现代大学英语精读3 lesson10

Plato’s Teaching
Plato regarded the rational soul as immortal, and he believed in a world soul and a Demiurge造物主, the creator of the physical world. He argued for the independent reality of Ideas, or Forms, as the immutable archetypes of all temporal phenomena and as the only guarantee of ethical standards and of objective scientific knowledge. Virtue consists in the harmony of the human soul with the universe of Ideas, which assure order, intelligence, and pattern to a world in constant flux. Supreme among them is the Idea of the Good, analogous to the sun in the physical world. Only the philosopher, who understands the harmony of all parts of the universe with the Idea of the Good, is capable of ruling the just state.
Plato, ancient Greek philosopher
Academy, near Athens, the most influential school of the ancient world, Aristotle being his famous pupil His work is in the form of epistles(letters) and dialogues Early works: the Apology, presenting Socrates in conversations that illustrate his major ideas--the unity of virtue and knowledge and of virtue and happiness Middle works: the Republic, discussing the relationship between the soul, the state, and the cosmos Later works: the Laws and Parmenides, containing treatises on law, mathematics, technical philosophic problems, and natural science
Odyssey
In Northern Africa, Odysseus and his men encounter the Lotus-Eaters. Some of the crew eat the temptful fruit. Aeolus, king of the winds, gives him a wind bag The island of cannibals destroy 11 of his 12 ships Go to the underworld and seek the advice from Hades on how to go home The island of the Sirens; bypass a whirlpool and a 6headed monster; live with a nymph for 9 years; After a tempest by Poseidon, he finally gets to Ithaca, defeating the suitors of his wife Penelope and taking back his kingdom
TOEFL exercises:
1. After the funeral, the residents of the C apartment building_______. A. sent faithfully flowers each week to the cemetery B. sent to the cemetery each week flowers faithfully C. sent flowers faithfully to the cemetery each week D. sent each week faithfully to the cemetery flowers.
Twelve labors of Hercules (continued)
clean up in one day the 30 years of accumulated filth of the Augean stables; drive off a huge flock of man-eating birds with bronze beaks, claws and wings; capture a mad bull that Poseidon海神 had sent to terrorize Crete克里特岛; bring back the man-eating mares of Diomedes; get the girdle腰带 of Queen Hippolyta; capture the oxen of the 3headed monster Geryon; support the world on his shoulders while Atlas helps him fetch the golden apples of Hesperides金苹果乐园; bring back the 3headed dog Cerberus from the lower world with the permission of Hades冥神
Aristotle, ancient Greek philosopher
At the age of eighteen Aristotle came to Athens from Macedonia in the north for the purpose of studying with Plato. Although he was an original thinker who made great contributions of his own, he remained a student in Plato's Academy for twenty years. his own school Lyceum an original and deep thinker, an observer, an organizer, a systematizer of knowledge. He laid the foundation of all sciences and philosophies by defining and classifying the various branches of knowledge: Psychology, Metaphysics, Politics, Rhetoric and Logic.
Homer, Iliad and Odyssey
Iliad, the 9th year of the war between the Argives led by King Agamemnon and the Trojans led by King Priam with participation of many gods and goddesses Showing values of the Bronze Age: honor and bravery "Always be the best, my boy, the bravest, and hold your head up high above the others. Never disgrace the generation of your fathers."
Unit 10 Diogenes and Alexander
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(left)Alexander; (right)Gordian Knot
Alexander the Great
A brilliant tactician and leader, but could also be ruthless and cruel Sleep with Iliad under his pillow, identify himself with Achilles War against Persia in 334 BC: Troy→Egypt →Babylon →defeated Persian king Darius and Married the Persian princess →India →died of fever
Hercules(Roman name); Heracles(Greek name)
A hero noted for his strength and courage and 12 labors As a baby, strangle two serpents sent by Hera; as a young man, cloak--the skin of a lion, helmet—its head; conquer a tribe and marry the princess of Thebes; in a fit of madness sent by Hera, kill his wife and 3 children, then told by the oracle at Delphi to perform 12 labors: Kill a lion that could not be wounded by any weapon; kill a monster in the swamp that has 9 heads, one immortal; capture alive a stag雄鹿 with golden horns and bronze hoofs sacred to Artemis狩猎神; capture a great boar公猪;
Grammar (line 2) he had opened his eyes with the sun at dawn…
副词的位置： (一)方式副词+地点副词+时间副词（句首 或句末）, 如： She sat quietly in the room for an hour. Jane played the piano wonderfully at the school concert last night. 或 Last night, Jane played the piano wonderfully at the school concert.
B 2. “_______.” “So did I.” A. I saw them last Saturday at the game. B. I saw them at the game last Saturday C. At the game I saw them last Saturday D. At the game last Saturday I saw them