中英文文献翻译ipmc致动器驱动的无阀微型泵设计及其在低雷诺数下的流量估计大学论文

合集下载

德国巴特斯微泵中文资料2

.mp6 – the small power pack.mp5 – small, smart and low in price.Functional principle.德国巴特斯微泵微泵可以输送微量的气体和液体，或者气液混合物，被认为是微流体系统中的核心部件；在很多领域中它们已经不可或缺，比如分配润滑油，输送淀粉浆到蒸汽熨斗中只是它们能够完成的多种多样的任务中的一部分，巴特斯微泵还有一些更深层次，更前沿的应用，比如应用在高端医疗技术以及一些分析仪器中；由于其特别小的尺寸，非常轻的重量，并且有着很好的粒子性以及能够耐高温，良好的抗断裂性能，微泵可以很好地应用在上述领域当中；由于制作它们的材料才是塑料，因此在大批量的生产下，低成本的微泵就得于实现，甚至这种微可以当成一次性泵来使用；巴特斯泵的工作原理是建立在压电隔膜片以及被动截止阀上的基础上的，当对泵施加电压时，镀有黄铜的压电陶瓷隔膜开始变形弯曲，当压电陶瓷隔膜反向弯曲（右图中向下弯曲时），泵腔体容积减小，腔体内的介质压力增大，此时腔体内的介质被挤出泵的腔体；当增加电压时，压电陶瓷隔膜开始正向弯曲（右图中向上弯曲时），此时泵的腔体容积增大，腔体内的介质压力减小，介质开始流入泵的腔体内；在一秒钟之内，微泵做着几百次这样的循环；连接在泵的腔体的截止阀控制着泵的介质的流向，在实际应用中泵的表现会随着可变因素（电压，频率，背压）的变化而变化；对所有的客户来说，微泵的最大优势在于其的简单设计，泵的注塑件以及泵的腔体，压电陶瓷隔膜，截止阀是泵的关键部件；对于任何关于流量或者背压的具体要求都可以很容易实现；巴特斯公司还为客户提供更加适合客户实际应用要求的微泵以及最优的微泵电子驱动控制器；如果客户有需要，此种微泵可以设计到更复杂的系统中；Typical characteristics of the micropumps:mp6 微泵 mp6微泵把两个压电控制器组合在一个腔体内，这种新型的泵把泵已有的功能以及其原型泵mp5的核心优势结合在一起，并且拥有其自己的独特优势；这种泵能够双倍处理mp5微泵所遇到的背压，并且增强了自吸能力和能够很好的容忍气泡，因此泵能够输送那种气液混合物；在泵的腔体内部只有一种材料能够接触到介质，所有相关部分都是由ppsu 材料构成的；由于大批量的生产，使得mp6成本更低，低功率消耗都是mp6微泵的独特优势；mp5 微泵mp5微泵是一款更小，更轻重量的微泵；自从2004年mp5微泵成功地展示出压电微泵的潜力以来，由于这种泵的容积的限制性以及中等产量下的高价格，现在这种ｍｐ５泵已经在许多应用中已经被ｍｐ６成功取代，如果泵的尺寸在你的应用中是一个决定因素，那么ｍｐ５微泵仍然是一个理想的选择；低功耗，小尺寸使得ｍｐ５微泵能够很好的整合到你产品的设计当中；1mp62 2 g ,1,25 mm pitch< 200 mW yes 20 – 70°C 3 5000 h 3 IP code IP33 4 one (PPSU)6 ml/min +/- 15% (100 Hz)550 mbar +/- 15% (100 Hz)12. 34mp6 技术资料泵的名称压电式隔膜泵型号 : mp6不带转接头的尺寸 30 x 15 x 3.8 mm³重量外　径 6 mm 长度3,5 mm)软管接头 (电路连接方式 flex connector / Molex FCC 功率消耗自吸功能泵的介质液体，气体或者气液混合物操作温度寿命管道材质 polyphenylene sulph 泵的控制器 mp-x and mp6-OEM 气体最大流量最大背压客户要求客户要求液体水最大流量最大背压管道连接方式驱动控制器(在 mp-x: 250 V, SRS 驱动下的参数):前提条件: 负压 < 10 mbar, DI water, 驱动控制器：mp-x: 100 Hz, 250 V, SRS, 在操作后的几分钟内将会达到最大流量可以换成IP44 泵在经过所选介质时的流量和背压关于控制器和设备的更详细信息请参考相应的数据表和曲线图先前测试的数据典型数据：在不同的应用场合下，泵的数据会有所改变。

有关IFAS实验室液压传动研究论文中文翻译

风力发电厂的静液压传动系统Johannes Schmitz：johannes.schmitz@ifas.rwth-aachen.Nils Vatheuer: nils.vatheuer@ifas.rwth-aachen.deHubertus Murrenhoff: hubertus.murrenhoff@ifas.rwth-aachen.de德国亚琛工业大学，液力传动与控制学院（IFAS）摘要目前的研究项目是开发风机的静液压传动系统。

本论文对概念生成、分析以及概念挑选用于试验台试验进行了说明。

此外，还提出了使传动适应半负载的控制策略，并包含最终的仿真结果。

对传动系统的频率分析阐明了静液压部件卓越的阻尼特性。

论文第二部分介绍了对仿真结果进行验证的试验台，为在真实条件下对静态和动态运行点中的效率进行测量提供了机会。

随后的评估指出了静液压传动的主要特性，并与现有的概念进行了对比。

最后，进一步对实现静液压锋利发电厂进行了说明，并论证了其扩展到更高功率等级的可能性。

关键词：静液压传动、同步发电机、阻尼特性、效率、环路内硬件1.介绍由于对可再生能源的需求高，过去几年里，风力发电厂（WEP）已经取得了巨大的进步。

虽然如此，如何保证整个运行周期内的可靠性和高性能，并同时使成本最低化仍是一个特殊的挑战。

尽管现有的概念很好，但人们仍在不断开发可能带来根本变化及改善的新方案。

通过静液压传动系统传递动力，这个新概念被认为是可以同时保证高效率和电网稳定性，并且可靠性高，成本低。

在德国联邦环境、自然保护与核安全局和德国瑞灵公司（位于科隆）资助下，IFAS正在开发用于兆瓦级风场的静液压传动系统，打算代替目前常用的齿轮箱和变频器。

此概念的想法是利用与风机主轴直接连接的慢转泵向高压油传递动力，并利用静液压马达将此高压油转化成机械能从而驱动发电机。

风机中需要的这种高的传动比可以通过泵和马达的排量比达到。

图1阐明了静液压传动的功能原理。

螺杆真空泵的性能预测的研究外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

XX设计(XX)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：万方数据库附件： 1. 原文； 2. 译文20XX年06月Study on the performance prediction of screw vacuum pumpAbstractPumping characteristics of the screw vacuum pump were investigated. The aim of this study was to establish a method of the performance prediction and a way to design the pump that satisfies specific requirements. The performance was analysed by the balance among geometrical pumping speed, net throughput and leaks. The leaks flow through clearances between a screw rotor and a stator, and clearances between two meshing rotors. These leaks were estimated with the results based on the linearised BGK model and the flows through ideal labyrinthes. Experiments were carried out by rotors of 120 mm diameter, and pumping speed and ultimate pressure were measured. The comparison between the measurements and the predicted values shows that the present method predicts the performance of the screw pump with a sufficient accuracy for practical applications1. IntroductionIn recent years, screw vacuum pumps have become noticed, since the structure of the pump is simple and liquids or solids are hard to accumulate when sucked with gas or are condensed or solidified in the pump. An analytical model of screw vacuum pump will be useful to design a pump that satisfies specific requirements and to predict pumping characteristics under conditions which differ from the condition designed for. So, we propose an analytical model for the screw vacuum pump.2. Outline of analytical modellingFig. 1shows a pair of meshing rotors of the screw vacuum pump. The volume enclosed by a groove of screw, a crest of thread of another rotor and a stator traps gas andtransfers it from inlet side to outlet side as the rotors rotate. The model is built by the balance among geometrical pumping speed, net throughput and leaks.Display Full Size version of this image (7K)Fig. 1. Configuration of the meshing rotors of screw vacuum pump.2.1. Path of leaks inside the screw vacuum pumpThere are three kinds of clearances inside the screw pump, i.e. the clearance between rotor and stator δO, the radial clearance between rotors δI, and the axial clearance between rotors Δ. In the case of single thread, paths of leaks which come into or out of the third transfer volume (appearing in Fig. 2A) for example, are as follows.Display Full Size version of this image (11K)Fig. 2. Clearance and flowing path of leak: (A) development of a pair of screws;(B) axial clearances.The leak through the axial clearance is considered as a superposition of the major component (represented by the straight arrow in Fig. 2B) and minor component (curved arrow).2.2. Evaluating method of the leaksWe evaluate the leaks by a compound method. The method is compounded of the flow rate derived from BGK equations and diffuse reflections, and the flow rate of ideal labyrinthes.The leak through the clearance between rotor and stator, and the leak through the axial clearance between rotors are both given in the following form(1) and the leak through the radial clearance between rotors is given by(2) where M P is the mass flow rate of Poiseuille flow between parallel plates, M S mass flow rate through a slit, M C mass flow rate of Couette flow between parallel plates, M Rp mass flow rate through a gap between two cylinders induced by pressure difference, M Rr mass flow rate through a gap between two cylinders induced by rotation of the cylinders and M L mass flow rate of ideal labyrinthes.We obtained precise information on M P and M S from the studies of Hasegawa and Sone, and Sone and Itakura [3and 6], respectively. M C is determined by the fact that the dimensionless flow rate equals a half, because of the anti-symmetry of the velocity. M Rp and M Rr are determined by(3)M Rr=ρδI UQ Rr(4) where R C=1/(1/R1+1/R2), U=(R1+R2)ω. Q Rp and Q Rr are obtained by solving the MGL equation [1] by parabolic film approximation [2]. The results are shown in Fig. 3.Display Full Size version of this image (4K)Fig. 3. Nondimensional mass flux through the gap between a cylinder and a plane.The axial clearance has a non-uniform gap, as shown in Fig. 4, then we define mean or representative quantity to apply the above evaluation methods. For example,(5)defines mean square clearance, where S M is the area of lens-like domain appearing in Fig. 4. The other definitions appear in the studies of Ohbayashi et al. [4 and 5].Display Full Size version of this image (3K)Fig. 4. Contour of the gap width of the axial clearance.2.3. Pumping characteristicsAssuming that the pressure changes isothermally, the pressure p i in the i th transfer volume is represented by(6) where V is the volume of one transfer volume, M O leak rate through δO, M I leak rate throu gh δI, M Mb major component of the leak through Δ, M Mc minor component of the leak through Δ via the minimum gap and i O,i I,i Mb,i Mc represent the differences betweenthe number of upstream and downstream transfer volumes corresponding to the clearance or path indexed by subscript.Balance among geometrical pumping speed, net throughput and leaks leads to(7) where T c represents one cycle of periodic pressure change. In the case that the screws are single threaded, T c equals π/ω, because the i th transfer volume comes to the (i+1)th position after half rotation.(6) and (7) can be solved under the following periodic condition:p i t=0=p i−1t=T c, (i=1,2,3,…,n m) (8) 3. ExperimentExperiments are carried out with a screw vacuum pump whose dimensions are shown in Table 1. Fig. 5a shows the comparison between measurements and analytical predictions relating to pumping speed. Fig. 5b shows the comparison relating to ultimate pressure as a function of rotating speed. The measurements and the predictions for ultimate pressure and pumping speed in the inlet pressure over the 100 Pa range are well agreed.Table 1. Dimensions of an experimental screw vacuum pumpDisplay Full Size version of this image (10K)Fig. 5. Comparison between experimental results and analytical predictions: (a) pumping speed vs. inlet pressure; (b) ultimate pressure vs. rotation speed.4. ConclusionsThe conclusions are summarised as follows:1. the screw vacuum pump was analysed, and the analytical model of its pumping characteristics was proposed;2. the analytical model was verified through the experiments. This model has satisfying accuracy for practical applications.References1. S. Fukui, R. Kaneko, Molecular gas film lubrication, in: Handbook ofMicro/Nanotribology, CRC Press, Florida, 1995, Chapter 13, pp. 559–604.2. W.A. Gross, L.A. Matsch, V. Castelli, Fluid Film Lubrication, Wiley, New York, 1980.3. M. Hasegawa and Y. Sone. Phys. Fluids A3 3 (1991), pp. 466–477. Full Text via CrossRef4. T. Ohbayashi, T. Sawada and M. Hamaguchi. Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. B64 621 (1998), pp. 1419–1425.5. T. Ohbayashi, T. Sawada, H. Miyamura, Study on the screw vacuum pump with two piecewise constant lead angles, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. B 65 (637) (1999) 3048–3053.6. Y. Sone and E. Itakura. J. Vac. Soc. Jpn.33 3 (1990), pp. 92–94.螺杆真空泵的性能预测的研究摘要调查螺杆真空泵的抽泵特性。

液压系统知识外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

液压系统知识一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助无件和液压油。

动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能，指液压系统中的油泵，它向整个液压系统提供动力。

液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。

执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。

控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。

根据控制功能的不同，液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。

压力控制阀又分为溢流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等；流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等；方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。

根据控制方式不同，液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。

辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、油位油温计等。

液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。

液压的原理它是由两个大小不同的液缸组成的，在液缸里充满水或油。

充水的叫“水压机”；充油的称“油压机”。

两个液缸里各有一个可以滑动的活塞，如果在小活塞上加一定值的压力，根据帕斯卡定律，小活塞将这一压力通过液体的压强传递给大活塞，将大活塞顶上去。

设小活塞的横截面积是S1，加在小活塞上的向下的压力是F1。

于是，小活塞对液体的压强为P=F1/SI, 能够大小不变地被液体向各个方向传递”。

大活塞所受到的压强必然也等于P。

若大活塞的横截面积是S2，压强P在大活塞上所产生的向上的压力F2=PxS2 ，截面积是小活塞横截面积的倍数。

从上式知，在小活塞上加一较小的力，则在大活塞上会得到很大的力，为此用液压机来压制胶合板、榨油、提取重物、锻压钢材等。

液压传动的发展史液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫•布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质,以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上,诞生了世界上第一台水压机。

毕业论文外文翻译-小型制冷压缩机研究

Small COMPRESSORCompressor refrigeration system is the core and heart of its decision to the refrigeration system capabilities and features. This paper not only energy efficient, noise and vibration and refrigeration agent analyzed small refrigeration compressor technical performance, Analysis also have appeared in recent years, the new, special small compressor main feature for us small refrigeration compressor future development trend of laying a technological foundation.As we all know, the compressor refrigeration system is the core and heart. Compressor and decided that the cooling system capacity and features. In a sense, the cooling system design and matching of the compressor is the ability demonstrated. Therefore, countries in the world are all in the refrigeration industry refrigeration compressor research invested a tremendous amount of energy, new research direction, and research results continue to emerge. Compressor technology and performance level with each passing day.1.A compressor Efficiency StudyCompressor refrigeration system is the core energy components, improve the efficiency of refrigeration systems of the most direct and effective means is to increase the efficiency of the compressor, It will bring the energy consumption decreased significantly. Moreover, can only avoid the system take measures (such as simply increasing heat exchanger area, etc.) caused by the consumption of materials increased. In recent years, as world energy shortage situation worsens day by day, more and more attention to various energy-saving work the energy efficiency of products made by the ever-increasing demands. Due to losses such as friction, leakage, harmful heat, the electrical loss, flow resistance, noise vibration of existence, Compressor work far below the actual efficiency of theoretical efficiency. Therefore, from a theoretical point of view, any reduction in a loss of arbitrary measures toimprove the efficiency of the compressor. The objective facts have led to the energy saving compressor scope, direction, width, research topics and results varied.On the current international energy-efficient compressors research concentrated mainly in a few areas : research lubrication properties Compressor parts of the friction bearings to reduce friction characteristics of power, improve the efficiency of the compressor; reduce leakage losses to improve the efficiency of the compressor; using frequency modulation technology or refrigeration system through the effort with the user load to match the best energy saving In this regard the particular frequency technology has been relatively mature well known and not repeat them here. Valve Research is an old topic but it is also an eternal topic, Improvement of the valve designed to improve the efficiency of the compressor also Nagamochi endless harvest. Research in this area many times, from the valve material, sports law, optimizing the structure of the applicable theory, exhaustive testing methods. In short, energy-saving compressors on the research in recent years has become one of the refrigeration industry first hot issues.In recent years, domestic refrigeration compressor industry to studyenergy-saving products are also giving great concern. Progress larger products mainly refrigerator compressor industry. In China efficient refrigerators GEF projects to promote and support, both the enterprises for energy-efficient products is the understanding of the performance of refrigerator compressors have a qualitative leap. At present, domestic enterprises refrigerator compressor products of the highest energy efficiency has reached 1.95%. Refrigerator compressor domestic enterprises to take a lot of technical measures such as high efficiency motors or synchronous motor, concave valves, Plane thrust bearing, low viscosity lubricants, the new Getter muffler, reducing friction losses, and achieved great results. The main problem is the lack of domestic enterprises currently free technology, the technology has to imitate the line mainly, Most of the enterprises to build their own technology infrastructure alsounconscious, nor the interest, and this restricts the development of technological capacity.Relative to the refrigerator compressor industry, domestic energy-efficientair-conditioning compressor study it was not perturbed, Over the years the efficiency of the compressor is no substantive change, greater market demand makes most of the air-conditioning compressor enterprises will concentrate on expanding production on. With the nation on the air conditioner energy efficiency standards set for the further improvement of China's air conditioner exports various perils of showing, domestic air-conditioning compressor of this short-sighted enterprises will be unable to adapt to the energy-saving development of the situation. Enterprise also on the follow-up is weak.2. Compressor noise and vibration studyCurrently, the noise has been regarded as one of the serious pollution. Household refrigeration equipment as the source of power and heart, refrigeration compressor noise, to be a measure of its performance as an important indicator. In fact, to a compressor speaking, Most of the noise is due to shell by some noise from the source excitation (such as springs, refrigerant pressure pulsation, exhaust pipe, lubricants etc. excited). But compressor noise sources and pathways complex and diverse, which gives the compressor noise silencer brought great difficulties.On the compressor noise, vibration and foreign scholars have conducted a large number of long-term research. Here in this regard to the main research results are summarized below :The main refrigeration compressor noise Exaggerative inlet, exhaust radiation aerodynamic noise, mechanical moving parts of machinery noise and noise-driven motor three components :2.1 Aerodynamic noiseCompressor inlet airflow noise is due to the intake manifold pressure pulsation in the elections. Inlet-frequency noise and the intake manifold gas Lane same frequency pulsating with the speed of the compressor. Compressor exhaust noise is due to air in the exhaust pipe caused by fluctuating pressures. Exhaust noise than the inlet noise weak, so the compressor aerodynamic noise generally Inlet mainly noise2.2 Mechanical NoiseCompressor mechanical noise, including members of the general impact and friction, the piston vibration, noise impact of the valve, These noise with randomness, was puted.2.3Electromagnetic noiseCompressor electromagnetic noise is generated by the motor. Motor noise and aerodynamic noise and mechanical noise is weaker compared. Noise source compressor inlet, exhaust, aerodynamic noise, the strongest, followed by mechanical noise and electromagnetic noise. Through in-depth studies, we can further that the main compressor noise from the vibration (from the Department of spring, Refrigeration medium pressure pulsation and smoke exhaust pipe and lubricants have incentive) to the ambient medium spread formation noise. On the effort to reduce compressor noise, much of the literature (abbreviated) proposed a series of measures and the Noise and Vibration Reduction program :① increase rigid shell structure to improve the overall resonance frequency reduces vibration amplitude;② curvature of the shell to avoid mutation, the surface, and the natural frequency is inversely proportional to the radius of curvature. shell shape it should be the smallest curvature radius;③ spring bearing flags will be moved to higher rigid position;④ shell should be used as little as possible of the plane; bending stress and the stress coupling membrane (just on the surface) will shell itself is fairly rigid. Therefore compressor shell to be used as little as possible planar structure;⑤ avoid the exhaust pipe and condenser incentive, optimizing exhaust flow pulsation, Exhaust pipe used in the introduction of additional volume to the elimination of pressure fluctuation spectrum of high-order harmonics;⑥ non-symmetric shell shape; Symmetrical three-dimensional structure means that the axis, along the main axis biggest stress of least resistance. Therefore it is asymmetrical shell structure means that the compressor can be greatly reduced along the axis direction of a force while the probability;⑦ set inlet, exhaust muffler, the closed Compressor Muffler generally muffler. It uses Cross Section, resonant cavity caused acoustic impedance changes in reflectivity or sound energy consumption. or use acoustic-acoustic send phase difference of 180 degrees to offset the muffler of noise. Shell compressor in the lateral closed Unicom a Helmholtz resonator, namely : Helmholtz resonator from the chamber through the neck hole and shell compressor connected into the internal cavity, to reduce compressor cavity stimulated acoustic modal amplitude. The results showed : resonator resonance frequency modulation of the actual compressor cavity stimulated the greatest vibration modes, will be substantially reduced resonance peak response spectrum and lead to significant change. However, it will affect the appearance andthe compressor refrigerator settings, the research results are not yet applied to products.Lubricants and residual volume-coil motor windings will lead to the same types of bulk compressor levels between different (from levels average). By changing the shell external support to increase torsional stiffness and reduce vibration surface; Noise study the complex requirements of researchers has strong theory, the enterprise has good skills base and the need for greater investment and a longer timeframe. This is domestic enterprises compressor one of the weak links, which is now basically in the qualitative phase of experimental research, Along with a great chance and randomness.3. new refrigerants ApplicationBased on the new environmental requirements of refrigerant compressor refrigeration industry is a hot issue. As for the refrigerator product R22 refrigerant substitutes the end of the work, new refrigerant compressor in the past few years mainly concentrated in the air conditioning industry. Apart from the now relatively mature R410A, R407C the study, The largest is the hot issue of CO2 compressor. This is the only issue for a briefing.CO2 currently on the research and application of concentrated mainly in three aspects : one is the most urgent need of alternative refrigerants applications, such as automotive air conditioning, as refrigerant emissions, environmental harm, must be adopted as soon as possible without endangering the environment refrigerants; the other is to consider the characteristics of CO2 cycle, the most favorable to the use of this cycle of occasions, If heat pump water heater is to supercritical CO2 in hot conditions decentralization there is a significant temperature slip will help heat Water heated to a higher temperature characteristics of the focus of public attention; another one is CO2 into account the nature of heat transfer properties and characteristics of using CO2 as a refrigerant, taking into account CO2 good cold flow properties andheat transfer characteristics, use it as a cascade refrigeration cycle cryogenic stage refrigerants.Compressor transcritical carbon dioxide as an air conditioning system efficiency and reliability of the most affected parts, It should be fully integrated supercritical carbon dioxide cycle specific characteristics of a new design. Like ammonia and CO2, the adiabatic exponent K value higher, up 1.30, it may result in the compressor discharge temperature high, However, as the needs of CO2 compressor pressure ratio small, there is no need for cooling the compressor itself. Adiabatic index is high pressure over the small, I can reduce the gap compressor further expansion of the volume losses to the higher volume efficiency compressors. After experimental and theoretical research, Jurgen Horst SUB and found Kruse, reciprocating compressor is a good film sliding seal as the preferred CO2 system. 8:3 its carbon dioxide compressor exhaust valve for improved Exhaust improved compressor efficiency of carbon dioxide increased by 7%.As the carbon dioxide pressure is far greater than the traditional critical circulatory pressure, compressor shaft seal design requirements than the original compressor is much higher, compressor shaft seal leakage over a period of time is still hampered Actually, the main reason.Danfoss, Denso, ZEXEL such as carbon dioxide compressor has entered the stage of small batch production.The IEA in March 1999, the Joint Japan, Norway, Sweden, Britain and the United States to activate the "Selected Issue on CO2 as working fluid Compression Systems in the "three-year project.Beginning in 1994, BMW, DAIMLERBENZ VOL O, Germany's Volkswagen and Danfoss. Péchiney and other European companies launched the famous "RACE"to the joint project, the Joint European well-known universities, automotive air conditioning manufacturers and other developed CO2 automotive air-conditioning system. Subregion Motor Company has production equipment CO2 carair-conditioning systems of cars, Germany KONVECTA production to the quality of CO2 in the air-conditioned Buses run from 1996 to date. DANFOSS, the Obrist Austria, the United Kingdom have developed a carbon dioxide compressor motor. Japan DENSO, ZEXEL CO2 compressor has entered the stage of mass production.With major manufacturers inputs, the type of CO2 compressor with ordinary motor compressor trend line major swing to determine the displacement swashplate, scroll and the main variable displacement.4. New principle of refrigeration compressorsIn recent years, the new structure and working principle of refrigeration compressor made a more progress, mainly linear compressor, Elliptic compressors, compressor rotor Swing, spiral vane compressor, in the past, the author has been described in the article, here will not repeat it.Linear compressor which is the domestic refrigerator compressor industry the focus of attention. In 2004 the International Compressor Engineering Conference has five linear compressor on the article. LG and researchers still Sunpower two main companies. The past two years, several domestic enterprises in the refrigerator compressor to the development of the linear compressor, However, enterprises have the technical foundation for the domestic financial strength and the limitations of scientific research institutions, believe in a short period of time can not enter the stage of industrialization.5 the classification of the refrigeration compressor5.1 reciprocating compressorReciprocating compressor is a kind of traditional refrigeration compressor, the biggest characteristic is to achieve the capacity and pressure than any of the design. Although it is widely applied, but the market share is gradually reduced.So far, the fridge (including small freezing and cold storage device) host compound compressor is ever to give priority to. Through the optimal design of valve structure, friction pair, reciprocating refrigerator compressor refrigeration coefficient of power refrigerating capacity (units) by 1.0 (w/w) of the early ninety s to today's 1.8 or so; In addition to the energy saving technology progress, and environmental protection is closely related to the refrigerant alternative technology has also made gratifying progress, refrigerator system in our country has a large number of using R600 hydrocarbons, such as small refrigeration device is also used the new working substance such as everything. To further improve the efficiency of the reciprocating compressor refrigerator, to reduce the system noise is still the development direction of it.5.2 linear compressorStill make reciprocating linear compressor, due to the linear motion of the motor can be directly drives the piston reciprocating motion, so as to avoid the complexity of the crank connecting rod mechanism and the resulting mechanical power consumption. Linear compressor assembly as the refrigerator system has appeared, the refrigeration coefficient of linear refrigerator compressor has more than 2.0 (w/w), market prospects look good. The main problem is the design of the compressor oil system and the effective control of linear motor displacement limit point and the corresponding anti-collision cylinder technology.5.3 the swash plate compressorSwash plate compressor is also a kind of variant structure of reciprocating compressor, is mainly used in automotive air conditioning system at present. After decades of development, the swash plate compressor has become a very mature model, in possession of more than 70 of the automotive air conditioning compressor market. In spite of this, because it still belongs to the series of reciprocating structure, so in thecar air conditioning system can effect comparing (refrigeration coefficient) and only around 1.5, weight and volume is big, big. Because of the mature of swashplate automobile air conditioning compressor technology, combined with technology, further improvement in the foreseeable future, will continue to maintain a certain market share, but in a certain displacement range by substituting is inevitable.5.4 rotor compressorRotor compressor in the 1970 s by the attention of domestic, it represents the structure including the rolling piston type, sliding-vane, etc. On the rolling piston type is widely used in household air conditioner at present, there are also some applications on the refrigerator. This kind of compressor don't need air suction valve, make it suitable for variable speed operation, which can improve system performance by frequency conversion control. In order to ensure high power (3 p) of the motor output power in the performance of the rolling piston compressor, the domestic research and development and the end of last century, double rotor rolling piston compressor, is now on the market. Double rotor on the rolling piston compressor structure has two advantages: (1) force of the rotating system be improved, the machine vibration and noise is reduced; (2) increase the standalone swept volume and improve the output power of the motor.Below 3 p air conditioning unit, temporarily can not replace a good model of the rolling piston compressor. So improve the efficiency of the compression process, reduce noise and motor speed control and the R410A and other related technical issues after new refrigerating agent, etc., is a research direction of the rolling piston compressor.Sliding vane compressor is a kind of rotor compressor, mainly used to provide compressed air, displacement is in commonly 0.3-3 m3 / min, the market share is low. Rotary vane compressor sliding vane compressor is a kind of transition structure, because of its better starting performance, the compression process torque change is not big, at present is mainly used for miniature cars and some smaller displacementplumbing vehicle air conditioning system. The dynamic characteristics under high speed is the main technology of this compressor research direction.5.5 screw compressorScrew compressor with small size, light weight, easy to maintenance etc., is a model of the fast development in refrigeration compressor. On the one hand, the screw type line, structural design has made considerable progress, on the other hand, the introduction of special screw rotor milling especially grinding, improve the machining precision and machining efficiency of key parts, makes the performance of screw compressor has been effectively improved, industrialization production of the necessary hardware also has the safeguard. At present, the screw compressor is given priority to with compressed air, in medium ReBengShi air conditioning has successful application in the system. Due to increasing the reliability of the screw compressor work within the scope of the medium refrigerating capacity has gradually replace of reciprocating compressor and occupied most of the centrifugal compressor market. 5.6 scroll compressorScroll compressor has been rapid development in the past ten years, the structure of the basic theory, research and development to achieve large-scale industrial production, industrial prototype constitutes the compressor technology development new luminescent spot. The development of numerical control processing technology to realize the mass production, the vortex compressor incomparable performance advantage is the precondition of its vast in the market. A few short years, has been in the field of cabinet air conditioning holds an absolute advantage. In cabinet air conditioning system, scroll compressor refrigeration coefficient has amounted to 3.4 (w/w); In the field of automotive air conditioning, the refrigeration coefficient of scroll compressor has amounted to 2.0 (w/w), and shows strong competition potential. The development of the vortex compressor is to enlarge its range of refrigerating capacity, further improve the efficiency, using alternative working medium and lower the manufacturing cost, etc.Since there is no valve, compression force and torque and small changes in the structure make it more suitable for the advantages of frequency control of motor speed operation, it also become the main direction of scroll compressor technology development. Development of scroll compressor of variable displacement mechanism is the key point of the development of the technology. At present, the use of axial sealing technology, "flexible" theory can realize cooling/heating capacity of 10% to 100% within the scope of the regulation.Due to the vortex compressor suction exhaust characteristic of almost continuous, low starting torque and liquid impact resistance, created the condition for parallel use of vortex compressor. In parallel with the vortex compressor can greatly increase the cooling capacity of the unit, can increase from the current single 25 horsepower to single unit 100 horsepower (4 sets of single parallel), and makes the cold quantity adjustment is more reasonable, give full play to the single machine with the highest efficiency. But single in parallel, one of the biggest problems is the oil return is not the average of the unit when using single machine burning phenomenon.3.1.5 centrifugal compressorAt present in large quantity of cold (greater than 1500 kw) remain within the scope of advantage, this is mainly benefited from the cold quantity range, it has incomparable system overall efficiency. The movement of the centrifugal compressor parts little and simple, and its manufacturing precision is much lower than the screw compressor, these are the characteristics of the manufacturing cost is relatively low, and reliable. Relatively speaking, the development of centrifugal compressor is slow, due to the challenges of the screw compressor and absorption chiller. Centrifuge market capacity is around 700 ~ between 1200, because under the premise that the current technology, the machine is mainly used for air conditioning of large buildings, demand is limited. In recent years because of the large infrastructure projects are built, the centrifugal refrigeration and air conditioning compressor is becoming a hot spot of attention again. Solve surge phenomenon, improve the volume adjustment and theadaptability to change with working condition, miniaturization technology is the main development direction of the centrifugal compressor technology.3.1.6 other structure formsSingle tooth of the compressor, some structures, such as cross slider compressor unique positive displacement compressor also has a certain degree of development, but has not been formed in the domestic production capacity.5. Special refrigeration compressorsAlthough domestic enterprises household refrigeration compressors long accustomed to large-scale production mode, we are accustomed to the number of effectiveness. However, the fierce price competition situation, as products become increasingly lower profit margins, When the production of millions of compressors can only make a few million dollars of profit, some on special refrigeration compressors can be regarded as a way out. Special refrigeration compressor exhaustive, it is impossible in this enumeration. But their common feature is their production scale is small, a single high-profit products faster transition, In most cases the need for the user's requirements designed. These products lead to more and more domestic enterprises to the compressor. If the number of domestic enterprises are developing or already have production capacity of the refrigerator compressor truck翻译小型制冷压缩机研究压缩机是制冷系统的核心和心脏，它决定了制冷系统的能力和特征。

Bartels微型泵样本翻译

Bartels微型泵样本翻译部门： xxx时间： xxx制作人：xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行修改Bartels微型泵微型泵输送技术是微量气体或液体等微流体输送的核心。

在现代生活中已经成为不可或缺的一部分。

滴加润滑剂、将样品气体添加入感应器或将混合淀粉加入熨斗的蒸汽中只是微型泵功能中的一部分。

微型泵更多的应用于医药技术与分析中。

b5E2RGbCAPBartels微型泵具有体积微小、重量极轻、允许通过的离子直径范围大且耐高温等特点，使其能够便捷应用于以上涉及的那些领域。

由于制作材料是塑料，这些微型泵可以大规模生产并且能够作为一次性产品使用。

p1EanqFDPwBartels微型泵的原理基于压电膜片与止回阀的有机结合。

当电压升高时<当通电时？），固定在镀黄铜压电膜片上的压电陶瓷发生变形。

由于压电膜片向下弯曲产生下冲程，被输送介质会被输送出微型泵外。

泵两侧的止回阀决定流向。

当电压降低时，压电陶瓷会产生相应的形变，导致压电膜片向上弯曲产生上冲程。

被输送介质会被再次吸入至泵腔。

每秒钟内，这些微型泵能够做几百次这样的循环。

微型泵的性能能够通过调整参数做出相应改变。

DXDiTa9E3d图1 微型泵功能原理示意图对于所有微型泵用户而言，其最大的优势就是设计简单：注塑成型的外壳与泵腔，压电制动器以及止回阀是微型泵的核心部件。

并且，任何关于微型泵的特殊要求，比如调整流速或背压。

进行客制化微型泵以及配套电子控制器是Bartels mircoComponets所提供服务的一部分。

如果客户有特殊要求，微型泵可以完美集成在复杂系统设计体系内。

RTCrpUDGiT如果您找到能够完美契合您需求的微型泵，您可以为您自己生产过程中购买这种型号的专门生产许可证。

当然，Bartels mircoComponets同样能够为您提供一系列品质高价格低廉的微型泵产品。

5PCzVD7HxAmp6微型泵图2 mp6型微型泵Bartels公司的mp6系列微型泵于2008年末投产，其主要技术特点是两个压电制动器连接后放置于单一泵壳内。

无阀式微量泵的结构设计及有限元分析

计量泵是一种常用的机械设备，在血液样品检
所示，运动轨迹如图２所示。由于 “ 连杆一柱塞固定件一柱塞 ”是刚性连接，连杆的转动必然导致柱塞
测、生物体液分析、农药残留分析等需要对样品分配量作精确控制的领域有着极其重要的应用，其泵量的精度直接影响着检测结果的准确性。计量泵作为往复
ＳｕｚｈｏｕＪｉａｎｇｓｕ２１５１６３，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏａｃｈｉｅｖｅｔｈｅｒｅａｇｅｎｔｓ ’ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｐｉｐｅｔｔｉｎｇｉｎｍｅｄｉｃａｌｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓ，ａｍｉｃｒｏｐｕｍｐｗａｓｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｖａｌｖｅｌｅｓｓ
“ 吸样一放样 ” 的加样精度就能够做到非常高，其加样的重复性也能做到非常好。
械加工手段落后等原因，因此在产品种类和控制模式上没有跟上最新的发展趋势，其发展水平还有待于进
一
步的提高。
倾
柱
计量泵在医疗仪器领域中有着巨大的应用，常见的计量泵有比例泵、微量泵等。比例泵的泵量是线性可调的，如采用滚珠丝杠驱动柱塞前进从而推出液体的针筒式注射泵等。微量泵的泵量是固定的，如利用波纹管的缩放实现液体吸注的风囊泵等。作者研究了应用于血型分析仪、发光免疫分析仪上的无阀式微量泵，在样品加样量为２０Ｌ时，其加样误差的变异系数小于１％。该微量泵的设计是为了实现对反应试剂加样的高精度要求。１结构设计微量泵采用无阀式柱塞结构，其机械结构如图１

基于plc的张力控制系统的发展(英文翻译)

Development of PLC-based Tension Control SystemAbstractFiber winding tension is an important factor in the molding techniques of composite material which influences the quality of winding product directly，and the tension control is a key technique in fiber winding techniques. This paper introduces a closed—loop tension control system with the programmable logic controller （PLC）with function modules as its control kernel，the alternating current （AC) servo motor as execute element and the radius-following device to accomplish the real—time radius compensation. The mechanism of the tension control system is analyzed and the numerical model is set up. The compensation technique of the radius of the scroll is analyzed. Experimental results show that the system is well qualified with high control precision and high reaction speed.The components of composite material fiber winding possess such advantages as low weight, high strength, and high corrosion resistance, and they are widely applied in aviation and aerospace industry. Many researches have shown that improper or unstable tension leads to a strength loss of 20％—30％of the fiber wound components。

【机械类文献翻译】基于三维设计的浮动式制动卡钳的车床夹具的研制

【机械类文献翻译】基于三维设计的浮动式制动卡钳的车床夹具的研制机械专业中英文文献翻译英文原文Development of the 3D-Designed Lathe Fixture of a Float BrakeCaliper122PAN Jin-kun, ZUO Wan-li, LU Dong-sheng1School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, P. R.China2College of Mechanical& Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009,P. R. ChinaAbstract,According to the technique requests of the brake caliper in the process of production, a special fixture of float brake caliper has been developed based on 3D design in this paper. The development process and verified data from 3D modeling and kinematics simulation for this special fixture show that this 3D-designed process can conveniently forecast the assembly interference of the fixture and accurately add the mass of lead brick before the prototype is made. In this way the flutter caused by the unbalanced lathe fixture can be eliminated and the precision of run-out tolerance in cylinder hole compared with machine tool spindle can be improved, thus the processing quality of thecylinder hole in a brake caliper can be greatly guaranteed. Key words: 3D design; brake calipers; lathe fixture1 IntroductionIn the production of the float disc brake caliper of an automobile, due to the complexity of its structure, a special fixture is needed for installing and clamping the brake caliper. According to the technique requests of the brake caliper in the processing, a special fixture of float brake caliper is developed based on 3D design in this paper andits 3D model is assembled virtually. Through the[1]mechanism simulation function of 3D design software, the balance of a lathe fixture is analyzed .The results show that the design process can expediently forecast some factors which affect the[2]quality of technical equipment such as assembly interference and the machining stability of thelathe fixture before the proto type is made. This design process can not only avoid the design errors in the traditional design, but also improve the design quality of products. 2 3D design of the special lathe fixtureThe manufacture object of the special fixture is the brake caliperof a float disc brake, shown as Figure 1; its machining surface is the cylinder hole of the brake. The figure shows: when the cylinder hole is being processed, its axis and the machine spindle rotation axis must be in coincidence. Due to irregular shape structure of the brake caliper,the flutter which is caused by the unbalance mass posed by the fixture and the work piece would affect the machining accuracy and roundness of the cylinder hole size in the actual processing, and some precision requirement of geometric tolerance such as parallelism between the two cylinder holes. To avoid the problems in the design process of the lathe fixture of the brake caliper, a special fixture is developed based on 3D design in this paper.According to the shape structural characteristics of the brakecaliper and the clamping机械专业中英文文献翻译requirements of the lathe fixture, the cylinder hole should be completed after a clamping of the lathe fixture in the whole processing. The flange needs the mounting hole of machine tool spindle and location hole of the fixture on both sides of the center as a middle ware connecting the machine tool spindle and the fixture. It is ensured that the axis of the processing cylinder hole of the caliper body which is located and clamped on the fixture and the machine spindle axis of[3]rotation need coincidence , as shown in Figure 2.The modeling process of other parts of the special fixture is not depicted in detail in this paper,please refer to Reference[4] . Then these parts are assembled into two components, up and down, as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. The whole fixture is divided into two components when it is being assembled. This can avoid the parts being missed or installed wrongly in the assembly process. In the component down, as thebenchmark of flange, the counter balance is fixed with bolts. The counter balance would be regulated in balance when the fixture is produced. In the component up, as the benchmark of the fixture, the locating plate is fixed with seven bolts. Then as the benchmark of the locating plate, the upper half part of two threaded studs are rotated into the locating plate, and the pressure plate is clamped on the threaded studs by bolts. In the fixture, the pressure plate is in direct contact with the work piece, so it is under great stress. Therefore, the material of 45Mn2 is selected, which needs treatment of quenching and tempering. Matching block need not to be fixed into the fixture during the initial assembly and the mass of matching block is determined by the result of motion simulation.Figure 1 Brake calipers Figure 2 FlangeFigure 3 Component down Figure 4 Component upAfter the assemblies of component up and component down are completed, they are combined in a new component unit, with the bolts and nuts, as shown in Figure 5 shows. Due to机械专业中英文文献翻译[5]adopting hierarchical assembly , it is rational in the practical production process and the parts management is easy, which can effectively shorten the design cycle.Figure 5 Component unit13 Balance analysis of the kinematics of the special lathe fixtureThe mass of each part needs to be determined before the process of kinematics simulation of the special lathe fixture. As is shown in Figure 6, the material and density of each part is defined by menu command [mechanism] / [quality attributes], as Table 1 shows, the volume and mass of part are calculated out by 3D design software. We select carbon steel as the material of other3standard parts such as the bolts and nuts, its density is 7.85g / cm. In the process of defining themass on Pro /E, unit conversion also needs attention.Figure 6 Dissection figure of the fixtureTable 1 Material and density of the main parts of fixture3Number Part name Material Density (g/cm)1 counter balance A3 7.852 flange HT200 7.23 fixture HT200 7.2机械专业中英文文献翻译4 matching block lead 11.375 locating 45 7.856 pressure plate 45Mn2 7.85Establishing component unite, and then, component unit1 would be assembled on the main shaft as the benchmark of machine spindle axis by the way of “connection-pin connection”, as isshown in Figure7. After entering a mechanic model, the gravity is set in a default value. In the column of “direction”, we set X: -1, other: 0. Added in a motor, its rotation rate is 360 r/min. Then a“run” is established with its settings, “dynamic type” and “opening gravity” in the column of“external load”. Till then, the kinematics simulation process can run. In order to reduce flutter of[6,7]the cylinder hole, the balance of a special fixture is taken as the key analysis in this paper .Theobjective of balance analysis is to make the holistic centroid ofthe fixture and the work piece in the machine spindle axis of rotation. Thus, we should determine the holistic centroid of the fixture and the work piece first. Then the distance between holistic and spindle axis can be obtained. The distance between the holistic and spindle axis should incline to zero as far as possible by adjustment of the mass of the matching block.The detailed locations of centroids in three directions of X, Y, Z can be obtained through the measuring function of Pro /E. Because of setting the machine spindle axis of rotation as the Z axis, the distance of the centroid relative to the centre rotation can be determined onlyin need of the maximum of the centroid at the direction of X or Y. The measurement results of fixture simulated motion without a matching block is shown in Figure 8. When the fixture turned about 90?, the maximum deviation distance of the centroid is – 22.08 mm in the direction of X. Only by doingthat can we know that the centroid is not on the axis; as a resultit does not meet the balance requirement.Figure 7 Component unite Figure 8 Position curve of centroid without matching blockIn order to meet the balance requirement a matching block need to be added to adjust the centroid, as shown in Figure 4. After adding the matching block, return to analyze and then re-measure. The result is that the centroid is still not on the axis, but the distance of the centroid机械专业中英文文献翻译relative to the axis is shortened. In the case of increasing the thickness of the matching block, the modification and measurement is executed again and again in the simulation process. Through a number of tests, an ideal distance of the centroid relative to the axis is obtained. The value is 1.5-710mm, as Figure 9 shows, so it can be considered that the centroid is on the axis, and the result ，satisfies the balance requirements.According to the simulation result with a matching block, a lead brick whose thickness is 305310mm, mass is 4.23 kg is casted in the specified groove of fixture to meet mm, volume is 3.72 ，the balance requirements.The comparison of measured data of run-out tolerance between the new design and the old design is shown in Table 2.Figure 9 Position curve of centroid with matching blockTable 2 Measured data of run-out toleranceMeasurement time New design Old design1 0.016mm 0.048mm2 0.017mm 0.050mm3 0..015mm 0.046mm4 0.018mm 0.047mm5 0.020mm 0.046mm4 ConclusionsAccording to the technological requirements of the cylinder of brake caliper in the processing, Pro /E is adopted in the development of 3D design, and the kinematics simulation research is done on the fixture combined with its mechanical simulation functions. The development process and verified data from 3D modeling and kinematics simulation for this special fixture show that 3D-designed process can conveniently forecast the assembly interference of the fixture and accurately add the mass of lead brick before the prototype is made. In this way we can eliminate the flutter caused by the unbalanced lathe fixture and improve the precision of run-out tolerance in the cylinder hole compared with the machine tool spindle, thus ensuring the processing quality of 机械专业中英文文献翻译the cylinder hole in the brake caliper.References[1] Zhu L Y, Li B, Pro /ENGINEER motion simulation and finite element analysis. Beijing: Posts& Telecom Press, 2004( In Chinese)[2] Ding JH, Wu G Q, Application of Pro /E software in product development. Machine Building& Automation, (7) : 17 ~ 18, 22, 2006 ( In Chinese)[3] Anon, Adhesives and automobiles. Assembly Headquarters, ( 1) :52~ 59, 2008 [4] Wan Z J, Luo X G, Automobile Oil-Pipe-Check-Tool Design Based on Pro /E Model. Automobile Technology & Material, ( 7) : 17 ~18, 22, 2006( In Chinese)[5] Qin G H, Zhang W H. Advanced design methods for machine tool fixture. Beijing: Aviation Industry Press, 2006( In Chinese) Brief BiographiesPAN Jin-kun is a lecturer in the School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology. His research interest is in mechanical design and theory.ZUO Wan-li is a postgraduate student in College of Mechanical and Power Engineering of Nanjing University of Technology. His research interest is in mechanical design and theory. LU Dong-sheng is a postgraduate student in College of Mechanical and Power Engineering of Nanjing University of Technology. His research interest is in mechanical design and theory.机械专业中英文文献翻译中文译文[1]基于三维设计的浮动式制动卡钳的车床夹具的研制122潘金坤，左万里，路东升1南京工程学院机械工程学院，南京 211167，中华人民共和国2南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院，南京210009，中华人民共和国摘要:根据制动卡钳在生产过程中的技术要求，本文研究的是一个基于三维设计的浮动式制动卡钳的专用夹具。