Chapter 16 WTO

合集下载

国际经济学克鲁格曼第八版第十六章英文

more simply
D = D(EP*/P, Y – T, I, G)
Aggregate demand is a function of real exchange rate (EP*/P) disposable income (Y— T) investment demand (I) government spending
• Y = D = D(EP*/P, Y – T, I, G)
需求>产出厂商为了满足多余需求会加大生产。产出增加，从2向1移动
Output > demand 企业减少产出，所以向1移动
4.Output Market Equilibrium :utput, the Exchange Rate, and Output Market
Introduce
• Determinants of Aggregate Demand in an Open Economy
• Output Market Equilibrium In the Shout Run: the DD Schedule
• Asset Market Equilibrium In the Shout Run: the AA Schedule
• EP*/P↗,EX ↗,IM ↘ ,CA↗,D↗
• A real depreciation of the home currency raises aggregate demand for home output,a real appreciation lowers
➢ 2.2 Real Income and Aggregate Demand
➢ q=EP*/P
q (real exchange rate ) is domestic currency real exchange rate against foreign currency E (the nominal exchange rate) is the price of foreign currency in terms of domestic, P* is the foreign price level P is the home price level

世界贸易组织（WTO法律专题）内容提要.

世界贸易组织（WTO法律专题）内容提要.世界贸易组织( WTO法律专题)内容提要[第一篇] 第一章国际贸易理论与WTO的产生第一节国际贸易理论学说概述一、重商主义学说产生于15世纪，盛行于16-17世纪上半时，代表人物——海尔斯（英）、博丹（法）、塞拉（法）、托马斯·孟（英）。

认为发展国际贸易是获取财富的唯一途径，主张国家干预经济活动，实行贸易顺差。

二、绝对优势理论学说产生于18世纪，为英国古典政治经济学创立者亚当·斯密所倡导。

该学说极力提倡自由贸易，反对重商主义提出的贸易保护可以增加一国财富的观点。

三、比较优势理论学说产生于18世纪，英国大卫·李嘉图创立，经过不断完善和发展，成为国际自由贸易理论的核心理论。

该学说以成本比较法为基础，主张自由贸易，国际分工。

四、国际贸易保护理论学说产生于18世纪末，美国汉密尔顿、德国李斯所创立。

该学说主张处于发展早期的国家，应通过保护性关税和配额来保护国内有关产业。

第二节 GATT的产生与发展一、GATT产生的历史背景19世纪末20世纪初，资本主义进入垄断阶段，逐渐放弃自由贸易政策，实行贸易保护主义，提高关税税率，从而使国际贸易趋于萎缩。

二、GATT的产生1947年10月23日，23个国家在瑞士日内瓦签署了《关税与贸易总协定》（GATT），1948年1月1日开始实施，但一直以临时适用的多边协定形式存在，到1994年底终止，共运作了47年，有缔约方128个。

三、GATT的基础与宗旨基础：实行以市场经济为基础的自由贸易体制。

宗旨：提高各缔约方人民的生活水平，保证充分就业，保证实际收入和有效需求的巨大持续增长，扩大世界资源的充分利用，发展商品的生产与交换。

为了实现这一宗旨，各缔约方必须大幅度削减关税和其他贸易障碍，取消国际贸易中的歧视待遇。

四、GATT的历次多边贸易谈判GATT成立以来，共主持了八轮全球多边贸易谈判（一轮称为一个“回合”）。

wto英文

Chapter 1WTO 是什么？一 .英文原版资料导读1．Who we areThere are a number of ways of looking at the World Trade Organization. It is an organization for trade opening. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. It is a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade rules. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other.The WTO was born out of negotiations, and everything the WTO does is the result of negoti ations. The bulk of the WTO’s current work comes from the 1986–94 negotiations called the Uruguay Round and earlier negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is currently the host to new negotiations, under the ‘DohaDev elopment Agenda’ launched in 2001.Where countries have faced trade barriers and wanted them lowered, the negotiations have helped to open markets for trade. But the WTO is not just about opening markets, and in some circumstances its rules support maintaining trade barriers — for example, to protect consumers or prevent the spread of disease.At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations. These documents provide the legal ground rules for international commerce. They are essentially contracts, binding governments to keep their trade policies within agreed limits. Although negotiated and signed by governments, the goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business, while allowing governments to meet social and environmental objectives.The system’s overriding purpose is to help trade flow as freely as possible — so long as there are no undesirable side effects — because this is important for economic development and well-being. That partly means removing obstacles. It also means ensuring that individuals, companies and governments know what the trade rules are around the world,and giving them the confidence that there will be no sudden changes of policy. In other words, the rules have to be ‘transparent’ and predictable.Trade relations often involve conflicting interests. Agreements, including those painstakingly negotiated in the WTO system, often need interpreting. The most harmonious way to settle these differences is through some neutral procedure based on an agreed legal foundation. That is the purpose behind the dispute settlement process written into the WTO agreements.2. What we doThe WTO is run by its member governments. All major decisions are made by the membership as a whole, either by ministers (who usually meet at least once every two years) or by their ambassadors or delegates (who meet regularly in Geneva).While the WTO is driven by its member states, it could not function without its Secretariat to coordinate the activities. The Secretariat employs over 600 staff, and its experts — lawyers, economists, statisticians and communications experts — assist WTO members on a daily basis to ensure, among other things, that negotiations progress smoothly, and that the rules of international trade are correctly applied and enforced.Trade negotiationsThe WTO agreements cover goods, services and intellectual property. They spell out the principles of liberalization, and the permitted exceptions. They include individual countries’ commitments to lower customs tariffs and other trade barriers, and to open and keep open services markets. They set procedures for settling disputes. These agreements are not static; they are renegotiated from time to time and new agreements can be added to the package. Many are now being negotiated under the Doha Development Agenda, launched by WTO trade ministers in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001.Implementation and monitoringWTO agreements require governments to make their trade policies transparent by notifying the WTO about laws in force and measures adopted. Various WTO councils and committees seek to ensure that these requirements are being followed and that WTO agreements are being properly implemented. All WTO members must undergo periodic scrutiny of their trade policies and practices, each review containing reports by the country concerned and the WTO Secretariat.Dispute settlementThe WTO’s procedure for resolving trade quarrels under the Dispute Settlement Understanding is vital for enforcing the rules and therefore for ensuring that trade flowssmoothly. Countries bring disputes to the WTO if they think their rights under the agreements are being infringed. Judgements by specially appointed independent experts are based on interpretations of the agreements and individual countries’ commitments.Building trade capacityWTO agreements contain special provision for developing countries, including longer time periods to implement agreements and commitments, measures to increase their trading opportunities, and support to help them build their trade capacity, to handle disputes and to implement technical standards. The WTO organizes hundreds of technical cooperation missions to developing countries annually. It also holds numerous courses each year in Geneva for government officials. Aid for Trade aims to help developing countries develop the skills and infrastructure needed to expand their trade.OutreachThe WTO maintains regular dialogue with non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians, other international organizations, the media and the general public on various aspects of the WTO and the ongoing Doha negotiations, with the aim of enhancing cooperation and increasing awareness of WTO activities.3．What we stand forThe WTO agreements are lengthy and complex because they are legal texts covering a wide range of activities. But a number of simple, fundamental principles run throughout all of these documents. These principles are the foundation of the multilateral trading system.Non-discriminationA country should not discriminate between its trading partners and it should not discriminate between its own and foreign products, services or nationals.More openLowering trade barriers is one of the most obvious ways of encouraging trade; these barriers include customs duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict quantities selectively.Predictable and transparentForeign companies, investors and governments should be confident that trade barriers should not be raised arbitrarily. With stability and predictability, investment is encouraged, jobs are created and consumers can fully enjoy the benefits of competition — choice and lower prices.More competitiveDiscouraging ‘unfair’ pra ctices, such as export subsidies and dumping products at below cost to gain market share; the issues are complex, and the rules try to establish what is fair or unfair, and how governments can respond, in particular by charging additional import duties calculated to compensate for damage caused by unfair trade.More beneficial for less developed countriesGiving them more time to adjust, greater flexibility and special privileges; overthree-quarters of WTO members are developing countries and countries in transition to market economies. The WTO agreements give them transition periods to adjust to the more unfamiliar and, perhaps, difficult WTO provisions.Protect the environmentThe WTO’s agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health and plant health. However, these measures must be applied in the same way to both national and foreign businesses. In other words, members must not use environmental protection measures as a means of disguising protectionist policies.4．Mission statement—a statement by the Director-GeneralThe World Trade Organization — the WTO — is the international organization whose primary purpose is to open trade for the benefit of all.The WTO provides a forum for negotiating agreements aimed at reducing obstacles to international trade and ensuring a level playing field for all, thus contributing to economic growth and development. The WTO also provides a legal and institutional framework for the implementation and monitoring of these agreements, as well as for settling disputes arising from their interpretation and application. The current body of trade agreements comprising the WTO consists of 16 different multilateral agreements (to which all WTO members are parties) and two different plurilateral agreements (to which only some WTO members are parties).Over the past 60 years, the WTO, which was established in 1995, and its predecessor organization the GATT have helped to create a strong and prosperous international trading system, thereby contributing to unprecedented global economic growth. The WTO currently has 153 members, of which 117 are developing countries or separate customs territories. WTO activities are supported by a Secretariat of some 700 staff, led by the WTODirector-General. The Secretariat is located in Geneva, Switzerland, and has an annualbudget of approximately CHF 200 million ($180 million, €130 million). The three official languages of the WTO are English, French and Spanish.Decisions in the WTO are generally taken by consensus of the entire membership. The highest institutional body is the , which meets roughly every two years. A conducts the organization's business in the intervals between Ministerial Conferences. Both of these bodies comprise all members. Specialised subsidiary bodies (Councils, Committees,Sub-committees), also comprising all members, administer and monitor the implementation by members of the various WTO agreements.More specifically, the WTO's main activities are:negotiating the reduction or elimination of obstacles to trade (import tariffs, other barriers to trade) and agreeing on rules governing the conduct of international trade(e.g. antidumping, subsidies, product standards, etc.)— administering and monitoring the application of the WTO's agreed rules for trade in goods, trade in services, and trade-related intellectual property rights— monitoring and reviewing the trade policies of our members, as well as ensuringtransparency of regional and bilateral trade agreements— settling disputes among our members regarding the interpretation and application of the agreements— building capacity of developing country government officials in international trade matters— assisting the process of accession of some 30 countries who are not yet members of the organization— conducting economic research and collecting and disseminating trade data in support of the WTO's other main activities— explaining to and educating the public about the WTO, its mission and its activities.The WTO's founding and guiding principles remain the pursuit of open borders, the guarantee of most-favoured-nation principle and non-discriminatory treatment by and among members, and a commitment to transparency in the conduct of its activities. The opening of national markets to international trade, with justifiable exceptions or with adequate flexibilities, will encourage and contribute to sustainable development, raise people's welfare, reduce poverty, and foster peace and stability. At the same time, such market opening must be accompanied by sound domestic and international policies that contribute to economic growth and development according to each member's needs and aspirations.二．New words and expressions1. painstakingly adv. 煞费苦心地；费力地2. the bulk of 大多数，大部3. overriding adj. 高于一切的，最重要的v. 践踏；压垮；不顾（override 的ing形式）4. transparent adj. 透明的；显然的；易懂的；坦率的5. predictable adj. 可预言的6．ambassador n. 大使；使节；代表7. delegate vt. 委派…为代表n. 代表8. secretariat n. 秘书处；书记处；秘书（书记，部长等）之职9. parliamentarian n. 国会议员，熟练而又有经验的议员adj. 议会的10. discriminate vt. 区别；辨别；歧视vi. 区别；辨别；歧视11. arbitrarily adv. 武断地；反复无常地；专横地12. transition periods [经] 过渡时期13. prosperous adj. 繁荣的；兴旺的14. predecessor n. 前任，前辈15. subsidiary bodies：附属机构16．foster vt. 养育，抚育；培养；抱（希望等）adj. 收养的，养育的17. aspiration n. 渴望；抱负；呼气；吸引术三．Legal Terms1. World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织（产生于关贸总协定的乌拉圭谈判，其目的是为促进多边贸易谈判和协议而成立的。

国际公法对WTO的作用

国际公法对WTO的作用一、引言：法律作为一种方法及本文目的WTO（世界贸易组织）从字面上看，是指一个关于贸易的国际组织。

但本文所述WTO的含义更为宽泛，它不仅是指一个贸易组织，根据语境，还意味着一个调整各国、各地区之间贸易关系的体制，一个世界贸易体制。

研究WTO可以有不同的角度或方法，例如政策的角度、经济的方法。

WTO肯定是一个贸易政策问题，而且是国际社会共同贸易政策问题。

这个政策的目的，就是通过全球范围内的贸易自由化或市场开放，使国际社会的普遍成员受益。

为什么贸易自由化会达到这样的目的？这又是经济学问题。

古典经济学关于国际贸易分工的学说表明，跨国贸易自由化可以促进生产力的效率和价值的普遍提高，从而实现各国经济利益的最大化。

WTO正是这种理论的实际应用。

然而，政策和法律是不可分的。

法律需要政策的内涵，并为政策的目的服务。

政策需要以法律形式体现，合法性不仅是政策的基础，而且为政策建立了稳定的预期。

经济也不能脱离法律。

经济学原理需要形成制度或规范，通过保护和约束社会成员取得实际效用。

因此，对WTO来说，无论其政策内涵或经济学原理如何，也无论从哪个角度研究，法律都是重要因素。

WTO作为一个世界贸易体制，归根结底是要起作用的。

它如何起作用？这是一个法律问题。

研究WTO，法律不可或缺，法律同样可以作为一种方法。

本文从法律上研究WTO.笔者想要说明的是国际公法对于WTO的作用或影响，或者说，是WTO对国际公法的依赖关系。

国际公法对WTO的作用可能反映在许多方面，本文将择要讨论，旨在说明问题。

二、WTO是国际公共秩序的一部分WTO作为一个世界贸易体制，是国际公共秩序的一个组成部分。

国际公共秩序的主体主要是国家，它要解决的是以国家为基本单位的国际社会共同关心的问题，例如和平与安全问题、海洋权益问题、空间制度问题、金融管制问题。

这些问题都具有跨越国界的性质。

WTO主要涉及国际间自由贸易问题，它通过关税减让等各种市场开放措施，达到自由贸易的目的。

《哈利波特与秘室》第16章《密室》中英文对照学习版

中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets《哈利波特与密室》Chapter SixteenThe Chamber of Secrets第16章密室‘A ll those times we were in that bathroom, and she was just three toilets away,’said Ron bitterly at breakfast next day, ‘and we could’ve asked her, and now ...’“当时我们就在那个盥洗室里，离她只隔三个抽水马桶，都没有能够问她。

”第二天吃早饭的时候，罗恩苦恼地说，“现在……”It had been hard enough trying to l ook for spid ers. Escaping their teachers l ong enough to sneak into a girls' bathroom, the girls' bathroom, moreover, right next to the scene of the first attack, was going to be almost impossibl e.这些日子，寻找蜘蛛就已经够他们受的了。

要想长时间地避开老师，溜进女生盥洗室─这个女生盥洗室不在别处，偏偏就在第一次攻击事件现场的隔壁─这简直是不可能的事。

But something happened in their first l esson, Transfiguration, which drove the Chamber of Secrets out of their minds for the first time in weeks. Ten minutes into the class, Professor McGonagall tol d them that their exams woul d start on the first of June, one week from today.然而，就在上午第一节的变形课上，发生了一件事情，使他们几个星期来第一次把密室的事忘到了脑后。

九下历史第16课联合国与世界贸易组织

等等。
一、联合国（UN）
下图是位于联合国参观中心入口处的一座浮雕，是一支枪管打结的枪，想想它的寓意是什么？
联合国的主要职责是：以和平方式解决国际争端，维护世界和平。
一、联合国（UN）联合国可以在解决全球性问题方面发挥积极作用面临着日益严重的全球性问题，任何一个国家都无法单独解决，

必须依靠国际社会的合作和共同努力。
（利）有利于中国企业参与国际经济合作与分工，进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制，提高人民生活水平。（弊）随着市场的进一步扩大，关税的大幅度减让，中国企业将面临激烈的竞争，需要加快转型的步伐。
机遇与挑战并存，要善于抓住机遇，敢于迎接挑战
当今世界三大全球性经济组织
1、世界贸易组织(WTO)------有经济联合国之称
一、联合国（UN）
3、联合国的重大作用
和平方面
1、促使两伊战争结束
2、促成安哥拉的停火和纳米比亚的独立 3、谴责和制裁了伊拉克对科威特的入侵 ……
一、联合国（UN）
联合国的重大作用 1、国际货币基金组织稳定国际财政金融体系。 2、世界卫生组织促进世界健康卫生事业的发展。
合作发展方面
4、联合国粮农组织为解决世界粮食短缺而努力。 5、儿童基金会加大教育保健投资力度。 6、联合国在国际贸易航空、气象、环保方面的积极作用……
一、联合国（UN）
一、联合国（UN）
非强制性建议，或向联合国安理会提建议根据联合国安理会提议吸收新成员预算选举联合国安理会成员国、联合国经社理事会成员、根据安理会提议选举联合国秘书长、国际法院法官。
可以向成员国决议
联合国大会
一、联合国（UN）
全联合国最有权的机关，发表联合国安全理事会决议（强制性）决定维和、禁运等。

WTO基本知识

IMF： 1. IMF：维持国际间的汇率和国际收支平衡 WBRD： 2. WBRD：动员资金协助经济复兴与发展 3. ITO国际贸易组织：减少关税壁垒，促进国际贸易 ITO国际贸易组织：减少关税壁垒，国际贸易组织自由发展
起草国际贸易组织（ITO）宪章的过程中产生GATT 起草国际贸易组织（ITO）宪章的过程中产生GATT
一、GATT的产生与发展 GATT的产生与发展
3.GATT的基础与宗旨 3.GATT的基础与宗旨 GATT 基础：基础：实行以市场经济为基础的自由贸易体制宗旨：各缔约方“ 宗旨：各缔约方“在处理它们的贸易和经济事务的关系方面，事务的关系方面，应以提高各缔约方人们的生活水平、活水平、保证实际收入和有效需求的巨大持续充分利用以及发展商品增长、扩大世界资源的充分利用增长、扩大世界资源的充分利用以及发展商品的生产与交换为目的。的生产与交换为目的。”
改善市场准入条件，改善市场准入条件，扩大世界贸易建立统一的、建立统一的、有效的多边贸易体制强化多边贸易体制对国际经济环境的适应能力促进国际合作
主要议题：主要议题：传统议题——关税、非关税壁垒、热带关税、传统议题关税非关税壁垒、产品、自然资源产品、纺织品服装、农产品、产品、自然资源产品、纺织品服装、农产品、保障条款、补贴和反补贴措施、保障条款、补贴和反补贴措施、争端解决新议题——服务贸易、与贸易有关的服务贸易、新议题服务贸易投资措施、投资措施、与贸易有关的知识产权
其他自由贸易理论
要素禀赋论
瑞典经济学家赫克歇尔和俄林提出瑞典经济学家赫克歇尔和俄林提出赫克歇尔和俄林对外贸易对收入分配的影响》 1919年《对外贸易对收入分配的影响》一个区域或国家利用它的相对丰富的生产要素进行商品生产就处于比较有利的地位，进行商品生产就处于比较有利的地位，如果利用其生产要素相对稀缺的生产要素进行商品生产就处于不利地位，产就处于不利地位，所以每个国家或区域应该发展生产和出口生产要素较丰裕的产品，发展生产和出口生产要素较丰裕的产品，而不生产生产要素稀缺的产品或发展进口。生产生产要素稀缺的产品或发展进口。

商务英语( 第二版 )课文翻译

高级商务英语阅读课文译文第1 课主课文译文新长征“中国制造”这个标记很久以前就不新鲜了，它贴在鞋子上、玩具上、服装上，以及为跨国公司制造的其他商品上，世界各地到处可见。

现在真正新鲜的是以中国品牌出售的中国制造的商品。

目前中国只有为数不多的几家公司拥有足够的财力和管理知识来打造国际名牌；其余的绝大多数公司还在为在国内获得知名度而努力奋斗着。

但是正在海外市场上试水的各大先锋公司，很有可能把事情做大。

一些人认为，在创业精神饱满的本地管理层的协助下，或者在一些想在其产品系列里添加新产品的外国公司的协助下，中国商品在极具竞争力的价格的基础上，若把卖点放在产品质量和异国情调上，那末10 年之内，中国品牌将一个一个地走向全球。

总部在香港的广告公司中国精信（Grey China）的执行董事陈一木丹（Viveca Chan）说：“如果世界上只有一个国家具备创立全球品牌的潜力，那么这个国家就是中国。

”短期之内，中国商品最有希望打入国际市场的当属中草药和特色食品，当然也包括那些体现中国浪漫并具有异国情调的产品，例如化妆品、时装和音乐作品。

中国总部设在上海的泰勒·娜尔森·索福瑞（Taylor Nelson Sofres）市场调研公司的中国区总经理Kevin Tan 说：“与中国相联系的神秘色彩还有许多。

化妆品是种靠形象推销的产品，假如你要做化妆品，你会一下子就发现，中国化妆品来头不小。

”努力走向世界的中国品牌还有一些领导时尚潮头的饮料和啤酒品牌，也包括家用电器等具有品牌潜力的产品，它们都能以竞争性的价格提供高品质的产品。

这些中国品牌中的一部分，最终将会通过合资、兼并和收购的途径走向国际市场。

而对于合资双方中的外国投资者来说，这些品牌则将成为他们更快地进入中国消费市场和销售渠道的载体，同时这些中国品牌也能进一步充实国外投资者在国际市场上已经确立的优质品牌的阵营。

整个20 世纪90 年代，“中国品牌”这个概念一直在发育着，而目前在国内受到的重视更大了。

WTO课后习题答案(1-16)

WTO课后习题答案Chapter 1Ⅰ.Discussion1．The GATT was established on a provisional basic after the Second World War in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation.2．The GATT remained the only multilateral instrument governing international trade from 1948 until the establishment of the WTO.3．Most of the rounds of GATT dealt with tariff reduction only, but as tariff came down, non-tariff barriers went up. 4．Success:①Promote and secure the liberalization of much of world trade over 47 years.②Continual reductions in tariff alone helped spur very high rates of world trade growth.③The momentum of trade liberalization helped ensure that trade growth consistently out-paced production growth throughout the GATT era.④It is an anchor for development and an instrument of economic and trade reform for some countries.Failure:①The General Agreement was on longer as relevant to the realities of world trade as it had been in the 1940s.②The GATT had been found wanting.5．Yes, it does.Ⅱ.Study of words and terms1(1) 1995(2) provisional(3) tariff anti-dumping(4) liberalization protectionist contracting(5) deterioration2(1)关税及贸易总协定(2)回合(3)布雷顿森林机构(4)双边的(5)诸边的(6)多边的(7)国际货币基金组织(8)贸易自由化(9)非关税贸易壁垒规则(10)破坏，削弱Ⅲ. Translation关税及贸易总协定，又称GATT，是于二战后建立的，用于确保一个稳定的贸易和经济的世界环境的布雷顿森林机构下三大协定之一的协定。

hscode编码规则

hscode编码规则
HS编码（也称为HS Code或海关编码）是国际上通用的商品分类编码系统，由世界关贸组织（WTO）制定和管理。它用于对商品进行分类和识别，以便在国际贸易中进行统计、监管和征税。
HS编码由6位数字组成，每个数字代表不同的层级和含义。以下是HS编码的一般规则：
1. 第1位：章（Chapter）- 表示商品的大类别，共有21个章节，按照商品的性质进行分类。
hscode编码规则
2. 第2位：组（Heading）- 表示商品的更具体的类别，每个章节下有多个组。
3. 第3位：类（Subheading）- 表示商品的更具体的分类，每个组下有多个类。
4. 第4位：品目（Item）- 表示商品的更具体的品目，每个类下有多个品目。
5. 第，每个品目下有多个细目。
HS编码的层级结构使得商品可以被准确地分类和识别。每个国家或地区都有自己的HS编码版本，通常会在国际贸易中使用国际通用版本（如HS2017版）。
hscode编码规则
在进行国际贸易时，商家需要根据自己的商品特性和国际贸易规则，确定适用的HS编码。正确的HS编码对于海关申报、关税计算和贸易统计非常重要，因此商家应该仔细研究HS 编码规则，并咨询专业人士或海关部门以获取准确的编码信息。

马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定(英汉对照)

Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World TradeOrganization马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定（英汉对照）The Parties to this Agreement,本协议各成员Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with t he objective of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development, 承认其贸易和经济关系的发展，应旨在提高生活水平，保证充分就业和大幅度稳步提高实际收入和有效需求，扩大货物与服务的生产和贸易，为持续发展之目的扩大对世界资源的充分利用，保护和维护环境，并以符合不同经济发展水平下各自需要的方式，加强采取各种相应的措施；Recognizing further that there is need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development,进一步承认有必要作出积极的努力，以确保发展中国家，尤其是最不发达国家，在国际贸易增长中获得与其经济发展相应的份额；Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international trade relations,期望通过达成互惠互利的安排，切实降低关税和其它贸易壁垒，在国际贸易关系中消除歧视待遇，为实现上述目标作出贡献；Resolved, therefore, to develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system encompassing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the results of past trade liberalization efforts, and all of the results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations,从而决心建立一个完整的、更有活力的和持久的多边贸易体系，以包括关税与贸易总协定、以往贸易自由化努力的成果和乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判的所有成果；Determined to preserve the basic principles and to further the objectives underlying this multilateral trading system,决心保持该多边贸易体制的基本原则和加强该体制的目标；Agree as follows:协议如下：Article I Establishment of the Organization第一条组织的建立The World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as “the WTO”) is hereby established.建立世界贸易组织（以下简称WTO）Article II Scope of the WTO第二条 WTO的范围1. The WTO shall provide the common institutional framework for the conduct of trade relations among its Members in matters related to the agreements and associated legal instruments included in the Annexes to this Agreement.1．WTO应为其成员从事与本协议各附件中的协议及其法律文件有关的贸易关系，提供共同的体制框架。

TheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）世界贸易组织

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.> WTO 10th AnniversaryThe WTO in BriefA starting point for essential information about the WTO.> Browse html version online> Download in pdf format (8 pages, 402 KB, opens in a new window)About the WTO — ‘Understanding the WTO’An introduction, in more depth, to the WTO and its agreements.Browse> Browse html version online “revised February 2007”Download whole document> Download in pdf format (116 pages; 1298KB, opens in a new window)Download by chapter (pdf format):> Chapter 1: Basics (23 pages; 366KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 2: The Agreements (31 pages; 284KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 3: Settling disputes (7 pages; 134KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 4: Cross-cutting and new issues (13 pages; 134KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 5: The Doha Agenda (15 pages; 240KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 6: Developing Countries (7 pages; 147KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 7: The Organization (12 pages; 185KB, opens in a new window)10 benefits of the WTO trading systemFrom the money in our pockets and the goods and services that we use, to a more peaceful world — the WTO and the trading system offer a range of benefits, some well-known, others not so obvious.> Browse html version online> Download in pdf format (18 pages, 350KB, opens in a new window)10 common misunderstandings about the WTOIs it a dictatorial tool of the rich and powerful? Does it destroy jobs? Does it ignore the concerns of health, the environment and development?Emphatically no. Criticisms of the WTO are often based on fundamental misunderstandings of the way the WTO works.> Browse html version online> Download in pdf format (14 pages, 261 KB, opens in a new window)Multimedia presentations> Overview of the WTO — Includes a self-evaluation sectionVideos> From GATT to WTO> To the heart of the WTO> Basic principles of the WTO system> Why is it important to liberalize?> A virtual tour of the WTOWTO/CPA booklet for MPsThe WTO and Commonwealth Parliamentary Association have published a new booklet on the multilateral trading system, based on regional workshops for African and Caribbean Parliamentarians held in Cape Town and Port-of-Spain in 2003.> Download (pdf format, 36 pages, 1.4MB, opens in a new window)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------A word of caution: the fine printWhile every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the texts in this introductory section, they cannot be taken as an official legal interpretation of the agreements.In addition, some simplifications are used in order to keep the text simple and clear. In particular, the words “country” and “nation” are frequently used to describe WTO members, whereas a few members are officially “customs territories”, and not necessarily countries in the usual sense of the word (see list of members). The same applies when participants in trade negotiations are called “countries” or “nations”.Where there is little risk of misunderstanding, the word “member” is dropped from “member countries (nations, governments)”, for example in the descriptions of the WTO agreements. Naturally, the agreements and commitments do not apply to non-members.In some parts of the text, GATT is described as an “international organization”. The phrase reflects GATT's de facto role before the WTO was created, and it is used simplistically here to help readers understand that role. As the text points out, thisrole was always ad hoc, without a proper legal foundation. International law did not recognize GATT as an organization. For simplicity, the text also uses the term “GATT members”. Officially, GATT signatories were “contracting parties”.。

简爱英文原版16章

简爱英文原版16章Chapter 16 of Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Brontë, provides further development of the plot and characters. In this chapter, Jane Eyre has become a teacher at Thornfield Hall, and her relationship with Mr. Rochester deepens.The chapter begins with Jane describing her role as a teacher. She teaches Adele, Mr. Rochester's ward, and also takes charge of the household duties. Through her interactions with Adele and the other servants, we gain insight into Jane's character and her growing confidence in her abilities.Jane's relationship with Mr. Rochester becomes more complex in this chapter. She notices that he often observes her, and their conversations become more intimate. They discuss various topics, including literature and philosophy, which reveals their intellectual connection. However, Jane also becomes aware of her growing feelings for Mr. Rochester, which she tries to suppress due to theirdiffering social standings.The chapter also introduces a mysterious incident where Jane hears a strange laugh echoing through the halls of Thornfield Hall. This incident adds an element of suspense and foreshadows future events in the story.From a thematic perspective, Chapter 16 explores the themes of love, social class, and the role of women in society. Jane's conflicting emotions towards Mr. Rochester highlight the challenges faced by women in Victorian society, where social status and conventions often dictated romantic relationships.Overall, Chapter 16 of Jane Eyre provides further depth to the characters and their relationships, while also setting the stage for future events in the novel.。

WTO基础知识英文选读课后练习及参考答案

《WTO基础知识英文选读》（Selected Readings the WTO Basics）邱贵溪主编上海交通大学出版社，2009年第一版课后练习参考答案Key to ExercisesKey to Unit One1. Translate the following English words and phrases into Chinese.1) 多边贸易体制2) 关税与贸易总协定3) 反倾销4) 补贴5) 知识产权6) 部长级会议7) 总理事会8)贸易政策审查机构9) 争端解决组织10) 货物贸易理事会2. Translate the following Chinese words or phrases into English.1) Services Council2) TRIPS3) specialized committee4) director-general5) customs duty rate6) state trading7) product standards8) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)9) Dispute Settlement Understanding（DSU）10) least-developed countries (LDC)3. Answer the following questions according to the text.1) The past 50 years have seen an exceptional growth in world trade. Merchandise exports grew on average by 6% annually. Total trade in 2000 was 22-times the level of 1950. GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing to unprecedented growth.2) The system was developed through a series of trade negotiations, or rounds, held under GATT. The first rounds dealt mainly with tariff reductions but later negotiations included other areas such as anti-dumping and non-tariff measures.3) The work programme, the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), adds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs, trade and environment, WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies, investment, competition policy, trade facilitation, transparency in government procurement, intellectual property, and a range of issues raised by developing countries as difficulties they face in implementing the present WTO agreements.4)The WTO’s overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly and predictablyIt does this by:•Administering trade agreements•Acting as a forum for trade negotiations•Settling trade disputes•Reviewing national trade policies•Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical assistance and training programmes•Cooperating with other international organizations5) 1. Highest authority：the Ministerial ConferenceThe Ministerial Conference is the governing body of the WTO，responsible for setting the strategic direction of the organization and making all final decisions on agreements under its wings．2. Second level：General Council in three guisesDay-to-day work in between the ministerial conferences is handled by three bodies：General CouncilTrade Policy Review BodyDispute Settlement Body3. Third level: councils for each broad area of trade, and moreThree more councils, each handling a different broad area of trade, report to the General Council;The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council)The Council for Trade in Services (Services Council)The Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Council)6) The Secretariat’s main duties are to supply technical support for the various councils and committees and the ministerial conferences, to provide technical assistance for developing countries, to analyze world trade, and to explain WTO affairs to the public and media. The Secretariat also provides some forms of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process and advises governments wishing to become members of the WTO.7) The WTO’s rules — the agreements — are the result of negotiations between the members. The current set were the outcome of the 1986–94 Uruguay Round negotiations which included a major revision of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).8) The WTO agreements cover rules for dealing with trade in goods, services, relevant aspects of intellectual property, dispute settlement, and trade policy reviews.9) All WTO agreements contain special provision for them, including longer time periods to implement agreements and commitments, measures to increase their trading opportunities and support to help them build the infrastructure for WTO work, handle disputes, and implement technical standards.10) The sub-committee on least-developed countries looks at developing countries’ special needs. Its responsibility includes implementation of the agreements, technical cooperation, and the increased participation of developing countries in the global trading system.11)Technical cooperation is an area of WTO work that is devoted entirely to helping developing countries (and countries in transition from centrally-planned economies) operates successfully in the multilateral trading system. The objective is to help build the necessary institutions and to train officials. The subjects covered deal both with trade policies and with effective negotiations.4. Fill in the blanks in each sentence with the most suitable word or expression from the text.1) WTO, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)2) trade negotiations, GATT, tariff reductions, anti-dumping, the 1986-94 Uruguay Round3) financial services, banking, securities4) Ministerial Conference, General Council, Trade Policy Review Body, Dispute Settlement Body, Goods Council, Services Council, Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Council5) Geneva, director-general, branch offices6) the agreements, members, 1986–94 Uruguay Round negotiations , General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).7) services, dispute settlement8) Dispute Settlement Understanding, WTO, infringed, specially-appointed independent experts, agreements, commitments9) technical assistance, least-developed countries , integrated framework20, market access10) technical cooperation missions, developing countries, trade policy , Regional seminars, African countries, central planning, market economies 5. Choose the best words or phrases to complete thefollowing sentences.1) B, 2) C, 3) A ,4) B, 5) D ,6) A, 7) C ,8)D ,9) C ,10) A6. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) T 7) F 8)F 9) T 10) F 11) T 12) T 13) F 14) F 15) T 7. Translate the following English sentences intoChinese.1) 过去的50年见证了世界贸易的迅猛增长。

hs编码的构成 -回复

hs编码的构成-回复一、HS编码的定义和背景HS编码（Harmonized System）是一套国际通用的商品分类标准，由世界关贸组织（WTO）及其下属机构国际贸易中心（ITC）制定和管理。

HS 编码的主要目的是为了标准化国际货物的分类和对关税及统计数据的收集。

HS编码不仅在全球范围内广泛应用，也成为各国海关关税和贸易统计的重要依据。

下面将逐步介绍HS编码的构成。

二、HS编码的结构HS编码由6个数字组成，分为三个层级：章（Chapter）、节（Heading）和组（Sub-heading）。

每个层级都有特定的含义和功能。

1. 章（Chapter）HS编码的最高层级是章，共有21个章，用罗马数字I-XXI表示。

每个章表示一类商品或相关商品的分类，例如第一章表示活动植物、第二章表示活动动物等。

2. 节（Heading）在每个章下，有若干个节。

节用两位数字表示，从00开始递增。

每个节表示更具体的商品类别，例如第一章的节有活动树、活动藻等。

在HS编码中，节是最重要的分类单位。

3. 组（Sub-heading）组是HS编码的最具体的分类单位，用四位数字表示，从0000开始递增。

每个组表示更加具体的商品品种，例如第一章第01节的0001组是指活动的寄生植物。

三、HS编码的规则HS编码的分配遵循一定的规则，这些规则包括下面几个方面。

1. 规则1：顺序性HS编码按照递增顺序分配，即一个组的编码必须排在上一个组后面。

2. 规则2：归属原则每个商品必须按其本质归属于最适当的组。

归属的原则是根据商品的特性、用途、成分和用途等来判断。

3. 规则3：特殊商品分类某些特殊的商品根据其特定的属性进行分类，例如，某些物品可以根据其用途或材料进行分类。

4. 规则4：优先原则如果一个商品符合多个组的条件，应该选择最具体的组进行分类。

四、HS编码的应用HS编码在国际贸易中有广泛的应用，具有以下几个重要的作用。

1. 关税征收HS编码的主要作用之一是用于海关税收的征收。

hs编码分章 -回复

hs编码分章-回复HS编码分章是国际通用的商品分类系统，用于对各种商品进行统一编码和分类。

该系统由世界关贸组织（WTO）的《关税和贸易总协定》附录B 中的《国际商品名称和编码协定》（简称HS协定）所制定和管理。

它将商品按照不同的领域进行划分，每个领域又细分为若干章节，以便更好地进行国际贸易统计、关税征收和监管等工作。

下面将一步一步详细解答HS 编码分章的相关问题。

第一步：什么是HS编码？HS编码（Harmonized System Code）是国际通用的商品分类系统。

它由六位数字组成，按照一定的级别进行划分和分类。

HS编码根据商品的类别、用途、成分等特征，对所有商品进行了系统的分类和编码，使得不同国家在国际贸易中的商品分类可以达到一致的标准。

这样可以方便商品的统计、清关、征税等工作。

第二步：HS编码的组成结构是什么？HS编码由六位数字组成，按照一定的层级结构进行分类。

具体而言，前两位数字代表章（chapter），后四位数字代表章内分类（subheading）。

其中，章（chapter）是最高级别的分类，一共有21个章。

每个章再按照细分领域进行划分，形成很多的章内分类，也就是章内子目（subheading）。

第三步：HS编码的章节划分是怎样的？HS编码根据商品的性质和用途，将商品分为不同的领域和章节。

目前一共有21个章节，每个章节涵盖了不同的商品范畴。

以下是HS编码的章节划分的基本概述：- 第1章至第5章：活的或附着在生物体上的动植物- 第6章至第14章：食品及其制备品- 第15章至第24章：动、植物产品及其制品- 第25章至第27章：盐、硫、矿石及其精炼品、化学品- 第28章至第38章：化学品及其制品- 第39章至第40章：塑料及其制品- 第41章至第43章：皮革及其制品- 第44章至第49章：木材及其制品- 第50章至第63章：纺织品及其制品- 第64章至第67章：鞋帽和饰品等- 第68章至第71章：石膏石类、陶瓷产品、玻璃和玻璃制品等- 第72章至第83章：金属及其制品、机械设备等- 第84章至第85章：机械及其设备- 第86章至第89章：运输设备- 第90章至第97章：光学、精密仪器及钟表等- 第98章至第99章：项目分类每个章节再根据具体的商品细分为更详细的项（heading）和章内子目（subheading）。