微观经济学试题英文版
英文微观经济学试题及答案
英文微观经济学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?A. Many buyers and sellersB. Homogeneous productsC. Free entry and exitD. Monopoly powerAnswer: D2. The law of diminishing returns states that:A. The total product of labor increases as more labor is addedB. The marginal product of labor eventually decreases as more labor is addedC. The average product of labor is always higher than the marginal productD. The marginal product of labor is always higher than the average productAnswer: B3. In the short run, a firm in a perfectly competitive market will shut down if:A. Total revenue is greater than total variable costB. Total revenue is less than total costC. Total revenue is less than total variable costD. Total revenue is less than average total costAnswer: C4. The demand for a good is likely to be more elastic when:A. The good has many close substitutesB. The good is a luxury itemC. The good is a necessityD. The good represents a small proportion of consumer's incomeAnswer: A5. The consumer surplus is the difference between:A. The maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the market priceB. The market price and the minimum price a consumer is willing to payC. The maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the minimum price a consumer is willing to payD. The minimum price a consumer is willing to pay and the market priceAnswer: A...（此处省略其他选择题）二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the concept of price elasticity of demand and itsdeterminants.Answer: Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in its price. It is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. The determinants of price elasticity include the availability of substitutes, the proportion of income spent on the good, the necessity of the good, and the time period over which the demand is being considered.2. What is the difference between a normal good and aninferior good?Answer: A normal good is a good for which the demand increases as income increases, while the demand for aninferior good decreases as income increases. This is because normal goods are typically considered desirable or of higher quality, while inferior goods are seen as lower quality substitutes that consumers prefer to avoid as their income increases.3. Define the law of supply and give an example.Answer: The law of supply states that, all else being equal, the quantity supplied of a good will increase as the price of the good increases, and decrease as the price of the good decreases. An example of this would be the supply of oil; if the price of oil rises, producers are more likely to increase production and supply more oil to the market.三、计算题（每题25分，共50分）1. A firm has the following total cost function: TC = 0.5Q^2 - 4Q + 100. Calculate the firm's average total cost (ATC) and marginal cost (MC) at the quantity level of Q = 50.Answer:To find the average total cost (ATC), we divide the total cost (TC) by the quantity (Q):\[ ATC = \frac{TC}{Q} = \frac{0.5Q^2 - 4Q + 100}{Q} \]At Q = 50:\[ ATC = \frac{0.5(50)^2 - 4(50) + 100}{50} = \frac{1250}{50} = 25 \]The marginal cost (MC) is the derivative of the total cost function with respect to quantity:\[ MC = \frac{dTC}{dQ} = 0.5 \times 2Q - 4 \]At Q = 50:\[ MC = 0.5 \times 2 \times 50 - 4 = 50 - 4 = 46 \]2. A monopolist faces the demand function P = 100 - 2Q and has a total cost function TC = 10Q. Calculate the profit-maximizing level of output and the corresponding price.Answer:First, calculate the marginal revenue (MR) by taking the derivative of the total revenue (TR) with respect to Q. TR is P*Q, so:\[ TR = (100 -。
微观经济学练习题与答案英文版
Chapter 01Thinking Like an Economist Multiple Choice Questions1. Economics is best defined as the study of:A. prices and quantities.B. inflation and interest rates.C. how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and the results of those choices.D. wages and incomes.2. Economic questions always deal with:A. financial matters.B. political matters.C. insufficient resources.D. choice in the face of limited resources.3. The range of topics or issues that fit within the definition of economics is:A. limited to market activities, e.g., buying soap.B. limited to individuals and firms.C. extremely wide, requiring only the ideas of choice and scarcity.D. very limited.4. The central concern of economics is:A. poverty.B. scarcity.C. wealth accumulation.D. overconsumption.5. The scarcity principle indicates that:A. no matter how much one has, it is never enough.B. compared to 100 years ago, individuals have less time today.C. with limited resources, having more of "this" means having less of "that."D. because tradeoffs must be made, resources are therefore scarce.6. The logical implication of the scarcity principle is that:A. one will never be satisfied with what one has.B. as wealth increases, making choices becomes less necessary.C. as wealth decreases, making choices becomes less necessary.D. choices must be made.7. If all the world's resources were to magically increase a hundredfold, then:A. the scarcity principle would still govern behavior.B. economics would no longer be relevant.C. the scarcity principle would disappear.D. tradeoffs would become unnecessary.8. The principle of scarcity applies to:A. the poor exclusively.B. all consumers.C. all firms.D. everyone—consumers, firms, governments, and nations.9. At the very least, Joe Average and Bill Gates are both identically limited by:A. their wealth.B. the 24 hours that comprise a day.C. their knowledge.D. their influence.10. Forest is a mountain man living in complete isolation in Montana. He is completely self-sufficient through hunting, fishing, and farming. He has not been in the city to buy anything in five years. One can infer:A. the scarcity principle does not apply to Forest.B. Forest is not required to make choices.C. the scarcity principle still applies because more hunting means less fishing and farming.D. Forest is very satisfied.11. The scarcity principle applies to:A. all decisions.B. only market decisions, e.g., buying a car.C. only non-market decisions, e.g., watching a sunset.D. only the poor.12. Chris has a one-hour break between classes every Wednesday. Chris can either stay at the library and study or go to the gym and work out. The decision Chris must make is:A. not an economic problem because neither one costs money.B. not an economic problem because it's an hour that is wasted no matter what Chris does.C. an economic problem because the tuition Chris pays covers both the gym and the library.D. an economic problem because Chris has only one hour during which he can study or work out.13. Josh wants to go to the football game this weekend, but he has a paper due on Monday. It will take him the whole weekend to write the paper. Josh decided to stay home and work on the paper. According to the scarcity principle, the reason Josh didn't go to the game is that:A. Josh prefers schoolwork to football games.B. writing the paper is easier than going to the game.C. Josh doesn't have enough time for writing the paper and going to the game.D. it's too expensive to go to the game.14. Whether studying the size of the U.S. economy or the number of children a couple will choose to have, the unifying concept is that wants are:A. limited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.B. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.C. unlimited, resources are limited to some but not to others, and thus some people must make choices.D. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus government needs to do more.15. The cost-benefit principle indicates that an action should be taken:A. if the total benefits exceed the total costs.B. if the average benefits exceed the average costs.C. if the net benefit (benefit minus cost) is zero.D. if the extra benefit is greater than or equal to the extra costs.16. When a person decides to pursue an activity as long as the extra benefits are at least equal to the extra costs, that person is:A. violating the cost-benefit principle.B. following the scarcity principle.C. following the cost-benefit principle.D. pursuing the activity too long.17. Choosing to study for an exam until the extra benefit (improved score) equals the extra cost (mental fatigue) is:A. not rational.B. an application of the cost-benefit principle.C. an application of the scarcity principle.D. the relevant opportunity cost.18. The scarcity principle tells us that __________, and the cost-benefit principle tells us __________.A. choices must be made; how to make the choicesB. choices must be made; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choicesC. rare goods are expensive; that the costs should outweigh the benefits of the choicesD. rare goods are expensive; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choices19. According to the cost-benefit principle:A. the lowest cost activity usually gives the lowest benefit.B. a person should always choose the activity with the lowest cost.C. a person should always choose the activity with the greatest benefit.D. the extra costs and benefits of an activity are more important considerations than the total costs and benefits.20. A rational person is one who:A. is reasonable.B. makes choices that are easily understood.C. possesses well-defined goals and seeks to achieve them.D. is highly cynical.21. The seventh glass of soda that Tim consumes will produce an extra benefit of 10 cents and has an extra cost of zero (Tim is eating at the cafeteria). The cost-benefit principle predicts that Tim will:A. realize he has had too much soda to drink and go home.B. drink the seventh glass and continue until the marginal benefit of drinking another glass of soda is zero.C. volunteer to empty out the fountain.D. not drink the seventh glass.22. Janie must either mow the lawn or wash clothes, earning her a benefit of $30 or $45, respectively. She dislikes both equally and they both take the same amount of time. Janie will therefore choose to _________ because the economic surplus is ________.A. mow the lawn; greaterB. wash clothes; greaterC. mow the lawn; smallerD. wash clothes; smaller23. Dean decided to play golf rather than prepare for tomorrow's exam in economics. One can infer that:A. Dean has made an irrational choice.B. Dean is doing poorly in his economics class.C. the economic surplus from playing golf exceeded the surplus from studying.D. the cost of studying was less than the cost of golfing.Larry was accepted at three different graduate schools, and must choose one. Elite U costs $50,000 per year and did not offer Larry any financial aid. Larry values attending Elite U at $60,000 per year. State College costs $30,000 per year, and offered Larry an annual $10,000 scholarship. Larry values attending State College at $40,000 per year. NoName U costs $20,000 per year, and offered Larry a full $20,000 annual scholarship. Larry values attending NoName at $15,000 per year.24. The opportunity cost of attending Elite U is:A. $50,000B. $10,000C. $20,000D. $15,00025. The opportunity cost of attending State College is:A. $30,000B. $20,000C. $15,000D. $10,00026. Larry maximizes his surplus by attending:A. Elite U, because $60,000 is greater than the benefit at the other schools.B. State College, because the difference between the benefit and cost is greatest there.C. NoName U, because Larry has a full scholarship there.D. Elite U, because the opportunity costs of attending Elite U are the lowest.27. Larry has decided to go to Elite U. Assuming that all of the values described are correct, for Larry to decide on Elite U, he must have:A. calculated his surplus from each choice and picked the one with the highest surplus.B. underestimated the benefits of attending NoName.C. miscalculated the surplus of attending Elite U.D. determined the opportunity cost of each choice and picked the one with the lowest opportunity cost.28. Jen spends her afternoon at the beach, paying $1 to rent a beach umbrella and $11 for food and drinks rather than spending an equal amount of money to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of going to the beach is:A. the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.B. only $1 because she would have spent the money on food and drinks whether or not she went to the beach.C. the movie she missed seeing.D. the movie she missed seeing plus the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.29. Relative to a person who earns minimum wage, a person who earns $30 per hour has:A. a lower opportunity cost of working longer hours.B. a higher opportunity cost of taking a day off.C. a lower opportunity cost of driving farther to work.D. the same opportunity cost of spending time on leisure activities.30. The opportunity cost of an activity is the value of:A. an alternative forgone.B. the next-best alternative forgone.C. the least-best alternative forgone.D. the difference between the chosen activity and the next-best alternative forgone.31. Amy is thinking about going to the movies tonight. A ticket costs $7 and she will have to cancel her dog-sitting job that pays $30. The cost of seeing the movie is:A. $7.B. $30.C. $37.D. $37 minus the benefit of seeing the movie.32. Economic surplus is:A. the benefit gained by taking an action.B. the price paid to take an action.C. the difference between the benefit gained and the cost incurred of taking an action.D. the wage someone would have to earn in order to take an action.33. The Governor of your state has cut the budget for the University and increased spending on Medicaid. This is an example of:A. the pitfalls of considering average costs instead of marginal costs.B. poor normative economic decision making.C. poor positive economic decision making.D. choice in the face of limited resources.34. Sally earned $25,000 per year before she became a mother. After she became a mother, she told her employer that her opportunity cost of working is now $50,000, and so she is not willing to work for anything less. Her decision is based on:A. the high cost of raising a child.B. her desire to save for her child's college expenses.C. her increased value to her employer.D. the value she places on spending time with her child.35. Alex received a four-year scholarship to State U. that covered tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies. As a result:A. attending State U. for four years is costless for Alex.B. Alex has no incentive to work hard while at State U.C. the cost of attending State U. is the amount of money Alex could have earned working for four years.D. the cost of attending State U. is the sum of the benefits Alex would have had attending each of the four other schools to which Alex had been admitted.36. Suppose Mary is willing to pay up to $15,000 for a used Ford pick-up truck, but she finds one for $12,000. Her __________ is __________.A. benefit; $12,000B. cost; $15,000C. economic surplus; $3,000D. economic surplus; $12,00037. In general, rational decision making requires one to choose the actions that yield the:A. largest total benefits.B. smallest total costs.C. smallest net benefits.D. largest economic surpluses.38. Suppose the most you would be willing to pay for a plane ticket home is $250, but you buy one online for $175. The economic surplus of buying the online ticket is:A. $175.B. $250.C. $75.D. $0.39. The use of economic models, like the cost-benefit principle, means economists believe that:A. this is exactly how people choose between alternatives.B. this is a reasonable abstraction of how people choose between alternatives.C. those who explicitly make decisions this way are smarter.D. with enough education, all people will start to explicitly make decisions this way.40. Jenna decides to see a movie that costs $7 for the ticket and has an opportunity cost of $20. After the movie, she says to one of her friends that the movie was not worth it. Apparently:A. Jenna failed to apply the cost-benefit model to her decision.B. Jenna was not rational.C. Jenna overestimated the benefits of the movie.D. Jenna underestimated the benefits of the movie.41. Most of us make sensible decisions most of the time, because:A. we know the cost-benefit principle.B. subconsciously we are weighing costs and benefits.C. most people know about the scarcity principle.D. we conduct hypothetical mental auctions when we make decisions.42. Suppose a person makes a choice that seems inconsistent with the cost-benefit principle. Which of the following statements represents the most reasonable conclusion to draw?A. The person (explicitly or implicitly) over-estimated the benefits or under-estimated the costs or both.B. The cost-benefit principle is rarely true.C. The person does not grasp how decisions should be made.D. The person is simply irrational.43. Economic models are intended to:A. apply to all examples equally well.B. eliminate differences in the way people behave.C. generalize about patterns in decision-making.D. distinguish economics students from everyone else.44. Economic models claim to be:A. reasonable abstractions of how people make choices, highlighting the most important factors.B. exact replications of the decision-making process people use.C. interesting chalkboard exercises with little applicability to the real world.D. exceptionally accurate methods of predicting nearly all behavior of everyone.45. The cost-benefit model used by economists is:A. unrealistic because it is too detailed and specific to apply to a variety of situations.B. unrealistic because everyone can think of times when he or she violated the principle.C. useful because everyone follows it all of the time.D. useful because most people follow it most of the time.46. Barry owns a clothing store in the mall and has asked two economic consultants to develop models of consumer behavior that he can use to increase sales. Barry should choose the model that:A. does not include simplifying assumptions.B. is the most detailed and complex.C. assumes that consumers apply the cost-benefit principle.D. predicts that consumers will always prefer Barry's store to the competing stores.47. Economists use abstract models because:A. every economic situation is unique, so it is impossible to make generalizations.B. every economic situation is essentially the same, so specific details are unnecessary.C. they are useful for describing general patterns of behavior.D. computers have allowed economists to develop abstract models.48. Most people make some decisions based on intuition rather than calculation. This is:A. irrational, because intuition is often wrong.B. consistent with the economic model of decision-making, because calculating costs and benefits leads to decision-making pitfalls.C. consistent with the economic model because people intuitively compare the relative costs and benefits of the choices they face.D. inconsistent with the economic model, but rational because intuition takes into account non-financial considerations.49. Moe has a big exam tomorrow. He considered studying this evening, but decided to go out with Curly instead. Since Moe always chooses rationally, it must be true that: A. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is less than the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly.B. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is equal to the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly minus the cost of earning a low grade on the exam.C. Moe gets more benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.D. Moe gets less benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.50. If one fails to account for implicit costs in decision making, then applying thecost-benefit rule will be flawed because:A. the benefits will be overstated.B. the costs will be understated.C. the benefits will be understated.D. the costs will be overstated.Your classmates from the University of Chicago are planning to go to Miami for spring break, and you are undecided about whether you should go with them. The round-trip airfares are $600, but you have a frequent-flyer coupon worth $500 that you could use to pay part of the airfare. All other costs for the vacation are exactly $900. The most you would be willing to pay for the trip is $1400. Your only alternative use for your frequent-flyer coupon is for your trip to Atlanta two weeks after the break to attend your sister's graduation, which your parents are forcing you to attend. The Chicago-Atlanta round-trip airfares are $450.51. If you do not use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly, should you go to Miami?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the trip.52. What is the opportunity cost of using the coupon for the Miami trip?A. $100B. $450C. $500D. $55053. If you use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly to Atlanta, would you get any economic surplus by making the trip?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. Yes, surplus of $350.C. Yes, surplus of $400.D. Yes, surplus of $100.54. If the Chicago-Atlanta round-trip air fare is $350, should you go to Miami?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. No, there is a loss of $100.C. Yes, there is economic surplus of $50.D. Yes, there is economic surplus of $400.55. Pat earns $25,000 per year (after taxes), and Pat's spouse, Chris, earns $35,000 (after taxes). They have two pre-school children. Childcare for their children costs $12,000 per year. Pat has decided to stay home and take care of the children. Pat must:A. value spending time with the children by more than $25,000.B. value spending time with the children by more than $12,000.C. value spending time with the children by more than $13,000.D. value spending time with the children as much as does Chris.You paid $35 for a ticket (which is non-refundable) to see SPAM, a local rock band, in concert on Saturday. (Assume that you would not have been willing to pay any more than $35 for this concert.) Your boss called and she is looking for someone to cover a shift on Saturday at the same time as the concert. You will have to work 4 hours and she will pay you time and a half, which is $9/hr.56. Should you go to the concert instead of working Saturday?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the concert.57. What is the opportunity cost of going to the concert?A. $1B. $9C. $35D. $3658. What is your opportunity cost, if you go to work on Saturday?A. $0B. $9C. $35D. $3659. Your economic surplus of going to work on Saturday is:A. $0B. $1C. $35D. $36Matt has decided to purchase his textbooks for the semester. His options are to purchase the books via the Internet with next day delivery to his home at a cost of $175, or to drive to campus tomorrow to buy the books at the university bookstore at a cost of $170. Last week he drove to campus to buy a concert ticket because they offered 25 percent off the regular price of $16.因为他们提供75折的正常价格16美元。
微观经济学试题及答案英文
微观经济学试题及答案英文Microeconomics Exam Questions and AnswersQuestion 1: Define the law of demand and explain how itrelates to the concept of price elasticity of demand.Answer 1: The law of demand states that, all else being equal, the quantity demanded of a good or service will decrease asthe price increases. Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a change in price. If the quantity demanded changes significantly in response to a price change, the demand is said to be elastic. Conversely, if the quantity demanded changes very little, the demand is inelastic.Question 2: What is the difference between a firm's total revenue and marginal revenue?Answer 2: Total revenue is the total income received by afirm from selling its product, calculated as the price perunit multiplied by the quantity sold. Marginal revenue, onthe other hand, is the additional revenue generated fromselling one more unit of the product. It is the change intotal revenue divided by the change in quantity sold. In a perfectly competitive market, marginal revenue equals the price, but in a market with some degree of monopoly power, marginal revenue is less than the price.Question 3: Explain the concept of consumer surplus and howit is calculated.Answer 3: Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good or service and what they actually pay. It is a measure of the welfare gain to consumers from participating in a market. It is calculated by finding the area under the demand curve but above the market price, which represents the total amount consumers would have been willing to pay for each unit up to the quantity they actually purchase.Question 4: What is the marginal cost and how does it relateto a firm's decision to produce?Answer 4: Marginal cost is the cost of producing oneadditional unit of a good or service. It is the change intotal cost resulting from producing one more unit. Firms will continue to produce additional units as long as the marginal cost is less than the marginal revenue. If the marginal cost exceeds the marginal revenue, the firm will reduce production, as producing one more unit would result in a loss.Question 5: Define economies of scale and explain how they affect a firm's cost structure.Answer 5: Economies of scale refer to the cost advantagesthat a firm experiences when it increases its level of output. As the scale of production increases, the average cost perunit of output decreases due to factors such as spreadingfixed costs over more units, specialization of labor, andbulk purchasing discounts. This can lead to lower per-unit costs and potentially higher profits.Question 6: What is the difference between a normal good and an inferior good?Answer 6: A normal good is a good for which the demand increases as consumers' income increases. In contrast, an inferior good is a good for which the demand decreases as consumers' income increases. This is because consumers tend to substitute inferior goods with superior or higher-quality goods when their income rises.End of ExamPlease note that this is a sample set of microeconomics exam questions and answers. The actual content of an exam would depend on the specific topics covered in the course and the level of difficulty desired by the instructor.。
微观经济学 英文版 题库 练习完整版
Chapter 01Thinking Like an Economist Multiple Choice Questions1. Economics is best defined as the study of:A. prices and quantities.B. inflation and interest rates.C. how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and the results of those choices.D. wages and incomes.2. Economic questions always deal with:A. financial matters.B. political matters.C. insufficient resources.D. choice in the face of limited resources.3. The range of topics or issues that fit within the definition of economics is:A. limited to market activities, e.g., buying soap.B. limited to individuals and firms.C. extremely wide, requiring only the ideas of choice and scarcity.D. very limited.4. The central concern of economics is:A. poverty.B. scarcity.C. wealth accumulation.D. overconsumption.5. The scarcity principle indicates that:A. no matter how much one has, it is never enough.B. compared to 100 years ago, individuals have less time today.C. with limited resources, having more of "this" means having less of "that."D. because tradeoffs must be made, resources are therefore scarce.6. The logical implication of the scarcity principle is that:A. one will never be satisfied with what one has.B. as wealth increases, making choices becomes less necessary.C. as wealth decreases, making choices becomes less necessary.D. choices must be made.7. If all the world's resources were to magically increase a hundredfold, then:A. the scarcity principle would still govern behavior.B. economics would no longer be relevant.C. the scarcity principle would disappear.D. tradeoffs would become unnecessary.8. The principle of scarcity applies to:A. the poor exclusively.B. all consumers.C. all firms.D. everyone—consumers, firms, governments, and nations.9. At the very least, Joe Average and Bill Gates are both identically limited by:A. their wealth.B. the 24 hours that comprise a day.C. their knowledge.D. their influence.10. Forest is a mountain man living in complete isolation in Montana. He is completely self-sufficient through hunting, fishing, and farming. He has not been in the city to buy anything in five years. One can infer:A. the scarcity principle does not apply to Forest.B. Forest is not required to make choices.C. the scarcity principle still applies because more hunting means less fishing and farming.D. Forest is very satisfied.11. The scarcity principle applies to:A. all decisions.B. only market decisions, e.g., buying a car.C. only non-market decisions, e.g., watching a sunset.D. only the poor.12. Chris has a one-hour break between classes every Wednesday. Chris can either stay at the library and study or go to the gym and work out. The decision Chris must make is:A. not an economic problem because neither one costs money.B. not an economic problem because it's an hour that is wasted no matter what Chris does.C. an economic problem because the tuition Chris pays covers both the gym and the library.D. an economic problem because Chris has only one hour during which he can study or work out.13. Josh wants to go to the football game this weekend, but he has a paper due on Monday. It will take him the whole weekend to write the paper. Josh decided to stay home and work on the paper. According to the scarcity principle, the reason Josh didn't go to the game is that:A. Josh prefers schoolwork to football games.B. writing the paper is easier than going to the game.C. Josh doesn't have enough time for writing the paper and going to the game.D. it's too expensive to go to the game.14. Whether studying the size of the U.S. economy or the number of children a couple will choose to have, the unifying concept is that wants are:A. limited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.B. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.C. unlimited, resources are limited to some but not to others, and thus some people must make choices.D. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus government needs to do more.15. The cost-benefit principle indicates that an action should be taken:A. if the total benefits exceed the total costs.B. if the average benefits exceed the average costs.C. if the net benefit (benefit minus cost) is zero.D. if the extra benefit is greater than or equal to the extra costs.16. When a person decides to pursue an activity as long as the extra benefits are at least equal to the extra costs, that person is:A. violating the cost-benefit principle.B. following the scarcity principle.C. following the cost-benefit principle.D. pursuing the activity too long.17. Choosing to study for an exam until the extra benefit (improved score) equals the extra cost (mental fatigue) is:A. not rational.B. an application of the cost-benefit principle.C. an application of the scarcity principle.D. the relevant opportunity cost.18. The scarcity principle tells us that __________, and the cost-benefit principle tells us __________.A. choices must be made; how to make the choicesB. choices must be made; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choicesC. rare goods are expensive; that the costs should outweigh the benefits of the choicesD. rare goods are expensive; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choices19. According to the cost-benefit principle:A. the lowest cost activity usually gives the lowest benefit.B. a person should always choose the activity with the lowest cost.C. a person should always choose the activity with the greatest benefit.D. the extra costs and benefits of an activity are more important considerations than the total costs and benefits.20. A rational person is one who:A. is reasonable.B. makes choices that are easily understood.C. possesses well-defined goals and seeks to achieve them.D. is highly cynical.21. The seventh glass of soda that Tim consumes will produce an extra benefit of 10 cents and has an extra cost of zero (Tim is eating at the cafeteria). Thecost-benefit principle predicts that Tim will:A. realize he has had too much soda to drink and go home.B. drink the seventh glass and continue until the marginal benefit of drinking another glass of soda is zero.C. volunteer to empty out the fountain.D. not drink the seventh glass.22. Janie must either mow the lawn or wash clothes, earning her a benefit of $30 or $45, respectively. She dislikes both equally and they both take the same amount of time. Janie will therefore choose to _________ because the economic surplus is ________.A. mow the lawn; greaterB. wash clothes; greaterC. mow the lawn; smallerD. wash clothes; smaller23. Dean decided to play golf rather than prepare for tomorrow's exam in economics. One can infer that:A. Dean has made an irrational choice.B. Dean is doing poorly in his economics class.C. the economic surplus from playing golf exceeded the surplus from studying.D. the cost of studying was less than the cost of golfing.Larry was accepted at three different graduate schools, and must choose one. Elite U costs $50,000 per year and did not offer Larry any financial aid. Larry values attending Elite U at $60,000 per year. State College costs $30,000 per year, and offered Larry an annual $10,000 scholarship. Larry values attending State College at $40,000 per year. NoName U costs $20,000 per year, and offered Larry a full $20,000 annual scholarship. Larry values attending NoName at $15,000 per year.24. The opportunity cost of attending Elite U is:A. $50,000B. $10,000C. $20,000D. $15,00025. The opportunity cost of attending State College is:A. $30,000B. $20,000C. $15,000D. $10,00026. Larry maximizes his surplus by attending:A. Elite U, because $60,000 is greater than the benefit at the other schools.B. State College, because the difference between the benefit and cost is greatest there.C. NoName U, because Larry has a full scholarship there.D. Elite U, because the opportunity costs of attending Elite U are the lowest.27. Larry has decided to go to Elite U. Assuming that all of the values described are correct, for Larry to decide on Elite U, he must have:A. calculated his surplus from each choice and picked the one with the highest surplus.B. underestimated the benefits of attending NoName.C. miscalculated the surplus of attending Elite U.D. determined the opportunity cost of each choice and picked the one with the lowest opportunity cost.28. Jen spends her afternoon at the beach, paying $1 to rent a beach umbrella and $11 for food and drinks rather than spending an equal amount of money to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of going to the beach is:A. the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.B. only $1 because she would have spent the money on food and drinks whether or not she went to the beach.C. the movie she missed seeing.D. the movie she missed seeing plus the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.29. Relative to a person who earns minimum wage, a person who earns $30 per hour has:A. a lower opportunity cost of working longer hours.B. a higher opportunity cost of taking a day off.C. a lower opportunity cost of driving farther to work.D. the same opportunity cost of spending time on leisure activities.30. The opportunity cost of an activity is the value of:A. an alternative forgone.B. the next-best alternative forgone.C. the least-best alternative forgone.D. the difference between the chosen activity and the next-best alternative forgone.31. Amy is thinking about going to the movies tonight. A ticket costs $7 and she will have to cancel her dog-sitting job that pays $30. The cost of seeing the movie is:A. $7.B. $30.C. $37.D. $37 minus the benefit of seeing the movie.32. Economic surplus is:A. the benefit gained by taking an action.B. the price paid to take an action.C. the difference between the benefit gained and the cost incurred of taking an action.D. the wage someone would have to earn in order to take an action.33. The Governor of your state has cut the budget for the University and increased spending on Medicaid. This is an example of:A. the pitfalls of considering average costs instead of marginal costs.B. poor normative economic decision making.C. poor positive economic decision making.D. choice in the face of limited resources.34. Sally earned $25,000 per year before she became a mother. After she becamea mother, she told her employer that her opportunity cost of working is now $50,000, and so she is not willing to work for anything less. Her decision is based on:A. the high cost of raising a child.B. her desire to save for her child's college expenses.C. her increased value to her employer.D. the value she places on spending time with her child.35. Alex received a four-year scholarship to State U. that covered tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies. As a result:A. attending State U. for four years is costless for Alex.B. Alex has no incentive to work hard while at State U.C. the cost of attending State U. is the amount of money Alex could have earned working for four years.D. the cost of attending State U. is the sum of the benefits Alex would have had attending each of the four other schools to which Alex had been admitted.36. Suppose Mary is willing to pay up to $15,000 for a used Ford pick-up truck, but she finds one for $12,000. Her __________ is __________.A. benefit; $12,000B. cost; $15,000C. economic surplus; $3,000D. economic surplus; $12,00037. In general, rational decision making requires one to choose the actions that yield the:A. largest total benefits.B. smallest total costs.C. smallest net benefits.D. largest economic surpluses.38. Suppose the most you would be willing to pay for a plane ticket home is $250, but you buy one online for $175. The economic surplus of buying the online ticket is:A. $175.B. $250.C. $75.D. $0.39. The use of economic models, like the cost-benefit principle, means economists believe that:A. this is exactly how people choose between alternatives.B. this is a reasonable abstraction of how people choose between alternatives.C. those who explicitly make decisions this way are smarter.D. with enough education, all people will start to explicitly make decisions this way.40. Jenna decides to see a movie that costs $7 for the ticket and has an opportunity cost of $20. After the movie, she says to one of her friends that the movie was not worth it. Apparently:A. Jenna failed to apply the cost-benefit model to her decision.B. Jenna was not rational.C. Jenna overestimated the benefits of the movie.D. Jenna underestimated the benefits of the movie.41. Most of us make sensible decisions most of the time, because:A. we know the cost-benefit principle.B. subconsciously we are weighing costs and benefits.C. most people know about the scarcity principle.D. we conduct hypothetical mental auctions when we make decisions.42. Suppose a person makes a choice that seems inconsistent with the cost-benefit principle. Which of the following statements represents the most reasonable conclusion to draw?A. The person (explicitly or implicitly) over-estimated the benefits orunder-estimated the costs or both.B. The cost-benefit principle is rarely true.C. The person does not grasp how decisions should be made.D. The person is simply irrational.43. Economic models are intended to:A. apply to all examples equally well.B. eliminate differences in the way people behave.C. generalize about patterns in decision-making.D. distinguish economics students from everyone else.44. Economic models claim to be:A. reasonable abstractions of how people make choices, highlighting the most important factors.B. exact replications of the decision-making process people use.C. interesting chalkboard exercises with little applicability to the real world.D. exceptionally accurate methods of predicting nearly all behavior of everyone.45. The cost-benefit model used by economists is:A. unrealistic because it is too detailed and specific to apply to a variety of situations.B. unrealistic because everyone can think of times when he or she violated the principle.C. useful because everyone follows it all of the time.D. useful because most people follow it most of the time.46. Barry owns a clothing store in the mall and has asked two economic consultants to develop models of consumer behavior that he can use to increase sales. Barry should choose the model that:A. does not include simplifying assumptions.B. is the most detailed and complex.C. assumes that consumers apply the cost-benefit principle.D. predicts that consumers will always prefer Barry's store to the competing stores.47. Economists use abstract models because:A. every economic situation is unique, so it is impossible to make generalizations.B. every economic situation is essentially the same, so specific details are unnecessary.C. they are useful for describing general patterns of behavior.D. computers have allowed economists to develop abstract models.48. Most people make some decisions based on intuition rather than calculation. This is:A. irrational, because intuition is often wrong.B. consistent with the economic model of decision-making, because calculating costs and benefits leads to decision-making pitfalls.C. consistent with the economic model because people intuitively compare the relative costs and benefits of the choices they face.D. inconsistent with the economic model, but rational because intuition takes into account non-financial considerations.49. Moe has a big exam tomorrow. He considered studying this evening, but decided to go out with Curly instead. Since Moe always chooses rationally, it must be true that:A. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is less than the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly.B. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is equal to the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly minus the cost of earning a low grade on the exam.C. Moe gets more benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.D. Moe gets less benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.50. If one fails to account for implicit costs in decision making, then applying the cost-benefit rule will be flawed because:A. the benefits will be overstated.B. the costs will be understated.C. the benefits will be understated.D. the costs will be overstated.Your classmates from the University of Chicago are planning to go to Miami for spring break, and you are undecided about whether you should go with them. The round-trip airfares are $600, but you have a frequent-flyer coupon worth $500 that you could use to pay part of the airfare. All other costs for the vacation are exactly $900. The most you would be willing to pay for the trip is $1400. Your only alternative use for your frequent-flyer coupon is for your trip to Atlanta two weeks after the break to attend your sister's graduation, which your parents are forcing you to attend. The Chicago-Atlanta round-trip airfares are $450.51. If you do not use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly, should you go to Miami?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the trip.52. What is the opportunity cost of using the coupon for the Miami trip?A. $100B. $450C. $500D. $55053. If you use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly to Atlanta, would you get any economic surplus by making the trip?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. Yes, surplus of $350.C. Yes, surplus of $400.D. Yes, surplus of $100.54. If the Chicago-Atlanta round-trip air fare is $350, should you go to Miami?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. No, there is a loss of $100.C. Yes, there is economic surplus of $50.D. Yes, there is economic surplus of $400.55. Pat earns $25,000 per year (after taxes), and Pat's spouse, Chris, earns $35,000 (after taxes). They have two pre-school children. Childcare for their children costs $12,000 per year. Pat has decided to stay home and take care of the children. Pat must:A. value spending time with the children by more than $25,000.B. value spending time with the children by more than $12,000.C. value spending time with the children by more than $13,000.D. value spending time with the children as much as does Chris.You paid $35 for a ticket (which is non-refundable) to see SPAM, a local rock band, in concert on Saturday. (Assume that you would not have been willing to pay any more than $35 for this concert.) Your boss called and she is looking for someone to cover a shift on Saturday at the same time as the concert. You will have to work 4 hours and she will pay you time and a half, which is $9/hr.56. Should you go to the concert instead of working Saturday?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the concert.57. What is the opportunity cost of going to the concert?A. $1B. $9C. $35D. $3658. What is your opportunity cost, if you go to work on Saturday?A. $0B. $9C. $35D. $3659. Your economic surplus of going to work on Saturday is:A. $0B. $1C. $35D. $36Matt has decided to purchase his textbooks for the semester. His options are to purchase the books via the Internet with next day delivery to his home at a cost of $175, or to drive to campus tomorrow to buy the books at the university bookstore at a cost of $170. Last week he drove to campus to buy a concert ticket because they offered 25 percent off the regular price of $16.因为他们提供75折的正常价格16美元。
微观经济学---入门压轴题 全英文 john Sloman and Alison Wride --1
1. Which of the following are macroeconomic topics/issues and which are microeconomic ones? (a) The level of consumer spending ........................................................................................ Macro (b) Subsidies paid to farmers ................................................................................................... Micro (c) The level of UK exports..................................................................................................... Macro (d) The price of DVDs .............................................................................................................. Micro (e) The rate of unemployment ................................................................................................ Macro (f) The average wage rate paid to textile workers .................................................................. Micro (g) The total amount spent by UK consumers on clothing and footwear ............................... Micro (h) The amount saved last year by UK households ................................................................ Macro2. Economists assume that economic decisions are made rationally . In the case of consumers,rational decision making means:(a) That consumers will not buy goods which increase their satisfaction by only a small amount.False(b) That consumers will attempt to maximise their individual satisfaction for the income theyearn.True (c) That consumers buy the sorts of goods that the average person buys. ............................... False(d) That consumers seek to get the best value for money from the goods they buy. ................ True3. Make a list of three things you did yesterday. What was the opportunity cost of each? Have a lookat your neighbours’ lists and see if you agree with their estimates of the opportunity costs.In each case you should think of the next best thing you could have done with your time or money , because it is that which you effectively ‘gave up’ to do the thing you chose to do. So, by choosing to go to the cinema, for example, the opportunity cost is what you could have done with the money you spent on the ticket and transport, and with the time spent at the cinema.Answers to Workshop 1Introducing Economics4. A country is capable of producing the following combinations of goods and services per period oftime, assuming that it makes full use of its resources of land, labour and capital.(a) Draw the production possibility curve for this country on the following diagram.combinations of two goods that acountry can produce within a giventime period. If a country was fullyusing its resources, then it wouldproduce somewhere on the curve.If there was unemployment orunder-utilisation of one or morefactors of production, the countrywould be producing inside the curve.The country could not producebeyond the curve.(i) 80 units of goods and 50 units of services ................................................ Y es(on the curve)(ii) 70 units of goods and 90 units of services........................................ No (outside the curve)(iii) 40 units of goods and 100 units of services....................................... Yes(inside the curve)(c) What is the opportunity cost (in terms of services) of producing 20 extra units of goods whenthis country is initially producing:(i) 60 units of goods ....................................................................... 40 units of services (90–50)(ii) 20 units of goods ................................................................... 20 units of services (140–120)Here, the opportunity cost of producing more goods is the reduction in the production ofservices that this entails. In the case of (i), producing an extra 20 units of goods wouldmean that production was now at 80 units. From the table, and the curve, you can seethat this will allow a maximum of 50 units of services to be produced. Thus productionof services has fallen from a maximum of 90 to a maximum of 50 units: a fall of 40units. Thus 40 units of services is the opportunity cost. In the case of (ii), moving fromproducing 20 units of goods to 40 units means moving from 140 units of services to 120units: an opportunity cost of 20 units of services.5.(a) Referring back to question 4, assume now that technological progress allows a four-foldincrease in the output of goods and double the amount of services for any given amount of resources. Assuming that the country’s total amount of resources stays the same, fill in the new figures on the following table to show the new production possibilities.(b) Draw the new production possibility curve on the following diagram.(c) How has this technological progress affected the opportunity cost of a unit of goods. (Tick thecorrect one of the following answers.)A. Stays the same.B. Doubles.C. Halves.D. Increases four times.E. Decreases four times.If you can produce four times as many units of goods and twice as many units of services with a given amount of resources, then, as production moves from services to goods, only half as many units of services will need to be sacrificed for each extra unit of goods (compared with the situation before the technological progress).6.In Country A, which has full employment of its resources, a large increase in the production ofgoods and services provided by the public sector (such as health, education and new roads) would only be possible if there were a reduction in the production of other goods and services, such as consumer goods. In Country B, however, which is suffering from economic recession, it is argued that an increase in public expenditure on such things as health, education and roads, would result in the production of more consumer goods.(a) Explain briefly why the effect of an increase in public expenditure on the production ofconsumer goods would be different in the two countries.In Country A, with resources fully employed, there could only be an increase in the production of certain goods and services (in this case health, education, new roads, etc.) by diverting resources away from the production of other goods. In Country B, however, by using resources more fully, there could be an increase in production of all goods. In fact, an increase in expenditure on public services, by increasing the incomes of those employed in the public sector, could lead to more expenditure on consumer goods, and this would stimulate firms to produce more of them to meet the extra demand.(b) The following diagrams show the production possibility curves for the Countries A and B.Mark the current production point on each diagram at a point consistent with the statement(c) Explain your answer to (b).In each case there is a movement from point a to point b. In the case of Country A, which is already producing on the production possibility curve, there is a movement along the curve, showing that the opportunity cost of producing more public-sector goods and services is the amount of private-sector goods and services that have to be sacrificed. In the case of Country B, production was inside the production possibility curve. By making a fuller use of resources, more of both categories of goods and services can be produced: point b is closer to the production possibility curve than is a.。
微观经济学全英版作业
Homework One1. Suppose that in a year an American worker can produce 100 shirts or 20 computers, while a Chinese worker can produce 100 shirts or 10 computers.a. Graph the production possibilities curve for the two countries. Suppose that without trade the workers in each country spend half their time producing each good. Identify this point in your graph.b. If these countries were open to trade, which country would export shirts? Which country would benefit from trade? Explain.c. Explain at what price of computers (in terms of shirts) the two countries might trade.d. Suppose that China catches up with American productivity so that a Chinese worker can produce 100 shirts or 20 computers. What pattern of trade would you predict now? How does this advance in Chinese productivity affect the economic well-being of the citizens of the two countries?2. The United States exports corn and aircraft to the rest of the world, and it imports oil and clothing from the rest of the world. Do you think this pattern of trade is consistent with the principle of comparative advantage? Why or why not?3. Consider the market for minivans. For each of the events listed here, identify which of the determinants of demand or supply are affected. Also indicate whether demand or supply increases or decreases. Then draw a diagram to show the effect on the price and quantity of minivans.a. People decide to have more children.b. A strike by steelworkers raises steel prices.c. Engineers develop new automated machinery for the production of minivans.d. The price of sports utility vehicles rises.e. A stock-market crash lowers people’s wealth.4. Because bagels and cream cheese are often eaten together, they are complements. Flour is an ingredient in bagels and milk is an ingredient in cream cheese.a. We observe that both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity of bagels have risen. What could be responsible for this pattern—a fall in the price of flour or a fall in the price of milk? Illustrate using Figures and explain your answer.b. Suppose instead that the equilibrium price of cream cheese has risen but the equilibrium quantity of bagels has fallen. What could be responsible for this pattern—a rise in the price of flour or a rise in the price of milk? Illustrate using Figures and explain your answer.。
微观经济学的练习题以及答案英文版
Chapter 01Thinking Like an Economist Multiple Choice Questions1. Economics is best defined as the study of: A. prices and quantities.B. inflation and interest rates.C. how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and the results of those choices.D. wages and incomes.2. Economic questions always deal with: A. financial matters.B. political matters.C. insufficient resources.D. choice in the face of limited resources.3. The range of topics or issues that fit within the definition of economicsis: A. limited to market activities, e.g., buying soap.B. limited to individuals and firms.C. extremely wide, requiring only the ideas of choice and scarcity.D. very limited.4. The central concern of economics is: A. poverty.B. scarcity.C. wealth accumulation.D. overconsumption.5. The scarcity principle indicates that: A. no matter how much one has, it is never enough.B. compared to 100 years ago, individuals have less time today.C. with limited resources, having more of "this" means having less of "that."D. because tradeoffs must be made, resources are therefore scarce.6. The logical implication of the scarcity principle is that: A. one will never be satisfied with what one has.B. as wealth increases, making choices becomes less necessary.C. as wealth decreases, making choices becomes lessnecessary.D. choices must be made.7. If all the world's resources were to magically increase a hundredfold,then: A. the scarcity principle would still govern behavior.B. economics would no longer be relevant.C. the scarcity principle would disappear.D. tradeoffs would become unnecessary.8. The principle of scarcity applies to: A. the poor exclusively.B. all consumers.C. all firms.D. everyone—consumers, firms, governments, and nations.9. At the very least, Joe Average and Bill Gates are both identically limited by: A. their wealth.B. the 24 hours that comprise a day.C. theirknowledge.D. their influence.10. Forest is a mountain man living in complete isolation in Montana. He is completely self-sufficient through hunting, fishing, and farming. He has not been in the city to buy anything in five years. One can infer: A. the scarcity principle does not apply to Forest.B. Forest is not required to make choices.C. the scarcity principle still applies because more hunting means less fishing andfarming.D. Forest is very satisfied.11. The scarcity principle applies to: A. all decisions.B. only market decisions,e.g., buying a car.C. only non-market decisions, e.g., watching a sunset.D. only the poor.12. Chris has a one-hour break between classes every Wednesday. Chris can either stay at the library and study or go to the gym and work out. The decision Chris must make is: A. not an economic problem because neither one costs money.B. not an economic problem because it's an hour that is wasted no matter what Chris does.C. an economic problem because the tuition Chris pays covers both the gym and the library.D. an economic problem because Chris has only one hour during which he can study or work out.13. Josh wants to go to the football game this weekend, but he has a paper due on Monday. It will take him the whole weekend to write the paper. Josh decided to stay home and work on the paper. According to the scarcity principle, the reason Josh didn't go to the game is that: A. Josh prefers schoolwork to football games.B. writing the paper is easier than going to the game.C. Josh doesn't have enough time for writing the paper and going to the game.D. it's too expensive to go to the game.14. Whether studying the size of the U.S. economy or the number of children a couple will choose to have, the unifying concept is that wants are: A. limited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.B. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.C. unlimited, resources are limited to some but not to others, and thus some people must make choices.D. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus government needs to do more.15. The cost-benefit principle indicates that an action should be taken: A. if the total benefits exceed the total costs.B. if the average benefits exceed the average costs.C. if the net benefit (benefit minus cost) is zero.D. if the extra benefit is greater than or equal to the extra costs.16. When a person decides to pursue an activity as long as the extra benefits are at least equal to the extra costs, that person is: A. violating the cost-benefit principle.B. following the scarcity principle.C. following the cost-benefit principle.D. pursuing the activity too long.17. Choosing to study for an exam until the extra benefit (improved score) equals the extra cost (mental fatigue) is: A. not rational.B. an application of thecost-benefit principle.C. an application of the scarcity principle.D. the relevant opportunity cost.18. The scarcity principle tells us that __________, and the cost-benefit principle tells us __________. A. choices must be made; how to make thechoicesB. choices must be made; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choicesC. rare goods are expensive; that the costs should outweigh the benefits of the choicesD. rare goods are expensive; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choices19. According to the cost-benefit principle: A. the lowest cost activity usually gives the lowest benefit.B. a person should always choose the activity with the lowest cost.C. a person should always choose the activity with the greatest benefit.D. the extra costs and benefits of an activity are more important considerations than the total costs and benefits.20. A rational person is one who: A. is reasonable.B. makes choices that are easily understood.C. possesses well-defined goals and seeks to achieve them.D. is highly cynical.21. The seventh glass of soda that Tim consumes will produce an extra benefit of 10 cents and has an extra cost of zero (Tim is eating at the cafeteria). Thecost-benefit principle predicts that Tim will: A. realize he has had too much soda to drink and go home.B. drink the seventh glass and continue until the marginal benefit of drinking another glass of soda is zero.C. volunteer to empty out the fountain.D. not drink the seventh glass.22. Janie must either mow the lawn or wash clothes, earning her a benefit of $30 or $45, respectively. She dislikes both equally and they both take the same amount of time. Janie will therefore choose to _________ because the economic surplus is ________. A. mow the lawn; greaterB. wash clothes; greaterC. mow the lawn; smallerD. wash clothes; smaller23. Dean decided to play golf rather than prepare for tomorrow's exam in economics. One can infer that: A. Dean has made an irrational choice.B. Dean is doing poorly in his economics class.C. the economic surplus from playing golf exceeded the surplus from studying.D. the cost of studying was less than the cost of golfing.Larry was accepted at three different graduate schools, and must choose one. Elite U costs $50,000 per year and did not offer Larry any financial aid. Larry values attending Elite U at $60,000 per year. State College costs $30,000 per year, and offered Larry an annual $10,000 scholarship. Larry values attending State College at $40,000 per year. NoName U costs $20,000 per year, and offered Larry a full $20,000 annual scholarship. Larry values attending NoName at $15,000 per year.24. The opportunity cost of attending Elite Uis: A. $50,000B. $10,000C. $20,000D. $15,00025. The opportunity cost of attending State Collegeis: A. $30,000B. $20,000C. $15,000D. $10,00026. Larry maximizes his surplus by attending: A. Elite U, because $60,000 is greater than the benefit at the other schools.B. State College, because the difference between the benefit and cost is greatest there.C. NoName U, because Larry has a full scholarship there.D. Elite U, because the opportunity costs of attending Elite U are the lowest.27. Larry has decided to go to Elite U. Assuming that all of the values described are correct, for Larry to decide on Elite U, he must have: A. calculated his surplus from each choice and picked the one with the highest surplus.B. underestimated the benefits of attending NoName.C. miscalculated the surplus of attending Elite U.D. determined the opportunity cost of each choice and picked the one with the lowest opportunity cost.28. Jen spends her afternoon at the beach, paying $1 to rent a beach umbrella and $11 for food and drinks rather than spending an equal amount of money to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of going to the beach is: A. the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.B. only $1 because she would have spent the money on food and drinks whether or not she went to the beach.C. the movie she missed seeing.D. the movie she missed seeing plus the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.29. Relative to a person who earns minimum wage, a person who earns $30 per hour has: A. a lower opportunity cost of working longer hours.B. a higher opportunity cost of taking a day off.C. a lower opportunity cost of driving farther to work.D. the same opportunity cost of spending time on leisure activities.30. The opportunity cost of an activity is the value of: A. an alternative forgone.B. the next-best alternative forgone.C. the least-best alternative forgone.D. the difference between the chosen activity and the next-best alternative forgone.31. Amy is thinking about going to the movies tonight. A ticket costs $7 and she will have to cancel her dog-sitting job that pays $30. The cost of seeing the movie is: A. $7.B. $30.C. $37.D. $37 minus the benefit of seeing the movie.32. Economic surplus is: A. the benefit gained by taking an action.B. the price paid to take an action.C. the difference between the benefit gained and the cost incurred of taking an action.D. the wage someone would have to earn in order to take an action.33. The Governor of your state has cut the budget for the University and increased spending on Medicaid. This is an example of: A. the pitfalls of considering average costs instead of marginal costs.B. poor normative economic decision making.C. poor positive economic decision making.D. choice in the face of limited resources.34. Sally earned $25,000 per year before she became a mother. After she becamea mother, she told her employer that her opportunity cost of working is now $50,000, and so she is not willing to work for anything less. Her decision is based on: A. the high cost of raising a child.B. her desire to save for her child's college expenses.C. her increased value to her employer.D. the value she places on spending time with her child.35. Alex received a four-year scholarship to State U. that covered tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies. As a result: A. attending State U. for four years is costless for Alex.B. Alex has no incentive to work hard while at State U.C. the cost of attending State U. is the amount of money Alex could have earned working for four years.D. the cost of attending State U. is the sum of the benefits Alex would have had attending each of the four other schools to which Alex had been admitted.36. Suppose Mary is willing to pay up to $15,000 for a used Ford pick-up truck, but she finds one for $12,000. Her __________ is __________. A. benefit; $12,000B. cost; $15,000C. economic surplus; $3,000D. economic surplus; $12,00037. In general, rational decision making requires one to choose the actions that yield the: A. largest total benefits.B. smallest total costs.C. smallest net benefits.D. largest economic surpluses.38. Suppose the most you would be willing to pay for a plane ticket home is $250, but you buy one online for $175. The economic surplus of buying the online ticket is: A. $175.B. $250.C. $75.D. $0.39. The use of economic models, like the cost-benefit principle, means economists believe that: A. this is exactly how people choose between alternatives.B. this is a reasonable abstraction of how people choose between alternatives.C. those who explicitly make decisions this way are smarter.D. with enough education, all people will start to explicitly make decisions this way.40. Jenna decides to see a movie that costs $7 for the ticket and has an opportunity cost of $20. After the movie, she says to one of her friends that the movie was not worth it. Apparently: A. Jenna failed to apply the cost-benefit model to her decision.B. Jenna was not rational.C. Jenna overestimated the benefits of the movie.D. Jenna underestimated the benefits of the movie.41. Most of us make sensible decisions most of the time, because: A. we know the cost-benefit principle.B. subconsciously we are weighing costs andbenefits.C. most people know about the scarcity principle.D. we conduct hypothetical mental auctions when we make decisions.42. Suppose a person makes a choice that seems inconsistent with the cost-benefit principle. Which of the following statements represents the most reasonable conclusion to draw? A. The person (explicitly or implicitly) over-estimated the benefits or under-estimated the costs or both.B. The cost-benefit principle is rarely true.C. The person does not grasp how decisions should be made.D. The person is simply irrational.43. Economic models are intended to: A. apply to all examples equallywell.B. eliminate differences in the way people behave.C. generalize about patterns in decision-making.D. distinguish economics students from everyone else.44. Economic models claim to be: A. reasonable abstractions of how people make choices, highlighting the most important factors.B. exact replications of the decision-making process people use.C. interesting chalkboard exercises with little applicability to the real world.D. exceptionally accurate methods of predicting nearly all behavior of everyone.45. The cost-benefit model used by economists is: A. unrealistic because it is too detailed and specific to apply to a variety of situations.B. unrealistic because everyone can think of times when he or she violated the principle.C. useful because everyone follows it all of the time.D. useful because most people follow it most of the time.46. Barry owns a clothing store in the mall and has asked two economic consultants to develop models of consumer behavior that he can use to increase sales. Barry should choose the model that: A. does not include simplifying assumptions.B. is the most detailed and complex.C. assumes that consumers apply the cost-benefit principle.D. predicts that consumers will always prefer Barry's store to the competing stores.47. Economists use abstract models because: A. every economic situation is unique, so it is impossible to make generalizations.B. every economic situation is essentially the same, so specific details are unnecessary.C. they are useful for describing general patterns of behavior.D. computers have allowed economists to develop abstract models.48. Most people make some decisions based on intuition rather than calculation. This is: A. irrational, because intuition is often wrong.B. consistent with the economic model of decision-making, because calculating costs and benefits leads to decision-making pitfalls.C. consistent with the economic model because people intuitively compare the relative costs and benefits of the choices they face.D. inconsistent with the economic model, but rational because intuition takes into account non-financial considerations.49. Moe has a big exam tomorrow. He considered studying this evening, but decided to go out with Curly instead. Since Moe always chooses rationally, it must be true that: A. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is less than the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly.B. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is equal to the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly minus the cost of earning a low grade on the exam.C. Moe gets more benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.D. Moe gets less benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.50. If one fails to account for implicit costs in decision making, then applying the cost-benefit rule will be flawed because: A. the benefits will be overstated.B. the costs will be understated.C. the benefits will be understated.D. the costs will be overstated.Your classmates from the University of Chicago are planning to go to Miami for spring break, and you are undecided about whether you should go with them. The round-trip airfares are $600, but you have a frequent-flyer coupon worth $500 that you could use to pay part of the airfare. All other costs for the vacation are exactly $900. The most you would be willing to pay for the trip is $1400. Your only alternative use for your frequent-flyer coupon is for your trip to Atlanta two weeks after the break to attend your sister's graduation, which your parents are forcing you to attend. The Chicago-Atlanta round-trip airfares are $450.51. If you do not use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly, should you go to Miami? A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the trip.52. What is the opportunity cost of using the coupon for the Miamitrip? A. $100B. $450C. $500D. $55053. If you use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly to Atlanta, would you get any economic surplus by making the trip? A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. Yes, surplus of $350.C. Yes, surplus of $400.D. Yes, surplus of $100.54. If the Chicago-Atlanta round-trip air fare is $350, should you go to Miami? A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. No, there is a loss of $100.C. Yes, there is economic surplus of $50.D. Yes, there is economic surplus of $400.55. Pat earns $25,000 per year (after taxes), and Pat's spouse, Chris, earns $35,000 (after taxes). They have two pre-school children. Childcare for their children costs $12,000 per year. Pat has decided to stay home and take care of the children. Pat must: A. value spending time with the children by more than $25,000.B. value spending time with the children by more than $12,000.C. value spending time with the children by more than $13,000.D. value spending time with the children as much as does Chris.You paid $35 for a ticket (which is non-refundable) to see SPAM, a local rock band, in concert on Saturday. (Assume that you would not have been willing to pay any more than $35 for this concert.) Your boss called and she is looking for someone to cover a shift on Saturday at the same time as the concert. You will have to work 4 hours and she will pay you time and a half, which is $9/hr.56. Should you go to the concert instead of working Saturday? A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the concert.57. What is the opportunity cost of going to the concert? A. $1B. $9C. $35D. $3658. What is your opportunity cost, if you go to work onSaturday? A. $0B. $9C. $35D. $3659. Your economic surplus of going to work on Saturdayis: A. $0B. $1C. $35D. $36Matt has decided to purchase his textbooks for the semester. His options are to purchase the books via the Internet with next day delivery to his home at a cost of $175, or to drive to campus tomorrow to buy the books at the university bookstore at a cost of $170. Last week he drove to campus to buy a concert ticket because they offered 25 percent off the regular price of $16.因为他们提供75折的正常价格16美元。
微观经济学习题(英文)
Homework 2 （36 problems）Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 1. In a market economy,a. supply determines demand and demand, in turn, determines prices.b. demand determines supply and supply, in turn, determines prices.c. the allocation of scarce resources determines prices and prices, in turn, determine supplyand demand.d. supply and demand determine prices and prices, in turn, allocate the economy’s scarceresources.____ 2. Buyers and sellers who have no influence on market price are referred to asa. market pawns.b. monopolists.c. price takers.d. price makers.____ 3. Which of these statements best represents the law of demand?a. When buyers’ tastes for a good increase, they purchase more of the good.b. When income levels increase, buyers purchase more of most goods.c. When the price of a good decreases, buyers purchase more of the good.d. When buyers’ demands for a good incr ease, the price of the good increases.____ 4. An increase in the price of a good willa. increase demand.b. decrease demand.c. increase quantity demanded.d. decrease quantity demanded.____ 5. Which of the following would not shift the demand curve for mp3 players?a. a decrease in the price of mp3 playersb. a fad that makes mp3 players more popular among 12-25 year oldsc. an increase in the price of CDs, a complement for mp3 playersd. a decrease in the price of satellite radio, a substitute for mp3 players____ 6. If the number of buyers in a market decreases, thena. demand will increase.b. demand will decrease.c. supply will increase.d. supply will decrease.____ 7. Opponents of cigarette taxes often argue that tobacco and marijuana are substitutes so that high cigarette pricesa. encourage marijuana use, and the evidence supports this argument.b. encourage marijuana use, but the evidence does not support this argument.c. discourage marijuana use, and the evidence supports this argument.d. discourage marijuana use, but the evidence does not support this argument.Table 4-3____ 8. Refer to Table 4-3.If these are the only four sellers in the market, then the market quantity supplied ata price of $4 isa. 4 units.b. 7.5 units.c. 10 units.d. 30 units.____ 9. Suppose you make jewelry. If the price of gold falls, then we would expect you toa. be willing and able to produce less jewelry than before at each possible price.b. be willing and able to produce more jewelry than before at each possible price.c. face a greater demand for your jewelry.d. face a weaker demand for your jewelry.____ 10. Recent forest fires in the western states are expected to cause the price of lumber to rise in the next 6 months. As a result, we can expect the supply of lumber toa. fall in 6 months, but not now.b. increase in 6 months when the price goes up.c. fall now.d. increase now to meet as much demand as possible.____ 11. A decrease in the number of sellers in the market causesa. the supply curve to shift to the left.b. the supply curve to shift to the right.c. a movement up and to the right along a stationary supply curve.d. a movement downward and to the left along a stationary supply curve.____ 12. A shortage exists in a market ifa. there is an excess supply of the good.b. the situation is such that the law of supply and demand would predict a decrease in theprice of the good from its current level.c. the current price is below its equilibrium price.d. quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded.____ 13. If a shortage exists in a market, then we know that the actual price isa. above the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.b. above the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.c. below the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.d. below the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Figure 4-12The diagram below pertains to the demand for turkey in the United States.____ 14. Refer to Figure 4-12.All else equal, a sale on chicken would cause a movea. from D A to D B.b. from D B to D A.c. from x to y.d. from y to x.Figure 4-13The diagram below pertains to the supply of paper in university markets.____ 15. Refer to Figure 4-13.All else equal, an increase in the use of laptop computers for note-taking would cause a movea. from x to y.b. from y to x.c. from S A to S B.d. from S B to S A.____ 16. Which of the following would increase in response to a decrease in the price of ironing boards?a. the quantity of irons demanded at each possible price of ironsb. the equilibrium quantity of ironsc. the equilibrium price of ironsd. All of the above are correct.____ 17. Which of the following events would unambiguously cause a decrease in the equilibrium price of cotton shirts?a. an increase in the price of wool shirts and a decrease in the price of raw cottonb. a decrease in the price of wool shirts and a decrease in the price of raw cottonc. an increase in the price of wool shirts and an increase in the price of raw cottond. a decrease in the price of wool shirts and an increase in the price of raw cotton____ 18. When consumers face rising gasoline prices, they typicallya. reduce their quantity demanded more in the long run than in the short run.b. reduce their quantity demanded more in the short run than in the long run.c. do not reduce their quantity demanded in the short run or the long run.d. increase their quantity demanded in the short run but reduce their quantity demanded inthe long run.____ 19. Which of the following statements about the price elasticity of demand is correct?a. The price elasticity of demand for a good measures the willingness of buyers of the goodto buy less of the good as its price increases.b. Price elasticity of demand reflects the many economic, psychological, and social forcesthat shape consumer tastes.c. Other things equal, if good x has close substitutes and good y does not have closesubstitutes, then the demand for good x will be more elastic than the demand for good y.d. All of the above are correct.____ 20. If the price of natural gas rises, when is the price elasticity of demand likely to be the highest?a. immediately after the price increaseb. one month after the price increasec. three months after the price increased. one year after the price increase____ 21. For a good that is a necessity, demanda. tends to be inelastic.b. tends to be elastic.c. has unit elasticity.d. cannot be represented by a demand curve in the usual way.Figure 5-1A AB BC C DDQuantityPrice____ 22. Refer to Figure 5-1. The demand curve representing the demand for a luxury good with several closesubstitutes is a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D.Table 5-2The following table shows a portion of the demand schedule for a particular good at various levels of income.____ 23. Refer to Table 5-2. Using the midpoint method, when income equals $7,500, what is the price elasticityof demand between $16 and $20? a. 0.56 b. 0.75 c. 1.33 d. 1.80____ 24. If demand is price inelastic, thena. buyers do not respond much to a change in price.b. buyers respond substantially to a change in price, but the response is very slow.c. buyers do not alter their quantities demanded much in response to advertising, fads, orgeneral changes in tastes. d. the demand curve is very flat.Figure 5-4____ 25. Refer to Figure 5-4. The section of the demand curve from B to C represents thea. elastic section of the demand curve.b. inelastic section of the demand curve.c. unit elastic section of the demand curve.d. perfectly elastic section of the demand curve.____ 26. For a horizontal demand curve,a. slope is undefined, and price elasticity of demand is equal to 0.b. slope is equal to 0, and price elasticity of demand is undefined.c. slope and price elasticity of demand both are undefined.d. slope and price elasticity of demand both are equal to 0.____ 27. Harry's Barber Shop increased its total monthly revenue from $1,500 to $1,800 when it raised the price ofa haircut from $5 to $9. The price elasticity of demand for Harry's Haircuts isa. 0.567.b. 0.700.c. 1.429.d. 2.200.____ 28. When demand is inelastic within a certain price range, then within that price range,a. an increase in price would increase total revenue because the decrease in quantitydemanded is proportionately less than the increase in price.b. an increase in price would decrease total revenue because the decrease in quantitydemanded is proportionately greater than the increase in price.c. a decrease in price would increase total revenue because the increase in quantitydemanded is proportionately smaller than the decrease in price.d. a decrease in price would not affect total revenue.____ 29. How does total revenue change as one moves downward and to the right along a linear demand curve?a. It always increases.b. It always decreases.c. It first increases, then decreases.d. It is unaffected by a movement along the demand curve.____ 30. Muriel's income elasticity of demand for football tickets is 1.50. All else equal, this means that if her income increases by 20 percent, she will buya. 150 percent more football tickets.b. 50 percent more football tickets.c. 30 percent more football tickets.d. 20 percent more football tickets.____ 31. Refer to Table 5-5. Using the midpoint method, the income elasticity of demand for good Y isa. 2.33, and good Y is a normal good.b. -2.33, and good Y is an inferior good.c. -0.43, and good Y is a normal good.d. -0.43, and good Y is an inferior good.____ 32. If, for two goods, the cross-price elasticity of demand is 1.25, thena. the two goods are luxuries.b. the two goods are substitutes.c. one of the goods is normal and the other good is inferior.d. the demand for one of the goods conforms to the law of demand, but the demand for theother good violates the law of demand.Short Answer33.a. Given the table below, graph the demand and supply curves for flashlights. Makecertain to label the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.b. What is the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity?c. Suppose the price is currently $5. What problem would exist in the market? Whatwould you expect to happen to price? Show this on your graph.d. Suppose the price is currently $2. What problem would exist in the market? Whatwould you expect to happen to price? Show this on your graph.34. Fill in the table below, showing whether equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity go up, go down, staythe same, or change ambiguously.35. Consider the following pairs of goods. For which of the two goods would you expect the demand to bemore price elastic? Why?a. water or diamondsb. insulin or nasal decongestant sprayc. food in general or breakfast cereald. gasoline over the course of a week or gasoline over the course of a yeare. personal computers or IBM personal computers36. Use the graph shown to answer the following questions. Put the correct letter(s) in the blank.a. The elastic section of the graph is represented by section from _______.b. The inelastic section of the graph is represented by section from _______.c. The unit elastic section of the graph is represented by section _______.d. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would cause total revenue to fallwould be from _________.e. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would cause total revenue to risewould be from _________.f. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would not cause a change in totalrevenue would be _________.g. The section of the graph in which total revenue would be at a maximum would be_______.h. The section of the graph in which elasticity is greater than 1 is _______.i. The section of the graph in which elasticity is equal to 1 is ______.j. The section of the graph in which elasticity is less than 1 is _______.。
微观经济学习题(英文)
Homework 2 （36 problems）Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 1. In a market economy,a. supply determines demand and demand, in turn, determines prices.b. demand determines supply and supply, in turn, determines prices.c. the allocation of scarce resources determines prices and prices, in turn, determine supplyand demand.d. supply and demand determine prices and prices, in turn, allocate the economy’s scarceresources.____ 2. Buyers and sellers who have no influence on market price are referred to asa. market pawns.b. monopolists.c. price takers.d. price makers.____ 3. Which of these statements best represents the law of demand?a. When buyers’ tastes for a good increase, they purchase more of the good.b. When income levels increase, buyers purchase more of most goods.c. When the price of a good decreases, buyers purchase more of the good.d. When buyers’ demands for a good incr ease, the price of the good increases.____ 4. An increase in the price of a good willa. increase demand.b. decrease demand.c. increase quantity demanded.d. decrease quantity demanded.____ 5. Which of the following would not shift the demand curve for mp3 players?a. a decrease in the price of mp3 playersb. a fad that makes mp3 players more popular among 12-25 year oldsc. an increase in the price of CDs, a complement for mp3 playersd. a decrease in the price of satellite radio, a substitute for mp3 players____ 6. If the number of buyers in a market decreases, thena. demand will increase.b. demand will decrease.c. supply will increase.d. supply will decrease.____ 7. Opponents of cigarette taxes often argue that tobacco and marijuana are substitutes so that high cigarette pricesa. encourage marijuana use, and the evidence supports this argument.b. encourage marijuana use, but the evidence does not support this argument.c. discourage marijuana use, and the evidence supports this argument.d. discourage marijuana use, but the evidence does not support this argument.Table 4-3____ 8. Refer to Table 4-3.If these are the only four sellers in the market, then the market quantity supplied ata price of $4 isa. 4 units.b. 7.5 units.c. 10 units.d. 30 units.____ 9. Suppose you make jewelry. If the price of gold falls, then we would expect you toa. be willing and able to produce less jewelry than before at each possible price.b. be willing and able to produce more jewelry than before at each possible price.c. face a greater demand for your jewelry.d. face a weaker demand for your jewelry.____ 10. Recent forest fires in the western states are expected to cause the price of lumber to rise in the next 6 months. As a result, we can expect the supply of lumber toa. fall in 6 months, but not now.b. increase in 6 months when the price goes up.c. fall now.d. increase now to meet as much demand as possible.____ 11. A decrease in the number of sellers in the market causesa. the supply curve to shift to the left.b. the supply curve to shift to the right.c. a movement up and to the right along a stationary supply curve.d. a movement downward and to the left along a stationary supply curve.____ 12. A shortage exists in a market ifa. there is an excess supply of the good.b. the situation is such that the law of supply and demand would predict a decrease in theprice of the good from its current level.c. the current price is below its equilibrium price.d. quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded.____ 13. If a shortage exists in a market, then we know that the actual price isa. above the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.b. above the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.c. below the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.d. below the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Figure 4-12The diagram below pertains to the demand for turkey in the United States.____ 14. Refer to Figure 4-12.All else equal, a sale on chicken would cause a movea. from D A to D B.b. from D B to D A.c. from x to y.d. from y to x.Figure 4-13The diagram below pertains to the supply of paper in university markets.____ 15. Refer to Figure 4-13.All else equal, an increase in the use of laptop computers for note-taking would cause a movea. from x to y.b. from y to x.c. from S A to S B.d. from S B to S A.____ 16. Which of the following would increase in response to a decrease in the price of ironing boards?a. the quantity of irons demanded at each possible price of ironsb. the equilibrium quantity of ironsc. the equilibrium price of ironsd. All of the above are correct.____ 17. Which of the following events would unambiguously cause a decrease in the equilibrium price of cotton shirts?a. an increase in the price of wool shirts and a decrease in the price of raw cottonb. a decrease in the price of wool shirts and a decrease in the price of raw cottonc. an increase in the price of wool shirts and an increase in the price of raw cottond. a decrease in the price of wool shirts and an increase in the price of raw cotton____ 18. When consumers face rising gasoline prices, they typicallya. reduce their quantity demanded more in the long run than in the short run.b. reduce their quantity demanded more in the short run than in the long run.c. do not reduce their quantity demanded in the short run or the long run.d. increase their quantity demanded in the short run but reduce their quantity demanded inthe long run.____ 19. Which of the following statements about the price elasticity of demand is correct?a. The price elasticity of demand for a good measures the willingness of buyers of the goodto buy less of the good as its price increases.b. Price elasticity of demand reflects the many economic, psychological, and social forcesthat shape consumer tastes.c. Other things equal, if good x has close substitutes and good y does not have closesubstitutes, then the demand for good x will be more elastic than the demand for good y.d. All of the above are correct.____ 20. If the price of natural gas rises, when is the price elasticity of demand likely to be the highest?a. immediately after the price increaseb. one month after the price increasec. three months after the price increased. one year after the price increase____ 21. For a good that is a necessity, demanda. tends to be inelastic.b. tends to be elastic.c. has unit elasticity.d. cannot be represented by a demand curve in the usual way.Figure 5-1A AB BC C DDQuantityPrice____ 22. Refer to Figure 5-1. The demand curve representing the demand for a luxury good with several closesubstitutes is a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D.Table 5-2The following table shows a portion of the demand schedule for a particular good at various levels of income.____ 23. Refer to Table 5-2. Using the midpoint method, when income equals $7,500, what is the price elasticityof demand between $16 and $20? a. 0.56 b. 0.75 c. 1.33 d. 1.80____ 24. If demand is price inelastic, thena. buyers do not respond much to a change in price.b. buyers respond substantially to a change in price, but the response is very slow.c. buyers do not alter their quantities demanded much in response to advertising, fads, orgeneral changes in tastes. d. the demand curve is very flat.Figure 5-4____ 25. Refer to Figure 5-4. The section of the demand curve from B to C represents thea. elastic section of the demand curve.b. inelastic section of the demand curve.c. unit elastic section of the demand curve.d. perfectly elastic section of the demand curve.____ 26. For a horizontal demand curve,a. slope is undefined, and price elasticity of demand is equal to 0.b. slope is equal to 0, and price elasticity of demand is undefined.c. slope and price elasticity of demand both are undefined.d. slope and price elasticity of demand both are equal to 0.____ 27. Harry's Barber Shop increased its total monthly revenue from $1,500 to $1,800 when it raised the price ofa haircut from $5 to $9. The price elasticity of demand for Harry's Haircuts isa. 0.567.b. 0.700.c. 1.429.d. 2.200.____ 28. When demand is inelastic within a certain price range, then within that price range,a. an increase in price would increase total revenue because the decrease in quantitydemanded is proportionately less than the increase in price.b. an increase in price would decrease total revenue because the decrease in quantitydemanded is proportionately greater than the increase in price.c. a decrease in price would increase total revenue because the increase in quantitydemanded is proportionately smaller than the decrease in price.d. a decrease in price would not affect total revenue.____ 29. How does total revenue change as one moves downward and to the right along a linear demand curve?a. It always increases.b. It always decreases.c. It first increases, then decreases.d. It is unaffected by a movement along the demand curve.____ 30. Muriel's income elasticity of demand for football tickets is 1.50. All else equal, this means that if her income increases by 20 percent, she will buya. 150 percent more football tickets.b. 50 percent more football tickets.c. 30 percent more football tickets.d. 20 percent more football tickets.____ 31. Refer to Table 5-5. Using the midpoint method, the income elasticity of demand for good Y isa. 2.33, and good Y is a normal good.b. -2.33, and good Y is an inferior good.c. -0.43, and good Y is a normal good.d. -0.43, and good Y is an inferior good.____ 32. If, for two goods, the cross-price elasticity of demand is 1.25, thena. the two goods are luxuries.b. the two goods are substitutes.c. one of the goods is normal and the other good is inferior.d. the demand for one of the goods conforms to the law of demand, but the demand for theother good violates the law of demand.Short Answer33.a. Given the table below, graph the demand and supply curves for flashlights. Makecertain to label the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.b. What is the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity?c. Suppose the price is currently $5. What problem would exist in the market? Whatwould you expect to happen to price? Show this on your graph.d. Suppose the price is currently $2. What problem would exist in the market? Whatwould you expect to happen to price? Show this on your graph.34. Fill in the table below, showing whether equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity go up, go down, staythe same, or change ambiguously.35. Consider the following pairs of goods. For which of the two goods would you expect the demand to bemore price elastic? Why?a. water or diamondsb. insulin or nasal decongestant sprayc. food in general or breakfast cereald. gasoline over the course of a week or gasoline over the course of a yeare. personal computers or IBM personal computers36. Use the graph shown to answer the following questions. Put the correct letter(s) in the blank.a. The elastic section of the graph is represented by section from _______.b. The inelastic section of the graph is represented by section from _______.c. The unit elastic section of the graph is represented by section _______.d. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would cause total revenue to fallwould be from _________.e. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would cause total revenue to risewould be from _________.f. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would not cause a change in totalrevenue would be _________.g. The section of the graph in which total revenue would be at a maximum would be_______.h. The section of the graph in which elasticity is greater than 1 is _______.i. The section of the graph in which elasticity is equal to 1 is ______.j. The section of the graph in which elasticity is less than 1 is _______.。
微观经济学试题及答案英文版
微观经济学试题及答案英文版Microeconomics Exam Questions and Answers (English Version)Question 1:Define the law of demand and explain how it relates to the concept of elasticity.Answer 1:The law of demand states that, all else being equal, the quantity demanded of a good or service will decrease as its price increases, and vice versa. Elasticity, specifically price elasticity of demand, measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. If the absolute value of the elasticity coefficient is greater than one, the demand is elastic; if it is less than one, the demand is inelastic; and if it equals one, the demand is unit elastic.Question 2:Explain the concept of marginal utility and how it relates to consumer behavior.Answer 2:Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction or utility derived from consuming one more unit of a good or service. It is the first derivative of the total utility function with respect to the quantity consumed. As consumers consume moreof a good, the marginal utility typically decreases, a phenomenon known as the law of diminishing marginal utility. This concept is fundamental to understanding consumer behavior and the decision-making process when allocating a limited budget among various goods and services.Question 3:What is the difference between a perfectly competitive market and a monopoly?Answer 3:A perfectly competitive market is characterized by a large number of buyers and sellers, homogeneous products, free entry and exit, and the absence of barriers to entry. Prices are determined by the market and individual firms are price takers. In contrast, a monopoly is a market structure where there is only one seller of a unique product with no close substitutes. The monopolist has market power and can set prices above marginal cost, leading to deadweight loss and inefficiency.Question 4:Explain the concept of opportunity cost and give an example.Answer 4:Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. It represents the benefits an individual, investor, or business misses out on when choosing one alternative over another. For example, if a farmer has a choice between growing wheat or corn on a piece of land, the opportunity cost of choosing to grow wheat isthe profit that could have been earned from growing corn.Question 5:What are the factors that determine the shape of a firm's supply curve?Answer 5:The shape of a firm's supply curve is determined by the relationship between the cost of production and the quantity supplied. If the marginal cost of production is constant, the supply curve will be perfectly elastic (horizontal). If the marginal cost increases as production increases, the supply curve will be upward sloping. Factors such as technology, input costs, and the availability of resources can influence the shape of the supply curve.End of ExamPlease note that this is a sample exam and the questions and answers provided are for illustrative purposes only.。
微观经济学试题英文版
Managerial EconomicsPart 1:1. The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that:a. good A is a normal good.b. good B is an inferior good.c. goods A and B are substitutes.d. goods A and B are complements.e. none of the above.Choose: d) the definition os complements2. Joe's budget line is 15F + 45C = 900. When Joe chooses his most preferred market basket, he buys 10 units of C. therefore, he also buys :a. 10 units of Fb. 30 units of Fc. 50 units of Fd. 60 units of Fe. None of the aboveChoose: b) We assume that Joe will spend all his income. If C = 10, then 15F =900 – 45(10) =450, so F = 450/15 =30.3. Kim only buys coffee and compact discs. Coffee costs $0.60 per cup, and CDs cost $12.00 each. She has $18 per week to spend on these two goods. If Kim is maximizing her utility, her marginal rate of substitution of coffee for CDs is:a. 0.05b. 20c. 18d. 1.50e. None of the aboveChoose: a) At Kim's most preferred market basket, her MRS equals the price ratio (Pcoffee/PCD), which equals 0.6/12 or 0.05.4. The bandwagon effect corresponds best to which of the following?a. snob effect.b. external economy.c. negative network externality.d. positive network externality.Choose: d)5. A Giffen gooda. is always the same as an inferior good.b. is the special subset of inferior goods in which the substitution effect dominates the income effect.c. is the special subset of inferior goods in which the income effect dominates the substitution effect.d. must have a downward sloping demand curve.Choose: c) the definition of Giffen good6. An Engel curve for a good has a positive slope if the good is :a. an inferior good.b. a Giffen good.c. a normal good. d. a, b, and c are true.e. None of the above is true.Choose: c) Inferior and Giffen goods have negatively sloped Engel curves.7. The price of beef and quantity of beef traded are P* and Q*, respectively. Given this information, consumer surplus is the area:a. 0BCQ*b. ABCc. ACP*d. CBP*e. 0ACQ*Choose: d)Consumer surplus is the area between the demand line and the price.8. In Figure 1, holding income constant, what change must have occurred to rotate the budget line from the old line(1) to the new line(2)?Figure 1a. The price of Coke fellb. The price of pizza fellc. The price of pizza rosed. The price of Coke went upe. b and cChoose: b) The horizontal intercept, I/PC, is unchanged, which implies that PC could not have changed (holding income constant). Since the slope is PP/PC, the slope change means that the price of pizza must have fallen. This can also be seen intuitively from Figure 1, since the consumer can now buy more pizza than before if he spends all his income on pizza.9. Andy buys 10 pounds of onions per month when the price is $0.75 per pound. If the price falls to $0.50 per pound, he buys 30 pounds of onions. What is his arc elasticity of demand over this price range?a. - 1.33b.–2c.–2.5d. - 6e. None of the above is correct. Choose: c) Using the arc elasticity formula,5.22)1030(2)75.050.0()75.050.0()1030(-=÷+÷⨯⨯--=⨯∆∆=Q P P Q EP The next two questions refer to the following information: Opie and Gomer are theonly two consumers in the video cassette rental market in the Mayberry. Their demand curves per week are pictured in Figure 2.10. If rentals cost $2.50 each, the total quantity demanded each week in the market is :a. 3b. 6c. 15d. 10e. None of the above is correct.Choose: b) Add horizontally to get the market demand curve. At P = $2.50, QO = 3 and QG = 3 for a total of 6 units demanded.11. For a decrease in price from $2.50 to $1.50, market demand is :a. elastic.b. unit elastic. c. inelastic.d. perfectly inelastic.e. More information is needed. Choose: a) Demand is price elastic:EP = %ΔQ/%ΔP = [(15(a)12. As president and CEO of MegaWorld industries, you must decide on some very risky alternative investments:a. A.b. B.c. C.d. D.e. EChoose: b) Ea=2 Eb=6.8 Ec=0 Ed=6 Ee=613. An individual with a constant marginal utility of income will bea. risk averse.b. risk neutral.c. risk loving.d. insufficient information for a decision.Choose: b)An individual with a constant marginal utility of income is risk neutral.14. In the figure below, what is true about the two jobs?a.Job 1 has a lower standard deviation than Job 2.b.All outcomes in both jobs have the same probability of occurrence.c. A risk-averse person would prefer Job 2.d. A risk-neutral person would prefer Job 1.e.Job 1 has a higher expected income than Job 2.Choose: a) Job 1 has a lower standard deviation than Job 2. Expected income of Job 1 equals to Job 2.Part 2:The demand curves for steak, eggs, and hot dogs are given in the table below. The current price of steak is $5. The price of eggs is $2.50, and the price of hot dogsis $0.75. Fill in the remaining columns of the table using this information.Solution:Steak and eggs are complements. Steak and hotdogs and eggs and hotdogs are substitutes.Part 3:Draw indifference curves to represent the following descriptions of consumer preferences:a. I can’t taste the difference between apple and grape jelly, but I likethem both.b. I only like grape jelly and never eat apple jelly.c. Apple and grape jelly are better mixed, although I don’t care too much about the proportions.Answer:a) See Figure 7(a). Since the consumer can not tell the difference between the twoflavors, all he would care about is the total amount of jelly he has.b) See Figure 7(b). An increase in the amount of apple jelly does not affect the consumer since he never eats it.c) See Figure 7(c). Here, a mixed bundle is better than an extreme one, but the consumer is willing to trade off the different flavors.Figure 7Part 4:There are reasons other than fads, fashions, and consumer insecurity for bandwagon and snob effects. Various types of externalities in the consumption of certain goods also exist. Explain which these effects (bandwagon or snob) might be present in the following cases:a. A restaurant that is often crowdedb. A personal computer software productc. A rock concertAnswer:a) A price decrease will attract more customers, but the crowding(longer lines,poorer service) will discourage others. This would resemble a snob effect. b) The more people you expect to buy a software product, the more likely you canfind another experienced user to ask questions about it. Also, the more likely it is that a computer bookstore will carry publications about how to use the software. Thus, we would expect to see a bandwagon effect.Ounces of Grape Jelly Ounces of Apple Jelly (a) Ounces of Grape Jelly Ounces of Apple Jelly(b) (c) Ounces of Grape Jelly Ounces ofApple Jellyc) Here, crowding might discourage some customers. But, since part of the enjoyment of a concert is seeing the band with other fans, we might observe a bandwagon effect.Part 5:Tom Wilson is the operations manager for Bi-Corp, a real estate investment firm. Tom must decide if Bi-Corp is to invest in a strip mall in a northeast metropolitan area. If the shopping center is highly successful, after tax profits will be $100,000 per year. Moderate success would yield an annual profit of $50,000, while the project will lose $10,000 per year if it is unsuccessful. Past experience suggests that there is a 40% chance that the project will be highly successful, a 40% chance of moderate success, and a 20% probability that the project will be unsuccessful. a. Calculate the expected value and standard deviation of profit. b. The project requires an $800,000 investment. If Bi-Corp has an 8% opportunity coston invested funds of similar riskiness, should the project be undertaken? Solution:a.Expected Value∑==n1i ^i ^i P πππi ^P i ^ πi ^P i ^100,000 .4 40,00050,000 .4 20,000 -10,000 .2 -2,000π = 58,000Standard deviationσππ=-=∑i 2i ^i 1nPπi ^ππi - ππi 2-ππi 2P -100,000 42,000, 764,000,000 705,600,00050,000 -8,000 64,000,000 25,600,000 -10,000 -68,000 4,624,000,000 924,800,000 σ2 = 1,656,000,000σ = 40,693.98 b.Bio-Corp's opportunity cost is 8% of 800,000 or 0.08 x 800,000 = 64,000.The expected value of the project is less than the opportunity cost. Bi-Corp should not undertake the project.。
微观经济学Chapter1-16英文习题
Chapter 11. Economic analysis:A) involves some simplifications of reality.B) is only vaguely related to reality because if it did so coincide, it would not still be theory.C) is impossible, because of the impossibility of a controlled experiment.D) if it is good theory, involves no simplification of reality.E) involves so much distortion of reality as to be worthless.Ans: A2. What are economic goods?A) Goods that are very expensive.B) Goods that are in scarce or limited supply.C) Goods that a country produces and then trades to another county.D) Goods that are vital to an individual's welfare.E) All of the above.Ans: B3. "Scarcity" in economics refers basically to:A) periods of famine.B) monopolization of existing supplies of goods.C) monopolization of resources to provide goods.D) monopolization of outlets to sell goods.E) none of the above.Ans: E4. "Distribution" in economics refers to:A) retailing, wholesaling, and transportation.B) what.C) how.D) for whom.E) none of the above.Ans: D5. The three questions of what, how, and for whom:A) relate to the three factors of production.B) exist because of scarcity.C) are more of a problem in a market economy.D) are more of a problem in a command economy.E) are no longer relevant.Ans: B6.The description of economics as, "cool heads in the service of warm hearts", means that:A) allocating scarce resources may require painful decisions.B) costs and benefits need to be weighed objectively.C) the proper balance must be struck between the discipline of the market and the generosity of the welfare state.D) all of the above.E) none of the above.Ans: D7. When moving along a production possibilities frontier, the opportunity cost to society of obtaining more of one of the two goods:A) is measured in dollar terms.B) usually decreases as more of the good is produced.C) is measured by the amount of the other good that must be given up.D) is measured by the additional resources that must be used to produce the good.E) is usually constant.Ans: C8.These data reflect three possible combinations of food and nothing that can be produced from a given set of resources.Food 10 5 0Clothing O X 50Refer to the above data. If both clothing and food always use all inputs in the same proportion, then X must be:A) 25.B) more than 25.C) less than 25.D) 50.E) cannot not be determined from the dataAns: A9. Being on the production-possibility frontier between guns and butter means that:A) it is impossible to produce any more guns.B) it is impossible to produce any more butter.C) more guns can be produced only by doing without some butter.D) population is in equilibrium.E) if society becomes more productive in producing butter, then we can have morebutter but not more guns.Ans: C10. A shift in a production-possibility frontier can result from:A) unemployment.B) inflation.C) changes in production techniques.D) changes in the combination of goods produced.E) changes in consumers' tastes.Ans: C11Figure 1-1Which point on the production-possibility frontiers drawn in Figure 1 indicates no consumption goods being produced?A) A.B) B.C) C.D) D.E) E.Ans: E12. Of the following points, which point reflects the most efficient use of available resources in relation to frontier AE in Figure 1-1?A) F.B) G.C) C.D) H.E) Cannot tell from the information provided.Ans: C13.Relative to frontier A'E' in Figure 1-1, which of the following points is least efficient?A) B'.B) C'.C) B.D) C.E) F.Ans: E14. Point A on which panel in Figure 1-2 represents an inefficient use of resources?A) Panel A.B) Panel B.C) Panel C.D) Panel D.E) Panel E.Ans: D15. For a theory to be useful, it must be confirmed in each test case.Ans: FalseCHAPTER 21. In a market system, the what decision is made most basically byA) representative government.B) national planning.C) bankers.D) advertisers and their ability to persuade buyers.E) spending decisions of those with money.Ans: E2. In a market economy, the presumed harmony between individual and public interest depends upon:A) the good will of private business people.B) careful planning and coordination of economic activity.C) altruism on the part of consumers.D) competitive markets and the pursuit of self-interest by individuals.E) the wisdom of government decisions.Ans: D3. Pollution control policy is directed first and foremost at improving:A) equity.B) efficiency.C) stability.D) all of the above.E) none of the aboveAns: B4. Who is in charge of a market economy? That is, what agents and factors are the most important in determining market outcomes?A) Large companies.B) Congress and the president.C) Consumers alone.D) All producers.E) Consumers and technology.Ans: E5. The principle of the "invisible hand" claims that:A) the selfish pursuits of everyone's own interest will lead to the best good for all under market competition.B) government must gently guide economic activity so that the best for all will be attained.C) government policies work like an invisible hand, steering resources to their best use.D) producers must quietly cooperate so that prices are not so low as to cause losses.E) none of the above.Ans: A6. Consumers vote their dollars primarily in:A) labor markets.B) land markets.C) capital markets.D) goods markets .E) none of the above.Ans: D7. Which of the following statements is true of specialization?A) Specialization is inconsistent with the idea of individual freedom.B) Economies that practice a division of labor are morally superior to those that do not.C) In accepting specialization, a person sacrifices his or her own interests for the sake of society's interest.D) While specialization has enormous advantages, the costs outweigh them.E) Increased productivity is more likely to be achieved through specialization.Ans: E8. Which of the following is not an example of government regulation designed to curb a negative externality?A) Anti-child labor laws.B) Anti-pollution laws.C) A national sales tax.D) Legislation against strip mining.E) The Clean Air Act.Ans: C9. Prices in factor markets are primarily determined byA) government regulation.B) big business collusion.C) the interaction of business supply without household demand.D) the interaction of household supply with business demand.E) none of the above.Ans: D10. An economy dominated by imperfect competition is characterized byA) too much output, and low prices compared to perfect competition.B) same amount of output, and low prices compared to perfect competition.C) too little output, and low prices compared to perfect competition.D) too little output, and high prices compared to perfect competition.E) too much output, and high prices compared to perfect competition.Ans: D11. Which of the following is the key requirement for imperfect competition?A) Advertising.B) Many buyers.C) Many sellers.D) Ability of a buyer or seller to affect a good's price.E) Government policies.Ans: D12. Of the three basic problems in our modern economy, prices in a market system solve:A) what and for whom, but physical scientists solve how.B) what and how, but for whom is determined by social scientists.C) how and for whom, but Congress solves the what.D) each of the above, and no two are contradictory.E) none of the above is accurate.Ans: E13. Which of the following would best determine, in a market economy, the answer to the for whom question?A) Fairness.B) International trade patterns.C) Pricing of factors of production that people own.D) Cost minimization.E) Consumers' tastes and needs.Ans: C14. How goods are produced is determined by:A) consumer demand.B) government intervention to force businesses to produce goods cheaply.C) big business activity.D) business competition to buy factor inputs and sell goods most cheaply.E) none of the above.Ans: D15. A "mixed economy may involve both perfect and imperfect competition.Ans: TrueCHAPTER 31.If E were the old equilibrium in the market for wheat in the figure below, and E' the new one, which of the following could have caused the change?A) Consumer income rose, causing a supply shift.B) Bad weather caused a supply shift.C) Consumer income rose, causing a demand shift.D) Supply and demand both shifted.E) None of the above are plausible descriptions.Ans: C2. The demand curve for a normal good will shift to the left if:A) income increases.B) population increasesC) the price of a substitute good decreases.D) all the above.E) none of the above.Ans: C3. A price at which the amount people wish to buy exceeds the amount that people wish to produce (given upward-sloping supply curves):A) lies above the equilibrium, market clearing price.B) lies below the market clearing price.C) will induce a shift in the demand schedule to achieve equilibrium.D) is impossible.E) is none of the above.Ans: B4. An increase in the supply of commodity X for any given price of X could be expected to be caused byA) an increase in the prices of other commodities.B) an increase in the prices of factors of production important to this commodity.C) a reduction in the prices of factors of production important to this commodity.D) an increase in consumer income.E) none of the above.Ans: C5. Given the supply and demand curves drawn for a normal good in Figure 3-2, an increase in income can be expected to cause:A) equilibrium price and quantity to increase.B) equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity to fall.C) equilibrium price to increase while equilibrium quantity holds steady.D) equilibrium price and quantity to fall.E) equilibrium price to fall and equilibrium quantity to climb.Ans: A6. Let P* and Q* represent market clearing price and quantity, respectively. Given the supply and demand curves drawn in Figure 3-2, an increase in the price of an input employed in the production of Q can be expected to cause:A) P* and Q* to climb.B) P* to climb while Q* falls.C) P* to climb while Q* holds steady.D) P* to fall while Q* climbs.E) P* and Q* to fall.Ans: B7. An increase in price will lead to a lower quantity demanded because:A) suppliers will supply only the smaller amount.B) quality deteriorates.C) people will purchase less of the good.D) all of the above.E) none of the above.Ans: C8. Upward-sloping supply curves are the result of:A) increasing returns to scale.B) increasing costs of production.C) changes in government policies.D) changes in technology.E) none of the aboveAns: E9. Suppose that at the current market price, the amount which producers wish to produce and sell exceeds the amount that consumers wish to purchase. This price:A) lies above the market clearing price.B) lies below the market clearing price.C) is impossible.D) will induce a shift in the demand schedule.E) none of the above.Ans: A10. In a competitive market, the market clearing quantity is determined primarily by:A) the supply of the good.B) the cost of producing the good in question.C) the interaction of supply and demand.D) the decisions of the buyers as to how much they are willing to pay.E) all of the above.Ans: E11.Let P* and Q* in Figure 3-4 represent market clearing price and quantity, respectively. Given the supply and demand curves drawn in Figure 3-4, a reduction in the price of a substitute good for Q can be expected to cause:A) P* and Q* to climb.B) P* to climb while Q* declines.C) P* to climb while Q* holds fixed.D) P* to fall while Q* climbs.E) P* and Q* to fall.Ans: E12. Let P* and Q* represent market clearing price and quantity, respectively. Given the supply and demand curves drawn in Figure 3-4, a reduction in the price of an input used in the production of Q can be expected to cause:A) P* and Q* to climb.B) P* to climb while Q* falls.C) P* to climb while Q* holds steady.D) P* to fall while Q* climbs.E) P* and Q* to fall.Ans: D13. Assume that automotive workers go on strike, so that the production of cars falls. Given the supply and demand curves in Figure 3-5, which of the following would result in comparison to the initial equilibrium position?A) Prices fall, Quantity fallsB) Prices rise, Quantity fallsC) Prices rise, Quantity risesD) Prices and Quantity do not change.E) None of the above.Ans: B14. Assume that A represents demand for cars and B represents supply of cars. If A: P = 10,000 - 2Q and B: P = 6000 + 2Q, the equilibrium price and quantity are:A) P = 1000, Q = 8000B) P = 800, Q = 100C) P = 8000, Q = 1000D) P = 100, Q = 800E) None of the above.Ans: C15. An increase in demand means a movement to a higher price along a given demand curve.Ans: FalseCHPATER 41. Rank the points A, B and C on the demand curve in the figure below in order of greatest to least elasticity of demand.A) C, A, B.B) B, A, C.C) A, B, C.D) They are of equal elasticity.E) More information is needed.Ans: C2. An increase in supply will lower price unless:A) supply is perfectly price inelastic.B) demand is perfectly price elastic.C) it is followed by a reduction in quantity demanded.D) demand is highly price inelastic.E) both demand and supply are highly price inelastic.Ans: B3. A straight-line demand curve has which of the following properties?A) Constant slope and varying price elasticity.B) Constant income elasticity with varying slope.C) Varying slope and varying cross elasticity.D) Constant slope and constant price elasticity.E) None of the above may be asserted in general.Ans: A4. If the burden of an excise tax is shifted forward completely onto the consumer, we can say that:A) supply is perfectly price elastic.B) demand is perfectly price elastic.C) demand is more price elastic than supply.D) supply is price inelastic and demand is price elastic.E) none of the above.Ans: A5. In "tight" housing markets, rent controls are often applied to hold the price of housing toa "reasonable" level. What is the immediate effect of this price policy with respect to the allocative functions of prices, and the relative incomes of tenants and landlords?A) The allocative function of prices is impaired, but the tenants are prevented from gaining at the expense of the landlords.B) The allocative function of prices is not impaired, and the tenants are prevented from gaining at the expense of landlords.C) The allocative function of prices is impaired, and the tenants who find housing gain at the expense of landlords.D) The allocative function of prices is not impaired, but the landlords gain at the expense of tenants who do not find housing.E) None of the above.Ans: C6. The price elasticity of supply shown in Figure 4-8 between points A and B is:A) .1.B) .5.C) 1.D) 5.E) none of the above.Ans: C7. Suppose that successive price reductions reduce total revenue. The supplier faces a demand curve that is, in this region:A) price elastic.B) unitary elastic.C) infinitely price elastic.D) indeterminate.E) price inelastic.Ans: E8. "If its advocates are correct, the minimum-wage bill passed by the House of Representatives would raise wages for nearly 7 million underpaid workers, but would have no noticeable effect on employment." The quotation implies that the demand for the labor services of the 7 million workers mentioned, with respect to the price of labor services, has elasticity equal to:A) 2.B) 5.C) 1.D) 0.E) .5Ans: D9. A horizontal demand curve may be described as:A) relatively price elastic.B) perfectly price inelastic.C) relatively price inelastic.D) perfectly price elastic.E) unit elastic.Ans: D10. f a good is in fixed supply, then the incidence of a taxA) falls entirely on the consumers.B) falls mostly on the producers and partly on consumers.C) falls entirely on the producers.D) depends on the elasticity of demand.E) none of the above.Ans: C11. Refer to the Figure 4-13. What is the elasticity of the demand curve DD between pointsA and B?A) 3.67B) 1.8C) 1.0D) 0.56E) None of the aboveAns: A12. Refer to Figure 4-13. What is the elasticity of the demand curve DD between points B and C?A) 3.33B) 1.8C) 1.0D) 0.56E) None of the aboveAns: B13. Refer to Figure 4-13. What is the elasticity of the demand curve DD between points C and D?A) 3.33B) 1.8C) 1.0D) 0.56E) None of the aboveAns: C14. If at a price of $8, quantity bought will be 3300 per day, and at $12, quantity bought will be 2700 per day, then the price elasticity of demand is approximately:A) 0.4B) 0.5C) 0.7D) 2.0E) 2.5Ans: B15. Given a relatively, but not perfectly, price elastic supply curve, an increase in demand will certainly:A) raise price but leave quantity sold unchanged.B) raise price and increase quantity sold.C) lower price, since supply cannot increase except through the inducement of higher price.D) reduce quantity sold but leave price unchanged.E) do none of the above, since "increase in demand" refers to a movement along a given demand curve.Ans: BCHAPTER 51.In the figure below, the drop in consumer surplus resulting from an increase in pricefrom 5 to 10 is given by the area:A) FGHB) CEHC) FGDCD) CEGFE) DEGAns: D2. A change in which of the following should not affect the demand for hot coffee?A) The price of coffee.B) The price of tea.C) Consumer incomes.D) The weather.E) All the above affect the demand for coffee.Ans: A3. The paradox of value notes that:A) there is no rational explanation why people should set a high value on objects such as diamonds, which have little real usefulness.B) the price obtained from selling any commodity may bear little relationship to the cost of producing it.C) supply and demand curves do very little to explain how value (or price) is determined.D) no one consumer has any control over the price (or value) of a commodity, but consumers collectively do have such control.E) there is no consistent relationship between the total utility obtained from any commodity and the price charged for it.Ans: E4. To be in equilibrium (i.e., to maximize satisfaction), the consumer must:A) purchase no inferior goods.B) equalize the marginal utilities of the last unit purchased of every commodity.C) be sure that the prices of all commodities purchased are proportional to their total utilities.D) be sure that the price of each good is equal to the marginal utility of money.E) allocate income so that the last penny spent on any good generates the same increment of utility as the last penny spent on any other good.Ans: E5. If I get 10 units of total utility (TU) from 2 oranges, 14 of TU from 3 oranges, and 17 of TU from 4 oranges, I obey the law of diminishing marginal utility because:A) MU falls as consumption increases.B) TU increases as consumption increases.C) TU > MU.D) MU > TU.E) MU = TU.Ans: A6. For a normal good, the substitution effect of a price increase:A) pushes the quantity demanded down along with the income effect.B) pushes the quantity demanded down enough that the income effect cannot push demand higher.C) pushes the quantity demanded up, but not enough to dominate an income effect that ultimately pushes demand down.D) has an effect on the quantity demanded that is identical to the income effect.E) pushes the quantity demanded up along with the income effect.Ans: A7. Table 5-1Total UtilityUnits 1 2 3 4 5Good X 120 216 288 336 360Good Y 90 160 220 270 305Refer to Table 5-1. If good X costs $6 per unit and good Y costs $5 per unit, at what quantities of X and Y is utility maximized if the budget is $31?A) X = 2, Y = 3B) X = 4, Y = 5C) X = 3, Y = 4D) X = 3, Y = 3E) None of the aboveAns: D8. Refer to Table 5-1. Suppose now X costs $8 per unit and Y costs $5 per unit. For what amounts of X and Y are (marginal utility)/price equal?A) X = 3, Y = 4B) X = 4, Y = 5C) X = 2, Y = 3D) X = 1, Y = 2E) None of the aboveAns: C9. Refer to Figure 5-6. What is total market demand at P = 5?A) 0B) 5C) 10D) 15E) None of the aboveAns: B10. Suppose Mary is currently spending all her income on cookies and milk. The marginal utility of cookies is 15, the price of cookies is $5, the marginal utility of milk is 10, and the price of milk is $1. To increase her total utility, Mary should:A) buy more cookies and less milk.B) buy more milk and fewer cookies.C) buy more of both goods.D) buy less of both goods.E) do nothing. She is currently maximizing utility with her limited budget.Ans: B11. The income effect describes:A) the percentage change in consumption of a good given some percentage change in the price of another good.B) the fact that when the price of a good falls, consumers will substitute it into their market baskets in place of relatively more expensive goods.C) the fact that when the price of a good falls, consumers will have more purchasing power with the same nominal income.D) the effect of a change in consumer income on the quantity of a good demanded.E) an upward-sloping demand curve.Ans: C12. Assume household income is $30, the price of X is $6 and the price of Y is $3. Refer to table 5-2. What quantities of X and Y will be purchased by the household?Marginal UtilityUnits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Good X 72 48 30 24 18 12 6Good Y 60 42 30 15 10 5 2A) X = 2, Y = 6B) X = 3, Y = 4C) X = 3, Y = 3D) X = 4, Y = 2E) None of the aboveAns: B13. A good which sells for a higher price than one which is more important for welfare reflects the concept of:A) complementarity in demand.B) substitution.C) marginal or total utility.D) the paradox of value.E) law of diminishing marginal utility.Ans: D14. At my equilibrium demand choices for goods 1 and 2:A) MU1 = MU2B) MU1/Q1 = MU2/Q2C) MU1/P1 = MU2/P2D) P1 = P2E) none of the above.Ans: C15. The rule for rational budget allocation by a consumer is that the marginal utility of each good:A) purchased divided by its price must be equal.B) purchased multiplied by its price must be equal.C) must be zero.D) must be infinite.E) none of the above.Ans: ACHAPTER 61. The marginal product of labor is the:A) output which it could produce unaided by machinery or other factors of production.B) extra revenue which a firm will get by selling the output of one additional worker.C) amount of extra output that is produced when one extra worker is added to a fixed amount of other factors.D) amount of extra output that is produced when one worker is added and other factors of production are increased proportionately.E) none of the above.Ans: CTotal Product withVarious Input CombinationsLandLabor 10 15 200 0 0 01 20 20.67 20.52 38 39.33 40.03 54 57.00 58.54 68 72.67 76.05 80 87.33 92.56 90 102.00 108.02. Suppose that production is defined by the function recorded in the table above. The marginal product of the 4th unit of labor, given 20 units of land, is equal to:A) 15.5B) 17.5C) 19.0D) 1.5E) none of the aboveAns: B3. Suppose that production is defined by the function recorded in the table above. Given6 units of labor, the marginal product of increasing land from 10 units to 15 units is equal to:A) 15.B) 12.C) 3.D) 2.4.E) none of the above.Ans: D4. Suppose that production were represented by the production function displayed in the table above. You would conclude that:A) land displayed diminishing returns.B) labor displayed diminishing returns.C) production displayed constant returns to scale.D) all of the above were true.E) none of the above were true.Ans: D5. The law of diminishing returns is expressed in terms of an eventual decline in the:A) total product of an input.B) average product of an input.C) marginal product of an input.D) returns to scale of an input.E) broadest general productivity measures only.Ans: C6. The short run is a period of time so short that:A) output cannot be varied.B) at least one input is fixed.C) all inputs are fixed.D) all inputs are variable.E) none of the above.Ans: B7. For the law of diminishing returns to hold, the missing blank in this table must be:Quantity Totalof Labor Product0 01 -2 8A) 4.B) 2.C) more than 4.D) less than 4.E) 0.Ans: C8. Suppose that you have drawn a total product curve for labor given a specific technology. Now let some sort of technological change increase the productivity of labor. A new total product curve would have to be drawn:A) above the old with a steeper slope for any level of employment greater than zero.B) above the old with a flatter slope for any level of employment greater than zero.C) below the old with a steeper slope for any level of employment greater than zero.D) below the old with a flatter slope for any level of employment greater than zero.E) directly over the old curve signifying no change in the total product graph; only the marginal product graph would change.Ans: A9. Suppose that production of a particular good requires two inputs, labor (L) and capital (K). If K is fixed, which of the panels in Figure 6-2 possibly represent(s) decreasing marginal productivity of labor?A) Panel a.B) Panel b.C) Panel c.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: B10. Suppose that two inputs, K and L, are variable and increase at the same rate. Which one of the panels in Figure 6-2 represents Increasing Return to Scale (IRS)?A) Panel a.C) Panel c.D) Panel d.E) None of the above.Ans: C11. The production function is a technical law which:A) relates dollar inputs to dollar outputs.B) indicates the best way to combine outputs in the marketplace.C) indicates the best level of output to produce.D) describes a relationship between inputs and output in a production process.E) relates marginal products to factor prices.Ans: D12. Average product of labor measures:A) the addition to total output when an additional worker is hired.B) total product divided by total cost.C) the marginal product of the last worker multiplied by the wage rate.D) total product divided by the wage rate.E) total product divided by the quantity of labor.Ans: E13. The employment of which of the following inputs might be adjusted in the short run?A) Physical capital.B) Number of hours worked by labor.C) Units of energy required per unit output.D) Units of material required per unit output.E) None of the above.Ans: B14. When will the average product of labor increase?A) New technology improves the quality of capital used by labor.B) Marginal product of labor is increasing.C) Additional workers are hired.D) Both A and C.E) Both A and B.Ans: E15. As businesses grow, their need for capital typically tends to:。
微观经济学的练习试题以和答案解析英文版
Chapter 01 Thinking Like anEconomist Multiple Choice Questions1.Economics is best defined as the study of:A.prices and quantities.B.inflation and interest rates.C.how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and the results of those choices.D.wages and incomes.2.Economic questions always deal with:A.financial matters.B.political matters.C.insufficient resources.D.choice in the face of limited resources.3.The range of topics or issues that fit within the definitionof economics is:A.limited to market activities, e.g., buying soap.B.limited to individuals and firms.C.extremely wide, requiring only the ideas of choice and scarcity.D.very limited.4.The central concern of economics is:A.poverty.B.scarcity.C.wealth accumulation.D.overconsumption.5.The scarcity principle indicates that:A.no matter how much one has, it is never enough.pared to 100 years ago, individuals have less time today.C.with limited resources, having more of "this" means having less of "that."D.because tradeoffs must be made, resources are therefore scarce.6.The logical implication of the scarcity principle is that:A.one will never be satisfied with what one has.B.as wealth increases, making choices becomes less necessary.C.as wealth decreases, making choices becomes less necessary.D.choices must be made.7.If all the world's resources were to magically increase a hundredfold, then:A.the scarcity principle would still govern behavior.B.economics would no longer be relevant.C.the scarcity principle would disappear.D.tradeoffs would become unnecessary.8.The principle of scarcity applies to:A.the poor exclusively.B.all consumers.C.all firms.D.everyone —consumers, firms, governments, and nations.9.At the very least, Joe Average and Bill Gates are both identically limited by:A.their wealth.B.the 24 hours that comprise a day.C.their knowledge.D.their influence.B.Forest is not required to make choices.C.the scarcity principle still applies because more hunting means less fishing and farming.D.Forest is very satisfied.11.The scarcity principle applies to:A.all decisions.B.only market decisions, e.g., buying a car.C.only non-market decisions, e.g., watching a sunset.D.only the poor.12.Chris has a one-hour break between classes every Wednesday. Chris can either stay at the library and study or go to the gym and work out. The decision Chris must make is:A.not an economic problem because neither one costs money.B.not an economic problem because it's an hour that is wasted no matter what Chris does.C.an economic problem because the tuition Chris pays covers both the gym and the library.D.an economic problem because Chris has only one hour during which he can study or work out.13.Josh wants to go to the football game this weekend, but he hasa paper due on Monday. It will take him the whole weekend to write the paper. Josh decided to stay homea nd work on the paper. According to the scarcity principle, the reason Josh didn't go to the game is that:A.Josh prefers schoolwork to football games.B.writing the paper is easier than going to the game.C.Josh doesn't have enough time for writing the paper and goingto the game.D.it's too expensive to go to the game.14.Whether studying the size of the U.S. economy or the number of children a couple will choose to have, the unifying concept is that wants are:A.limited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.B.unlimited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.C.unlimited, resources are limited to some but not to others, and thus some people must make choices.D.unlimited, resources are limited, and thus government needs to do more.15.The cost-benefit principle indicates that an action should be taken:A.if the total benefits exceed the total costs.B.if the average benefits exceed the average costs.C.if the net benefit (benefit minus cost) is zero.D.if the extra benefit is greater than or equal to the extra costs.下载可编辑16. Whena person decides to pursue an activity as long as the extrabenefits are at least equal to the extra costs, that person is:A. violating the cost-benefit principle.B. following the scarcity principle.C. following the cost-benefit principle. .专业.整理.D. pursuing the activity too long.17. Choosing to study for an exam until the extra benefit(improved score) equals the extra cost (mental fatigue) is:A. not rational.B. an application of the cost-benefit principle.C. an application of the scarcity principle.D. the relevant opportunity cost.18. The scarcity principle tells us that , and thecost-benefit principle tells us _ .A. choices must be made; how to make the choicesB. choices must be made; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choicesC. rare goods are expensive; that the costs should outweigh the benefits of the choicesD. rare goods are expensive; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choices19.According to the cost-benefit principle:A.the lowest cost activity usually gives the lowest benefit.B. a person should always choose the activity with thecost. lowestC. a person should always choose the activity with the greatest benefit.D.the extra costs and benefits of an activity are more important considerations than the total costs and benefits.20. A rational person is one who:A.is reasonable.B.makes choices that are easily understood.C.possesses well-defined goals and seeks to achieve them.D.is highly cynical.21.The seventh glass of soda that Tim consumes will produce an extra benefit of 10 cents and has an extra cost of zero (Tim is eating at the cafeteria). The cost-benefit principle predicts that Tim will:A.realize he has had too much soda to drink and go home.B.drink the seventh glass and continue until the marginalbenefit of drinking another glass of soda is zero.C.volunteer to empty out the fountain.D.not drink the seventh glass.22.Janie must either mow the lawn or wash clothes, earning her a benefit of $30 or $45, respectively. She dislikes both equally and they both take the same amount of time. Janie will therefore choose to because the economic surplus is __ .A.mow the lawn; greaterB.wash clothes; greaterC.mow the lawn; smallerD.wash clothes; smaller23.Dean decided to play golf rather than prepare for tomorrow's exam in economics. One can infer that:A.Dean has made an irrational choice.B.Dean is doing poorly in his economics class.C.the economic surplus from playing golf exceeded the surplus from studying.D.the cost of studying was less than the cost of golfing.Larry was accepted at three different graduate schools, and must choose one. Elite U costs $50,000 per year and did not offer Larry any financial aid. Larry values attending Elite U at $60,000 per year. State College costs $30,000 per year, and offered Larry an annual $10,000 scholarship. Larry values attending State Collegeat $40,000 per year. NoName U costs $20,000 per year, and offered Larry a full $20,000 annual scholarship. Larry values attending NoNamea t $15,000 per year.24.The opportunity cost of attending Elite U is:A.$50,000B.$10,000C.$20,000D.$15,00025.The opportunity cost of attending State College is:A.$30,000B.$20,000C.$15,000D.$10,000rry maximizes his surplus by attending:A.Elite U, because $60,000 is greater than the benefit at the other schools.B.State College, because the difference between the benefit and cost is greatest there.C.NoName U, because Larry has a full scholarship there.D.Elite U, because the opportunity costs of attending Elite U are the lowest.rry has decided to go to Elite U. Assuming that all of the values described are correct, for Larry to decide on Elite U, he must have:A.calculated his surplus from each choice and picked the one with the highest surplus.B.underestimated the benefits of attending NoName.C.miscalculated the surplus of attending Elite U.D.determined the opportunity cost of each choice and picked the one with the lowest opportunity cost.28.Jen spends her afternoon at the beach, paying $1 to rent a beach umbrella and $11 for food and drinks rather than spending an equal amount of money to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of going to the beach is:A.the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.B.only $1 because she would have spent the money on food and drinks whether or not she went to the beach.C.the movie she missed seeing.D.the movie she missed seeing plus the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.下载可编辑29. Relative to a person who earns minimum wage, a person whoearns$30 per hour has:A. a lower opportunity cost of working longer hours.B. a higher opportunity cost of taking a day off.C. a lower opportunity cost of driving farther to work. .专业.整理.D. the sameo pportunity cost of spending time on leisureactivities.30. The opportunity cost of an activity is the value of:A. an alternative forgone.B. the next-best alternative forgone.C. the least-best alternative forgone.D. the difference between the chosen activity and the next-best alternative forgone.31. Amyi s thinking about going to the movies tonight. A ticket costs $7 and she will have to cancel her dog-sitting job that pays $30.The cost of seeing the movie is:A. $7.B. $30.C.$37.D.$37 minus the benefit of seeing the movie.32.Economic surplus is:A.the benefit gained by taking an action.B.the price paid to take an action.C.the difference between the benefit gained and the cost incurred of taking an action.D.the wage someone would have to earn in order to take an action.33.The Governor of your state has cut the budget for the University and increased spending on Medicaid. This is an example of:A.the pitfalls of considering average costs instead of marginal costs.B.poor normative economic decision making.C.poor positive economic decision making.D.choice in the face of limited resources.下载可编辑34. Sally earned $25,000 per year before she became a mother.Aftershe became a mother, she told her employer that her opportunity costof working is now $50,000, and so she is not willing to work for anything less. Her decision is based on: A. the high cost of raising a child. .专业.整理.B. her desire to save for her child's college expenses.C. her increased value to her employer.D. the value she places on spending time with her child.35. Alex received a four-year scholarship to State U. that covered tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies. As a result:A. attending State U. for four years is costless for Alex.B. Alex has no incentive to work hard while at State U.C. the cost of attending State U. is the amount of money Alex could have earned working for four years.D. the cost of attending State U. is the sum of the benefits Alex would have had attending each of the four other schools to which Alex had been admitted.36. Suppose Mary is willing to pay up to $15,000 for a used Ford pick-up truck, but she finds one for $12,000. Her _ isA.benefit; $12,000 B.cost; $15,000 C.economic surplus; $3,000 D. economic surplus; $12,000下载可编辑37. In general, rational decision making requires one to choose theactions that yield the:A. largest total benefits.B. smallest total costs.C. smallest net benefits.D. largest economic surpluses..专业.整理.38.Suppose the most you would be willing to pay for a planeticket home is $250, but you buy one online for $175. The economic surplus of buying the online ticket is:A.$175.B.$250.C.$75.D.$0.39.The use of economic models, like the cost-benefit principle, means economists believe that:A.this is exactly how people choose between alternatives.B.this is a reasonable abstraction of how people choose between alternatives.C.those who explicitly make decisions this way are smarter.D.with enough education, all people will start to explicitly make decisions this way.40.Jenna decides to see a movie that costs $7 for the ticket and has an opportunity cost of $20. After the movie, she says to one of her friends that the movie was not worth it. Apparently:A.Jenna failed to apply the cost-benefit model to her decision.B.Jenna was not rational.C.Jenna overestimated the benefits of the movie.D.Jenna underestimated the benefits of the movie.41.Most of us make sensible decisions most of the time, because:A.we know the cost-benefit principle.B.subconsciously we are weighing costs and benefits.C.most people know about the scarcity principle.D.we conduct hypothetical mental auctions when we make decisions.42.Suppose a person makes a choice that seems inconsistent with the cost-benefit principle. Which of the following statements represents the most reasonable conclusion to draw?A.The person (explicitly or implicitly) over-estimated the benefits or under-estimated the costs or both.B.The cost-benefit principle is rarely true.C.The person does not grasp how decisions should be made.D.The person is simply irrational.43.Economic models are intended to:A.apply to all examples equally well.B.eliminate differences in the way people behave.C.generalize about patterns in decision-making.D.distinguish economics students from everyone else.44.Economic models claim to be:A.reasonable abstractions of how people make choices, highlighting the most important factors.B.exact replications of the decision-making process people use.C.interesting chalkboard exercises with little applicability to the real world.D.exceptionally accurate methods of predicting nearly all behavior of everyone.45.The cost-benefit model used by economists is:A.unrealistic because it is too detailed and specific to apply to a variety of situations.B.unrealistic because everyone can think of times when he or she violated the principle.eful because everyone follows it all of the time.eful because most people follow it most of the time.下载可编辑46. Barry owns a clothing store in the mall and has asked two economic consultants to develop models of consumer behavior that he can use to increase sales. Barry should choose the model that:A. does not include simplifying assumptions.B. is the most detailed and complex.C. assumes that consumers apply the cost-benefit principle.D. predicts that consumers will always prefer Barry's store to the competing stores.47. Economists use abstract models because:A.every economic situation is unique, so it is impossible to make generalizations.B.every economic situation is essentially the same, so specific details are unnecessary.C.they are useful for describing general patterns of behavior.puters have allowed economists to develop abstract models..专业.整理.下载可编辑48. Most people make some decisions based on intuition rather than calculation. This is:A. irrational, because intuition is often wrong.B. consistent with the economic model of decision-making, because calculating costs and benefits leads to decision-making pitfalls.C. consistent with the economic model because people intuitively compare the relative costs and benefits of the choices they face.D. inconsistent with the economic model, but rational because intuition takes into account non-financial considerations.49.Moeh as a big exam tomorrow. He considered studying this evening, but decided to go out with Curly instead. Since Moe always chooses rationally, it must be true that:A.the opportunity cost of studying tonight is less than thevalueMoe gets from spending time with Curly.B.the opportunity cost of studying tonight is equal to the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly minus the cost of earning a low grade on the exam.C.Moe gets more benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.D.Moe gets less benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.50.If one fails to account for implicit costs in decision making, then applying the cost-benefit rule will be flawed because:A.the benefits will be overstated.B.the costs will be understated.C.the benefits will be understated..专业.整理.D.the costs will be overstated.Your classmates from the University of Chicago are planning to go to Miami for spring break, and you are undecided about whether you should go with them. The round-trip airfares are $600, but you have a frequent-flyer coupon worth $500 that you could use to pay part of the airfare. All other costs for the vacation are exactly $900. The most you would be willing to pay for the trip is $1400. Your only alternative use for your frequent-flyer coupon is for your trip to Atlanta two weeks after the break to attend your sister's graduation, which your parents are forcing you to attend. The Chicago-Atlanta round-trip airfares are $450.51.If you do not use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly, should you go to Miami?A.Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B.No, your benefit is less than your cost.C.Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D.No, because there are no benefits in the trip.52.What is the opportunity cost of using the coupon for the Miami trip?A.$100B.$450C.$500D.$55053.If you use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly to Atlanta, would you get any economic surplus by making the trip?A.No, there is a loss of $50.B.Yes, surplus of $350.C.Yes, surplus of $400.D.Yes, surplus of $100.54.If the Chicago-Atlanta round-trip air fare is $350, should you go to Miami?A.No, there is a loss of $50.B.No, there is a loss of $100.C.Yes, there is economic surplus of $50.D.Yes, there is economic surplus of $400.55. Pat earns $25,000 per year (after taxes), and Pat's spouse, Chris, earns $35,000 (after taxes). They have two pre-schoolchildren.Childcare for their children costs $12,000 per year. Pat hasdecidedto stay home and take care of the children. Pat must:A. value spending time with the children by more than $25,000. .专业.整理.B. value spending time with the children by more than $12,000.C. value spending time with the children by more than $13,000.D. value spending time with the children as much as does Chris.You paid $35 for a ticket (which is non-refundable) to see SPAM, a local rock band, in concert on Saturday. (Assume that you would not have been willing to pay any more than $35 for this concert.) Your boss called and she is looking for someone to cover a shift on Saturday at the same time as the concert. You will have to work 4 hours and she will pay you time and a half, which is $9/hr.56.Should you go to the concert instead of working Saturday?A.Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B.No, your benefit is less than your cost.C.Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D.No, because there are no benefits in the concert.57.What is the opportunity cost of going to the concert?A.$1B.$9C.$35D.$3658.What is your opportunity cost, if you go to work on Saturday?A.$0B.$9C.$35D.$3659.Your economic surplus of going to work on Saturday is:A.$0B.$1C.$35D.$36Matt has decided to purchase his textbooks for the semester. His options are to purchase the books via the Internet with next day delivery to his home at a cost of $175, or to drive to campus tomorrow to buy the books at the university bookstore at a cost of $170. Lastweek he drove to campus to buy a concert ticket because they offered 25 percent off the regular price of $16. 因为他们提供75折的正常价格16美元。
微观经济学的练习题以及答案英文版
微观经济学的练习题以及答案英文版Chapter 01Thinking Like an Economist Multiple Choice Questions1. Economics is best defined as the study of:A. prices and quantities.B. inflation and interest rates.C. how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and the results of those choices.D. wages and incomes.2. Economic questions always deal with:A. financial matters.B. political matters.C. insufficient resources.D. choice in the face of limited resources.3. The range of topics or issues that fit within the definition of economics is:A. limited to market activities, e.g., buying soap.B. limited to individuals and firms.C. extremely wide, requiring only the ideas of choice and scarcity.D. very limited.4. The central concern of economics is:A. poverty.B. scarcity.C. wealth accumulation.D. overconsumption.5. The scarcity principle indicates that:A. no matter how much one has, it is never enough.B. compared to 100 years ago, individuals have less timetoday.C. with limited resources, having more of "this" means having less of "that."D. because tradeoffs must be made, resources are therefore scarce.6. The logical implication of the scarcity principle is that:A. one will never be satisfied with what one has.B. as wealth increases, making choices becomes less necessary.C. as wealth decreases, making choices becomes less necessary.D. choices must be made.7. If all the world's resources were to magically increase a hundredfold, then:A. the scarcity principle would still govern behavior.B. economics would no longer be relevant.C. the scarcity principle would disappear.D. tradeoffs would become unnecessary.8. The principle of scarcity applies to:A. the poor exclusively.B. all consumers.C. all firms.D. everyone—consumers, firms, governments, and nations.9. At the very least, Joe Average and Bill Gates are both identically limited by:A. their wealth.B. the 24 hours that comprise a day.C. their knowledge.D. their influence.10. Forest is a mountain man living in complete isolation inMontana. He is completely self-sufficient through hunting, fishing, and farming. He has not been in the city to buy anything in five years. One can infer:A. the scarcity principle does not apply to Forest.B. Forest is not required to make choices.C. the scarcity principle still applies because more hunting means less fishing and farming.D. Forest is very satisfied.11. The scarcity principle applies to:A. all decisions.B. only market decisions, e.g., buying a car.C. only non-market decisions, e.g., watching a sunset.D. only the poor.12. Chris has a one-hour break between classes every Wednesday. Chris can either stay at the library and study or go to the gym and work out. The decision Chris must make is:A. not an economic problem because neither one costs money.B. not an economic problem because it's an hour that is wasted no matter what Chris does.C. an economic problem because the tuition Chris pays covers both the gym and the library.D. an economic problem because Chris has only one hour during which he can study or work out.13. Josh wants to go to the football game this weekend, but he has a paper due on Monday. It will take him the whole weekend to write the paper. Josh decided to stay home and work on the paper. According to the scarcity principle, the reason Josh didn't go to the game is that:A. Josh prefers schoolwork to football games.B. writing the paper is easier than going to the game.C. Josh doesn't have enough time for writing the paper and going to the game.D. it's too expensive to go to the game.14. Whether studying the size of the U.S. economy or the number of children a couple will choose to have, the unifying concept is that wants are:A. limited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.B. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.C. unlimited, resources are limited to some but not to others, and thus some people must make choices.D. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus government needs to do more.15. The cost-benefit principle indicates that an action should be taken:A. if the total benefits exceed the total costs.B. if the average benefits exceed the average costs.C. if the net benefit (benefit minus cost) is zero.D. if the extra benefit is greater than or equal to the extra costs.16. When a person decides to pursue an activity as long as the extra benefits are at least equal to the extra costs, that person is:A. violating the cost-benefit principle.B. following the scarcity principle.C. following the cost-benefit principle.D. pursuing the activity too long.17. Choosing to study for an exam until the extra benefit(improved score) equals the extra cost (mental fatigue) is:A. not rational.B. an application of the cost-benefit principle.C. an application of the scarcity principle.D. the relevant opportunity cost.18. The scarcity principle tells us that __________, and the cost-benefit principle tells us __________.A. choices must be made; how to make the choicesB. choices must be made; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choicesC. rare goods are expensive; that the costs should outweigh the benefits of the choicesD. rare goods are expensive; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choices19. According to the cost-benefit principle:A. the lowest cost activity usually gives the lowest benefit.B. a person should always choose the activity with the lowest cost.C. a person should always choose the activity with the greatest benefit.D. the extra costs and benefits of an activity are more important considerations than the total costs and benefits.。
微观经济学习题(英文)
Homework 2 （36 problems）Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 1. In a market economy,a. supply determines demand and demand, in turn, determines prices.b. demand determines supply and supply, in turn, determines prices.c. the allocation of scarce resources determines prices and prices, in turn, determine supplyand demand.d. supply and demand determine prices and prices, in turn, allocate the economy’s scarceresources.____ 2. Buyers and sellers who have no influence on market price are referred to asa. market pawns.b. monopolists.c. price takers.d. price makers.____ 3. Which of these statements best represents the law of demand?a. When buyers’ tastes for a good increase, they purchase more of the good.b. When income levels increase, buyers purchase more of most goods.c. When the price of a good decreases, buyers purchase more of the good.d. When buyers’ demands for a good incr ease, the price of the good increases.____ 4. An increase in the price of a good willa. increase demand.b. decrease demand.c. increase quantity demanded.d. decrease quantity demanded.____ 5. Which of the following would not shift the demand curve for mp3 players?a. a decrease in the price of mp3 playersb. a fad that makes mp3 players more popular among 12-25 year oldsc. an increase in the price of CDs, a complement for mp3 playersd. a decrease in the price of satellite radio, a substitute for mp3 players____ 6. If the number of buyers in a market decreases, thena. demand will increase.b. demand will decrease.c. supply will increase.d. supply will decrease.____ 7. Opponents of cigarette taxes often argue that tobacco and marijuana are substitutes so that high cigarette pricesa. encourage marijuana use, and the evidence supports this argument.b. encourage marijuana use, but the evidence does not support this argument.c. discourage marijuana use, and the evidence supports this argument.d. discourage marijuana use, but the evidence does not support this argument.Table 4-3____ 8. Refer to Table 4-3.If these are the only four sellers in the market, then the market quantity supplied ata price of $4 isa. 4 units.b. 7.5 units.c. 10 units.d. 30 units.____ 9. Suppose you make jewelry. If the price of gold falls, then we would expect you toa. be willing and able to produce less jewelry than before at each possible price.b. be willing and able to produce more jewelry than before at each possible price.c. face a greater demand for your jewelry.d. face a weaker demand for your jewelry.____ 10. Recent forest fires in the western states are expected to cause the price of lumber to rise in the next 6 months. As a result, we can expect the supply of lumber toa. fall in 6 months, but not now.b. increase in 6 months when the price goes up.c. fall now.d. increase now to meet as much demand as possible.____ 11. A decrease in the number of sellers in the market causesa. the supply curve to shift to the left.b. the supply curve to shift to the right.c. a movement up and to the right along a stationary supply curve.d. a movement downward and to the left along a stationary supply curve.____ 12. A shortage exists in a market ifa. there is an excess supply of the good.b. the situation is such that the law of supply and demand would predict a decrease in theprice of the good from its current level.c. the current price is below its equilibrium price.d. quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded.____ 13. If a shortage exists in a market, then we know that the actual price isa. above the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.b. above the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.c. below the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.d. below the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Figure 4-12The diagram below pertains to the demand for turkey in the United States.____ 14. Refer to Figure 4-12.All else equal, a sale on chicken would cause a movea. from D A to D B.b. from D B to D A.c. from x to y.d. from y to x.Figure 4-13The diagram below pertains to the supply of paper in university markets.____ 15. Refer to Figure 4-13.All else equal, an increase in the use of laptop computers for note-taking would cause a movea. from x to y.b. from y to x.c. from S A to S B.d. from S B to S A.____ 16. Which of the following would increase in response to a decrease in the price of ironing boards?a. the quantity of irons demanded at each possible price of ironsb. the equilibrium quantity of ironsc. the equilibrium price of ironsd. All of the above are correct.____ 17. Which of the following events would unambiguously cause a decrease in the equilibrium price of cotton shirts?a. an increase in the price of wool shirts and a decrease in the price of raw cottonb. a decrease in the price of wool shirts and a decrease in the price of raw cottonc. an increase in the price of wool shirts and an increase in the price of raw cottond. a decrease in the price of wool shirts and an increase in the price of raw cotton____ 18. When consumers face rising gasoline prices, they typicallya. reduce their quantity demanded more in the long run than in the short run.b. reduce their quantity demanded more in the short run than in the long run.c. do not reduce their quantity demanded in the short run or the long run.d. increase their quantity demanded in the short run but reduce their quantity demanded inthe long run.____ 19. Which of the following statements about the price elasticity of demand is correct?a. The price elasticity of demand for a good measures the willingness of buyers of the goodto buy less of the good as its price increases.b. Price elasticity of demand reflects the many economic, psychological, and social forcesthat shape consumer tastes.c. Other things equal, if good x has close substitutes and good y does not have closesubstitutes, then the demand for good x will be more elastic than the demand for good y.d. All of the above are correct.____ 20. If the price of natural gas rises, when is the price elasticity of demand likely to be the highest?a. immediately after the price increaseb. one month after the price increasec. three months after the price increased. one year after the price increase____ 21. For a good that is a necessity, demanda. tends to be inelastic.b. tends to be elastic.c. has unit elasticity.d. cannot be represented by a demand curve in the usual way.Figure 5-1A AB BC C DDQuantityPrice____ 22. Refer to Figure 5-1. The demand curve representing the demand for a luxury good with several closesubstitutes is a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D.Table 5-2The following table shows a portion of the demand schedule for a particular good at various levels of income.____ 23. Refer to Table 5-2. Using the midpoint method, when income equals $7,500, what is the price elasticityof demand between $16 and $20? a. 0.56 b. 0.75 c. 1.33 d. 1.80____ 24. If demand is price inelastic, thena. buyers do not respond much to a change in price.b. buyers respond substantially to a change in price, but the response is very slow.c. buyers do not alter their quantities demanded much in response to advertising, fads, orgeneral changes in tastes. d. the demand curve is very flat.Figure 5-4____ 25. Refer to Figure 5-4. The section of the demand curve from B to C represents thea. elastic section of the demand curve.b. inelastic section of the demand curve.c. unit elastic section of the demand curve.d. perfectly elastic section of the demand curve.____ 26. For a horizontal demand curve,a. slope is undefined, and price elasticity of demand is equal to 0.b. slope is equal to 0, and price elasticity of demand is undefined.c. slope and price elasticity of demand both are undefined.d. slope and price elasticity of demand both are equal to 0.____ 27. Harry's Barber Shop increased its total monthly revenue from $1,500 to $1,800 when it raised the price ofa haircut from $5 to $9. The price elasticity of demand for Harry's Haircuts isa. 0.567.b. 0.700.c. 1.429.d. 2.200.____ 28. When demand is inelastic within a certain price range, then within that price range,a. an increase in price would increase total revenue because the decrease in quantitydemanded is proportionately less than the increase in price.b. an increase in price would decrease total revenue because the decrease in quantitydemanded is proportionately greater than the increase in price.c. a decrease in price would increase total revenue because the increase in quantitydemanded is proportionately smaller than the decrease in price.d. a decrease in price would not affect total revenue.____ 29. How does total revenue change as one moves downward and to the right along a linear demand curve?a. It always increases.b. It always decreases.c. It first increases, then decreases.d. It is unaffected by a movement along the demand curve.____ 30. Muriel's income elasticity of demand for football tickets is 1.50. All else equal, this means that if her income increases by 20 percent, she will buya. 150 percent more football tickets.b. 50 percent more football tickets.c. 30 percent more football tickets.d. 20 percent more football tickets.____ 31. Refer to Table 5-5. Using the midpoint method, the income elasticity of demand for good Y isa. 2.33, and good Y is a normal good.b. -2.33, and good Y is an inferior good.c. -0.43, and good Y is a normal good.d. -0.43, and good Y is an inferior good.____ 32. If, for two goods, the cross-price elasticity of demand is 1.25, thena. the two goods are luxuries.b. the two goods are substitutes.c. one of the goods is normal and the other good is inferior.d. the demand for one of the goods conforms to the law of demand, but the demand for theother good violates the law of demand.Short Answer33.a. Given the table below, graph the demand and supply curves for flashlights. Makecertain to label the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.b. What is the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity?c. Suppose the price is currently $5. What problem would exist in the market? Whatwould you expect to happen to price? Show this on your graph.d. Suppose the price is currently $2. What problem would exist in the market? Whatwould you expect to happen to price? Show this on your graph.34. Fill in the table below, showing whether equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity go up, go down, staythe same, or change ambiguously.35. Consider the following pairs of goods. For which of the two goods would you expect the demand to bemore price elastic? Why?a. water or diamondsb. insulin or nasal decongestant sprayc. food in general or breakfast cereald. gasoline over the course of a week or gasoline over the course of a yeare. personal computers or IBM personal computers36. Use the graph shown to answer the following questions. Put the correct letter(s) in the blank.a. The elastic section of the graph is represented by section from _______.b. The inelastic section of the graph is represented by section from _______.c. The unit elastic section of the graph is represented by section _______.d. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would cause total revenue to fallwould be from _________.e. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would cause total revenue to risewould be from _________.f. The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would not cause a change in totalrevenue would be _________.g. The section of the graph in which total revenue would be at a maximum would be_______.h. The section of the graph in which elasticity is greater than 1 is _______.i. The section of the graph in which elasticity is equal to 1 is ______.j. The section of the graph in which elasticity is less than 1 is _______.。
微观经济学英文版习题(附答案)4
ECON915, Seminar 4Attempt all of the following questions.1.) Assume that in a credit market with standard debt contracts, there are two groups of investors. Low risk investors (group 1) have a success probability of p 1=0.8 and a return of $150 on a successful investment of K=100, yielding an expected return of E(R 1)=0.8($150)+0.2($100)=$140. Assume further that the same amount of K=$100 is invested by either group and assuming further that 10 investors are present in either group. Based on the above, state what rate of return on successful investments, high risk investors would have to achieve in order to match the expected return of $140 if their success probability is p 2=0.6 .The expected return on a high risk investment is:E(R):= 140 = 0.6x+0.4(100), which can easily be solved for x:140=0.6x + 400.6x=140-40=100x=100/0.6=166.667=R 2, R 2/K=1.672.) Against the data provided above in Q1, what is the highest rate of return that could be achieved without violating the participation constraint for low and high risk investors respectively?The participation constraint in either case is E(Πi )>=0 which essentially implies that R S >=r. The maximum value is obtained for the point where the constraint holds with equality. So, for low risk investors we have:E(Π1)=0.8(150-100-100r) which yields 100r = 50, so r = 50/100 =0.5.This yields the following rate of return:%3535.0)7.0(5.020)10(6.0)10(8.05.0≈==+=Max ρ So the highest interest rate that can be reconciled with the low risk participation constraint is 50%. This yields a rate of return of 35% to the banking sector, because the interest rate is charged to a mixed pool of high and low risk investors.Likewise, for high risk investors we have E(Π2)=0.6(166.67-100-100r) which yields 100r = 66.67, so r = 0.67 and:()40.06.067.02,==Max ρwhich is just the expected rate of return for high risk investors.3.) Against the background of questions 1 and 2, compute which rates of return would be obtained by interest rates of r = 48%, 53% and 66% respectively.r = 48% would not yet violate low risk investors' participation constraint so:%6.33 i.e. ,34.0)7.0(48.020)10(6.0)10(8.048.0==+=A ρ For interest rates of r=53% and 66% low risk investors' participation constraint is violated, so:ρB = 0.53*0.6=0.312, i.e. 31.2%ρC = 0.66*0.6=0.396, i.e. 39.6%Note that r B >r A and yet ρB <ρA !。
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Managerial EconomicsPart 1:1. The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that:a. good A is a normal good.b. good B is an inferior good.c. goods A and B are substitutes.d. goods A and B are complements.e. none of the above.Choose: d) the definition os complements2. Joe's budget line is 15F + 45C = 900. When Joe chooses his most preferred market basket, he buys 10 units of C. therefore, he also buys :a. 10 units of Fb. 30 units of Fc. 50 units of Fd. 60 units of Fe. None of the aboveChoose: b) We assume that Joe will spend all his income. If C = 10, then 15F =900 – 45(10) =450, so F = 450/15 =30.3. Kim only buys coffee and compact discs. Coffee costs $ per cup, and CDs cost $ each. She has $18 per week to spend on these two goods. If Kim is maximizing her utility, her marginal rate of substitution of coffee for CDs is:a. 0.05b. 20c. 18d.e. None of the aboveChoose: a) At Kim's most preferred market basket, her MRS equals the price ratio (Pcoffee/PCD), which equals 12 or .4. The bandwagon effect corresponds best to which of the followinga. snob effect.b. external economy.c. negative network externality.d. positive network externality.Choose: d)5. A Giffen gooda. is always the same as an inferior good.b. is the special subset of inferior goods in which the substitution effect dominates the income effect.c. is the special subset of inferior goods in which the income effect dominates the substitution effect.d. must have a downward sloping demand curve.Choose: c) the definition of Giffen good6. An Engel curve for a good has a positive slope if the good is :a. an inferior good.b. a Giffen good.c. a normal good. d. a, b, and c are true.e. None of the above is true.Choose: c) Inferior and Giffen goods have negatively sloped Engel curves.7. The price of beef and quantity of beef traded are P* and Q*, respectively. Given this information, consumer surplus is the area:a. 0BCQ*b. ABCc. ACP*d. CBP*e. 0ACQ*Choose: d)Consumer surplus is the area between the demand line and the price.8. In Figure 1, holding income constant, what change must have occurred to rotate the budget line from the old line(1) to the new line(2)Figure 1a. The price of Coke fellb. The price of pizza fellc. The price of pizza rosed. The price of Coke went upe. b and cChoose: b) The horizontal intercept, I/PC, is unchanged, which implies that PC could not have changed (holding income constant). Since the slope is PP/PC, the slope change means that the price of pizza must have fallen. This can also be seen intuitively from Figure 1, since the consumer can now buy more pizza than before if he spends all his income on pizza.9. Andy buys 10 pounds of onions per month when the price is $ per pound. If the price falls to $ per pound, he buys 30 pounds of onions. What is his arc elasticity of demand over this price rangea. -b.–2c.–d. - 6e. None of the above is correct.Choose: c) Using the arc elasticity formula,5.22)1030(2)75.050.0()75.050.0()1030(-=÷+÷⨯⨯--=⨯∆∆=Q P P Q EP The next two questions refer to the following information: Opie and Gomer are the only twoconsumers in the video cassette rental market in the Mayberry. Their demand curves per week are pictured in Figure 2.10. If rentals cost $ each, the total quantity demanded each week in the market is : a. 3 b. 6 c. 15 d. 10 e. None of the above is correct.Choose: b) Add horizontally to get the market demand curve. At P = $, QO = 3 and QG = 3 for a total of 6 units demanded.11. For a decrease in price from $ to $, market demand is :a. elastic.b. unit elastic. c. inelastic.d. perfectly inelastic.e. More information is needed. Choose: a) Demand is price elastic:EP = %ΔQ/%ΔP = [(15-6)/6]/[ =(a)12. As president and CEO of MegaWorld industries, you must decide on some very risky alternative investments:a. A.b. B.c. C.d. D.e. EChoose: b) Ea=2 Eb= Ec=0 Ed=6 Ee=613. An individual with a constant marginal utility of income will bea. risk averse.b. risk neutral.c. risk loving.d. insufficient information for a decision.Choose: b)An individual with a constant marginal utility of income is risk neutral.14. In the figure below, what is true about the two jobsa.Job 1 has a lower standard deviation than Job 2.b.All outcomes in both jobs have the same probability of occurrence.c. A risk-averse person would prefer Job 2.d. A risk-neutral person would prefer Job 1.e.Job 1 has a higher expected income than Job 2.Choose: a) Job 1 has a lower standard deviation than Job 2. Expected income of Job 1 equals to Job 2.Part 2:The demand curves for steak, eggs, and hot dogs are given in the table below. The current price of steak is $5. The price of eggs is $, and the price of hot dogs is $. Fill in the remaining columns of the table using this information. Indicate which goods are substitutes and whichSolution:Steak and eggs are complements. Steak and hotdogs and eggs and hotdogs are substitutes. Part 3:Draw indifference curves to represent the following descriptions of consumer preferences:a. I can’t taste the difference between apple and grape jelly, but I likethem both.b. I only like grape jelly and never eat apple jelly.c. Apple and grape jelly are better mixed, although I don’t care too much about the proportions. Answer:a) See Figure 7(a). Since the consumer can not tell the difference between the two flavors, all he would care about is the total amount of jelly he has.b) See Figure 7(b). An increase in the amount of apple jelly does not affect the consumer since he never eats it.c) See Figure 7(c). Here, a mixed bundle is better than an extreme one, but the consumer is willing to trade off the different flavors.Figure 7Part 4:There are reasons other than fads, fashions, and consumer insecurity for bandwagon and snob effects. Various types of externalities in the consumption of certain goods also exist. Explain which these effects (bandwagon or snob) might be present in the following cases: a. A restaurant that is often crowded b. A personal computer software product c. A rock concertAnswer:a) A price decrease will attract more customers, but the crowding(longer lines, poorer service)will discourage others. This would resemble a snob effect.b) The more people you expect to buy a software product, the more likely you can find anotherexperienced user to ask questions about it. Also, the more likely it is that a computer bookstore will carry publications about how to use the software. Thus, we would expect to see a bandwagon effect.c) Here, crowding might discourage some customers. But, since part of the enjoyment of a concert is seeing the band with other fans, we might observe a bandwagon effect.Part 5:Tom Wilson is the operations manager for Bi-Corp, a real estate investment firm. Tom must decide if Bi-Corp is to invest in a strip mall in a northeast metropolitan area. If the shopping center is highly successful, after tax profits will be $100,000 per year. Moderate success would yield anOunces of Grape Jelly Ounces of Apple Jelly(a)Ounces of Grape JellyOunces of Apple Jelly(b)(c)Ounces of Grape JellyOunces of Apple Jellyannual profit of $50,000, while the project will lose $10,000 per year if it is unsuccessful. Past experience suggests that there is a 40% chance that the project will be highly successful, a 40% chance of moderate success, and a 20% probability that the project will be unsuccessful. a. Calculate the expected value and standard deviation of profit.b. The project requires an $800,000 investment. If Bi-Corp has an 8% opportunity cost oninvested funds of similar riskiness, should the project be undertaken Solution:a.Expected Value∑==n1i ^i ^i P πππi ^ P i ^ πi ^P i ^100,000 .4 40,00050,000 .4 20,000 -10,000 .2 -2,000π = 58,000Standard deviationσππ=-=∑i2i ^i 1nPπi ^ ππi -ππi 2-ππi 2P -100,000 42,000, 764,000,000 705,600,00050,000 -8,000 64,000,000 25,600,000 -10,000 -68,000 4,624,000,000 924,800,000σ2 = 1,656,000,000 σ = 40,b.Bio-Corp's opportunity cost is 8% of 800,000 or x 800,000 = 64,000.The expected value of the project is less than the opportunity cost. Bi-Corp should not undertake the project.。