament of Encountering Sorrow or Sorrow after departure《孔雀东南飞》 Southeast the peacock flies《全唐诗》 The complete Anthology of the Tang Dynasty初唐四杰 the four preeminent poets of the early Tang Dynasty 诗仙 the Immortal of Poems诗圣 Sage of the Poems山水田园诗人 pastoral poets边塞诗人 frontier poets熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。
英语专业论文 不同文化之间交流的桥梁
1.IntroductionTranslation is one of the ways for cross-language communication. Its main duty is to express the original meaning faithfully and fluently. Eugene A. Nida defines translating as ―Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meanings and secondly in terms of style.‖[1] Whether the translation is good or not, it mainly depends on the author’s understanding of culture. Just like Wang Zuoliang says: ―the most difficult thing of translation is the differences of two cultures.‖ People from different countries have different languages and cultures which confine the communication of them. So translation is the most important part in communicating. So to speak, translation is a cross-cultural communication and cross-language communication which make people from different cultural backgrounds understand and communicate with each other. Language is an important part of culture, which directly reflects culture; and translation is indeed a bridge between different cultures.Color words are those that are used to describe colors. In fact, their formation and development have a close relationship with man’s abil ity of cognition of colors. It is estimated that our eyes can distinguish thousands of different colors and can tell apart more than one thousand of similar colors, which are reflected in human being’s languages. But color words belong to vague language; they have the feature of fuzziness. So color words have different exact meanings in different languages. This paper discusses the differences of color words between English and Chinese by means of comparison, indicating that due to different language habits, historic backgrounds, traditional customs and so on, there are many differences in the use of color words as well as in the understanding and mastering of the same color. Therefore, it is practically useful to understand the differences. In order to make a good comparison, the author plans to discuss six main colors.2. The Importance of Cultural Connotation During Translating of Color WordsPeter Newmark defines culture as ―the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expressio n.‖[2]Culture is defined briefly as ―the totality of beliefs and practices of a society.‖ So language is the transmitter of culture. And culture is human’s model of action and production of materials. People’s reflection, appreciation and imagination of the colors result from the long-term edification and cultivation of the culture. [3]Eugene A. Nida puts forward that ―The relation between language and culture would not constitute such serious difficulties for cross-cultural understanding if it were not for the numerous misconceptions about language and its function within a soc iety.‖[4]In the course of mutual translation between the English and Chinese language, the comparison between the two languages is inevitable.English and Chinese belong to different families of languages. The similarities and differences of the connotative meaning of different kinds of color words in English and Chinese reflect the generality and unique magic of English and Chinese culture. But because of the existence of cultural focus in different cultures, there are a lot of lexical vacancies which become the barriers of translation. So the proper translation of color words needs not only the full understanding of the conceptive meaning, but also the suggestive meaning.There is usually cultural information in color words. If the translator is not aware of it or misunderstands it, he is likely to mistranslate the words. There is a typical example:Mr. Brown is a very white man; he was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him, he was in a brown study; I hope he will soon be in the pink again.If you just translate the color words from their surface meaning, you will find it strange and difficult to understand：（误）布朗先生是一位很白的人。
文化负载词的翻译
1. Foreignizing Translation (异化法)
• Foreigninzing: retaining the cultural flavors of the source language and enables the reader to have an alien reading experience, and developing the reader’s awareness of cultural differences in the target language.
• 黄译：爱小姐？你不必费心来回答了 ---- 到知道 你难得一笑。可是你可以笑得很欢。 • 宋译：爱小姐？你不必费神来回答了 ---- 我看得 出你很少笑。但是你能笑得很开心。
• (4) Mrs. Reed was blind and deaf on the subject: she never saw him strike or heard him abuse me.
• 黄译：里德太太很快便振作起来，狠命推搡我， 扇我耳光，随后二话没说扔下我就走。
• 宋译：里德太太很快就回过神来，她抓住我死命 摇晃着，左右开弓狠打我的耳光，然后一句话没 说就走了。
• (3) Miss Eyre? Don’t trouble yourself to answer---I see you laugh rarely; but you can laugh very merrily;
• 黄译：里德夫人则装聋作哑, 儿子打我 骂我，她熟视无睹。 • 宋译：里德太太对此则完全装聋作哑, 她从来看不见他打我，也从来听不见 他骂我。
习语
• (1) Her beauty, her pink cheeks, and golden curls, seemed to give delight to all who looked at her, and to purchase indemnity for every fault. P9
2014年6月全国英语四级必考翻译(四级改革后关于传统文化)
The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.
非物质文化遗产英语作文加解释
非物质文化遗产英语作文加解释The Richness and Importance of Intangible Cultural Heritage.Intangible cultural heritage is a crucial component of human civilization, encompassing a wide range of traditions, practices, and knowledge that are transmitted from generation to generation. These heritage elements are often intangible in nature,无形存在于诸如口头传统、表演艺术、社会实践、节庆活动、有关自然界和宇宙的知识和实践，以及传统手工艺技能等各个方面。
Unlike tangible cultural heritage, which can be easily identified and preserved through physical objects, intangible heritage is often embedded in the daily lives and social practices of communities, making it more vulnerable to neglect and extinction.The significance of intangible cultural heritage liesin its ability to preserve the unique cultural identity ofa community or a nation. It is a repository of values, beliefs, traditions, and wisdom that have been handed downthrough the ages. These traditions and practices oftenserve as a bridge between the past and the present, connecting generations and maintaining a sense ofcontinuity and belonging.One of the most striking examples of intangiblecultural heritage is the various forms of performing arts. These art forms, whether it be dance, music, drama, or storytelling, are often deeply rooted in the cultural traditions of a community. They reflect the values, aspirations, and experiences of the people, often servingas a medium for social interaction, entertainment, and education.In addition to performing arts, intangible cultural heritage also includes various social practices and rituals. These practices, such as wedding customs, funeral rites,and seasonal festivals, are integral to the social fabricof a community. They promote social cohesion and unity by providing a shared cultural experience and a sense of purpose and belonging.Furthermore, intangible cultural heritage also encompasses knowledge and practices related to nature and the universe. These include traditional ecological knowledge, agricultural practices, and healing systems that have been developed over centuries by communities in harmony with their natural environment. Such knowledge and practices are crucial for sustainable development and environmental conservation.Unfortunately, the preservation of intangible cultural heritage is often overlooked, as it is easier to appreciate and preserve tangible cultural heritage like buildings, artifacts, and monuments. However, the loss of intangible heritage can have profound consequences, as it leads to the erosion of cultural identity and the loss of valuable knowledge and wisdom.To address this challenge, it is crucial to raise awareness about the importance of intangible cultural heritage and to promote its preservation and transmission. This can be achieved through various means, such as education, community engagement, and public events thatcelebrate and showcase the rich diversity of intangible heritage.In conclusion, intangible cultural heritage is a vital component of human civilization, representing the unique cultural identity and wisdom of communities. Its preservation and transmission are crucial for maintaining cultural diversity, promoting social cohesion, andfostering sustainable development. It is our responsibility to ensure that these invaluable heritage elements are preserved for future generations to appreciate and learn from.。
文化负载词翻译
四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 中国文化负载词的翻译作者：郑秋红院系：文理学院外语系年级： 2006级专业班级：英语（师范）2班学号： 6411106232指导教师：刘慧玲答辩日期： 4月24日中国文化负载词的翻译学生：郑秋红指导教师：刘慧玲摘要：中国文化负载词是表达中国文化中的特有事物，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候,这些文化负载词又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语，被外国人所接受的呢? 本文从中式英语、中国特色词汇和中国文化负载词的对比分析入手，尝试探讨中国文化负载词的特点，分析文化负载词英译中出现的各种问题及其成因。
最后得出结论：在中国文化负载词英译中，译者可以通过意译、直译、意译等方法实现文化负载词的转化和使用，从而逐渐融入传统英语中，为英语使用者所接受。
关键词：中国文化负载词；文化差异；翻译Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words Abstract: Each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, such as idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions. Translation is not only an Interlingua transfer,but also a cross-cultural communication. Chinese culture-loaded words are becomingincreasingly important in the study of China English. Chinese culture-loaded wordsrefer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation ofChinese culture. With the wide spread of Chinese culture to the world, how can they beunderstood and accepted by foreigners accurately in translation? The paper, by giving agood number of examples, introduces some methods of translating Chineseculture-loaded words, including transliteration, literal translation, and free translationand so on. These methods help to understand how Chinese culture-loaded words aretransformed into and used in English.Key words: Chinese culture-loaded words; culture differences; translationContentsIntroduction (1)Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and Chinese Culture-loaded word (2)1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and Chinglish (2)1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded words (3)1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded words (4)Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word (7)2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history culture (7)2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differences (8)2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and cultures (8)Part ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words (10)3.1 Hypo taxis and Parataxis (10)3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words (11)3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translation (11)3.2.2 Literal Translation plus free translation (12)3.2.3 Interpretation in culture-loaded words (13)Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)IntroductionToday, English is undeniably becoming a more widely used international language, and it is the interaction tool between countries. Along with the accelerated process of global integration, China’s foreign deepening of reform and opening up and China’s further economic development, a large number of new terms appeared in modern Chinese, including the old words with new meaning, buzzwords, new alien words and expressions, etc.; even many old words that have been annihilated for many years frequently appears. Words with Chinese characteristics are part of the culture-loaded words. Therefore the research of words with Chinese characteristics will gradually become an important discussion of the subject on China’s English teaching and the research community. Cultural-loaded words, as a series of symbols for communication, are the carriers of national culture. They not only open up the unique characteristics of a nation, but also bring difficulties and confusion to English learners Mr.SunZhili said, “It is the meaning of the culture that makes the translation the most difficult rather than the language itself.” Mr.WangZuoliang has also said, “The most difficulty of translation is the difference of two different cul tures.” Mr.LiuShouhua thinks, “People with different culture have different view to the real world, therefore making their own language demonstrate uniqueness and nationality in its development.”Cultural terms have different names, such as culture-loaded words, cultural vacancies words, vocabulary vacancies. This paper prepares to discuss the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words in the following aspects: the characteristics of Chinese culturally-loaded words and the reason why it come into being, and will also introduce some of the translation methods of the Chinese culturally-loaded words.Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and ChineseCulture-loaded word1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and ChinglishSince China is a country with a long history of more than 5000 years, during which it has cultivated and accumulated a broad and profound culture. Chinese culture-loaded words refer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation of Chinese culture, such as “Baxianguohai”in the “Eight Immortals”Who was this guy?Which, “Liu Qin”? There is a saying called “seven things” (seven daily needs of household), which “7”?“柴米油盐酱醋茶”(fuel, rice, oil, soy sauce, vinegar and tea) somehow is highlighted. As for the “三教九流”can be translated into people of all sorts, people of different social origins and backgrounds and so on English words with Chinese culture can be regarded as China English, which is almost the same with culture-loaded words. While China English is absolutely different from Chinglish. It is necessary to make it clear what are China English and Chinglish. China English, mainly used as an international language in China, with Chinese unique borrowings, or phrases, contributes much to the international communication. In contrast, Chinglish refers to the English usually created by inferior Chinese English learners, who translate English into their own words so arbitrarily, that the interpretation fails to accord with grammar rules or custom usages, thus being regarded as an unaccepted form of English.The distinctions between China English and Chinglish lie in three aspects. First, grammatical or spelling mistakes are inevitably found in Chinglish while China English complies with English practical norms strictly. For example, “Open the door see mountain” is a typical Chinglish term, which means explaining one object in very clear words directly before any specific information is given. In the sense of grammar, the phrase is poor. Both “open” and “see” are verbs. They shouldn’t be put together without a conjunction. On the contrary, China English is always accurate, concise polished and hit the nails on the head. Take “one country, two systems” as an example. It refers that two diverse political systems coexist in one unified country. With respect to grammar, this term is correct to the core. Besides, it is brief; yet, well-polished, conveying a sophisticated idea with concise words. Thus, correctness differentiates Chinglish and China English. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards these two languages also set them apart from each other. China English is considered as an accepted new form of English, contributing to enriching original language whileChinglish causes barriers and misunderstandings in communication. China English is gaining increasing importance in multinational communication, for the sake of better understanding about Chinese unique policy. Nevertheless, Chinglish is suffering a stead decline, for its negative influences.Actually, that the English language is originally the language of English people. Other peoples who use English should follow the idiomatic and conventional ways of the English people. However, each nation has its specific culture. As in China, there must be special Chinese culture and way of life to be expressed in English, that is, China English is to express Chinese phenomena and ideas.As for China, be it old or new words, it has many things with Chinese characteristics that need to be expressed when they are translated in English. To support this idea, we can cites some examples as follows: Hanlingyua n(翰林院),Imperial examination(科举), May Fourth Movement(五四运动),Xiucai(秀才),Eight-legged essay(八股文),Baihuawen(白话文),Two hundred policies(双百方针), Ideological remolding(思想改造),Four modernization(四个现代化),and so on. All these English versions with Chinese characteristics are correct English and should belong to China English.1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded wordsCulture-loaded words are mainly an international variety. We take Chinese borrowings for instance. From seventeenth to twentieth century, many Chinese borrowings directly entered English through transliteration such as tea (茶), kowtow(叩头), yamen(衙门), Great Leap Forward (大跃进), Great Cultural Revolution (文化大革命), Gang of Four (四人帮), Four Modernizations (四个现代化). All these English versions of course belong to China English no matter where they are used. As is well known, the relation between language and thought is of dialectical unity. Language development can promote that of thought, and vice versa. An accomplished language acquisition marks the formation of a certain thinking mode. One’s English inevitably has Chinese features once he or she has acquired Chinese and formed the way of Chinese thinking.Accordingly, the Chinese features of China English are unavoidably caused by the intrinsic thinking model specific to Chinese people and culture. What are the characteristics of culture-loaded words?Firstly, Culture-loaded words do not exist without Chinese interference. When one’s English proficiency is improved, one’s Chinese interference may be less, but it can neverdisappear completely. This is even so for an expert in English. So long as one has Chinese as one’s native language and thinks in Chinese way, one’s English is definitely characteristic of Chinese flavors. The fourth is on the scope of the features of China English, that is, whether China English has the features at the level of phonology.Secondly, in the process of English language learning, it has been realized that there are sometimes no equivalence between English and Chinese culture-loaded. There exist big differences in the connotation of diverse words, due to unparallel historical and cultural developments of the two languages. By tracing the distinctive cultural elements reflected by certain words, learners are able to thoroughly understand the language itself and the disparity between the Chinese and western cultures, which is definitely conductive to the master of English.Language is closely related to the development of culture, while the various elements of vocabulary in the language can best reflect the material aspects of the culture, and therefore it is greatly influenced by the I culture. By studying a culture of a nation can learn its values and way of thinking, customs, way of life and traditional customs, religious beliefs, etc.（XuJun, 2001）It is better to give some examples to illustrate the characteristics of the culture-loaded words. The mascots “Fuwa” of the Olympic Games in 2008 is a cultu re-loaded word. The English translation of “Fuwa” ---“friendliness” has aroused controversy since its birth. The first, “friendliness” are suspected of having something wrong w ith its spelling; because as an adjective “friendly” means: “affable, friendly, environmentally.” Used as a noun it means “friendly competition”. As in this plural form, it must be used as noun, but its meaning is not proper. The second, “friendliness” is hard to display Chinese characteristics and reflect the distinctive Chinese language and culture.The mascots of each Olympic Games are required to have a wide range of cultural content, which can reflect the national characteristics of the host country.1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded wordsLanguage is a long history of development in the form, the language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the language of the soil. For this the true meaning of culture and cultural groups, it is all too familiar for something, but for different cultural groups, it is very strange. Different cultures create different language groups, so that when different language groups in the process of mutual exchange term vacancies on the rise, that can not be within the scope of non-native languages to find to express the meaning of the correspondingvocabulary, these cultural differences, mainly manifested in the belief, art, ethics, law, Customs, as well as the rest of the community learned abilities and habits.From a certain prospective, it covers all special things. Obviously, there’re many things with Chinese characteristics that haven’t been described in English, not to mention the new things that constantly spring up in recent years. For example, in the aspect of food, there are new different kinds of vegetables and fruits which need to be further discussed. At present, the comparatively practical method is to use Chinese spelling and add notes, most of which have been the Chinese loans in English. For example, lychee, litch(荔枝), baozi, jiaozi, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, etc have been the popular Chinese loans in English. Foreigners can totally understand what they are referring to, for they have accepted the China English version. However, many Chinese specific words cannot be translated in proper English, which is used among the native English speakers, such as “汤圆、馄饨、刀削面”etc, they cannot be replaced by dumplings. That’s because there is no correspondent thing in western countries. Accordingly, few Chinese loans share the same meaning with English words. Therefore, the Chinese loans get involved in English in a completely new meaning.V ocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, the nation’s cultural values and values at all levels of culture are reflected in the vocabulary of their own systems, which form a kind of cultural words with cultural connotations. As with the load of a special connotation of the national culture, cultural terms is often posed as difficulties in the translation of The original existence of the cultural lexical gap shows that translation is not only just a language activity, but also a kind of cultural activities. Therefore, the translator is required not only a bilingual abilities, but also a double-cultural competence. If he can not see the original cultural lexical gap, he will impose his own understanding of the translation to the reader.For example, in an English article, whose author talked about his favorite saying when he was a teacher: Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe? The translation is: “当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸” it is no doubt that very few Chinese readers can understand this meaning. However, the sentence implied in the cultural lexical gap of the Western reader is very clear: According to the “Bible”, which say that humans were made by God with the earth, when the God endowed life to the clay, this clay is completed by the creative process, becoming a living creature. Here the author compared the work of teachers to the God’s work, suggesting that teachers help students to become a flesh and blood person with a soul, so that students have a real life.Cross-cultural communicative and even become an obstacle to information transmission. In next chapter, I will discuss the difficulties in culturally-loaded words translation.Translation is not only the conversion between languages, but also the communicationbetween cultures. Translation language and culture are closely linked. Because language is an integral part of culture, it is also the symbols of culture, its using ways and expressing content still possess a certain cultural connotation. In the process of creating works, the original author’s intended readers generally do not include foreign readers, particularly does not include those with different language and culture. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge which is easy to understand for the original mother tongue speakers in communication is possible not understood or missed the meaning by the people from other culture.Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loadedword2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history cultureChina is an ancient oriental civilization with a long history, its traditional culture and thought of a natural reaction to the language. While tradition is deeply rooted in people's minds, like the “dragon” character, in the Chinese culture, the “dragon” is a legend of the miraculous character of animals, and the phoenix, the unicorn, turtle collectively known as the “four spirits”. In addition to the word meaning, it can also be regarded as a symbol of the Chinese nation, forming a kind of totem of the Chinese culture, and now that Chinese people as “Descendants of the Dragon”, is indicative of the great. Later emperors sat on the “dragon” were regarded as a symbol of authority, such as sitting on the throne, wearing gown and robe, sleeping dragon bed and so on. However, in Western countries, “Dragon” (dragon) is a danger thing, because in English history from the Beowulf times, the dragon is a symbol of evil, dangerous and is a monster spit fire injuries. This is the accumulated result of the traditional people’s different interpretations of the same thing; its further development will result in a lexical gap. What’s more, “Mid-Autumn Festival”Mid-Autumn Day; “Splash”Water-Splashing Day, etc, which are the Chinese traditional festival, are excellent cultural accumulations that has a long history of heritage treasures, these traditional cultural festival is now not only exclusive to the Chinese people, but also a number of foreigners like the Chinese culture. While Europe and the United States is a Christian faith, so there are a lot of words, including their festivals with the “Bible” and Christian related.If a covenant of salt (not betray the Covenant), as poor as a church mouse (utterly destitute); than the Han culture, an important part and is inseparable from Buddhism and Taoism, such as: Oliver bounds repent and are saved, Buddhism boundless. Then there are some, such as “martial arts”wu shu, “kung fu”kung fu, “Niu Yangge”yang ko, the characteristics of these folk cultures in China has not yet opened to the outside world, which is unheard of for a Westerner, and these reflect The vocabulary of the vacancy caused by two different history and culture.2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differencesRegional cultural differences refer to a nation’s geographical location, natural conditions and ecological environment formed by various cultural differences. Language generations and people’s working and living environment greatly related to the culturally-loaded words. The large number of English idioms, allusions, slangs, sayings, maxims and proverbs are with a thick Chinese name, ethnic and geographical characteristics. Han Chinese living in the Asian continent, the people’s life is inseparable from land. The UK is an island nation; the maritime industry has been very well developed. The difference appeared in Chinese culture, a lot of vocabulary are land-related, while in the English vocabulary in many of which are related with the sea; for example, Chinese with “土崩瓦解” to describe the total collapse and can not be collected, while the English version “get into hot water”, describing a difficult position. “烂醉如泥” English with “drunk as a sailor”, here they use sailor to replace “mud”. It may wondered why they use “sailor” instead of “mud”, that’s because the regional culture differences. In English native speakers, they could not use “mud” to describe a person, while in Chinese people’s eyes, they usually use some others words to make the phrase more active, actually these words as “mud” are often without any relation with the phrase itself.In addition, the geographical differences in turn affected by changes in the weather will affect agriculture and animal husbandry;Humid and rainy mountains northwest of the British Isles, followed by an moist type, suitable for the growth of mushrooms in the woods, while China is located in Southeast Asia, the difference between them is quite large, so the Chinese language is used to prompt a large number of new things compared to emerged phrase. For instance: “雨后春笋” was translated into English when the spring up like mushrooms or to mushroom up.Springing up like mushroom refers to after the rain of spring, bamboo shoots turn out suddenly, which means a lot of new things are emerging constantly. England could n ot produce “shoot”, “bamboo” is a foreign language, therefore, use “mushroom” is more acceptable for the recipient, but also convey the same meaning. What need to mention is that the emotional color and pragmatic effect are not entirely right, bamboo shoots give vibrant sense, which is compliment, “mushrooms”, with a short growing season, turn out and disappear rapidly, is neutral.2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and culturesThe difference between English and Chinese customs, reflected in many aspects, such as diet, marriage, solar terms, the preference of color, family relations, etc. These differences between languages often make a relatively lexical gap. For example, in China, people like the red to decorate and the auspicious red represents good luck and new love in marriage when they are wearing red clothes; while in Western countries，they think that the red represents the violence and bloody, the new people in the wedding use white to represent their love, but in China, white has often been regarded as unfortunate thing .Therefore, the auspicious day in Chinese is a white day which the English people couldn’t not understand. The attitude in the treatment of animals, dogs are one of the British national favorite pets, they think the dog is very loyal. The dog in the Chinese culture is a kind of humble animal, it is considered a “humble” a synonym. Therefore, most of the dog-related derogatory terms such as: “狗胆包天” ,monstrous audacity“狗仗人势” ,a cock is bold on his own dunghill ，use the influence of sb. in bullying others, be a bully with the backing of a powerful person , be a bully under the protection of a powerful person “狗腿子”,henchman; lackey; hired thug“狗头军师” ,a person who offers bad advice , a person who offers bad advice; inept adviser“狗急跳墙” ,a cornered beast will do something desperate, even a worm will turn , do something desperate; but in English, there is no pejorative term on the majority of phrases concerned with dog, such as: be top dog “living high” ; “lucky” a lucky dog. Again, the Chinese women in ancient times should take three inch golden lotus (“三寸金莲”translated in literal meaning) for beauty, so there is woman “bound feet”: A vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually and the “child bride” child wife: girl rose from childhood to be wife of son of family. There are some words that reflect China’s living habits, such as “kang”: a heat able brick bed and so on. All these can be seen as a result of cultural differences, customs lexical gap.The whole chapter demonstrates some of the reasons that cause our culturally-loaded words: they are traditional history culture, regional cultural differences and the custom differences. These differences will absolutely make our translation more difficult. For example, when we translate “三寸金莲”,we can not use the literal translation”three inch golden lotus” which will confuse the foreigners, they cannot understand what it refers to and don’t know it’s deep meaning. Therefore we must pay more attention to these cultural differences when we do the translation. The translation methods of the culture-loaded words must be chosen according to certain circumstancesPart ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words 3.1 Hypo taxis and ParataxisHypo taxis and Parataxis are the basic difference between English and Chinese language. . Hypo taxis is the meaning of the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives (Christiane, Nord.1988:128), while, the concept of parataxis means that the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.Hypo taxis reflect the thought pattern that westerners attach more importance on logic and empirical, while parataxis reflect that Chinese emphasize on introspection and simple way of expressing, they don’t emphasis the logic, with a ambiguous meaning mode of thinking. With an appropriate understanding of hypo taxis and parataxis is beneficial to the translation of English and Chinese. The translator should be carefully to figure out the differences of the source language and target language, both should not only loyal to the original work, but also think of the feeling of the reader, so that letting the translation be as close as possible with the original article. Mr. Flake once said the excellent words:” the ideal translation of the works of foreign authors usually gives readers feel as if they are writing in Chinese.”The main difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of Hypo taxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Therefore, English words or sentences are well knitted, and Chinese ones are terse and lucid. Some shortened sentence forms are adopted in Chinese so as to make words or sentences concise. Consequently, this features of Chinese sentence translation is reflected in China English consisting of many short sentences forms, the following translation examples can well illustrate this point:(1) Life is above and service is first. “生命至上,服务第一”(2) Safety is first and prevention is most. “安全第一,预防为主”(3) The higher authorities have polices and the localities have their counter-measures. “上有政策,下有对策”（4）Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, and seize the hour. “一万年太久,只争朝夕”(李文中, 1993:53) These examples fully demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese, whose translation is not rigidly adhere to the original sentences, instead, it uses short, colloquial Chinese language words and sentences to make it read natural and active.Here is another example:“原文：有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地.”English version：There is an old village called Grant Chester, and an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.The Original article is taken from Xu’s essay, “I know Cambridge,” the article writes with delicate strokes, refreshing style which is easy to read and feel quite cordial. The picture depicted in the text is just like a group of Cambridge landscape, from far to near, and then from near to far. The whole sentence is not connected with a word, the subject to clause changing every time, but there is no offensive feeling. However, when they were translated in English, the original meaning must be skillfully and reasonable weaving in the “form” with proper English syntax. The most important thing is to identify a verb as the main axis of the structure. Here the translation use the str ucture of “There is ... “as the main line,“Where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees” as attributive clause of “an orchard” , “as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed” as the adverbial of “you ca n lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea “of , with a dash leads to” truly a paradise on earth “as conclusive and further describe. The translation make s full use of the English translation Hypo taxis features, which make the text read with a sense emotion and fluently, almost like the original style.All these English translation versions mentioned above are close to the structure and style of the original Chinese, and every phrase conforms to English syntax. A series of the symmetric short forms reflect the features of Chinese sentence structure3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translationFrom an information-theoretical point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of transliterated words. To achieve this objective, transliteration may define complex conventions for dealing with letters in a source script which do not correspond with letters in a goal script.Also, transliteration should not be confused with translation, which involves a change in language while preserving meaning. Transliteration performs a mapping from one alphabet into another.。
非遗文化儿童英文作文
非遗文化儿童英文作文English:Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a vital aspect of a nation's identity, encompassing traditions, customs, rituals, crafts, and performances passed down from generation to generation. It serves as a cornerstone for cultural diversity, fostering a sense of belonging and pride among communities. For children, learning about intangible cultural heritage not only connects them to their roots but also provides valuable insights into their cultural heritage. Through participating in traditional activities, such as folk dances, music, storytelling, and handicrafts, children not only preserve these practices but also develop a deeper appreciation for their cultural heritage. Moreover, intangible cultural heritage education promotes intergenerational transmission, as elders share their knowledge and skills with younger generations, ensuring the continuity of these rich traditions. By embracing intangible cultural heritage, children not only enrich their lives but also contribute to the preservation and promotion of their cultural heritage for future generations to cherish and celebrate.中文翻译:非物质文化遗产是一个国家身份认同的重要组成部分，包括了从一代传到下一代的传统、习俗、仪式、手工艺和表演等。
我眼中的非遗英语作文
我眼中的非遗英语作文Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is a treasure trove of cultural expressions and practices that have been passed down through generations. It is a living heritage that reflects the diversity and creativity of human expression. In my eyes, ICH is not just a part of our past; it is a vital piece of our present and future. Here's a composition on the significance of ICH in English, as I perceive it:The Splendor of Intangible Cultural HeritageIntangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is often described as the soul of a nation, a testament to the ingenuity and spirit of the people. It encompasses a wide array of cultural expressions, from oral traditions and performing arts to social practices, rituals, and festive events. In my perspective, ICH is not merely a collection of artifacts or practices; it is the essence of a culture's identity, a living, breathing testament to the human experience.Preserving the Threads of TraditionOne of the most profound aspects of ICH is its ability to connect us with our ancestors. Through the preservation of traditional music, dance, and storytelling, we can glimpse into the lives of those who came before us. This connectionis not just a nostalgic journey; it is a vital link to understanding our roots and the rich tapestry of human history.Cultural Diversity and InclusivityThe diversity of ICH is a celebration of the myriad ways in which humans have expressed themselves throughout history. It promotes inclusivity by recognizing the value of everyculture's unique contributions. This diversity is not a source of division but a bridge that unites us, reminding us that despite our differences, we share a common humanity.Economic and Social ImpactBeyond its cultural significance, ICH also has a tangible impact on society. It can be a driver for economic development, particularly in tourism, where cultural experiences are highly sought after. It also plays a crucial role in social cohesion, fostering a sense of community and pride among its members.The Role of Education in ICHEducation is key to the preservation and promotion of ICH. By teaching the next generation about the importance of these cultural practices, we ensure that they are not only preserved but also adapted and revitalized for the future. Schools and educational institutions play a vital role inthis process, providing the knowledge and appreciation necessary for the continuation of these traditions.Facing Challenges and Embracing the FutureDespite its importance, ICH faces numerous challenges, including globalization, urbanization, and the erosion of traditional knowledge. However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation. By integrating modern technology and new media, we can find new ways to keep these traditions alive and relevant.ConclusionIn conclusion, the intangible cultural heritage is apriceless asset that enriches our lives with its depth and variety. It is a mirror that reflects the collective wisdom and creativity of humanity. As we strive to protect and celebrate ICH, we are not just safeguarding our past; we are investing in our future, ensuring that the richness of our cultural heritage continues to inspire and unite us for generations to come.This composition aims to capture the multifaceted nature of ICH and its significance in contemporary society, emphasizing the importance of preserving and promoting these cultural practices for the benefit of all.。
作文关于贝雕非物质文化遗产初三
作文关于贝雕非物质文化遗产初三英文回答：Intangible cultural heritage, as defined by UNESCO, refers to the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, and instruments that communities, groups, and individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. These traditions are transmitted from generationto generation, often through oral or practical means, and are constantly recreated and reinvented to adapt tochanging environments. They provide a sense of identity and continuity for communities, foster creativity and innovation, and promote social cohesion and respect for diversity.Among the numerous forms of intangible cultural heritage, the art of shell carving holds a special place. This intricate craft, with its roots in ancient civilizations, involves the delicate carving of shells into intricate and captivating designs. The techniques andknowledge associated with shell carving have been passed down through generations, and the skill continues to be practiced by artisans around the world.The art of shell carving is particularly renowned in the Philippines, where it has been elevated to the status of a national treasure. The country's rich marine resources have provided an abundance of raw materials for shell carvers, and the tradition has flourished over centuries. Filipino shell carvers are renowned for their exceptional artistry and craftsmanship, and their works are prized for their beauty and intricate designs.中文回答：非物质文化遗产，贝雕艺术。
关于非物质文化遗产的四级英语作文
关于非物质文化遗产的四级英语作文Title: The Enchanting World of Intangible Cultural Heritage.In the vast tapestry of human civilization, intangible cultural heritage stands as a vibrant thread, intertwining the stories, traditions, and wisdom of generations. It is not merely a repository of knowledge and skills passed down through the ages, but a living testament to the diversity and resilience of human culture. This essay delves into the enchanting world of intangible cultural heritage, exploring its significance, challenges, and the need for its preservation.Significance of Intangible Cultural Heritage.Intangible cultural heritage encompasses a range of practices, performances,节庆活动, knowledge, skills, and other forms of cultural expression. These are transmitted from generation to generation through verbal instruction,demonstration, and practice, often within communities and social groups. They are the invisible threads that bind a society together, reflecting its values, beliefs, and way of life.Firstly, intangible cultural heritage is a powerfultool for cultural identity and social cohesion. It is a shared heritage that binds individuals and communities, fostering a sense of belonging and unity. Through these practices and performances, people are able to understand their past, appreciate their present, and envision a future that respects and builds upon their cultural roots.Secondly, intangible cultural heritage is a rich source of creativity and innovation. It is a dynamic repository of knowledge and skills that have been honed over centuries, often through trial and error. These practices offer insights into traditional ways of thinking and problem-solving, providing a foundation for contemporary artists, craftspeople, and thinkers to build upon.Challenges Facing Intangible Cultural Heritage.Despite its immense value, intangible cultural heritage faces numerous challenges that threaten its survival. Globalization and modernization have led to the rapid pace of cultural homogenization, with traditional practices often being overshadowed by the mainstream culture. This has led to a decline in interest and participation among younger generations, who are often more attracted to the glitz and glamour of modern culture.Moreover, the lack of funding and resources for the preservation and promotion of intangible cultural heritage is a significant concern. Many traditional practitioners struggle to make a living from their crafts, leading to a decrease in the number of skilled practitioners and a loss of knowledge and skills.The Need for Preservation.The preservation of intangible cultural heritage is crucial for maintaining cultural diversity and fostering intercultural understanding. It is a responsibility thatfalls not only on governments and organizations but also on individuals and communities. Here are a few key steps that can be taken to preserve and promote intangible cultural heritage:Firstly, education and awareness are key. By incorporating intangible cultural heritage into school curricula and promoting it through public events and media, we can raise awareness about its value and significance among younger generations. This will foster a sense of pride and ownership among them, encouraging them to participate and uphold these traditions.Secondly, funding and support should be provided to traditional practitioners and communities. Governments and organizations should invest in programs that provide financial assistance, training, and resources for the preservation and promotion of intangible cultural heritage. This will help ensure the sustainability of these practices and their transmission to future generations.Thirdly, partnerships and collaborations should beencouraged between different communities, organizations, and countries. By sharing knowledge, experiences, and resources, we can create a global network of support for the preservation of intangible cultural heritage. This will foster cultural exchange and understanding, leading to a more inclusive and diverse world.In conclusion, intangible cultural heritage is a vital component of human civilization, reflecting the richness and diversity of our shared history. It is our responsibility to preserve and promote these practices, ensuring that they continue to thrive and inspire future generations. By taking concerted efforts, we can safeguard this enchanting world of intangible cultural heritage for posterity.。
下列形容非物质文化遗产的说法
下列形容非物质文化遗产的说法英文回答：Intangible cultural heritage refers to the practices, expressions, knowledge, and skills that communities, groups, and individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. Unlike tangible cultural heritage, which includes physical artifacts such as buildings, monuments, and artworks, intangible cultural heritage is intangible and includes oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, traditional craftsmanship, and knowledge systems.Intangible cultural heritage plays a significant rolein shaping a community's identity, promoting cultural diversity, and fostering social cohesion. It reflects the unique cultural expressions and traditional knowledge of different communities and contributes to the overallcultural landscape of a region or country.One example of intangible cultural heritage is oral traditions, which include storytelling, myths, legends, and folktales passed down from generation to generation. These stories not only entertain but also educate and transmit important cultural values and beliefs. They provide a sense of belonging and continuity for the community.Another example is performing arts, such as traditional music, dance, and theater. These art forms are deeplyrooted in cultural traditions and are often performedduring religious ceremonies, festivals, and other social gatherings. They serve as a means of cultural expression, communication, and entertainment, allowing communities to celebrate their heritage and express their emotions.Social practices and rituals also form an integral part of intangible cultural heritage. These include traditional ceremonies, customs, and etiquette that are observed in various life events, such as birth, marriage, and death. These practices not only preserve cultural traditions but also reinforce social bonds and values within the community.Traditional craftsmanship is another aspect of intangible cultural heritage that encompasses skills and knowledge related to traditional crafts, such as pottery, weaving, woodwork, and metalwork. These crafts are often passed down through generations and reflect the creativity, craftsmanship, and cultural values of a community. They also contribute to the local economy and tourism industry.Knowledge systems, including traditional medicine, agricultural practices, and ecological knowledge, are also considered part of intangible cultural heritage. These systems represent the accumulated wisdom and practices of communities in relation to their environment, health, and sustainable living. They provide valuable insights into traditional ecological knowledge and alternative approaches to contemporary challenges.In conclusion, intangible cultural heritage encompasses a wide range of practices, expressions, knowledge, and skills that are deeply rooted in the cultural traditions of communities. It is an essential part of our shared human heritage and should be recognized, preserved, andcelebrated for future generations.中文回答：非物质文化遗产是指社区、群体和个人认可为其文化遗产一部分的实践、表达、知识和技能。
非物质文化遗产英语作文
非物质文化遗产英语作文Intangible Cultural HeritageIn the tapestry of human civilization, there are threads woven with the intricate patterns of customs, traditions, and practices that have been passed down through generations. These threads are the intangible cultural heritage, a term used to describe the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills that communities, groups, and sometimes individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. They are a crucial part of our cultural diversity and are essential for the continuity of cultural heritage.One of the most significant aspects of intangible cultural heritage is its living nature. Unlike physical artifacts, these traditions are not static; they evolve and adapt to the changing times. They are transmitted from generation to generation, often orally, through imitation, or through other means of non-formal education. This transmission is what keeps the heritage alive and relevant.Take, for example, the art of storytelling. Storytelling is a tradition that has been preserved in many cultures around the world. It is not just about the tales themselves but also about the manner in which they are told. The use of voice, gestures, and expressions are all part of the storytelling tradition, making it an intangible cultural heritage.Another example is the practice of traditional crafts. From pottery to weaving, these crafts are not only functional but also carry a wealth of cultural significance. The techniques used, the materials chosen, and the designs created are all reflections of the culture that created them. Preserving these crafts is essential to maintaining the culturalidentity of a community.Festivals and rituals are also integral parts of intangible cultural heritage. They serve as communal events that bring people together, reinforcing social bonds and cultural identity. Whether it's a harvest festival, a religious ceremony, or a celebration of a particular event, these gatherings are a testament to the shared history and values of a community.However, the preservation of intangible cultural heritage faces numerous challenges. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and globalization have led to the erosion of traditional ways of life. Younger generations may be less inclined to learn and pass on these traditions, leading to a risk of them being lost.To combat this, efforts must be made to document and promote intangible cultural heritage. This can be done through education, by incorporating these traditions into school curricula, and by organizing cultural events that showcase these practices. Additionally, the involvement of communities in the preservation efforts is crucial. They must be encouraged to take pride in their cultural heritage and to pass it on to future generations.In conclusion, intangible cultural heritage is a vital component of our cultural identity. It is the soul of our communities, a living testament to our history and our collective memory. By recognizing and preserving these traditions, we ensure that they continue to enrich our lives and the lives of those who come after us.。
Culture Vacancy in Translation of Chinese and English Idioms
Culture Vacancy in Translation of Chinese and English Idioms作者：王佳莹来源：《科技视界》 2014年第5期王佳莹(广州市信息工程职业学校英语培训部，广东广州 510610)【Abstract】Idioms always carry strong cultural characteristics of their own nations, so in idiom translation, culture vacancy is a common problem fortranslators and the way we deal with this problem may probably decide the qualityof our translations. This thesis mainly discusses the definition and three main resources for culture vacancy.【Key words】Idiom；Culture vacancy；Social and historical changes；The uniqueness of the thinking mode；Differences in religion1 The Definition of VacancyThe phenomenon of vacancy was discovered by Hockett, an American linguist, in the 1950s. He brought forward the “random holes in patterns” after comparing the grammatical modes of two languages. Until the end of 1980s, the Russian scholarlike Sorokin put forward the theory of “vacancy”. Until then, the theory of vacancy had been produced.There are mainly two types of vacancy: lexical vacancy and culture vacancy. And this thesis only discusses about the latter.Culture vacancy in idioms can be vacancy in expressions, vacancy in associations, and differences in pragmatic functions(for example: “Beggars cannot be choosers” cannot be translated to “饥不择食”, because “Beggars cannot be choosers” means “have no right to choose” but “饥不择食” means “Not choo sing because of in great need”).２Reasons for Culture Vacancy in Idioms２．１Social and Historical ChangesEvery nation has its historical background, and the historical figures and events of each times have their unique stories. There are a great amount of idioms which came from historical stories in both Chinese and English, and this kind of idioms are with strong national color, vivid characteristics of culture, full of historical and cultural information and are most capable of representing the characteristics of history and culture.The Chinese nation has a long history as well as long standing and rich culture. Many literary quotations of historical idioms are directly from some events orhistorical figures in history, which are pr etty meaningful. For example: “杞人忧天(the man of Chi worried lest the sky fall)”，“图穷匕首见(when the map was unrolled, the dagger was revealed---the real intention is revealed in the end)”etc. Those idioms are unique to Chinese and default in English. They are hard to be understood by English speakers if we translate them literally.Many English idioms are from the Bible and myths of Greek and Rome. For example, “Achille’s heel”、“Mercury fig”、“Promethean fire”、“Pandora’s box”. Those idioms are unique to English and Chinese people need to know the stories to understand those idioms.２．２The Uniqueness of the Thinking ModeThe thinking mode of one nation is gradually formed under the influence of its longstanding philosophical background and cultural tradition, while language plays an important role in its consolidation. Based on the relationship between language and mind, different thinking modes will definitely reflect on their carrier---language, and their reflection on idioms is the most apparent.Take number words in idioms for example. In traditional Chinese culture, every item is composed of Yin and Yan, and only the combination of Yin and Yan can produce everything in the world. “Only Yin is not capable of reproduction, neither can Yan”. “The supreme truth of everything in the world is that everything does not c ome singly but in pairs”, so dual numbers indicate propitiousness in Chinese culture.In English speaking countries, people always treat odd number as pattern, so usually in English, people add “one” to hundred and thousand. For example “One hundred and one thank”. The Christianity’s religious tradition is the trinity, so they have certain indication for the number “three”. For example, “three sheetsto the wind” is used to express the condition of being drunk.Number words as language signs have no indications themselves; their different indications and usages in Chinese and English idioms are due to the cultural differences in the two cultures. Readers should know something about the culture of source languages or they will feel confused by the usage of the number words.２．３Differences in ReligionReligion plays an important part in the development of culture in all nations, and the different religion beliefs in different nations definitely have different influences on their cultures. The culture of one religion is default in another religion, so this culture vacancy also becomes a problem for translators.The western society believes in Christianity. God in Christianity has becomethe almighty god and the chief representative of truth, kindness and beauty as well as the creator of everything in the world. While in China, Buddhism and Taoism have a great impact on the culture for a long time. They believe that Pangu created the world and the heaven is in charge of the world.Th e doctrines in the Bible in Christianity have deep influence in people’s opinion of value and morality. Many English idioms come from the literary quotation of the Bible, like “Adam’s apple”、“forbidden fruit”、“the tree of life”、“my cup runs over”、“the lost sheep”.Chinese people worship the heaven, they think that heaven is the dominator of the world. In the ancient times, the emperor was called “天子(the son of the heaven)”; and “天之骄子(the son that the heaven is greatly proud of)”is the person who is unu sually lucky and has great ability. “天赋”is the ability give by the nature.２．４SummaryAll in all, there are so many factors which lead to the various cultural vacancies between Chinese and English idioms, not just the factors we mentioned above. Therefore, culture vacancy in idioms has become an obstacle in translation and it is very challenging to deal with.【References】［１］Chitra Fernando, Idioms and Idiomaticity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2000，6.［２］Edwin Gentzler, Contemporary Translation Theories（Revised Second Edition）[M]. Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2004，4.［责任编辑：丁艳］。
中国文化英语教程张桂萍课文翻译
中国文化英语教程张桂萍课文翻译我可以给你一些关于中国文化的常见英语表达和解释。
1. 中国的传统节日有很多，比如春节、清明节、端午节和中秋节。
Traditional festivals in China include the Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival.2. 中国有五千年的历史。
China has a history of five thousand years.3. 中国是世界上最大的制造业国家之一。
China is one of the largest manufacturing countries in the world.4. 中国菜以其丰富的口味和独特的烹饪方法而闻名。
Chinese cuisine is famous for its rich flavors and unique cooking methods.5. 中国的传统艺术有京剧、中国画和传统音乐等。
Traditional Chinese arts include Peking Opera, Chinese painting, and traditional music.6. 中国的四大发明包括指南针、造纸术、火药和印刷术。
The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are the compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing.这些都是一些关于中国文化的常见表达和解释，希望对你有帮助！如果你有具体的课文内容需要翻译，我建议你使用在线翻译工具或者请专业的翻译人员帮助你。
07《英语口译》Ex-文化艺术
〔英译汉〕Theme of Expo 2010The theme of Expo 2010 is "Better City, Better Life," representing the common wish of the whole humankind for a better living in future urban environments. This theme represents a central concern of the international community for future policy making, urban strategies and sustainable development. In 1800, 2% of the global population lived in cities. In 1950, the figure raised to 29%, in 2000, almost half the world population moved into cities, and by 2010, as estimated by the United Nations, the urban population will account for 55% of the total human population.The quest for a better life has run through the urban history of mankind. Through different sub-themes, Expo 2010 will create blueprints for future cities and harmonious urban life styles, providing an extraordinary educational and entertaining platform for visitors of all nations:●Blending of diverse cultures in the city●Economic prosperity in the city●Innovations of science and technology in the city●Remodelling of communities in the city●Interactions between urban and rural areas〔汉译英-1〕中国是世界文明古国之一，有着极为丰富的文物和典籍，其中包括古文化遗址、古墓葬、古建筑、石窟、石刻、历史文献等等。
考试别再憋出starfaming扒一扒四六级翻译中有关中国历史文化的词汇
考试别再憋出starfaming扒一扒四六级翻译中有关中国历史文化的词汇每一次的四六级翻译都让很多同学们苦不堪言。
为了不让童鞋们再憋出star farming（四大发明，囧~~）这样的笑话，小编给各位带来历史文化词汇的准确译本。
段落翻译的重点依然是词汇，特别是较为特殊的翻译类词汇。
通过样卷分析，建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。
大家可以关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂志和报纸，例如中国日报及其网站。
每天看看网站中的头条新闻，配合中文新闻的背景，就可以学到很多表达。
段落翻译的另一难点就是长难句的攻克，平时加大对长难句的分析，考试中才能写出精彩得分的句型。
分析从句比较多的长难句，要找到句子的切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that、which、who、when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等等。
最后，注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和'写'。
在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，仍然不一定是通顺的句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提高语言组织能力。
六级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化口技 ventriloquism木偶戏 puppet show皮影戏 shadowplay折子戏 opera highlights杂技 acrobatics相声 witty dialogue comedy刺绣 embroidery苏绣 Suzhou embroidery泥人 clay figure书法 calligraphy中国画 traditional Chinese painting水墨画 Chinese brush painting中国结 Chinese knot中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder印刷术 printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass青铜器 bronze ware瓷器 porcelain; china唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝 cloisonne秋千 swing武术 martial arts儒家思想 Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture道教 Taoism墨家 Mohism法家 Legalism佛教 Buddhism孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Tzu庄子 Chuang Tzu墨子 Mo Tzu孙子 Sun Tzu象形文字 pictographic characters文房四宝(笔墨纸观) the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)《大学》 Great Learning《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》 The Analects of Confucius《孟子》 The Mencius《孙子兵法》 The Art of War《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms《西游爷己》 Journey to the West《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions《水浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes《山海经》 The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror《春秋》 The Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》 Historical Records《诗经》 Book of Songs《易经》 The I Ching; The Book of Changes 《礼记》 The Book of Rites《三字经》 Three-character ures八股文 eight-part essay五言绝句 five-character quatrain七言律诗 seven-character octave旗袍 cheongsam中山装 Chinese tunic suit唐装 Tang suit风水 Fengshui;geomantic omen 阳历 Solar calendar阴历 Lunar calendar闰年 leap year十二生肖 zodiac春节 the Spring Festival元宵节 the Lantern Festival清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day重阳节 the Double-ninth Day 七夕节 the Double-seventh Day 春联 spring couplets庙会 temple fair爆竹 firecracker年画 (traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱 New Year gift-money舞龙 dragon dance元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯 festival lantern灯谜 lantern riddle舞狮 lion dance踩高跷 stilt walking赛龙舟 dragon boat race山东菜 Shandong cuisine川菜 Sichuan cuisine粤菜 Canton cuisine月饼 moon cake年糕 rice cake油条 deep-fried dough sticks豆浆 soybean milk馒头 steamed buns花卷 steamed twisted rolls包子 steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck拉面 hand-stretched noodles馄饨 wonton(dumplings in soup) 豆腐 tofu麻花 fried dough twist烧饼 clay oven rolls皮蛋 100-year egg; century egg 蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks火锅 hot pot长城 the Great Wall of China烽火台 beacon tower秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda丝绸之路 the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟 Mogao Grottoes华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs五台山 Wutai Mountain九华山 Jiuhua Mountain蛾眉山 Mount Emei泰山 Mount Tai黄山 Mount Huangshan故宫 the Imperial Palace天坛 the Temple of Heaven午门 Meridian Gate大运河 Grand Canal护城河 the Moat回音壁 Echo Wall居庸关 Juyongguan Pass九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi 十三陵 the Ming Tombs苏州园林 Suzhou gardens西湖 West Lake九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭 Sun Moon Lake布达拉宫 Potala Palace鼓楼 drum tower四合院 quadrangle; courtyard complex孔庙 Confucius Temple乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha 喇嘛 Lama。