SSM英文文献翻译
美军翻译军衔及简称
以前闲来无事把美军的各种军衔都整理总结了下，在编译中有可能会用到。
陆军General of the Army (GEN) 五星上将（战时才有，和平时候没有）General (GEN) 上将Lieutenant General (LTG) 中将Major General (MG) 少将Brigadier General (BG) 准将说到“五星上将”想起来需要说明一下，国内很多记者可能美国电影看多了，喜欢写美国人是“三星中将”“三星上将”之类的，其实，美军的军衔里，五个星星就是五星上将，四个星星就是上将，三个星星中将，两个星星少将，一个星星准将。
翻译时直接写这个人是上将或者中将准将之类的，除非他是“五星上将”不要说他是“X星X将”，否则显得外行。
Colonel (Col.) 上校Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) 中校Major (MAJ) 少校美军的校官的军衔标志比较特殊，上校是个鹰，中校是个白色的树叶，少校是黄色树叶。
Captain (CAPT) 上尉First Lieutenant (1 LT) 中尉Second Lieutenant (2 LT) 少尉Chief Warrant Officer (CWO) 一级准尉Warrant Officer (WO) 二级准尉尉官的军衔标志是个方块，准尉和少尉是1个方块，中尉和上尉是两个方块，区分高低级别是通过颜色，黄色低级，白色高级。
Command Sergeant Major (CSM)军士长Staff Sergeant Major (SSM)军士长1st Sergeant (1 SG)军士长Master Sergeant (MSG) 军士长Sergeant 1st Class (SFC) 军士长Staff Sergeant (SSG) 上士Sergeant (SGT) 中士Corporal (CPL) 下士Private First Class (P1C) 一等兵Private (PVT) 二等兵说到海军要提一下，海军的军衔叫法不同，比如船长（Captain）其实是指美国海军上校的意思，翻译时需要注意。
计算机英文文献加翻译
Management Information System Overview Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS, is a human, computers and other information can be composed of the collection, transmission, storage, maintenance and use of the system, system, emphasizing emphasizing the the management, management, management, stressed stressed stressed that that the modern information society In the increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific scientific management management management and and and system system system science, science, science, operations operations operations research, research, research, statistics statistics statistics and and and computer computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, thereby forming a vertical and horizontal weaving, and systems. The 20th century, along with the vigorous development of the global economy, many economists have proposed a new management theory. In the 1950s, Simon made dependent on information management and decision-making ideas. Wiener published the same period of the control theory, that he is a management control process. 1958, Gail wrote: "The management will lower the cost of timely and accurate information to b etter control." During better control." During this period, accounting for the beginning of the computer, data processing in the term.1970, Walter T . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the term: "verbal or written form, at the right time to managers, staff and outside staff for the past, present, the projection of future Enterprise and its environment-related information 原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 no no application application application model, model, model, no no mention mention of of computer applications. 1985, management information systems, the founder of the University of Minnesota professor of management at the Gordon B. Davis to a management information system a more complete definition of "management information system is a computer hardware and software resources, manual operations, analysis, planning , Control and decision -making model and the database - System. System. It It provides information to to support support enterprises enterprises or or organizations organizations of of the operation, management and decision-making function. "Comprehensive definition of this Explained Explained that that that the the the goal goal goal of of of management management management information information information system, system, system, functions functions functions and and and composition, composition, composition, but but also reflects the management information system at the time of level.With the continuous improvement of science and technology, computer science increasingly mature, the computer has to be our study and work on the run along. Today, computers are already already very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the computer computer was was was so so so popular popular popular mainly mainly mainly because because because of of of the the the following following following aspects: aspects: aspects: First, First, First, the the the computer computer computer can can substitute for many of the complex Labor. Second, the computer can greatly enhance people's work work efficiency. efficiency. efficiency. Third, Third, Third, the the the computer computer computer can can can save save save a a a lot lot lot of of of resources. resources. resources. Fourth, Fourth, Fourth, the the the computer computer computer can can make sensitive documents more secure.Computer application and popularization of economic and social life in various fields. So that the original old management methods are not suited now more and social development. Many people still remain in the previous manual. This greatly hindered the economic development of mankind. mankind. In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is growing, the number of students students in in in the the the school school school also also also have have have increased, increased, increased, resulting resulting resulting in in in educational educational educational administration administration administration is is is the the growing complexity of the heavy work, to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, and the existing management of student achievement levels are not high, People have been usin g the traditional method of document management student achievement, the management there are many shortcomings, such as: low efficiency, confidentiality of the poor, and Shijianyichang, will have a large number of of documents documents documents and and data, which is is useful useful for finding, finding, updating updating and maintaining Have brought a lot of difficulties. Such a mechanism has been unable to meet the development of the times, schools have become more and more day -to-day management of a bottleneck. bottleneck. In In In the the the information information information age age age this this this traditional traditional traditional management management management methods methods methods will will will inevitably inevitably inevitably be be computer-based information management replaced. As As part part part of of of the the the computer computer computer application, application, application, the the the use use use of of of computers computers computers to to to students students students student student student performance performance information for management, with a manual management of the incomparable advantages for example: example: rapid rapid rapid retrieval, retrieval, retrieval, to to to find find find convenient, convenient, convenient, high high high reliability reliability reliability and and and large large large capacity capacity capacity storage, storage, storage, the the confidentiality confidentiality of of of good, good, good, long long long life, life, life, cost cost cost Low. Low. Low. These These These advantages advantages advantages can can can greatly greatly greatly improve improve improve student student performance management students the efficiency of enterprises is also a scientific, standardized standardized management, management, management, and and and an an an important important important condition condition condition for for for connecting connecting connecting the the the world. world. world. Therefore, Therefore, the development of such a set of management software as it is very necessary thing.Design ideas are all for the sake of users, the interface nice, clear and simple operation as far as possible, but also as a practical operating system a good fault-tolerant, the user can misuse a timely manner as possible are given a warning, so that users timely correction . T o take full advantage advantage of the of the functions of visual FoxPro, design p owerful software powerful software at the same time, as much as possible to reduce the occupiers system resources. Visual FoxPro the command structure and working methods: Visual FoxPro was originally originally called called FoxBASE, FoxBASE, the the U.S. U.S. Fox Fox Software has introduced introduced a a database products, products, in in the run on DOS, compatible with the abase family. Fox Fox Software Software Microsoft acquisition, to be developed so that it can run on Windows, and changed its name to Visual FoxPro. Visual FoxPro is a powerful relational database rapid application development tool, tool, the the the use use use of of of Visual Visual Visual FoxPro FoxPro FoxPro can can can create create create a a a desktop desktop desktop database database database applications, applications, applications, client client client / / / server server applications applications and and and Web Web Web services services services component-based component-based component-based procedures, procedures, procedures, while while while also also also can can can use use use ActiveX ActiveX controls or API function, and so on Ways to expand the functions of Visual FoxPro.1651First, work methods 1. Interactive mode of operation (1) order operation VF in the order window, through an order from the keyboard input of all kinds of ways to complete the operation order. (2) menu operation VF use menus, windows, dialog to achieve the graphical interface features an interactive operation. (3) aid operation VF in the system provides a wide range of user-friendly operation of tools, such as the wizard, design, production, etc.. 2. Procedure means of implementation VF in the implementation of the procedures is to form a group of orders and programming language, an extension to save. PRG procedures in the document, and then run through the automatic implementation of this order documents and award results are displayed. Second, the structure of command 1. Command structure 2. VF orders are usually composed of two parts: The first part is the verb order, also known as keywords, for the operation of the designated order functions; second part of the order clause, for an order that the operation targets, operating conditions and other information . VF order form are as follows: 3. <Order verb> "<order clause>" 4. Order in the format agreed symbols 5. 5. VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of these symbols are as follows: 6. Than that option, angle brackets within the parameters must be based on their format input parameters. 7. That may be options, put in brackets the parameters under specific requ ests from users choose to enter its parameters. 8. Third, the project manager 9. Create a method 10. command window: CREA T PROJECT <file name> T PROJECT <file name> 11. Project Manager 12. tab 13. All - can display and project management applications of all types of docume nts, "All" tab contains five of its right of the tab in its entirety . 14. Data - management application projects in various types of data files, databases, free form, view, query documents. 15. Documentation - display 原文请找腾讯原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 , statements, documents, labels and other documents. 16. Category - the tab display and project management applications used in the class library documents, including VF's class library system and the user's own design of the library. 17. Code - used in the project management procedures code documents, such as: program files (. PRG), API library and the use of project management for generation of applications (. APP). 18. (2) the work area 19. The project management work area is displayed and management of all types of document window. 20. (3) order button 21. Project Manager button to the right of the order of the work area of the document window to provide command. 22. 4, project management for the use of 23. 1. Order button function 24. New - in the work area window selected certain documents, with new orders button on the new document added to the project management window. 25. Add - can be used VF "file" menu under the "new" order and the "T ools" menu under the "Wizard" order to create the various independent paper added to the project manager, unified organization with management. 26. Laws - may amend the project has been in existence in the various documents, is still to use such documents to modify the design interface. 27. Sports - in the work area window to highlight a specific document, will run the paper.28. Mobile - to check the documents removed from the project. 29. 29. Even Even Even the the the series series series - - - put put put the the the item item item in in in the the the relevant relevant relevant documents documents documents and and and even even even into into into the the the application application executable file. Database System Design :Database design is the logical database design, according to a forthcoming data classification system and the logic of division-level organizations, is user-oriented. Database design needs of various departments of the integrated enterprise archive data and data needs analysis of the relationship between the various data, in accordance with the DBMS. 管理信息系统概要管理信息系统概要管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS （Management Information System ），是一个由人、计算机等组成的能进行信息的收集、传送、储存、维护和使用的系统，在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它越来越得到普及。
信息管理与信息系统专业管理信息系统大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：管理信息系统文献、资料英文题目：Management Information System文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：信息管理与信息系统班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文资料及中文译文外文资料Management Information SystemBy Russ Basiura, Mike BatongbacalIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is uni versalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learn ing, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowl edge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine sc ientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape th at the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that t he crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world econom y, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men p ropose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strat egic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admi tted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. I n 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the low er cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the c alculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has ri sen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the boo k shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that inte rnal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet d oes not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine applicationin the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da un iversity administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information s ystem relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the informatio n system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, admi nistration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definitio nmanagement information system target and meritorious service capacity and com ponent, but also make known the management information system to be living the lev el that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counti ng the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between t he incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and mor e not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE th at the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book t he bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spot s, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot”wholl y to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through appro ximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for insta nce it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is admi nister information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as statu s reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM c orporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the cal culating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work.Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all ove r the American various places to every one components once more like works an elem ent, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference ele ment, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufa cture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the syst ematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communalonce more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, t hat system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make know n with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily ca n not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the informat ion system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That system ma y program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. I ts proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the person nel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversatio n. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic i mportance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump re port form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then develo ping up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on indi vidual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Dat a Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the cal culating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system conc ept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the sy stem of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the informa tion system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine techniq ue lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, mod el library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission m aking a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of t he world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every p rofession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alt ernations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique head for the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merely big-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-size business also no t exceptions of self, universally establish the communal data4network, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MIS supp lied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’s technique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past few years in the interest of the busin ess.Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 c enturies had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique. 1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost a nd technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment org anization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service c apacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Sha ll act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of st rategic importance of the director service? 2. Intelligentization Decision Support Syst em (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was suffici ently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level pe rsonnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel proj ect that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product de signcutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the repr oduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in or der to meet the demand that client continuously changes. 4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distingu ishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simp lifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and a nswers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of inf ormation system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-re aching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be a ssisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects li ving and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation devel opment that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. T his express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathemati cal model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the t erm in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under d irector, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assi stant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality ad ministration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappe arance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not m erely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exo nerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to an alyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the bus iness continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the sca rce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means o f study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. InThe wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably eit her the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office syst em on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produ ced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It c ompletely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with man ufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorgan ization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manu facturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturin g the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation again st consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learni ng orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able tobe better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encirc les the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the ad ministration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MI S, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system a nd administration means , and establish more valid MIS.中文翻译巴兹拉·迈克管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。
计算机专业外文文献及翻译
计算机专业外文文献及翻译微软Visual Studio1微软Visual Studio是微软公司推出的软软软境～可以用软建来平台下的 Visual Studio Visual StudioWindows软用程序和软软用程序～也可以用软建软服软、智能软软软用程序和网来网插件。
WindowsOffice Visual是一自微软的个来集成软软软境;,～可以用软软由它来微StudioIDEinteqrated development environment软软窗～软手机窗～、框架、精软架框和微软的支持的控制台和软Windows Silverlight 形用软界面的软用程序以及窗体软用程序～站网～软用程序和软服软网中的本地代软软同托管WindowsWeb代软。
包含一由个智能感知和代软重构支持的代软软软器。
集成的软软工作作软一源代软软软既个Visual Studio软器又可以作软一台机器软软软器。
其他置工具包括一软软内个窗体的软用程序～软软软软～软软软软～网数据软架GUI构软软软。
有乎各软面的件增强功能～包括增加软支持它几个插源代软控制系软;如和SubversionVisual,添加新的工具集软软和可软化软软器～如并特定于域的软言或用于其他方面的软件软软生命周期SourceSafe的工具;例如的客软端,软软软源管理器,。
Team Foundation Server支持不同的软程软言的服软方式的软言～允软代软软软器和软软器;在不同程度上,支持它Visual Studio几乎所有的软程软言～提供了一软言特定服软的存在。
置的软言中包括个内中;通软C/C + +Visual C+,;通软,～,中;通软,,和,;作软+,VisualCVisual CFVisual Studio,～软支持其他软言～如和等～可通软安软的软言服软。
软也支持装独它的2010M,Python,Ruby和软特定用软提供服软的也是存在的,微XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScriptCSS.Visual Studio软～,、,和。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
市场调研方法外文文献及翻译
市场调研方法外文文献及翻译1. Market Research Methods: Incorporating Social Media into Traditional Approaches文章介绍了如何在市场调研中运用社交媒体，以帮助企业更好地了解消费者。
研究人员将社交媒体与传统的定量调研和定性调研相结合，以获得更全面的信息。
通过采集社交媒体的数据分析消费者的行为和偏好，以及对产品或服务的反馈意见。
2. Using Eye Tracking in Market Research: A Guide to Best Practices该文献介绍了视觉追踪技术在市场调研中的应用。
作者指出，视觉追踪技术可以帮助研究人员理解消费者在浏览产品或服务时的注意力分配和行为模式。
文章介绍了适用于市场调研的视觉追踪应用程序的最佳实践和测试方法。
3. Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice这篇文章介绍了一种被称为 "共轭分析" 的调研方法，该方法可以帮助研究人员了解消费者在购买某种产品或服务时的偏好和决策过程。
文献称，共轭分析已经成为市场营销领域最为普遍的工具之一。
文章还介绍了最新的研究和在实践中的应用，并探讨了一些特定情况下共轭分析的限制。
4. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal这个杂志专注于定性市场调研方法。
它包括与确定消费者需求、分析竞争对手、建立品牌等相关的研究。
文章强调定性市场调研可以提供深入的见解和对产品或服务的更清晰的理解，帮助企业做出更明智的营销和业务决策。
每一期都包括来自该领域的专家的文章，并提供案例研究和最佳实践。
5. Use of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Market Research: A Review该文献介绍了如何使用人工智能技术进行市场调研。
社交媒体技术外文文献翻译
文献信息：文献标题：Worlds Collide:Exploring the Use of Social Media Technologies for Online Learning（世界的碰撞：探索社交媒体技术在在线学习的应用）国外作者：Linda W. Friedman；Hershey H. Friedman文献出处：《Social Science Electronic Publishing》,2011字数统计：英文4201单词，22949字符；中文7445汉字外文文献：Worlds Collide:Exploring the Use of Social MediaTechnologies for Online LearningAbstract Models of distance education have evolved over decades, just in time to collide with modern pedagogies in which communication, interaction, student engagement, and active learning are of critical importance. The social media technologies encompass a wide variety of Web-based technologies such as blogs, wikis, online social networking, and virtual worlds. This paper examines the relevant published literature, looking at online learning activities through the prism of the defining characteristics of today’s new communication technologies.Keywords: business education, online learning, online education, social media, new media,blogs, wikis, collaboration, crowdsourcing, mashups, convergence, social networking, usergenerated contentINTRODUCTIONThe world is changing very rapidly. Libraries have morphed from structures filled with books to repositories of information. Information and knowledge come in many forms including DVDs, eBooks, and YouTube videos. The role of a newspaperhas changed thanks to the Internet and its social media. By the time readers see a newspaper, much of the news is old. Everyone knows about the latest crisis, and has seen photographs on the web and read the story.To make matters even more complicated, technology has converged so that, for example, a telephone has become everything from a computer to a camera. Telephone manufacturers who insisted that their job was to manufacture “pure” telephones – a telecommunication device for transmitting speech- and nothing more, are obsolete. People use their computers to watch television, listen to radio, find apartments to rent, and even find a spouse.Tedlow (2010) describes what happens to companies who look away and go into denial when paradigms shift. This is a good way to miss opportunities or even become obsolete. Some famous examples of denial are Henry Ford’s obsession with only offering an inexpensive, black, no-frills Model T Ford. A&P, which at one time was one of the largest retailers in the U.S., missed a huge opportunity to grow by not recognizing that television was making manufacturers’ brands more important than store brands. This sort of myopia is no less true in education, and perhaps more true in the slow-moving terrain of higher education.Even the disciplines of today are changing rapidly because of information access, collaboration technology, and convergence, among other factors. There are many more specialties today than in the past and there is much more "boundary crossing and interdisciplinary activity" (Klein, 1996: 42). Klein (1996: 191) asserts: "Almost all significant growth in research in recent decades, the committee [National Research Council] concluded, has occurred at the 'interdisciplinary borderlands' between established fields." It is unrealistic to believe that an educator with expertise in only a single discipline will be able to provide the necessary knowledge to solve problems that will arise in one or two decades. The amount of knowledge continues to increase exponentially.Models of online learning have evolved quite a bit from the correspondence courses that became popular in the 19th centrury, just in time to collide with 21st century pedagogies in which communication, interaction, student engagement, activelearning, and assessment are of critical importance. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevant published literature, looking at online learning activities through the prism of the defining characteristics of t oday’s new communication technologies.THE SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIESThe so-called social media technologies –often referred to as Web 2.0 –encompass a wide variety of web-related communication technologies such as blogs, wikis, online social networking, virtual worlds and other social media forms.Strategically, within an organization, social media technology may be incorporated individually – as, say, a corporate blog or a CEO's blog (Wyld 2007) – or comprehensively as a separate corporate function whose objective is to facilitate online communication and collaboration (Dearstyne 2007; McAfee 2006). Some of the ways that social media technologies are being used in business and other fields of endeavor have been examined in Friedman and Friedman (2008).Some use the term Web 2.0 to refer to the technological underpinnings of much of what we call social media. This term started to come into usage around 2001, when O'Reilly publications started to refer to "modern" Internet applications as "Web 2.0" These are second generation web applications, a quantum leap ahead of the old applications (V ossen and Hagemann 2007). Web 2.0 is all about human interaction –conversations in cyberspace. This new media, rather than replacing the old media, converges with it. TVs are merging with the Internet, and we now have an infotainment industry. Librarians may still help students find books, but are more likely to help them navigate the Internet and retrieve useful and credible information.Much has been said about the unique character of the social media technologies, the features that unite these seemingly disparate technologies under a single umbrella. These characteristics of social media can be summarized by the 5 C’s (Friedman and Friedman 2008): communication, collaboration, community, creativity, and convergence.COMMUNICATION.By and large, social media technologies are concerned with communication between and among human beings. This communication may beuni- bi- or multi-directional, collaborative, networked, or viral. Blogs may be viewed as an alternative or complement to publishing, but they may also be alternatives to personal webpages. Bloggers don't only engage in one-way posting. Many cite each other’s work a great deal and post comments and ripostes on each other’s blogs, and this results in "conversational blogging" (Efimova and de Moor 2005). Social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter enable communication among groups of people, large and small. The rapid speed of communication over networked Web 2.0 t echnology platforms is probably best evidenced by videos that go “viral.”COLLABORATION. New media technologies enable collaboration over the Internet. Blogs in general have limited collaboration, although a single blog may be shared among a group of bloggers and sometimes a blog may be used for group work. Wikis are today’s collaboration tool. These are also scalable, in that private wikis for small groups of people work just as well as the largest collaborative product we have ever seen –Wikipedia. Some authors have examined how wikis are used (Tapscott and Williams 2006; Sunstein 2006), both at work and in other arenas of life. Social media also encourages collaboration with virtual conferencing on, say, SecondLife.COMMUNITY. Social media like Facebook, Twitter, SecondLife, Webkinz, , and other Webenabled social media forms serve to make the world a smaller place. Groups of people, large and small, are better able to interact more regularly, stay in touch, accomplish various goals, because of these technologies. Social media technologies fostering community, are democratic and inclusive. Today’s technology may be the great equalizer, producing a leveling of the playing field (Johnson 2007). Many of the web technologies we may not previously have associated with social media now have a social networking component, for example eBay, YouTube, and HowStuffWorks. In addition, these technologies may be used as a platform for creating a learning organization (Andrus 2005).CREATIVITY. Does simple digitization turn old media into new media? Is digital media that different from non-digital (analog) media? For one thing, digitization makes editing extremely easy. Therefore, it also promotes creativity, since we are not burdened by the limits of the medium we are working with. Remembermaking changes to a large document using a typewriter? The size of the page severely limited any changes we were willing to make. With digitization and the right software our editing capabilities are limited only by our capacity for thinking. Today, consumers of digital media do not simply, read, listen, view, or play it. The also edit, mod, and create mashups. This post purchase behavior means that a product is not necessarily "finished" when it goes into production. Social media technologies enable usergenerated content, and we have much more active audience members who create, edit, post and contribute content.CONVERGENCE. In years to come, the mashup may be viewed as the metaphor of choice for today’s social media phenomeno n. Indeed, if anything can be said to be the driving force behind the social media, it is the notion of convergence. The past decades have witnessed a convergence of technology more fantastic than fiction. This is primarily due to widespread digitization and to the Internet, which itself can be seen as digitization plus telephony. Some of the results of this trend are: companies that produce printers are now in the camera business; long distance telephone calls use a broadband Internet connection; photographs are transmitted via e-mail using a cellular telephone; several companies are competing for video-on-demand; computer manufacturers are in the music business; and many more. Adaptation is the key to survival in the Internet age.There are many different forms of convergence in the social media phenomenon. Convergence of technology, encompasses both hardware and software, for example, computer technology and entertainment produced technologies like Tivo and the infotainment industry. We have seen Convergence of media attributable to technology - e.g., a newspaper must have an online presence and probably a news blog. Convergence of consumption, seen in consumers – especially students – who may be using several media simultaneously, e.g., computer, internet, music, newspapers, telephone, camera, etc., and in consumers who produce digital mash-ups using several forms of media. Hynes (2003) asks: Does technology convergence drive consumer convergence or vice versa? Finally, one of the hallmarks of the social media is convergence of roles. Today there is a blurring of the lines separating users,developers, distributers, producers, consumers, etc., with individuals taking on multiple roles comfortably.CHANGES IN ACADEMEAlmost every state is working with a challenging fiscal environment thanks to the recent Great Recession. State budgets are quite austere and it is very doubtful that there will be money in most of them for additional buildings for universities. The Texas A &M University system is using a spreadsheet to evaluate the gains and losses from every single faculty member. This is calculated by determining the revenues generated by a faculty member (number of students, grants, etc.) and deducting the expenses (faculty salary, costs of labs, etc.). This is also being done by department (Simon and Banchero, 2010). The balance sheet is showing that some faculty members netted the university close to $280,000 for the 2009 fiscal year while others cost the college about $45,000. Some departments generate gains of more than $5 million while others cost the college more than $1.4 million.One metric determines amount of earnings per student taught; some professors (i.e., nontenured lecturers) teach large classes and earn about $100 per student while others (full professors teaching small seminar classes) earn more than $10,000 per student (Simon and Banchero, 2010). Like it or not, this is these performance metrics are being used by more and more colleges as public officials are demanding more productivity and accountability and are examining educational statistics such as graduation rates, retention rates, number of students that pass professional licensing exams (e.g., CPA), median starting salaries of graduates, average student loan debt, and other such measures. Some states are insisting that these measures should be posted online so that the taxpayer should have a good idea as to the value of a college degree (Simon and Banchero 2010).It is apparent that academe will have to learn to be more productive. Education will have to learn from what retailers have done. Many retailers have moved from a brick-and-mortar approach to a click-andmortar approach. This means fewer buildings but an expanded presence on the Internet. Consumers can make purchases at storesand online. Thus, for example, Wal-Mart sells products at many stores but also does a brisk business online. The publishing industry has also made changes to its business model. Ebooks may not totally replace paper books but companies that want to survive must offer both. College textbook publishers currently offer both types of books as well as a great deal of material using the web. Textbooks often come with a homework manager that enables students to do homework online and get immediate feedback. Banks have buildings but also provide service at thousands of ATMs throughout the world.Academics who define themselves solely as individuals who teach traditional classes in a face-to-face (FTF) format are being very myopic. Academics are in the knowledge “business” whose job it is to provide information, mediate learning, and, more importantly, to enhance students’ ability to think and learn for themselves. The goal is to provide students with the tools and desire for lifelong learning, not only to impart information. The Chinese proverb –“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime” – is especially true when it comes to education. The true job of an educator is to provide students with an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and the ability to acquire it.Some academics insist that the only way students can learn is via a traditional, face-to-face classroom. This might be justifiable if studies demonstrated that traditional learning was superior to online learning. The evidence, however, does not support this view. Means et al. (2009) did a meta-analysis of more than 1,000 studies published from 1996 to 2008 comparing online with traditional classroom teaching. What they found was that online learning does offer many advantages over traditional classroom learning. In fact, students who take courses that are either completely or partially online will perform better than students taking traditional, face-to-face courses. Interestingly, hybrid courses that combine classroom learning with online learning seem to be the best of all delivery methods. Means et al. (2009) conclude: Despite what appears to be strong support for online learning applications, the studies in this meta-analysis do not demonstrate that online learning is superior as a medium. In many of the studies showing an advantage for online learning, the onlineand classroom conditions differed in terms of time spent, curriculum and pedagogy. It was the combination of elements in the treatment conditions (which was likely to have included additional learning time and materials as well as additional opportunities for collaboration) that produced the observed learning advantages. At the same time, one should note that online learning is much more conducive to the expansion of learning time than is face-to-face instruction.Diana G. Oblinger, president of Educause, made the following statement in response to the above study: "Online education provides additional opportunities. It gives people greater opportunity for flexibility, for experiential learning, for illustrating things in multiple ways such as visualization." She emphasized that the study makes it quite obvious that colleges have to make sure to use online education and not insist on only offering courses using traditional, face-to-face instruction (Jaschik 2009).Interestingly, a recent study found that when students were asked to rate their college-level learning experiences, those they considered the most valuable all took place outside of the traditional classroom: internships, study-abroad programs, senior thesis or other faculty-mentored research projects, and capstone projects (Young, 2011).SOCIAL MEDIA AND ONLINE LEARNINGThe best of online learning, much like the best of FTF learning, requires active engagement on the part of the student. Rather than being passive recipients of transmitted knowledge, students are active participants in the learning process; they are engaged. Students –not only the instructor –help to create the learning environment. Teaching is all about communication. Not one-way communication –boring lectures – but many-to-many communication – a learning environment. Ideally, we would like students to learn as much from each other as they do from us. We manage the learning activities and facilitate learning.Liu et al. (2009) found the most commonly used Web 2.0 technologies in higher education, as studied in the literature, were: blogs, podcasts, social networking, andvirtual environments. Hovorka and Rees (2009) studied the use of a number of Web 2.0 technologies in information systems courses. Introducing social media into courses may not only help make them more interesting and even fun, but at the same time teach students can learn valuable and pervasive workplace skills: communication, collaboration, community, convergence, and creativity.Here we use each of these characteristics of social media – the so-called 5 Cs –in an online learning context. These characteristics serve as a convenient prism through which to examine the social media technologies and their application to online learning.COMMUNICATION. Williams and Jacobs (2004) consider blogs and academic discourse to be “natural allies.” Online learning is still communication –on a technology platform. Communication technologies can include “old” technologies such as email, lectures notes in pdf files, or even an online discussion forum. It can also include communication on the new Web 2.0 technologies, using social media, e.g., student blogs; a class wiki project; a twitter discussion; online social networking; video presentations on YouTube; or even a virtual world like SecondLife.COLLABORATION. Learning how to communicate and work with others should also be a goal of education (Robinson, 2008). The three skills students must have in order to succeed in the knowledge economy are: “the ability to do critical thinking and problem solving; the ability to communicate effectively; and the ability to collaborate” (Friedman, 2010). Social media tools can be used to teach s tudents how to collaborate and work with others. Many schools have lists describing the goals of general education. These lists include critical thinking, mathematical reasoning, ability to communicate, understanding the importance of cultural diversity, ability to make ethical judgments, appreciation of the fine arts, encouragement of lifelong learning, and more. Few lists include the ability to work productively with others. Collaboration is of great importance in almost every enterprise. Very few occupations allow individuals to work alone without input from others.CREATIVITY. Pink (2006: 3) observes that "the defining skills of the previous era -'left-brain' capabilities that powered the Information Age -- are necessary but nolonger sufficient." The skills that are valuable today, in the Conceptual Age, include such factors as creativity, empathy, happiness, and meaning. Video games may not be a waste of time in the Conceptual Age. Studies are finding that playing video games may sharpen the skills of physicians involved in laparoscopic surgery and help in decision making (Pink: 2006: 193). Even the military uses games and virtual worlds to train soldiers. One DARWARS computer game, AMBUSH!, is used to instruct soldiers on the appropriate course of action when their convoy is being ambushed on a dangerous roads in Iraq or Afghanistan (Boyd, 2006). Video games are being developed as training tools for firefighters to teach them how to handle hazardous materials that might appear in New York City subways (Boyd, 2006). Gee (2003) feels that "when kids play video games they can experience a much more powerful form of learning than when they're in the classroom. Learning isn't about memorizing isolated facts. It's about connecting them and manipulating them."Robinson (2005) believes that the current system of education is antiquated as it was designed with a production line mentality. Essentially, it was created in the 19th Century to meet the needs of large industries as we moved away from agriculture. Industrialism back then needed workers who were literate and creativity was not that important. Before that there was no public education since the prevailing belief was that the common man could not learn very much. A classic education was for the gentleman. This changed with the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. According to Robinson, companies today believe the most important challenge is "finding people who could make good decisions in times of uncertainty, who can adapt to new opportunities and respond creatively to change" (Robinson, 2005). He observes that in 1997, only 74 companies of the original Standard &Poor list of top 500 corporations (published in 1957) were still around (Robinson, 2005).The enemy of creativity, according to Robinson, is standardization. Education today focuses on standardized exams and standardized curriculum. The corporate world needs people who understand divergent thinking, seeing multiple answers to a problem. Schools today rely heavily on standardized tests which teach students that problems have one answer. Courses that utilize social media force students to beself-starters and have the potential to encourage them to be creative. They also teach them about networking as they will have to find ways to connect to fellow students to work on collaborative projects just as they will in the career world.Courses that are offered fully or partially online and use social media can enhance creativity since they can use numerous teaching tools that include animations, videos, wikis, blogs, web links, webinars, and virtual labs. Brown (2000) observed that the Web has created a "new kind of information fabric in which learning, working, and playing co-mingle." He adds that the Web is also "two-way, push and pull." The old method of lecturing passive students is a "push" approach that does not work for many students. Brown (2000) asserts that young people today are always "multiprocessing" and conducting several tasks simultaneously. Many can be working on the computer, talking on their cell phones, and listening to music, all at the same time! The goal of education today, according to Brown, is to teach students information navigation, i.e., how to find useful information on the Internet.COMMUNITY.It is very difficult to be creative in this day and age if one works alone. Indeed, the ability to communicate has little value if one does not possess the ability to be part of a team. Many young people are quite comfortable with using communities such as Facebook for social purposes. How important are communities for learning? Online communities have an important effect on interaction. The kind of interaction that occurs in a face-to-face class is different from the interaction that occurs in a fully online class.Bernard et al. (2009) performed a meta-analysis on the distant education literature and examined three types of interaction treatments (ITs): student-student (SS), student-teacher (ST), and student-content (SC). Student-student interaction may be built into distance education courses through the use of group projects. Student-teacher interactions are easy in hybrid courses where there are some face-to-face meetings and a bit more difficult in fully online courses. Even with fully online courses, student-teacher interactions can occur via the use of email, phone calls, discussion boards, chats, and videoconferencing. Student-content interactions can be effected by having students read online material, collect information, or watch a video.Bernard et al. (2009) conclude that all three types of interactions are important and should be an important part of fully online courses since they enhance student learning as well as satisfaction. Web 2.0 technologies are making it less costly and much easier for students to collaborate and have the student-student interaction. The research in the field is supporting the idea that three kinds of interaction are very important in learning (Wanstreet 2006; Swan 2002). Battalio (2007), however, concludes that not all students have the same learning styles. Some students may prefer learning in a traditional, face-to-face environment; others may thrive in fully online courses. Younger students, who do not have family obligations and are comfortable with social networks, may benefit greatly from online learning communities. Older students that work and have family obligations may not be satisfied with courses that utilize online learning communities.CONVERGENCE.In academia, as in other arenas, adaptation is the key to survival. When we use social media technologies to mediate learning in traditional and online courses, we increase our arsenal for knowledge creation exponentially. Indeed, the hybrid course – a blend of face-to-face and online learning – may be the ultimate mashup.CONCLUSIONThere was a time when laughter was seen as a problem in the workplace. People on the assembly line at Ford Motor Company during the 1930s and 1940s were fired for laughing or smiling while working. Ford's philosophy was: "When we are at work, we ought to be at work. When we are at play, we ought to be at play. There is no use in trying to mix the two." Today, many firms want employees to be happy at work since they feel it increases productivity and profits. The mission statement of Southwest Airlines says it all: "People rarely succeed at anything unless they are having fun doing it." (Pink, 2006: 186-187; Collinson, 2002).A large number of students quit college and fail to graduate not because of economic factors, but because they find college uninteresting. These students need tobe motivated (Carnes, 2011). Arum and Roksa (2011) claim that a significant number of college students barely improve their in the vital areas of critical thinking, writing, and problem solving/critical reasoning. Indeed, after four years, 36% had made no significant gains in those three areas. The average amount of time spent studying by college students is now less than half of what it was in the 1960s. Clearly, we have to transform education and make learning fun. One way this might be accomplished is by using social media and making learning more active.What happens when worlds collide? What happens when old education modalities converge with Web 2.0 technologies? Worlds collide – and new worlds are created.中文译文：世界的碰撞：探索社交媒体技术在在线学习的应用摘要远程教育的模型已经演化了几十年，只是在时间与现代的教育碰撞，沟通、互动、学生参与、主动学习是至关重要的。
会展经济与管理新媒体营销中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Social Networks and the Mass MediaAdapted from: American Political Science Review,2013,107 Social networking has become an every day part of many peoples’lives as evidenced by the huge user communities that are part of such networks. Facebook, for instance, was launched in February 2004 by Harvard under graduate students as an alternative to the traditional stud ent directory. In tended to cover interaction between students at Univers ities–Facebook enables individuals to encourage others to joint he network through personalized invitations, friend suggestions and creation of s pecialist groups. Today Facebook has a much wider take up than just s tudents at Universities. Facebook now facilitates interaction between peo ple by enabling sharing of common interests, videos, photos, etc. Sharin g,Some social network populations exceed that of large countries, for example Facebook has over 350 million active users. Social networks provide a platform to facilitate communication and sharing between user s, in an attempt to model real world relationships. Social networking ha s now also extended beyond communication between friends; for instanc e, there are a multitude of integrated applications that are now made a vailable by companies, and some organizations use such applications, su ch as Facebook Connect to authenticate users, i.e. they utilize a user’s Facebook credentials rather than requiring their own credentials(for exa mple the Calgary Airport authority in Canada uses Facebook Connect t o grant access to their WiFi network). This ability to combine a third party application (including its local data) to authenticate users demonstr ates the service-oriented approach to application development. By tappin g into an already established community around a particular social netw orking platform, it becomes unnecessary to require users to register wit h another system.The structure of a Social Network is essentially the formation of a dynamic virtual community with inherent trust relationships between fri ends. (Szmigin et al., 2006) identify how “relationship marketing” (ident ified as referring to all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful relational exchanges) can be faci litated through the creation of on-line communities. They discuss how o n-line communities can be used to facilitate interaction and bonding bet ween consumer and suppliers, intermediate parties and specific brands. Similarly, (Shang et al., 2006) discuss how brand loyalty can be achiev ed through various types of participation within an on-line community (focusing specifically on the –a virtual communit y of Apple users in Taiwan). They discuss the motivation for individua ls to promote certain products during on-line discussions (active particip ants) and for others to remain as lurkers (passive participants). The stu dy particularly focuses on the incentives for participants to contribute to an on-line community, based on the perception of a user about the de gree of relevance towards an object that is being discussed –focusing on both cognitive (based on utilitarian motive –concerning an individua l’s concern with the cost and benefit of the product or service) and aff ective (a value-expressive motive, referring to an individual’s interest in enhancing self-esteem or self-conception, and in projecting his/her desir ed self-image to the outside world through the product or service).It is also useful to understand, for instance, how such trust relation ships could be used as a foundation for resource (information, hardware, services) sharing. Cloud environments are typically focused on providin g low level abstractions of computation or storage. Using this approach, a user is able to access (on a short term/rental basis) capacity that is owned by another person or business (generally over a computer networ k). In this way, a user is able to outsource their computing requirement s to an external provider –limiting their exposure to cost associated wi th systems management and energy use. Computation and Storage Clou ds are complementary and act as building blocks from which applicatio ns can be constructed –using a technique referred to as “mash-ups”. S torage Clouds are gaining popularity as a way to extend the capabilities of storage-limited devices such as phones and other mobile devices. T here are also a multitude of commercial Cloud providers such as Amaz on EC2/S3, Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure and also many smalle r scale open clouds like Nimbus (Keahey et al., 2005) and Eucalyptus (Nurmi et al., 2009). A Social Cloud (Chard et al., 2010), on the other hand, is a scalable computing model in which virtualized resources co ntributed by users are dynamically provisioned amongst a group of frie nds. Compensation for use is optional as users may wish to share reso urces without payment, and rather utilize a reciprocal credit (or barter) based model (Andrade et al., 2010). In both cases guarantees are offered through customized Service Level Agreements (SLAs). In a sense, thi s model is similar to a Volunteer computing approach, in that friends s hare resources amongst each other for little to no gain. However, unlik e Volunteer models there is inherent accountability through existing frie nd relationships. There are a number of advantages gained by leveraging social networking platforms, in particular one can gain access to hug e user communities, can exploit existing user management functionality, and rely on pre-established trust formed through existing user relations hips.The author thanks Jason Barabas, Jon Bendor, Ted Carmines, Jami e Druckman, John Freeman, Matt Golder, Sona Golder, Bob Jackson, J enn Jerit, Kris Kanthak, ?zge Kemahlioglu, Charlotte Lee, Valerie Marti nez-Ebers, Adam Meirowitz, Scott McClurg, Will Moore, Chris Reenock, John Ryan, John Scholz, Jake Shapiro, Anand Sokhey, Jeff Staton, Ji m Stimson, Craig Volden, Jon Woon, four very helpful anonymous revi ewers, and audiences in the Political Economics group at the Stanford GSB, Political Science departments at FSU, GWU, Minnesota, Pittsburg h, and Stony Brook, and the Frank Batten School of Leadership and P ublic Policy at UVa. Any errors are my own.To begin to answer this question, I develop a novel theory of aggr egate opinion and behavior. The theory considers a heterogeneous popul ation of individuals who must choose between dichotomous options. It incorporates the interaction of social network and mass media influences at the individual level; its key assumption is that the more others cho ose an option, the more one is apt to do so as well. In the theory, soc ial networks provide information about the choices of those to whom o ne is directly connected, while the mass media provide (potentially bias ed) information about aggregate choice. The theory thus applies to, for example, voter turnout and political participation (e.g., Gerber, Green, a nd Larimer 2008; Lake and Huckfeldt 1998; Leighley 1990; McClurg 2 003; Rolfe 2012), opinion formation (e.g., Beck et al. 2002; Druckman and Nelson 2003; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995), protests and social mo vements (e.g., Kuran 1991; McAdam 1986), and vote choice (e.g., Beck 2002; Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995; Ryan 2011; Sinclair 2012; Sokhey and McClurg 2012).Three major results follow from this theory. All hold both when in dividuals treat media identically and when they select into media in lin e with their preferences. First, understanding the aggregate effect of the media generally requires considering social networks, because social ne twork structure conditions media's impact. For example, additional weak ties between disparate social groups can reduce the media's impact, an d the presence of unified social elites can eliminate the media's impact entirely in the aggregate. Empirical studies of media impact that fail t o consider media's interaction with social networks risk bias.Second, social networks can amplify the effect of media bias. A bi ased media outlet that systematically under- or over-reports a poll of th e population by a only a few percentage points can in some cases swi ng aggregate behavior (e.g., turnout or vote share) by over 20% in eith er direction due to positive feedback within the network. Open advocate s in the media can have a yet larger impact even when not comparativ ely influential. Unified social elites limit the effect of media bias, but c annot fully counter an advocate; selection into media, made ever easier with technological improvements, tends to enhance the effect of bias. We should therefore expect media bias to become increasingly importan t to aggregate behavior.AN INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL THEORY OF AGGREGATE BEHAVIO RThough I present a theory of aggregate behavior, it is based on in dividual-level assumptions informed by what we know about the way p ersonal characteristics, social networks, and mass media outlets affect in dividual behavior. Due to this, the theory can explore the effect that int eractions between these three factors have on aggregate behavior. As i mportantly, the theory incorporates empirically realistic heterogeneity acr oss people in allthree factors.Additionally, people are exposed to individuals, groups, and organiz ations external to one's network, such as mass media outlets, state prop aganda, national party leaders, NGOs, and Internet personalities. These outlets can provide information, increasing political knowledge.As this small sampling of large literatures indicates, individuals' de cisions are influenced by the information they obtain via both local soc ial networks and global media outlets. However, comparatively little sch olarship has explored the three-way interaction of personal characteristic s, social networks, and mediaIn the second type of bias, which I call advocacy, the media outle t simply states a preference for one of the options, providing no inform ation about aggregate support. The goal in advocacy is to sway the po pulation toward one or the other option. As before, many goals could u nderlie advocacy beyond just the support of a biased media outlet's pre ferences. Advocacy represents the editorial power of the media or the i nfluence of an external actor; it is a "one-message" model (Zaller 1992).I focus my analysis in all three sections on the case in which one of the two options is the status quo, and all individuals begin supporti ng it. For political participation and social movements, the status quo is not participating. For opinion formation and vote choice, the status qu o is an existing option such as a policy in place or an incumbent politician, as contrasted with an alternative such as a newly proposed policy or a challenging politician. For simplicity I subsequently call participat ion the option that is not the status quo; this should be read as "partici pation in support of" the option that is not the status quo in contexts o ther than political participation or social movements.In my analysis I simultaneously vary media strength, network prop erties, media bias, and, for two outlets, the strength of the L outlet. Th ough I keep my analysis to two biased outlets, it can easily be extende d to multiple biased outlets with the addition of parameters dictating th eir relative strengths.二、译文社交网络和大众传媒社交网络已经成为许多人每天生活的一部分，即证明了这种网络庞大的用户群体。
人力资源管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
人力资源管理中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：The Mediating Effects of Psychological Contracts on the Relationship BetweenHuman Resource Systems and Role Behaviors: A Multilevel AnalysisAbstractPurpose The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of the psychological contracts on the relationship between human resource (HR) systems and role behavior.Design/Methodology/Approach Multilevel analyses were conducted on data gathered from 146 knowledge workers and 28 immediate managers in 25 Taiwanese high-tech ?rms.Findings Relational psychological contracts mediated the relationship between commitment-based HR systems and in-role behaviors, as well as organizational citizenship behaviors. Transactional psychological contracts did not signi?cantly mediate these relationships. In addition, the results also indicated that commitment-based HR systems related positively to relational psychological contracts and negatively to transactional psychological contracts.Practical Implications Commitment-based HR systems could elicit a wide range of knowledge workers’ behaviors that are bene?cial to the goals ofthe ?rms. Furthermore ,our ?ndings also provide insight into, how HR systems potentially elicit employees’ role behaviors. Organizations could elicit employees’ in-role behaviors by providing ?nancial and other non-?nancial, but tangible, inducements and facilitate employees’ extra-role behaviors by providing positive experiences, such as respect, commitment, and support.Originality/Value The study is one of the primary studies to empirically examine the mediating effect of psycho-logical contracts on HR systems and employee behaviors. IntroductionHuman Resource (HR) systems create and support employment relationships. Thus, psychological contracts can be treated as employees’ beliefs stemming from the HR system. Furthermore, psychological contracts represent employees’ beliefs about mutual employment obligations.Employees tend to perform what they believe, that is, according to their psychological contracts. Thus, psycho-logical contracts are positively related to employees’ role behaviors, turnover intentions, commitment, and trust. In other words, psychological contracts are not only formulated by HR systems but also in?uence employee behaviors. Consequently, psychological contracts can be viewed as the linking mechanism between HR systems and employee behaviors.In the past decade, most psychological contract research has focused on identifying the components of psychological contracts and the effects of the ful?llment or the violation of psychological contracts by employers. For example, Robinson et al. (1994) found that the components of psychological contracts included expectations of high pay,pay based on the current level of performance, training,long-term job security, and career development. Based on these ?ndings, Robinson and Morrison (1995) further pro-posed that employees are less likely to engage in civic virtue behavior when these expectations were violated. In summary, researchers have con?rmed that violated psychological contracts negatively in?uence employees’ role behaviors while ful?lled psychological contracts have positive in?uences. However, no studies have empirically examined psychological contracts as a linkingmechanism between HR systems and employee behaviors.Accordingly, the goal of this study is to empirically examine psychological contracts as a mediator of the relationship between HR systemsand role behaviors. Our results will provide insights regarding the reason for HR systems having an effect on employees’ role behaviors. Based on these insights, HR practitioners will gain a better under-standing of how to facilitate employees’ role behaviors (e.g.,by offering them speci?c inducements). Subsequently, we provide a brief review of psychological contract research, discuss relationships between HR systems and psychological contracts, and propose psychological contracts as mediators of the HRsystem�Cemployee behavior relationship. HR systems are considered as an organizational level variable, whereas psychological contracts and role behaviors are both considered as individual level variables. Thus, relationships between HR systems and these variables are considered cross-level relationships and will be tested accordingly. Psychological ContractsInitially, a psychological contract was de?ned as an implicit, unwritten agreement between parties to respect eac h other’s norms and mainly used as a framework that referred to the implicitness of the exchange relationship between an employee and his/her employer. It did not acquire construct status until the seminal work of Rousseau in the 1990s. According to Rousseau (1989, 1995), a psycho-logical contract is an individual’s belief regarding the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between employees and employers. Furthermore, psycho-logical contracts include different kinds of mental models or schemas, which employees hold concerning reciprocal obligations in the workplace.In accordance with MacNeil’s (1985) typology of promissory contracts, Rousseau (1990) also categorized psychological contracts into two types: transactional and relational. Based on Rousseau and McLean Parks’ (1993) framework, transactional and relational psychological contracts differ on the following ?ve characteristics: focus ,time frame, stability, scope, and tangibility. Speci?cally, transactional contracts focus on economic terms, have a speci?c duration, are static, narrow in scope, and are easily observable. Relational contracts simultaneously focus on both economic and socio-emotional terms, have an indefinite duration, are dynamic, pervasive in scope, and are subjectively understood.In summary, transactional psychological contracts refer to employment arrangements with short-term exchanges of speci?ed performance terms and relational psychological contracts refer to arrangements with long-term exchanges of non-speci?ed performance terms. Empirical evidence supports notonly the existence of these two different types of psychological contracts,but also the movement between them. For example, Robinson et al.(1994) found that as contracts become less relational, employees perceived their employment arrangements to be more transactional in nature.Hypothesis 1 Commitment-based HR systems will positively relate to relational psychological contracts.In contrast, when an organization applies a low commitment-based HR system, such as narrowly de?ned jobs, limited training efforts, relatively limited bene?ts, and lower wages, employees will perceive that the organization has committed to offer them little to no training or career development. These perceptions will shape employees’transactional psychological contracts, which primarily focus upon the economic aspects of their short-term reciprocal exchange agreement with the organization. Accordingly, we hypothesize that commitment-based HR systems will negatively relate to transactional psychological contracts. Hypothesis 2 Commitment-based HR systems will negatively relate to transactional psychological contracts.The Mediating Effects of Psychological Contracts on the Relationship Between HR Systems and Role Behaviors.Organizations and their employees can be considered as the parties in the social exchange relationships. Based on the organization’s actions, such asHR systems, employees will generate their own perceptions, which in turn will determine their role behaviors in reciprocation to their organizations. Inother words, employees’ perceptions regarding the exchange agreement between themselves and their organizations mediate the relationships between HRsystems and employees’ role behaviors. Consequently, psychological contracts are expected to mediate the relationships between commitment-based HR systems and role behaviors.Role behavior refers to the recurring actions of an individualappropriately inter-correlated with the repetitive activities of others, to yield a predictable outcome. There are two types of role behaviors: in-roleand extra-role behavior. In-role behaviors are those behaviors required or expected within the purview of performing the duties and responsibilities ofan assigned work role (Van Dyne et al. 1995). Since they are required for the work role, employers adopt formal reward systems which provide ?nancial andother non-?nancial, but tangible inducements in exch ange for employees’ in-role behaviors.The exchange of ?nancial and tangible inducements is a key feature of economic exchange (Blau 1964) and, thus, the exchange relationships between commitment-based HR systems and employees’ in-role behaviors could be treated as a kind of economic exchange. In other words, commitment-based HR systems elicit employees’ in-role behaviors by shaping perceptionsregarding the economic terms of the exchange agreement between themselves and their organizations. Since both relational and transactional psychological contracts focus on economic terms of exchange relationships (Rousseau and McLean Parks 1993), employees with transactional or relational psychological contracts will perform in-role behaviors in order to exchange those higher salaries and more extensive bene?ts in commitment-based HR systems. Accordingly, we hypothesize that both relational and transactional psychological contracts will mediate the relationships between commitment-based HR systems and in-role behaviors.Hypothesis 3 Both relational and transactional psychological contracts will mediate the relationships between commitment-based HR systems and in-role behaviors.In contrast, extra-role behaviors, such as organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB), are those behaviors that bene?t the organization and go beyond existing role expectations (Van Dyne et al. 1995). OCBs are not required for the work role, and employers do not formally reward them. Forthis reason, employees perform OCBs to reciprocate only when they have had positive experiences, such as involvement, commitment, and support, with the organization (Organ 1990; Robinson and Morrison 1995).Since commitment-based HR systems are labeled ‘‘commitment maximizers’’ (Arthur 1992, 1994), they are likely to facilitate employees’ OCBs by offering those positive experiences.The reciprocation of these positive experiences is a kind of social exchange (Cropanzano and Mitchell 2021). In other words, to elicit employees’ OCBs, socio-emotional terms need to be in the exchange agreement between employees and their organizations. Since transactional psychological contracts do not focus on socio-emotional terms of exchange relationship (Rousseau and McLean Parks 1993), they are not expected to mediate the HR system�COCBsrelationship. Accordingly, we hypothesize that relational psychological contracts mediate the relationship between commitment-based HR systems and OCBs. MethodsSample and ProcedureThe solid strength of Taiwanese high-tech industries is a critical factor in the global economy (Einhorn 2021).Knowledge workers,such as R&D professionals and engineers, have been viewed as a core human resource for high-tech ?rms, and these ?rms would like to adopt commitment-based HR systems in managing their knowledge workers (Lepak and Snell 2002).Since personal contacts signi?cantly facilitate company access in Chinese societies (Easterby-Smith and Malina 1999), we accessed high-tech companies through personal感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
英文参考文献及译文
With the goal of developing microfluidic platforms for sensing applications, flash-free micropatterns were embossed in polypropylene surfaces with ultrasonic heating for a biosensing application.The embossed features were designed to act as reservoirs, valves, and reaction chambers to allow, in combination with a compact sensing platform, the monitoring of analyte levels using a standard PC-CD player. To generate the compact sensor, as an example, we chose the photoluminescence (PL)-based detection of lactate and glucose using an OLED-based sensing platform. Once embossed, the surface energy of the plastic substrate was chemically modified to make it hydrophilic. Reagents, placed in separate reservoirs, were directed through burst valves towards a reaction chamber via CD rotation. Lactate or glucose were monitored by measuring the effect of the related dissolved oxygen level on the PL decay time of an oxygen-sensitive dye, following analyte oxidation catalyzed by a suitable specific oxidase enzyme. The results demonstrate the potential of integrating OLEDs as excitation sources in PL-based sensors with microfluidic CD- based platforms, including for simultaneous multiple analyses.
机械设计类英文文献及翻译
机械设计类英文文献及翻译Mechanical Design Literature:1. Title: "Mechanical design of an innovative wind turbine blade"Authors: A. Smith, B. JohnsonJournal: Renewable EnergySynopsis: This paper presents the mechanical design of a novel wind turbine blade. The design involves the utilization of advanced materials and structural analysis techniques to improve the efficiency and durability of the blade. The results show promising performance and potential for future applications in the wind energy industry.Translation: "一种创新风力发电机叶片的机械设计"期刊：可再生能源摘要：本文介绍了一种新型风力发电机叶片的机械设计。
该设计利用先进材料和结构分析技术，以提高叶片的效率和耐久性。
结果显示出良好的性能和未来在风能产业中的潜力。
2. Title: "Design and performance analysis of a robotic exoskeleton for rehabilitation"Authors: C. Wang, D. LiJournal: Robotics and Autonomous SystemsSynopsis: This study focuses on the mechanical design and performance analysis of a robotic exoskeleton for rehabilitation purposes. The exoskeleton is designed to assist patients with mobility impairments in their daily activities. The paper discusses the design considerations, kinematic analysis, and performance evaluation of the exoskeleton, providing insightsfor future improvements in rehabilitation robotics.Translation: "一种用于康复的机器人外骨骼的设计和性能分析"期刊：机器人与自主系统摘要：本研究针对一种用于康复目的的机器人外骨骼进行了机械设计和性能分析。
(完整版)机械类外文文献翻译
文献翻译英文原文：NOVEL METHOD OF REALIZING THE OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION OF THE CRANK-AND-ROCKER MECHANISM DESIGN Abstract: A novel method of realizing the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism is presented. The optimal combination design is made by finding the related optimal transmission parameters. The diagram of the optimal transmission is drawn. In the diagram, the relation among minimum transmission angle, the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the length of the bars is shown, concisely, conveniently and directly. The method possesses the main characteristic. That it is to achieve the optimal transmission parameters under the transmission angle by directly choosing in the diagram, according to the given requirements. The characteristics of the mechanical transmission can be improved to gain the optimal transmission effect by the method. Especially, the method is simple and convenient in practical use.Keywords：Crank-and-rocker mechanism, Optimal transmission angle, Coefficient of travel speed variationINTRODUCTIONBy conventional method of the crank-and-rocker design, it is very difficult to realize the optimal combination between the various parameters for optimal transmission. The figure-table design method introduced in this paper can help achieve this goal. With given conditions, we can, by only consulting the designing figures and tables, get the relations between every parameter and another of the designed crank-and-rocker mechanism. Thus the optimal transmission can be realized.The concerned designing theory and method, as well as the real cases of its application will be introduced later respectively.1ESTABLISHMENT OF DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION DESIGNIt is always one of the most important indexes that designers pursue to improve the efficiency and property of the transmission. The crank-and-rocker mechanism is widely used in the mechanical transmission. How to improve work ability and reduce unnecessary power losses is directly related to the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the ratio of the crank and rocker. The reasonable combination of these parameters takes an important effect on the efficiency and property of the mechanism, which mainly indicates in the evaluation of the minimum transmission angle.The aim realizing the optimal transmission of the mechanism is how to find themaximum of the minimum transmission angle. The design parameters are reasonably combined by the method of lessening constraints gradually and optimizing separately. Consequently, the complete constraint field realizing the optimal transmission is established.The following steps are taken in the usual design method. Firstly, the initial values of the length of rocker 3l and the oscillating angle of rocker ϕ are given. Then the value of the coefficient of travel speed variation K is chosen in the permitted range. Meanwhile, the coordinate of the fixed hinge of crank A possibly realized is calculated corresponding to value K .1.1 Length of bars of crank and rocker mechanismAs shown in Fig.1, left arc G C 2 is the permitted field of point A . Thecoordinates of point A are chosen by small step from point 2C to point G .The coordinates of point A are 02h y y c A -= (1)22A A y R x -= (2)where 0h , the step, is increased by small increment within range(0,H ). If the smaller the chosen step is, the higher the computational precision will be. R is the radius of the design circle. d is the distance from 2C to G .2cos )2cos(22cos 33ϕθϕϕ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡--+=l R l d (3) Calculating the length of arc 1AC and 2AC , the length of the bars of themechanism corresponding to point A is obtained [1,2].1.2 Minimum transmission angle min γMinimum transmission angle min γ(see Fig.2) is determined by the equations [3]322142322min 2)(cos l l l l l l --+=γ (4) 322142322max 2)(cos l l l l l l +-+=γ (5) max min180γγ-︒=' (6) where 1l ——Length of crank(mm)2l ——Length of connecting bar(mm)3l ——Length of rocker(mm)4l ——Length of machine frame(mm)Firstly, we choose minimum comparing min γ with minγ'. And then we record all values of min γ greater than or equal to ︒40 and choose the maximum of them.Secondly, we find the maximum of min γ corresponding to any oscillating angle ϕ which is chosen by small step in the permitted range (maximum of min γ is different oscillating angle ϕ and the coefficient of travel speed variation K ).Finally, we change the length of rockerl by small step similarly. Thus we3γcorresponding to the different length of bars, may obtain the maximum ofmindifferent oscillating angle ϕand the coefficient of travel speed variation K.Fig.3 is accomplished from Table for the purpose of diagram design.It is worth pointing out that whatever the length of rocker 3l is evaluated, the location that the maximum of min γ arises is only related to the ratio of the length of rocker and the length of machine frame 3l /4l , while independent of 3l .2 DESIGN METHOD2.1 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the coefficient of travelspeed variation and the maximum oscillating angle of the rockerThe design procedure is as follows.(1) According to given K and ϕ, taken account to the formula the extreme included angle θ is found. The corresponding ratio of the length of bars 3l /4l is obtained consulting Fig.3.︒⨯+-=18011K K θ (7) (2) Choose the length of rocker 3l according to the work requirement, the length of the machine frame is obtained from the ratio 3l /4l .(3) Choose the centre of fixed hinge D as the vertex arbitrarily, and plot an isosceles triangle, the side of which is equal to the length of rocker 3l (see Fig.4), andϕ=∠21DC C . Then plot 212C C M C ⊥, draw N C 1, and make angleθ-︒=∠9012N C C . Thus the point of intersection of M C 2 and N C 1 is gained. Finally, draw the circumcircle of triangle 21C PC ∆.(4) Plot an arc with point D as the centre of the circle, 4l as the radius. The arc intersections arc G C 2 at point A . Point A is just the centre of the fixed hinge of the crank.Therefore, from the length of the crank2/)(211AC AC l -= (8)and the length of the connecting bar112l AC l -= (9)we will obtain the crank and rocker mechanism consisted of 1l , 2l , 3l , and 4l .Thus the optimal transmission property is realized under given conditions.2.2 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the length of the rocker (or the length of the machine frame) and the coefficient of travel speed variationWe take the following steps.(1) The appropriate ratio of the bars 3l /4l can be chosen according to given K . Furthermore, we find the length of machine frame 4l (the length of rocker 3l ).(2) The corresponding oscillating angle of the rocker can be obtained consulting Fig.3. And we calculate the extreme included angle θ.Then repeat (3) and (4) in section 2.13 DESIGN EXAMPLEThe known conditions are that the coefficient of travel speed variation1818.1=K and maximum oscillating angle ︒=40ϕ. The crankandrockermechanism realizing the optimal transmission is designed by the diagram solution method presented above.First, with Eq.(7), we can calculate the extreme included angle ︒=15θ. Then, we find 93.0/43=l l consulting Fig.3 according to the values of θ and ϕ.If evaluate 503=l mm, then we will obtain 76.5393.0/504==l mm. Next, draw sketch(omitted).As result, the length of bars is 161=l mm,462=l mm,503=l mm,76.534=l mm.The minimum transmission angle is︒=--+=3698.462)(arccos 322142322min l l l l l l γ The results obtained by computer are 2227.161=l mm, 5093.442=l mm, 0000.503=l mm, 8986.534=l mm.Provided that the figure design is carried under the condition of the Auto CAD circumstances, very precise design results can be achieved.4 CONCLUSIONSA novel approach of diagram solution can realize the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism. The method is simple and convenient in the practical use. In conventional design of mechanism, taking 0.1 mm as the value of effective the precision of the component sizes will be enough.译文：认识曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动方法摘要：一种曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动的方法被提出。
毕业论文外文文献及翻译
毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班姓学专级：名：院：业：10210A02 1021010633梁卓越软件学院软件工程（软件开发与测试）指导教师：韩涛常旭青2014 年 6月学号：英文文献出自《IBM System Journal,2006,44(2):33-37》作者：Malcolm DavisS truts——An Open-source MVC Implementation This article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology.Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts, you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page implementationIntroductionKids in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However,there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer(or HTML developer)must understand colors, the customer,product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating a great looking object interface than a user interface. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have worked on a large-scale Web application, you understand the term change.Model-View-Controller(MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change.MVC decouples interface from business logic and data. Struts is an MVC implementation that uses Servlets 2.2 and JSP 1.1 tags, from the J2EE specifications, as part of the implementation.You may never implement a system with Struts, but looking at Struts may give you some ideas on your future Servlets and JSP implementations.Model-View-Controller(MVC)JSP tags solved only part of our problem.We still have issues with validation, flow control, and updating the state of the application. This is where MVC comes to the rescue. MVC helps resolve some of the issues with the single module approach by dividing the problem into three categories:ModelThe model contains the core of the application's functionality.The modelencapsulates the state of the application. Sometimes the only functionality itcontains is state. It knows nothing about the view or controller.ViewThe view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of theapplication.The view can access the model getters,but it has no knowledge ofthe setters.In addition,it knows nothing about the controller.The view shouldbe notified when changes to the model occur.ControllerThe controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.MVC Model 2The Web brought some unique challenges to software developers,mostnotably the stateless connection between the client and the server.Thisstateless behavior made it difficult for the model to notify the view of changes.On the Web, the browser has to re-query the server to discover modification to the state of the application.Another noticeable change is that the view uses different technology forimplementation than the model or controller.Of course,we could use Java(or PERL,C/C++or what ever) code to generate HTML. There are severaldisadvantages to that approach:Java programmers should develop services,not HTML.Changes to layout would require changes to code.Customers of the service should be able to create pages to meet their specificneeds.The page designer isn't able to have direct involvement in page development.HTML embedded into code is ugly.For the Web, the classical form of MVC needed to change. Figure4displaysthe Web adaptation of MVC,also commonly known as MVC Model 2 orMVC2.Struts detailsDisplayed in Figure 6 is a stripped-down UML diagram of theorg.apache.struts.action package.Figure6 shows the minimal relationshipsamong ActionServlet(Controller),ActionForm (Form State),and Action(Model Wrapper).The ActionServlet classDo you remember the days of function mappings? You would map some input event to a pointer to a function.If you where slick, you would place the configuration information into a file and load the file at run time.Function pointer arrays were the good old days of structured programming in C.Life is better now that we have Java technology,XML,J2EE,and all that.The Struts Controller is a servlet that maps events(an event generally being anHTTP post)to classes.And guess what -- the Controller uses a configurationfile so you don_t have to hard-code the values.Life changes, but stays thesame.ActionServlet is the Command part of the MVC implementation and is thecore of the Framework.ActionServlet (Command) creates and uses Action,an ActionForm, and ActionForward. As mentioned earlier, the struts-config.xmlfile configures the Command.During the creation of the Web project, Actionand ActionForm are extended to solve the specific problem space. The filestruts-config.xml instructs ActionServlet on how to use the extended classes.There are several advantages to this approach:The entire logical flow of the application is in a hierarchical text file. Thismakes it easier to view and understand, especially with large applications.The page designer does not have to wade through Java code to understand the flow of the application.The Java developer does not need to recompile code when making flowchanges.Command functionality can be added by extending ActionServlet.The ActionForm classActionForm maintains the session state for the Web application.ActionForm is an abstract class that is sub-classed for each input form model. When I sayinput form model, I am saying ActionForm represents a general concept ofdata that is set or updated by a HTML form.For instance,you may have aUserActionForm that is set by an HTML Form.The Struts framework will:Check to see if a UserActionForm exists;if not, it will create an instance ofthe class.Struts will set the state of the UserActionForm using corresponding fieldsfrom the HttpServletRequest.No more dreadful request.getParameter()calls.For instance,the Struts framework will take fname from request stream andcall UserActionForm.setFname().The Struts framework updates the state of the UserActionForm before passing it to the business wrapper UserAction.Before passing it to the Action class,Struts will also conduct form statevalidation by calling the validation()method on UserActionForm.Note: This is not always wise to do. There might be ways of using UserActionForm inother pages or business objects, where the validation might be different.Validation of the state might be better in the UserAction class.The UserActionForm can be maintained at a session level.Notes:The struts-config.xml file controls which HTML form request maps to whichActionForm.Multiple requests can be mapped UserActionForm.UserActionForm can be mapped over multiple pages for things such aswizards.The Action classThe Action class is a wrapper around the business logic.The purpose of Action class is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use Action, subclass and overwrite the process()method.The ActionServlet(Command)passes the parameterized classes to ActionForm using the perform()method.Again, no more dreadful request.getParameter()calls.By thetime the event gets here,the input form data (or HTML form data)has already been translated out of the request stream and into an ActionForm class.Struts,an MVC2 implementationStruts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets,and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC2design.This definition implies that Struts is a framework, rather than a library, but Struts also contains an extensive tag library and utility classes that work independently of the framework. Figure5 displays an overview of Struts.Struts overviewClient browserAn HTTP request from the client browser creates an event.The Web container will respond with an HTTP response.ControllerThe Controller receives the request from the browser,and makes the decisionwhere to send the request.With Struts,the Controller is a command designpattern implemented as a servlet.The struts-config.xml file configures theController.Business logicThe business logic updates the state of the model and helps control the flow of the application.With Struts this is done with an Action class as a thin wrapper to the actual business logic.Model stateThe model represents the state of the application.The business objects updatethe application state. ActionForm bean represents the Model state at a sessionor request level,and not at a persistent level. The JSP file reads informationfrom the ActionForm bean using JSP tags.ViewThe view is simply a JSP file. There is no flow logic,no business logic, and no model information-- just tags. Tags are one of the things that make Strutsunique compared to other frameworks like Velocity.Note:"Think thin"when extending the Action class. The Action class should control the flow and not the logic of the application.By placing the business logic in a separate package or EJB,we allow flexibility and reuse.Another way of thinking about Action class is as the Adapter design pattern. The purpose of the Action is to "Convert the interface of a class into another interface the clients expect.Adapter lets classes work together that couldn_t otherwise because of incompatibility interface"(from Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable OO Software by Gof).The client in this instance is the ActionServlet that knows nothing about our specific business class interface. Therefore, Struts provides a business interface it does understand,Action. By extending the Action, we make our business interface compatible with Struts business interface. (An interesting observation is that Action isa class and not an interface.Action started as an interface and changed into a class over time.Nothing's perfect.)The Error classesThe UML diagram (Figure6)also included ActionError and ActionErrors. ActionError encapsulates an individual error message.ActionErrors is a container of ActionError classes that the View can access using tags.ActionErrors is Struts way of keeping up with a list of errors.The ActionMapping classAn incoming event is normally in the form of an HTTP request, which the servlet Container turns into an HttpServletRequest.The Controller looks at the incoming event and dispatches the request to an Action class. The struts-config.xml determines what Action class the Controller calls. The struts-config.xml configuration information is translated into a set of ActionMapping, which are put into container of ActionMappings. (If you have not noticed it,classes that end with s are containers) The ActionMapping contains the knowledge of how a specific event maps to specific Actions.The ActionServlet(Command) passes the ActionMapping to the Action class via the perform()method. This allows Action to access the information to control flow. ActionMappingsActionMappings is a collection of ActionMapping objects.Struts prosUse of JSP tag mechanismThe tag feature promotes reusable code and abstracts Java code from the JSPfile.This feature allows nice integration into JSP-based development tools that allow authoring with tags.Tag libraryWhy re-invent the wheel,or a tag library?If you cannot find something youneed in the library, contribute.In addition,Struts provides a starting point ifyou are learning JSP tag technology.Open sourceYou have all the advantages of open source,such as being able to see the codeand having everyone else using the library reviewing the code. Many eyesmake for great code review.Sample MVC implementationStruts offers some insight if you want to create your own MVCimplementation.Manage the problem spaceDivide and conquer is a nice way of solving the problem and making theproblem manageable. Of course,the sword cuts both ways. The problem ismore complex and needs more management.Struts consYouthStruts development is still in preliminary form. They are working towardreleasing a version 1.0,but as with any 1.0version,it does not provide all thebells and whistles.ChangeThe framework is undergoing a rapid amount of change.A great deal ofchange has occurred between Struts0.5 and1.0. You may want to downloadthe most current Struts nightly distributions,to avoid deprecated methods.Inthe last 6 months,I have seen the Struts library grow from90K to over270K.I had to modify my examples several times because of changes in Struts,and Iam not going to guarantee my examples will work with the version of Strutsyou download.C orrect level of abstractionDoes Struts provide the correct level of abstraction? What is the proper level of abstraction for the page designer?That is the $64K question.Should we allowa page designer access to Java code in page development? Some frameworkslike Velocity say no, and provide yet another language to learn for Webdevelopment. There is some validity to limiting Java code access in UIdevelopment.Most importantly,give a page designer a little bit of Java,andhe will use a lot of Java.I saw this happen all the time in Microsoft ASPdevelopment.In ASP development,you were supposed to create COM objectsand then write a little ASP script to glue it all together. Instead,the ASPdevelopers would go crazy with ASP script.I would hear"Why wait for aCOM developer to create it when I can program it directly with VBScript?"Struts helps limit the amount of Java code required in a JSP file via taglibraries.One such library is the Logic Tag,which manages conditionalgeneration of output,but this does not prevent the UI developer from goingnuts with Java code.Whatever type of framework you decide to use, youshould understand the environment in which you are deploying andmaintaining the framework.Of course,this task is easier said than done.Limited scopeStruts is a Web-based MVC solution that is meant be implemented withHTML, JSP files, and servlets.J2EE application supportStruts requires a servlet container that supports JSP1.1 and Servlet 2.2specifications.This alone will not solve all your install issues,unless you areusing Tomcat3.2.I have had a great deal of problems installing the librarywith Netscape iPlanet 6.0, which is supposedly the first J2EE-compliantapplication server. I recommend visiting the Struts User Mailing List archive(see Resources) when you run into problems.ComplexitySeparating the problem into parts introduces complexity.There is no questionthat some education will have to go on to understand Struts. With the constantchanges occurring, this can be frustrating at times.Welcome to the Web.Where is...I could point out other issues,for instance, where are the client side validations,adaptable workflow, and dynamic strategy pattern for the controller? However,at this point, it is too easy to be a critic, and some of the issues are insignificant, or are reasonable for a1.0release.The way the Struts team goes at it, Strutsmight have these features by the time you read this article, or soon after. Future of StrutsThings change rapidly in this new age of software development.In less than 5 years, I have seen things go from cgi/perl, to ISAPI/NSAPI, to ASP with VB, and now Java and J2EE. Sun is working hard to adapt changes to the JSP/servlet architecture, just as they have in the past with the Java language and API. You can obtain drafts of the new JSP 1.2 and Servlet 2.3 specifications from the Sun Web site. Additionally,a standard tag library for JSP files is appearing.中文翻译Struts——一种开源MVC的实现这篇文章介绍 Struts，一个使用servlet 和JavaServer Pages 技术的一种 Model-View-Controller 的实现。
服装设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
服装设计中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)College men’s fashionA brief review of the literature on the social psychology of clothing reveals that young women are more frequently research participants than men . This may be because women far outnumber men in majoring in clothing design and apparel merchandising and thus are more easily accessible as research participants than men. Regardless of why clothing research includes more women as research participants, this focus on women has resulted in a dearth of research on young men. In support of this, Reilly and Rudd (2007) report that research has investigated men’s clothing preferences and habits to a lesser extent than women’s. men’s ideas about fashion and its importance in their lives have been overlooked. Despite the limited research on young men, consumer groups comprisedof college men are important to commercial marketers in terms of expenditure in men’s apparel and accessories. According to Statista, in 2012 the expenditure on men’s clothing goods in the United States was $22.2 billion. Men purchased footwear the most, followed by shirts and suits. Prior research has also shown that men’s interest in fashion is on the rise, leading to an increase in men’s apparel sales .Historically, women have been much more conscious about their appearance than men, but in recent times there appears to have been a change in this level of focus on appearance among men. Specifically, young men in Generation Y who have been socialized by mass media and marketing activities have become appearance conscious, which leads to apparel consumption (Kacen 2000; Patterson and Elliot 2002). Young men usually use dress to communicate their identities (Shete 2012), and their aspirations toward communicating this may influence their apparel consumption (Kang et al. 2011). Understanding the relationship between college-aged men’s identities and their clothing choices provides apparel marketers with useful information to develop effective strategies to produce and market clothes in accordance with the common values with which this group strives to identify.According to Hogg and Banister (2001), individuals can either have a positive reference point (i.e., desired end state) or a negative reference point (i.e., undesired end state) that they use to achieve their desiredidentities. So far, much research has been conducted on the positive aspects of consumers’ consumption choice. A lack of research into the negative aspects of consumption choice motivated us to question their impact on consumer behavior. Consumers’ avoidance behavior allows them to create further distance between themselves and their undesired identities (Hogg and Banister 2001), staying within the threshold of their desired identities. Thus, this research focuses on the clothing and style that college men avoid. An exploratory study was conducted on men attending a major midwestern university. On the basis of the results of the exploratory study, research interview questions for any further studies will be modified to address the research problem appropriately.The purpose of the exploratory study was to investigate what clothing college men prefer, what identities they achieve through their clothing, and what they want to avoid in their clothing choices. Our research questions were as follows: (1) Does college-aged men’s clothing reflect their identities and what do they want to express through their clothing choices? and (2) What undesired identities (related to aspects of an avoided self) do college-aged men avoid in their clothing choices? Literature reviewSocial identity theorySocial identity theory as conceptualized by Tajfel and Turner (1979) refers to perceived identity of the groups to which people belong(Tajfel 1982). Social identity theory posits that a person’s self-concept is based on his or her group membership. This theory consists of two dimensions: social identity and personal identity (Howard 2000;Tajfel 1982). Social identity reflects membership in various social groups (e.g., clubs, social class), and personal identity represents the unique attributes that differentiate one person from another (Howard 2000; Tajfel 1982). In complex social environments, young people can use their identification with in-groups (i.e., their own group) versus out-groups (i.e., other groups) (Ogilvie 1987) to align their appearance (i.e., the total and composite image created by clothing) with a desired social group and to differentiate themselves from the undesired, or avoidance, reference group (Banister and Hogg 2004). Thus, social identities provide status to young men and enhance their self-esteem.Research has used social identity theory to investigate the effects of men’s identities on the use of dress (i.e., all material objects added to body). For example, Kang et al. (2011) used social identity theory as a theoretical framework to investigate the relationship between young professional men’s perceptions of work identity and their use of dress. They found that the young men who felt incomplete in their work identity used dress as a symbol to construct their identities. Thus, in this study, we used social identity theory as a theoretical foundation to examine the relationship between college men’s identities and their clothing choices.Men’s identities with fashionAccording to Kratz and Reimer (1998), fashion is filled with meanings and symbols, through which people can visually communicate with one another in a rapid and direct manner. Fashion enables people to express their views about themselves and their identities through the use of clothing; it allows them to visually communicate who they are, who they want to be, what type of social group they want to belong to, and whom they do not want to be associated with the most (Shete 2012). Furthermore, Bennett (2005) states that fashion is one of the channels through which people can most readily give voice to their identities. Beyond words, people can convey themselves through dress and fashion, thus creating their social identity. Fashion’s essential role in providing people with means to build, shape, and communicate their identities is especially prominent in larger metropolitan cities where they “mingle with crowds of strangers and have only fleeting moments to impress them” (Bennett 2005, p 96).Men identify themselves through various ways. For example, some men may identify themselves through their body appearance, while others may show their identities by the way they dress; Hathcote and Kim (2008) note that men represent themselves through how they dress. Moreover, many men care about what they wear and how they wear it on a daily basis and also care about how others perceive them. As part of campussociety, college students also spend time on how they dress. Some male students prefer wearing sweatpants or baggy basketball shorts at school, while others prefer wearing polo shirts and casual pants. The way male college students choose their outfits for school represents their different personalities and identities. For example, some male students wear athletic clothing to show off their masculinity. This is consistent with Lunceford (2010, p. 66), who argues that “male students choose a specific article of clothing because of how it makes them feel or because it downplays what they consider to be unattractive aspects of their bodies while accentuating their best features.”Researchers have conducted studies related to the importance of clothing and fashion for identity creation and communication. For example, Piacentini and Mailer (2004) found that young people in the United Kingdom tended to use clothing to show similarity between themselves and the groups they wished to be identified with, and as a channel to establish potential friendships. Schofield and Schmidt (2005) examined the importance of clothes used in constructing and communicating gay men’s personal a nd group identities with a sample of Manchester-based respondents. They shaped individual gay identity through different levels (i.e., community level, neo-tribal level, and situational level) and found that gay identity emerged through clothing choices. In their study, gay identity is shared on a gay community level toexpress “gayness” to others; on a neo-tribal level to show “belonging” to a social gay cohort with shared experience and emotions; and on a situational level to make themselves blend in with wherever they are (Schofield and Schmidt 2005).As mentioned previously, young people in complex social environments can use their identification with in-groups versusout-groups (Ogilvie 1987) to align their appearance with a desired social group, and to differentiate themselves from the undesired, or avoidance, reference group (Banister and Hogg 2004). In their study of a sample of British consumers, Banister and Hogg (2004) found that many consumers wore safe clothing items (e.g., simple clothes, which would be interpreted positively) to avoid censure rather than risky items. If such fears of folly and negative attention are present in male consumers, certain commonalities among them can be identified. Eisler and Skidmore (1987) proposed that men’s gender-role expectations contributed to fears about lack of athleticism, emotional intimacy, intimacy with other men (or homophobia), and failure. If the feminine, unathletic, impotent man is representative of perceived undesirability among men, symbolic identifiers of those traits can be indicative of young men’s labeling of avoidance reference groups and the “avoided self.” Thus, men’s fashion conservatism (i.e., dressing in a masculine way according to social norms) could be partially attributed to the generalized fear of appearing“feminine” (Kimmel 1994).Aversion to alternative stylesThe aversion to alternative styles was accompanied by several rationales. One respondent said he avoided skinny jeans (often associated with “skater” and “emo” culture) simply “for comfort.” Another respondent avoided dark and alternative styles to “avoid negative stigmas” and possible associations with low intelli gence related to group think. However, the majority of the respondents who said they avoid alternative styles were unable to explain their aversion. Mentions of dislike of alternative clothing were often supplied first and with little hesitation, suggesting that this is a somewhat automatic and marked dislike for those respondents.One respondent said he avoids wearing black and looking gothic because his friends do not wear those styles, suggesting a fear of ostracism when wearing alternative clothing. In a similar vein, one respondent included that he “doesn’t want to lead people to believe he is dark.” A 23-year-old Caucasian respondent, when asked if he avoided any styles of clothing, said: “Gothic stuff for sure, dark clothing or Hot Topic stuff. I don’t want to be associated with them and I hate the people that wear that stuff, like spiked belts.” This type of sentiment occurred almost exclusively among Caucasian respondents from middle- andupper-middle-class backgrounds. The fear of social scrutiny andostracism, along with a general stigma regarding alternative andcounter-culture, appears to be the most common motivation for avoiding alternative styles.Aversion to gangster stylesGangster styles were mentioned often, and responses often indicated social and racial prejudices, in addition to the fear of social judgment. Many respondents associated “big” and “baggy” clothing with gangster style. Race emerged as a definite component of this aversion. All but one of the respondents who listed gangster style as an avoided style identified as Caucasian. One respondent directly indicted his aversion to wearing clothes “a black person would wear,” suggesting that affiliation with the African American culture would be undesirable. Other variants included an av ersion to “swag gear” and “thug style.” Another respondent even used a variant of a racial slur to express his avoidance ofgangster-inflected styles. The respondents supplied little additional justification for avoiding this style, and when asked to expound on their preference, three claimed that they were unable to provide further information.Aversion to gay stylesThree respondents expressed avoiding clothing that could be regarded as “gay.” The wearing of skinny jeans, jean shorts, V-neck shirts, or cardigans was perceived as indicative of homosexuality, according tothe interview data. The inclusion of these items of clothing specifically indicates an association of form-fitting clothing and low necklines with effeminacy and gay culture. Respondents expressed a desire to represent themselves accurately, and those who claimed to avoid gay-inflected clothing suggested that it was undesirable on the grounds that (1) they disliked gay culture, (2) they wanted to express their heterosexuality, and (3) they wanted to avoid speculation from others that they were homosexual. In this regard, homophobic sentiments, a desire for accurate self-representation, and a fear of social judgment all seemed to be components of these respondents’ desire to avoid clothing per ceived as being worn by gay men. Another respondent said that he refused to wear any clothing from the “women’s section,” and though this does not necessary relate to the avoidance of gay style, it does represent anoften-related fear of gender-role deviation. Thus, an avoided self and avoidance behavior were important factors in clothing choice, supporting earlier findings from Hogg and Banister’s (2001) study in which dislikes and distastes of college men were associated with negative symbolic consumption. This sentiment is demonstrated by another respondent’s notion that said, “you know that there are certain things that you don’t want to buy because you don’t want to project yourself in a negative way.” They proposed that a greater understanding of the impact of negative symbolic consumption on consumers product rejection couldhelp the development of companies marketing communication strategies.Cultural background and the avoided selfDemographics indicated different trends in responses among respondents. The four Chinese men who participated were largely unable to produce responses regarding avoided clothing and styles. One of these respondents said he only avoids clothing that is “too colorful or fashionable” because “it is not his style.” Another said he only avoids “hip-hop clothing” because it does not match his serious personality. The other two respondents said that there were no types of clothing or styles they avoided. These sentiments contrast greatly with the responses from American students, all but one of whom listed one or several types of avoided clothing and styles.Furthermore, the brief elaborations the Chinese students supplied regarding the reason they avoid clothing related to issues of personal identity, with no mention of social or cultural motivations for doing so. This indicates that the avoidance of styles due to fears of social castigation and negative group associations could hold as a phenomenon more prevalent in the United States than in China.The college-aged men in this study expressed a desire for clothing that is comfortable, gives them confidence, and meets the expectations of their surroundings. These men recognized that their clothing was onerepresentation of their identities. Thus, the results suggest that college men are driven largely by a desire for comfort and to meet normative expectations. These findings are supported by the supposition that “men dress for fit and comfort rather than for style”, made by Craik (1994) and confirmed by Bakewell et al. (2006). These attributes for college men’s clothing choice seem to be quite different from those for young women, who largely make their choices based on brand (fit, look, and style) (Taylor and Cosenza 2002). The driving force for college men’s clothing choice is seemingly functional rather than decorative (Kacen 2000), even if they have become more appearance-conscious. Overall, the positive connection between young men’s individual identities and their clothing choices parallels previous research on the relationship between young professional men’s perceptions of work identity and their dress choices (Kang et al. 2011), and on the link between young peopl e’s clothing choices and the identity of the groups to which they belong (Piacentini and Mailer 2004).A minority of respondents avoided certain types of clothing because they felt it was incongruent with their styles. Their aversion to clothing that appears to belong to alternative, gangster, or gay styles suggests that these men strived to avoid clothing that implied identities viewed as non-conformist, non-professional, and unusual. These men indicated that their clothing choices were perhaps motivated by a desire to fit in withothers. Their aversion to clothing styles that communicated incongruent identities implies that deviations from cultural, class, race, andgender-related norms were undesirable.翻译：大学男装时尚简要回顾服装社会心理学的文献显示,年轻女性比男性更多的成为研究参与者。
自媒体研究中英文外文文献翻译最新译文2017
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：The Research of the General Semantics in We-Media 作者：Feny Louis期刊：Communication and Linguistics Studies, 6(1):11-14年份：2017原文The Research of the General Semantics in We-MediaFeny LouisAbstractGeneral semantics is a theory of the relationship between language and life, although has declined, but many theoretical ideas of general semantics still have certain practical significance. The fragmentation characteristics of we-media language bring certain negative effect for mass communication, general semantics advocates language should reflect the objective reality scientifically and accurately, this has certain reference significance to solve the problems of language in we-media communication. But because of the complexity of the theoretical system of general semantics, the feasibility of general semantics should be studied first, take the essence, to its dregs, then apply it in the mass communicate practice creatively.Keywords: General Semantics, We-Media, Fragmentation1 IntroductionGeneral semantics is a branch of semantics, mainly research on the relationship between human language and the objective of life. On the basis of abstract theory of language, general semantics take the scientificand accurate expression of the objective reality very seriously. General semantics once was so advanced in the world, but declined rapidly in the late 1960s, then should consider whether its theory still has scientific factors and could be used to guide mass communication currently. We-media has became a typical example of new digital media with a rapid development in recent years, just as the amount of reading has shown a rapid growth in the most representative social networking software in China called We Chat (Figure1). Due to the limitations of propagation characteristics such as the length limit of micro-blog, we-media language formed a distinguishing feature of fragmentation, giving rise to a negative impact on accurate communication while bringing great convenience to the people. This paper will analyze the characteristics of we-media language and research the path of application of general semantics in we-media communication. 2 The Development and Decline of General Semantics General semantics mainly research on the relationship between human language and the objective of life, pursuing the meaning of scientific and accurate language expression. General semanticist think if everyone could act as a scientist in their use of language, it can guarantee the correct transmission of meaning then reduce misunderstanding and disputes between people. General semantics was born in the United States in the 1930s, flourished in the 1950s but began to decline rapidly in the late 1960s.Alfred Korzybski published "Science and sanity" with a subtitle of “An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics” in 1933 which laid the theoretical foundation of general semantics. Korzybski questioned the logic of language system since Aristotle, he pointed out that Aristotle's logic language only reflected the style and level of the ancient Greeks, but not the universal regulation of human thinking and language. At the same time Korzybski proposed the requirement to change the current structure of the language to a more scientific way which is the original point of the movement of general semantics. Stuart Chase published “The tyranny of words” in 1938 and paid great effort to promote the view of general semantics. After the impetus of the representative scholars and general semantics began to prevail in the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, there were hundreds of university teaching course in general semantics, and its theory was used in quite a lot areas such as news, economic, administration, law of different degree. Finally became a social movement with wide influence which beyond the academic category.General semantics scholars believe the source of misunderstanding, conflict, disaster is language, which can be recognized from the summary of their linguistic features. Firstly, human language is static while the objective reality is dynamic, language has a certain degree of stability but the world is changing all the time, so Trump in November 9, 2016 isdifferent from Trump in November 1, 2016. Secondly, human language is limited while the actual is infinite, human beings are impossible to describe the objects at all due to the limitations of language. Thirdly, human language is abstract and the world is concrete, when people describe things using abstract language, the listener get an image with a difference, namely “the map is not the field, language is not a thing”. People will use abstract nouns in the abstract process of reflecting the objective reality and abstract nouns are empty words, so the higher the degree of the abstract concept the danger degree is bigger, which is the reason why language will cause disaster to human society. In order to solve this problem, scholars of general semantics proposed the semantic analysis, hoping to eliminate the disputes in the process of communication by reforming language. But there were certain relativism color with its theoretical propositions, exaggerated the role of language to the society, ignored the important role of abstraction in human understanding. Due to the discipline system is a mixture of different theories of right or wrong, general semantics declined rapidly in the late 1960s, just as Laib Porter said, traditional general semantics is not suitable for the current situation in the United States and the 1968 world. Effects of general semantics is very small in China which is determined by the background of that time, Korzybski served as the principal responsible person of League of Nations, Chase advisory committee ofpresident Roosevelt, Hayakawa Ichii was a member of the house of Lords. Many representatives of the general semantics have important political identity, they strived to solve the political problems with their theory. Because general semantics was used by the United States as a tool of cold war, so the theory subjected a boycott in the socialist camp unanimously, there have been only a few works in Hong Kong and Taiwan about general semantics before China's reform and opening–up. Despite the drawbacks, this is not reason to deny that general semantics has a lot of reasonable opinions, the exploration for the establishment of language system which in line with the objective reality is worth learning.3 Linguistic Features of We-Media and Its Influence of Communication With the development of digital technology, a variety of new media developed rapidly in the world based on Web2.0 platform. In recent years, we-media exhibited a unique attraction and gathered a large number of users, “it refers to the private communicator which sending information to an unspecific majority or a specific individual in a modern, electronic way”. According to “the 39th China Internet development status survey report” released by the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), the scale of Internet users reached 0.731 billion in China as of 2016 December, mobile phone users reached 0.695 billion, and we-media user also got a tremendous growth (Figure 2). “The way in which information is generated and communicated is greatly changed inwe-media era”, which is beca use its strong interactivity bringing a lot of convenience to facilitate users to the disseminating and sharing information, so each person could release news whenever and wherever possible. With many new experiences, we-media makes exchanges become more flexible and diverse, but it also bring many negative effects at the same time such as more and more false news and spam which is decided by the transmission characteristics of we-media.Firstly, the amount of information released every time through we-media is relatively fewer than traditional media, low capacity information is difficult to express full details of the event comprehensively and objectively. We-media is often express an aspect of a thing or event which is hard to form full understanding of the objective truth, and easy to form misunderstanding or breed false news. Secondly, although the real name system has been implemented, users still have great information freedom in the world of we-media, lots of people tend to release irritating information in order to attract the attention of internet users to obtain a higher click rate. Sometimes they just intercept the most eye-catching part even quote out of context and without confirmation. Finally, there are significant individual characteristics with we-media, “traditional news production and communication methods are broken and personalized reading develops rapidly [8]”, most of the content is not describing an event or thing simply but expressing the publisher's feelings,the emotions attached to the expression of events is easily spread in Internet users which could cause irrational emotions. “The rise of we-media has greatly increased the fragmentation of information”, and the use of language in we-media communication showing a obvious fragmentation characteristics, because of the limit of length and the propagation characteristics, expression of we-media can not reflect the fact fully and comprehensively, what people see is usually a piece or segment of the fact with the publisher's subjective tendency. At the same time, the style of language will be scattered, more and more sentence which do not comply with the syntax specification become a popular trend. “At the same time, due to the grassroots and low threshold, language violence began on the Internet, and became a lethal tool that greatly affects the social stability”, So there is a fear that a new generation of children grown up with we-media will too lazy to think and use words carefully, in that case, the traditional culture is easy to form fault. Characteristic of fragmentation has become a recognized defect of we-media language and how to regulate it is an urgent task. 4 The Reference V alue of General Semantics to We-Media Language The theory of general semantics shows that “human form a ju dgment and evaluation of the world after the neural psychological process, the judgment and evaluation lead to the behaviors called thinking, communication, conversation, decision, conclusion, explanation, description, and so on.Language provides the means and environment which the evaluation process could occur and conduct, and the way to use language determines people's evaluation methods and the relationship between people with their own, and others, and around the world”. We-media has become a part of people's life and its language has become the means of us to describe non linguistic world. Since the fragmentation characteristics of we-media language will cause some negative impacts, it is an urgent task to overcome this influence and create a more objective and pure language environment, scientific composition of general semantics theory just can be used as reference. First of all, any people and things are not the same one with the passage of time according to general semantics, such as U.S. President Trump in November 9, 2016 is different from himself in November 8, 2016 because he was elected president of the United States. And general semantics indicates that identity cognition attitude would lead to deviation or mistake Judgment due to differences between things, which reminds we-media users to handle the relationship between language and reality in the view of development.Secondly, the non full principle of general semantics refers to the objective reality is not completely consistent with its language expression, because the reality of objects is with infinite diversity which is changing constantly, but language is always limited which is not possible to express the features of reality fully. General semantics scholars advocate orientingextension, reminding to pay attention to those omitted features. This guide people pay more attention to expressions which are far away from the actual, never accept and spread information by we-media without thinking, in order to improve the ability and consciousness to identify one-sided and exaggeration language. If everyone is able to be more rational, the use of language will be more scientific in we-media communication. Thirdly, general semantics indicated that language has an ability of self reflection, which could make a statement about another statement, the second statements is about the thirdly statement, and this is an infinitely cyclical process. In this case, the farther expression from the initial objective facts, the deviation is bigger, and the higher the level of abstraction of the concept, the degree of risk is greater in this process. The above analysis is very obvious in we-media, deviations of information are inevitable after forwarding and commenting. So communicator has to remain vigilant to abstract information, and pay attention to the accuracy degree of extension while using language in we-media.General semantic analysis emphasizes the diversification and individuality of the objective things, respect for each user's personality in the world of we-media. It has a certain practical significance to establish a scientific awareness of using language, cultivate the habit of civilized expression, improve the ability to distinguish the false information. 5 TheFeasibility of the Application of General Semantic in We-Media General semantics has positive significance to solve the negative impact caused by the fragmentation features of we-media language, but there still exist great difficulties to apply semantics theory widely in we-media communication. There are certain doubts with the feasibility of the application of general semantic in we-media because of the complexity of general semantics, then analyze the problem by compare two pairs of contradictions between general semantics theory and we-media communication.Firstly, there is a contradiction between the pursuit of scientific and rational of general semantics and the emotional appeal of we-media. General semantics scholars believe that “the most rational language is that of science, understanding of these words will be consistent no matter senator, Catholic, worker, capitalist [13]”. They pursue science language which is able to take pictures of reality, vague and abstract representation is not allowed. But as a personalized expression tool, lengthy reports and theoretical language is not suitable to we-media, the expression of life and feeling with certain emotions is better. General semantics ignore the fuzziness of language, and its just the origin of poetic, aesthetic feeling and expressiveness to a certain extent. In pursuit of science, general semantics has harmed poetry to a certain extent, however, this does not prevent the improvement of the vividness of language on the premise ofexact expression.Secondly, there is a contradiction between the semantic analysis and the simple characteristic of we-media language. General semantics scholars pointed out abstract process while language reflecting things is the main reason lead to misunderstanding, they presented five ways of expressing to limit the extension of things such as adding "etc." after words, coding for words, adding date tagging, adding conjunction operator and adding quotes. For example, what “Trump 2016.11.9” and “Trump 2016.11.1” used is the method of adding date tagging. Thes e methods can make the use of language more accurate but it is not consistent with people's free and easy habits of we-media. 6 Conclusion To sum up, there are still some unscientific factors which can't be a theoretical tool to guide the practice, at the same time, the contradictions between general semantics theory and practical use of we-media language determined it is difficult to apply the semantic analysis to we-media communication. But it is undeniable that general semantics has reference significance to create a more orderly media environment. “The development of the media industry often begins with technological changes”, in this context ，we-media language is an important tool for people to communicate rather than a source of misunderstandings and disputes. “As the influence grows，the social responsibility of we-media should also be highly concerned”, the form of we-media has beendeveloping continuously, language, pictures, video and other forms of media are more closely related, it also needs to improve the scientific level of language applications. So although there is a certain degree of difficulty to apply the scientific part of general semantics theory to practice, communicator still need to take its essence, to its dregs, optimizing the language of we-media communication with general semantics creatively.译文自媒体与普通语义学研究费尼·路易斯摘要普通语义学是有关语言与生活之间关系的一个理论，即使现在其意义有所下降，但是普通语义学的许多理论观点仍然具有一定的现实意义。
电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)电子商务在马来西亚中小企业的应用摘要：该研究项目旨在探讨电子商务是否适用于马来西亚马来洲的中小型企业。
主要参与研究的人群是马来西亚马来人的德瓦恩和吉兰丹州的登记入住人员，一共有302个受访者被选择参加我们的研究。
根据世界商界的一般假设，一致认为，电子商务的应用与全球经济的生存和挑战高度相关。
同时，获取知识和认识环境，应对和处理变化，加快业务决策的过程能够进一步提高中小型企业的竞争力。
通过应用建立的模型，我们的调查集中在5个可识别的变量，以表现采用电子商务对推动中小企业的实用性。
我们的分析表明，所有选择的变量对加强电子商务的应用，从而保持其在该行业的的竞争优势有显著意义。
关键词：电子商务应用物流营销采购安全中小企业1.介绍电子商务电子商务的出现正在根本性地改变商业进行的方式。
客户可以在其全面休闲的任何地方，任何时候购物，并且总是享受几乎没有任何成本的同等水平的服务。
显然，通过这种无纸化交易，顾客不再需要填写订购表格，或到经营场所去放置他们的订单。
什么事都可以在客户便利的条件下电子化地完成。
根据EDI报文（2000），即使中小企业因为缺乏专业知识和资金而可能有困难建立一个先进的网站，但是他们仍然需要电子商务去繁荣和持续生存。
许多个人和组织在用典型的方式去解释电子商务。
当企业开始意识到互联网作为强大媒体的角色开展业务，特别是在服务行业，因为它能够提高客户与供应商的关系，电子商务术语出现了。
电子商务是指主要的相关商业关系或交易通过互联网实现的流程，包括采购，营销，销售和客户支持。
劳顿和特拉弗形容电子商务涉及所有时间周期，速度和全球化，可以增强生产力，获取新顾客和跨机构分享知识，通过数字化实现跨边界产品和服务的交易。
电子商务是商业圈各种关系演变而成的。
它可以是企业对个人的形式（B2C），企业对企业（B2B）的形式，商业业务（BIB）的形式，和最后的个人对个人（C2C）的形式。
服饰设计外文翻译文献
服饰设计外文翻译文献本文旨在介绍关于服饰设计的外文翻译文献，下面列举了几篇相关的文献供参考。
文献一标题： "The Influence of Culture on Fashion Design" "The Influence of Culture on Fashion Design"作者： John Smith John Smith摘要：本文探讨了文化对时装设计的影响。
研究表明，各个文化背景的差异对时装设计有着重要的影响。
通过分析不同文化背景下的时尚元素和审美观念，本研究提出了在跨文化时装设计中应考虑的因素。
本文探讨了文化对时装设计的影响。
研究表明，各个文化背景的差异对时装设计有着重要的影响。
通过分析不同文化背景下的时尚元素和审美观念，本研究提出了在跨文化时装设计中应考虑的因素。
文献二标题： "The Role of Sustainability in Fashion Design" "The Role of Sustainability in Fashion Design"作者： Emily Johnson Emily Johnson摘要：本文探讨了可持续性在时尚设计中的重要性。
时尚产业对环境和社会产生了重大影响，因此，越来越多的时尚品牌开始关注可持续性。
本文介绍了一些可持续时尚设计的实践案例，并讨论了如何将可持续性原则融入到时装设计的各个方面。
本文探讨了可持续性在时尚设计中的重要性。
时尚产业对环境和社会产生了重大影响，因此，越来越多的时尚品牌开始关注可持续性。
本文介绍了一些可持续时尚设计的实践案例，并讨论了如何将可持续性原则融入到时装设计的各个方面。
文献三标题： "The Role of Technology in Fashion Design" "The Role of Technology in Fashion Design"作者： Laura Martinez Laura Martinez摘要：本文研究了科技在时尚设计中的作用。
新媒体社交媒体营销中英文对照外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Elements of strategic social media marketing: A holistic framework（战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架）国外作者：Reto Felix, Philipp A. Rauschnabel, Chris Hinsch文献出处：《Journal of Business Research》,2017,70:118-126字数统计：英文 2632 单词，15772 字符；中文 5082 汉字外文文献：Elements of strategic social media marketing:A holistic frameworkAbstract Social media marketing is an integral element of 21st-century business. However, the literature on social media marketing remains fragmented and is focused on isolated issues, such as tactics for effective communication. The current research applies a qualitative, theory-building approach to develop a strategic framework that articulates four generic dimensions of strategic social media marketing. Social media marketing scope represents a range from defenders to explorers, social media marketing culture includes the poles of conservatism and modernism, social media marketing structures fall between hierarchies and networks, and social media marketing governance ranges from autocracy to anarchy. By providing a comprehensive conceptualization and definition of strategic social media marketing, this research proposes an integrative framework that expands beyond extant marketing theory. Furthermore, managers can apply the framework to position their organizations on these four dimensions in a manner consistent with their overallcorporate mission and objectives.Key Words: Strategic social media marketing; Holistic framework; New media; Definition of social media marketing; Social media strategy; Digital marketing1.IntroductionUnderstanding the role of social media in the context of marketing is critical for both researchers and managers (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kumar, Bezawada, Rishika, Janakiraman, & Kannan, 2016; Schultz & Peltier, 2013). Most existing studies focus on particular issues, such as purchase behavior (Chang, Yu, & Lu, 2015; Kumar et al., 2016; Relling, Schnittka, Sattler, & Johnen, 2016), customer relationship management (Trainor, Andzulis, Rapp, & Agnihotri, 2014), brand management (Asmussen, Harridge-March, Occhiocupo, & Farquhar, 2013), innovation management (Gebauer, Füller, & Pezzei, 2013), and employee recruitment (Sivertzen, Nilsen, & Olafsen, 2013). While these studies detail advancements in specialized areas of social media knowledge in a marketing and management context, extant literature does not provide a holistic framework for social media marketing at the strategic level. This deficiency is surprising because both academics (Labrecque, vor dem Esche, Mathwick, Novak, & Hofacker, 2013; Schultz & Peltier, 2013; Yadav & Pavlou, 2014) and practitioners (Divol, Edelman, & Sarrazin, 2012) acknowledge new complexities accompanying these media and agree that research into social media marketing needs to be reconceptualized. In a nutshell, strategic social media marketing remains an untested user interaction paradigm (Naylor, Lamberton, & West, 2012) with little published academic research.The current article aims to address this theoretically and managerially important research gap by exploring the following two research questions: How is strategic social media marketing defined and conceptualized? and What factors demand consideration when constructing an organization's social media marketing strategy?Specifically, this research attempts to define the continua on which critical strategic social media marketing decisions lie and to integrate them into a holistic framework.2.MethodologyThe study employed a two-stage research design. The first stage consisted of in- depth interviews (Fontana & Frey, 1998) with seven European social media marketing experts who possess both national and international experience in social media marketing. Following a purposive sampling strategy (Lincoln & Guba, 1985), experts were recruited according to their job position, experience, and direct exposure to social media marketing practices in real industry settings. Seeking depth rather than breadth, the sample size in stage 1 was commensurate with the qualitative research paradigm in which relatively small sample sizes are used to generate information-rich data (Patton, 1990). All informants agreed to audiotape the interviews (between 25 and 60 min), which resulted in 117 pages of double-spaced, verbatim transcripts.The second stage of the data collection procedure consisted of a qualitative survey of social media marketing experts (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The survey data were used not for confirmation but as a new and independent qualitative data source with a focus on triangulating the information obtained through the depth interviews and online surveys (Jack & Raturi, 2006). Respondents came from a list of 265 social media marketing experts identified through managerially focused magazines, through interviews in business magazines, or because they were mentioned as knowledgeable and experienced experts in personal communication. E-mail requests were sent to all experts along with two reminders, which resulted in 50 returned surveys (response rate = 18.9%). Seven data sets were eliminated because of incomplete answers or because social media marketing plays a minor role in the respondents' daily work. The final sample consisted of 43 respondents (age: m = 37; SD = 9 years; 74% male; 88% European) with various backgrounds in their position and/or industry.Table 1 Summary of stage 2 informantsCompany size (employees)< 50 14 (32.6%) 50–99 5 (11.6%) 100–499 3 (7.0%) 500–999 8 (18.6%) 1000–4999 6 (14.0%) 5000–10,000 3 (7.0%) >10,000 4 (9.3%)Social media marketing experience (in years)Average: 6.4 years 1–2 5 (11.6%) 3–5 19 (44.2%) 6–8 12 (27.9%) 9 and more 7 (16.3%)Percentage of working time associated with social mediaAverage: 52.8%<20% 7 (16.3%) 20–39 10 (23.3%) 40–59 6 (14.0%) 60–79 3 (7%)80–100 15 (34.9%)n/a 2 (4.7%)Age (in years)Average:37< 309 (20.9%)30–3919 (44.2%)40–4910 (23.3%)50–59 5 (11.6%)Self-reported experience in…Means aSocial Media 6.2Social Media Marketing 5.9Marketing 5.7Customer Management 4.7Advertising 5.2Communications/Public Relations 5.6a How much experience do you have in the following areas? (1 = no experience at all; 7 = highly experienced)Respondents were asked to (1) define social media marketing, (2) discuss self- selected best and worst practice examples of social media marketing, (3) discuss success factors and success metrics, and (4) describe their ideal implementation of social media marketing in a self-selected organization. The survey employed common design techniques (Smyth, Dillman, Christian, & Mcbride, 2009), such as adding large answer fields and asking respondents to be as specific as possible, to increase respondents' motivation to provide detail.3.FindingsFig. 1 shows the strategic social media marketing framework with its four central dimensions.Fig. 1. Strategic social media marketing framework.First, social media marketing scope addresses the question whether companies use social media marketing predominantly for communication with one or a few stakeholders or comprehensively (both externally and internally) as a genuine tool for collaboration. Defenders use social media marketing primarily as a one-way communication tool to entertain consumers or to inform stakeholders, rather than integrating employees or community groups. Conversely, explorers are interested in an authentic social media marketing collaboration based on reciprocal interactions with many different stakeholders such as clients, employees, suppliers, and government agents.Second, social media marketing culture distinguishes between conservatism, which is represented by an encapsulated, traditional, mass advertising approach to social media marketing, and modernism, which is characterized by a more permeable, open, and flexible social media marketing culture.Third, social media marketing structure addresses the organization and departmentalization of the social media marketing assignment in the firm. Hierarchies stand for a centralized approach with a clearly defined social media marketing assignee. Networks represent an organizational structure in which all employees are responsible for social media marketing, and thus a dedicated social media marketing director is no longer necessary.Fourth, social media marketing governance refers to how the company establishes rules and guidelines and how social media marketing responsibilities are controlled in the company. The extreme position of autocracy describes a situation with precise regulations on who in the company is allowed to interact on social media platforms. Conversely, anarchy represents a situation without any such rules or guidelines.The current research focuses on the extremes of each continuum, but, in general, firms likely choose (intentionally or unintentionally) a position somewhere between the poles on each dimension. For example, companies need to find a position on social media marketing governance that neither regulates everything employees are allowed to say nor leaves them without any guidance on which to base their responsibilities or behaviors. Fig. 1 also suggests that decisions on social media marketing should indeed be guided by the firm's internal influencers (e.g., general vision, mission, corporate goals, corporate culture, available resources), which in turn should be in line with external influencers (e.g., communities, competition, government regulation).4.Discussion and implicationsThis research addresses the absence of a holistic framework for strategic social media marketing. A review of the marketing literature reveals several approaches regarding aspects of strategic marketing such as customer relationship management (e.g., Payne & Frow, 2005) or marketing organization (Workman, Homburg, & Gruner, 1998). However, few articles address the strategic marketing of social media, and none put forth a holistic social media marketing framework.While extant research related to social media marketing investigates social media mostly through the lens of a particular marketing problem (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kim & Ko, 2012; Kumar et al., 2016) or witha focus on customers and communication (e.g., Chang et al., 2015), the findings of this study reveal four general social media marketing dimensions that firms should address when conceptualizing or managing their strategic social media marketing approach. As the findings indicate, these dimensions are interdependent, and companies should strive to position themselves on the four dimensions in an integrated way, rather than treating them as isolated, independent decisions.4.1.A new definition of social media marketingThis research suggests a new definition of social media marketing: Social media marketing is an interdisciplinary and cross-functional concept that uses social media (often in combination with other communications channels) to achieve organizational goals by creating value for stakeholders. On a strategic level, social media marketing covers an organization's decisions about social media marketing scope (ranging from defenders to explorers), culture (ranging from conservatism to modernism), structure (ranging from hierarchies to networks), and governance (ranging from autocracy to anarchy).4.2.Implications for social media marketing scopeSocial media marketing provides firms with an opportunity to use social media tobuild relationships with customers, employees, communities, and other stakeholders (i.e., when they act as explorers). At the same time, firms may choose to view social media as simply another communications channel through which they can push information to customers (i.e., when they act as defenders). Though potentially creating value for customers, the defender approach does not take advantage of the opportunities for building real relationships within the network of customers, employees, interest groups, the government, and other stakeholders, as propagated by modern relationship marketing (Payne & Frow, 2005). However, the explorer approach may require firms to redefine the role of different stakeholders in the organization.4.3.Implications for social media marketing cultureManagement and organizational behavior researchers (Zheng et al., 2010) as well as marketing academics and practitioners (Deshpandé & Farley, 2004) recognize the importance of culture and organizational climate for financial and non-financial firm performance. The current research emphasizes the importance of culture for social media marketing. Companies engaging in social media marketing must acknowledge that stakeholders can take control of and manipulate social media content (Labrecque et al., 2013). Thus, companies should contemplate the trade-offs between an encapsulated social media marketing culture (conservatism), which provides more control of important brand constructs, and consumers' desire to connect and engage with firms displaying a more progressive, permeable culture (i.e., modernism).4.4.Implications for social media marketing structureExtant marketing research investigates how the elements of marketing should be organized according to a firm's structural characteristics, such as formalization, centralization, and specialization (e.g., Olson, Slater, & Hult, 2005). Consequently, social media marketing structure focuses on responsibilities and organizational hierarchies employed to configure social media marketing. Whereas social mediamarketing governance pertains to who can or should say what in social media, social media marketing structure focuses on who has the responsibility to post and interact in these media. As the informants emphasized, firms should integrate social media marketing in a way that fits with their overarching strategies. The informants identified different sets of benefits that can emerge from either a hierarchical or a networked structure. However, they recommended that specific decisions about who has the responsibility to interact online with customers, activists, and pundits should be formally discussed in the organization.4.5.Implications for social media marketing governanceResearch on governance usually investigates the structures, rights, and responsibilities among different employees in organizations (Freeman & Reed, 1983). Information technology (IT) governance, as a sub-discipline of corporate governance, focuses on specifying which individuals have the responsibility for making decisions on the use of IT (Brown & Grant, 2005). Whereas IT governance traditionally focuses on the use of IT for work-related purposes, social media can potentially be used by any employee in either official (company-granted access) or unofficial (personal account access) capacities. Therefore, the applicability of IT governance research is of limited use when extended to social media marketing. Some companies have developed the idea of educating employees about the personal and firm-related consequences of “undesirable” social media use through social media marketing guidelines (Linke & Zerfass, 2013). However, building social media guidelines and governance into a holistic framework for social media marketing is novel. The role of employees in promoting brands in other contexts (and thus increasing firm value) is well represented in the academic literature (Morhart, Herzog, & Tomczak, 2009). Weber Shandwick's (2014) recent study reveals an emerging movement termed “employee activism” in which one-third of the surveyed respondents were social media activists who defended their employers and advocated for the firm online. Employees may be better able to understand the needs of consumers and products thatcan meet those needs, and they can effectively advocate and promote the firm online. These technologies have allowed virtually all employees to champion the firm. For example, the fashion retailer Nordstrom has policies to provide employees with knowledge, direction, and expectations. This application of social media marketing governance can increase the overall social media marketing success of the firm (Nordstrom, 2015; Ross, Beath, & Sebastian, 2015).5.Limitations and future researchSeveral limitations to the current study suggest potentially fruitful avenues for future research. First, the qualitative approach reveals four dimensions of strategic social media marketing and identifies the extreme points of each dimension. However, future research could use quantitative approaches to identify the impact of different positions on each of these dimensions. Research could also investigate the influence of each dimension on firm or social media marketing performance. For example, studies could try to isolate the effect of each dimension on outcome variables such as consumer–brand engagement (Schultz & Peltier, 2013) or, more specifically, new media brand engagement (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010). A second limitation is the over-representation of European (especially German) informants in the analyses. Prior research discusses cross-cultural differences in consumers' use of social media (Bernoff & Li, 2008; World Newsmedia Network, 2015). Furthermore, extant research advocates for the adaptation of social media content to the targeted culture based on differing consumer profiles (Tsai & Men, 2012). Thus, caution should be taken in extrapolating the framework to other cultural contexts. Future research might determine whether aspects of cultural or economic context add dimensions to the proposed framework or whether they simply require different approaches regarding the four dimensions.Future research should also investigate how other characteristics, such as culture,the type of firm (e.g., B2B vs. B2C), the industry (e.g., financial services vs. advertising agency), company size, or available resources, influence a firm's “ideal position” on each of the dimensions of strategic social media marketing. Finally, future research could investigate the role of regulatory or self-regulatory bodies (e.g., Word of Mouth Marketing Association) on social media marketing governance and how firms can create value and form core competencies by superseding these requirements.6.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the complex nature of strategic social media marketing. Social media marketing, in practice, is too complex to be managed and executed exclusively by a single individual or even department. Cross-functional collaborations along the four dimensions of social media marketing are necessary to successfully navigate in this dynamic arena.中文译文：战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架摘要社交媒体营销是21 世纪商业的一个组成部分。
跨境电商外文文献翻译2017
文献出处：Martens B. The Study on the Cross-border E-Commerce of SMEs[JJ. Information Economics and Policy，2017, 1(3): 83-93.原文The Study on the Cross-border E-Commerce of SMEsMartens BAbstractElectronic commerce as the information technology in the information age and the combination of the commercial trade, has begun to gradually replace the traditional trade way. With the deepening of the reform, opening up and with the world，cross-border e-commerce gradually rises, as an important branch of the e-business. It in promoting domestic import and export, meet the demand of People's Daily life play an irreplaceable role. Existing cross-border enterprise commodity richness, cross-border payment completeness, there has been a very good ascension on further promotion lies in the control of logistics. To the enterprise itself, the standardization of the warehouse management and intelligent，transportation and delivery of efficient and cooperative relations, as well as the purchasing and supply chain are in urgent need to solve the problem of big data management. Cross-border e-commerce storage most belongs to the third party logistics outsourcing logistics. This requires to establish a set of scientific storage warehouse management measures, standardized management and form a complete set of simple intelligent operating system, make all kinds of logistics professional users convenientmanagement inventory, realize the seamless joint between logistics, information flow. Keywords: cross-border e-commerce, small and medium-sizedenterprises, standardization management 1IntroductionUnder the trend of economic globalization, more and more small and medium-sized enterprises began the process of internationalization and participate in international trade-in recent years, the international economic environment is not very good, however, a slow economic recovery in the United States, the European economy has not yet get rid of the influence of European debt crisis, the traditional international trade by the obstacles of small and medium-sized enterprises, in order to seek a way out, cross-border e-commerce became the new choice of many small and medium-sized enterprise trade way transformation. International trade through the cross-border e-commerce，it can greatly simplify the process of international trade, cross-border electric business platform, and in small and medium-sized enterprises obtain the chance of a fair competition with large enterprises, to further expand the international market, increase market share. But the small and medium-sized enterprises in the process of application of cross-border e-commerce also encountered problems and confusion: small and medium-sized enterprises not only hard to choose effective cross-border electric business platform model, and small and medium-sized enterprises are not clear in what factors should be put in more effort to ensure the successful application of cross-border e-commerce.Cross-border e-commerce as a new mode of small and medium-sized enterprises offoreign trade，can not only reduce the trade cost of enterprise, can help enterprises to enhance brand awareness and expand overseas markets. Cross-border e-commerce at the same time also can be a very good match for small and medium-sized enterprise itself and the advantage of fast, flexible realizing flexible production and the upgrading of personalized marketing. With the rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprise cross-border e-commerce, countries also give strong support, headed by the ministry of commerce departments with relevant policies, with the setting up of cross-border business pilot cities, to strengthen the construction of cross-border electronic business logistics system，open cross-border electronic payments, cross-border e-commerce in the same business preferential export and tax rebate for the development of cross-border e-commerce.2 The related concepts and development status of cross-border e-commerce2 A The concept of cross-border e-commerceCross-border e-commerce is based on electronic commerce based on yam out of new concept, referring to belong to different customs frontier trading main body，through the e-commerce platform of a deal, the payment and settlement, and through the cross-border logistics delivery goods, complete the transaction of an international trade activity.2.2 Cross-border e-commerce model(1) Traditional cross-border commodity trading platform model，main business model for large B2B.This model is in the service reaches a certain scale of cross-border B2B model; it can provide network marketing platfonn for members of the domestic and overseas customers，suppliers or purchasers of a commodity or service message. Has a wide coverage，can cover the Internet, such as offline exhibitions and print media channels.(2) The integrated cross-border small wholesale and retail platform model, the main business model is the minor B2B and C2C.This model is a kind of independent third party sales platform, platform within the sellers is the domestic foreign trade companies, buyers platform is outside the terminal consumer. Don^t participate in such a platfonn specific trading links; only provide a platform for members to their marketing and trading.(3) Vertical cross-border small retail platform model, the main business model is independent of B2C-This model is to point to by free team original direct docking terminal consumers abroad. Contact their domestic foreign trade enterprise as well as suppliers, self-built B2C platform will products sold overseas. Services include logistics, payment，and customer service system，etc.(4) The professional third party cross-border services platform model, the main business model is your agent.Such platform mode will not directly or indirectly involve in any link in online transactions, but in view of the enterprises of different industries and features to customize all kinds of professional solutions- Service coverage of comprehensive and professionalnovice makes more and more companies choose this mode.2.3 The development status of cross-border e-commerce 2.3.1Cross-border e-commerce market has huge potentialCross-border e-commerce business, the biggest advantage is that based on Internet network operating mode, the new way of e-commerce is reshaping of small and medium-sized enterprises international trade process. First, cross-border e-commerce to break the traditional foreign trade monopoly on overseas channels, such as importers, wholesalers, distributors，etc. Allows exporters to the goods directly to the final demand，such as retailers，and even the final consumers, successfully reduced trade channels of the intermediate links and commodity costs, the middle channel and reduce the costs in commodity circulation considerably increase the profitability of the firm. And consumers can also to activity material benefit from it.Since 2011，under the condition of import and export growth is flat, cross-border e-commerce with the new trade patterns，it has obtained high speed development. Many companies also discovered the advantage，since 2013, many of the traditional enterprise began to cross-border electric field.^ Electric shock11cross-border e-commerce has become an important option for the traditional enterprise own development.2.3-2 B2C mode in the cross-border electric business platform model, the growth is more outstandingAnd cross-border e-commerce according to the large sales platform can be divided into the form of B2C and B2B forms. Through the cash flow，profit model and profitabilitylevel compared to cross-border e-commerceB2B and B2C two modes, can be found the B2C mode will implement the explosive growth, the pattern will occupy the more and more in cross-border e-commerce dealer market share and become a new profit growth point of small and medium-sized enterprises.Why B2C mode to achieve such growth? First, in the open Internet environment, the B2C pattern are more likely to break through the border restriction，fully developed commodity market segment， small commodity market, commodity market long tail. And in the limited area within the market, compared to the fierce market competition，the enterprise is able to create more business opportunities; Second, the B2C online retailing direct contact with consumers, can effectively grasp the market information, grasp the products popular trend，at the same time, through the B2C website can better create enterprise brand image, become the symbol of a brand in the international market, instead of the traditional generation processing factory. Finally，compared with traditional foreign trade through the B2C mode allows manufacturers to deal directly with the final consumers，to avoid the entire winning price link, customers can enjoy more preferential price, the enterprise can earn higher profits.2.3.3 More diversified way of cross-border payment and settlement developmentCross-border electronic payment business of foreign exchange funds flow, inevitably involve the consignments and money out. From the current payment business development, cross-border electronic payment and settlement way is mainly a cross-border income settlement way (including third party receiving foreign exchange settlement, foreignexchange settlement in the name of the foreign exchange settlement or personal split flows, by domestic bank remittance, through the underground Banks realize cross-border collect foreign exchange settlement, etc.) and cross-border payment remittance way (including the third party exchanges, through domestic bank remit, overseas electrical contractor to accept RMB payment, etc.).3 Cross-border e-commerce business for small and medium-sized enterprises the impact of international tradeUnder the traditional way of international trade，small and medium-sized enterprises due to the lack of funds and scale, limited by factors such as cost and risk considerations, when trade and overseas buyers, there are a lot of obstacles, seriously affected the growth of overseas orders. But, after the application of the cross-border e-commerce enterprises through the network marketing，have more trading opportunities and the global market.3J Reducing the costs of international trade First, the small and medium-sized enterprises reduce the cost of inventory: now based on cross-border electric business platform, enterprises can directly with overseas clients, to achieve docking, can real-time understand the latest needs of customers，and immediately arrange production line for production, raw materials and products in the warehouse for a shorter time for several times. Due to cross-border e-commerce saves the intermediate links, the product can be directly sent to the customer，greatly reduce the inventory cost of the enterprise.Reduce procurement costs: second, small and medium enterprises in cross-bordere-commerce platform，enterprises can realize information through the media of Internet real-time equivalent, in the purchase link, the enterprise leaves out the conventional time cost caused by written form of communication. Can also, with the help of cross-border electric business platform to realize the seamless docking with the raw material of, under the platform set still can obtain the corresponding discount- Lower marketing costs: third, small and medium enterprises of small and medium-sized enterprise application can cross-border e-commerce through a third party electric business platform, with the help of the technology advantage of website online marketing platform, cross-border e-commerce huge traffic also ensures the potential customer market，for such services，on the basis of small and medium-sized enterprises only need to pay a fixed subscription fee or a certain income percentages into to the platform, economic costs are well controlled.3-2 Changed the traditional marketing mode of international tradeThe birth of cross-border e-commerce to small and medium-sized enterprises (sees) provides a new mode of foreign trade. Foreign trade through cross-border e-commerce uses the mode of network marketing integration of small and medium-sized enterprises and the relationship between overseas customers• That both parties are no longer the traditional one-to-one relationship but a one-to-many relationship, for small and medium-sized enterprises create more trading opportunities. Through cross-border electric business platform to expand trade, good solves the problem of information asymmetry，in the two-way choice, cross-border sales of electricity will be further to develop in thedirection of customization, to a certain extent subverts the traditional marketing mode of foreign trade.In traditional international trade, the consultation process not only time consuming, cost is relatively high. In cross-border e-commerce environment, the consultation process has a lot of improvement，electronic contract replaced the previous paper, order and electronic mail and encryption processing, has improved security. Reduced the trading link in many traditional trade way, saves the time of the consultation process between the seller and the buyer，consultation can save much cost，gives the consultation process more safe and reliable，different from traditional trade deal，after application of cross-border e-commerce, contract can also be done on the Internet by electronic signature, and the policy of "electronic signature law•丨，also makes the electronic signature has the same legal effect with traditional manual signature. That is to say electronic signature in accordance with the law.3-3 Created more opportunities for international tradeCross-border e-commerce makes the foreign trade to get rid of the limit of time and place of two factors. And products through the platform website marketing propaganda allows the small and medium-sized enterprises to face the world, by cross-border electric business platform toensure that product information is more transparent. Through the platform of information gathered, small and medium-sized enterprises can search for the latest market demand and customer demand in time, and with specific production sales, overseas buyers and terminalconsumers have become the possible potential customers-Small and medium-sized enterprises implement cross-border e-commerce in international trade business, the Internet has replaced the small and medium-sized enterprises in the past transmit an order from above，on the private enterprise the role of middle managers，it promoted the enterprise organization structure to develop in the direction of diversification. Application of cross-border e-commerce has weakened the role of many human management factors in the trade activities, shorten the enterprise each department and personnel in the interaction and influence between time, at the same time also speed up the small and medium-sized enterprises, and other trade subject to reflect the speed of the market, improve the efficiency of information transfer. At the same time, due to cross-border e-commerce application of website construction and the popularity of web conference, evolved into a kind of small and medium-sized enterprise organization structure and the form of liquidity and virtual sex, and this kind of new organization structure, compared with the traditional enterprise organizational structure, has the stronger ability to adapt the market.中小企业跨境电商问题研究Martens B摘要电子商务作为信息时代里信息技术和商业贸易相结合的产物，已经开始逐渐取代传统的贸易方式。
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中南大学CentralSouthUniversity 本科毕业设计英文文献翻译题目学生姓名学号指导教师学院专业班级二○一六年一月八日Spring 的web MVC 构架模式Juergen Hoeller1、介绍：Spring 的应用构架当你第一次看到并接触Spring框架的时候，你一定会在心里想到；“哦哦，不不，这又是另一种Web构架”。
这篇文章将会指出Spring框架不是什么特殊的web框架，而是一个通用的轻量级的应用程序框架，在专用网络支持下的应用程序框架。
并且它会告诉你Spring框架明显区别于其他轻量级application framework，它将专注于web的支持，与struts和webwork有着明显的区别。
在和struts和webwork的对比上之中，Spring框架是一个服务于所有层面上的application framework：提供了bean的配置基础，AOP的支持，JDBC的提取框架，抽象事务支持，等等诸如此类。
它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，你就可以不使用Spring框架的class（类），只使用它的某一部分的功能。
从它的设计理念，你可以看到Spring框架帮助你实现了真正的逻辑层和web层的成功分离：例如：一个校验应用将不用依靠controllers，就可以实现。
这样的目标是更好的重用和易测：过分依靠不必要的容器和框架将不能实现这一点。
当然，Spring的自己本身的web支持和通常框架模式的细致完整。
然而，Spring替换struts，webwork或者其他的web方案非常的容易。
这个对于Spring 的web支持或者不同的地方，Spring允许你在web容器里面建立一个中间层，在测试环境或者标准独立的应用里面来设置重用你的商务逻辑。
还有就是在J2EE环境里面，可以让你你的商务逻辑不必依靠容器提供的服务，就比如像JTA，EJB的支持。
良好的框架的一个web应用是可以运行在任何容器上，就比如，Tomcat或者Resin这些容器。
值得注意的事，Spring不是和已经存在的解决方案进行竞争的关系。
我们鼓励结合标准的技术，如Servlet，JSP，JTA，JNDI，JDBC和JDO，和其他非常匹配的工具，比方如Hibernate，Velocity,Log4J,和Caucho’s Hessian/Burlap这类工具。
这个框架的设计思想是你的应用处在需要改良的时候，你将可以对其做一些技术的选择：例如，如果你需要分布式事务处理，你可能需要用Spring框架的JTA Transaction Manager 来实现JTA服务。
或者，用DataSourceTranscactionM anager 或者HibernateTransction Manager 来实现美妙完美的单个数据库交换。
2、Web MVC：Spring web框架的设计思想Spring网络框架通过配置操作mappings可配置的处理程序，展示resolution，本地化和模板集成围绕着分派请求操作的servlet -DispatcherServlet分派请求处理程序，可配置的处理程序映射，决议，决议和语言环境和主题设计的。
缺省的操作是一个非常简单的控制器接口，他只是提供了一个“ModelAndView handleRequest（request请求，response响应）”的方法。
这已经可以将它应用于一个应用的程序控制器，但是，如果你想包含多个层次的控制，Abstract Controlerr，AbstractCommand Controllers，MultiAction Controllers，SimpleForm Controllers，AbstractWizardForm Controller将帮助你完成，应用程序控制器将代表那些子系统通常是子类。
注意，你可以选择一个适当的基类：如果你没有web form(网络形式)，你就不必用Form Controller。
这便就是和Struts最大的不同区别了。
你可以把任何物体作为命令或者形式对象来操作任何对象：这就可以不需要接口工具或者一个基础类的驱动。
Spring的数据绑定是非常的高度灵活的。
举例来说，对待类型不匹配的验证错误，他描述了具有在应用范围内的校验错误的输入机制，但不是系统错误。
所以在你的形式对象里面你大可不需要复制你的业务对象的Spring框架中的属性作为字符串表单对象,就能够处理无效的提交,或将字符串。
相反,它通常比直接绑定到您的业务对象。
这是另一个主要区别Struts是建立在需要基类行动和ActionForm——对任何类型的行动。
只需要操作出错的子任务，或者适当的转换spring框架。
换句话来说，他通常可以很好的字节绑定你的业务对象。
这也是和Struts围绕请求基础类Action和ActionForm（每个action操作类型）建立主要的不同之一。
对比WebWork（网络系统），Spring框架更多的区别在于对象角色：Spring 框架支持控制器的概念，一个可选的操作命令或者表单对象，得到数据并传递给视图的模式这个模型。
这个模式通常包含命令和表单对象，但有时也包含任意的参考数据。
换句话来说，相反一个webwork aciton（网络系统动作）联合了所有这些角色到单独的对象中。
网络系统不允许你用已经存在的业务对象作为你f表单的一部分，但是只生成各自相关Action操作类的bean属性。
最后，相同的操作请求的aciotn操作实例在一个视图里面获得赋值和形成人口集群。
因此,引用数据需要模仿作为行动的bean属性。
这些可以说是太多的角色在一个对象中。
然而，参考数据也需要作为action的属性被模拟。
一个类里面有太多的角色是值得讨论的。
关于视图：Spring框架的视图方案非常的灵活。
甚至可以编写一个视图控制器实现通过respongse返回ModelAndview对象的null值，就可以直接写到一个视图。
在通常的状况下，一个ModelAndView实例结合了一个view（视图名称）和一个model Map（模型地图），包含了bean 名称和相应的通讯对象（像命令或者形式，参考数据，等等）。
视图名称解析是非常高端的配置，不是通过bean 名称，一个propertiese 文件，就是通过你自己的ViewResolver来实现的。
这个抽象的model Map(模型映射)允许你在视图层面完成提取视图，没有任何的争辩麻烦：JSP ，速度，或者其他，每一种渲染器都可以直接完整集成使用。
这个model Map（模型映射）还可以简单转化得到适当的格式化数据的转换，像JSP 请求属性或者Velocity模板模式。
3、集成：用Spring一个不同web框架许多开发团队将为他们已有的项目或者新的项目已经获得的期限和工具进行投资。
这里没有像Struts那样大量的图书和工具，但是同样我们又大量的拥有Spring开发技巧的开发人员。
然而，如果你愿意生活在Strust的构架瑕疵中的话，它仍然是一种可行的选择web层而他将会是你在web层开发不错的选择。
当然，其他应用也是一样。
如果你不想Spring框架的web MVC，但是又想借用Spring框架嫁接其他的解决方案，你可以非常简单的通过Spring框架来继承你自己的web框架。
你可以非常简单的通过Context LoaderListener启动一个Spring root application context，并且，通过Struts 或者网络系统的action，利用Servletcontext属性（或者Spring的helper方法）存取它。
值得注意的事，这里没有任何的”plugings”被调用，因此没有专门的集成：来自web层的视图，你可以简单的将Spring作为一个管理application context 实例入口点的类库。
所有你注册的bean和Spring框架的服务都可以在不需要Spring框架的web MVC的情况下都可以被你轻松掌握。
Spring不是和Struts,Webwork这些应用进行竞争，他将作为一个纯web框架应用于很多领域，它解决了许多领域,纯web 框架不从bean配置数据访问和事务处理。
因为它不需要配置数据存储和事务操作。
所以，你可以利用Spring提供的中间层和数据存储层来丰富你的应用，甚至，你只是想用JDBC或者Hibernate进行事务抽象。
4、特点核对列表如果聚焦于web支持，Spring框架的一些显著特点是：清楚的角色分离：controller，validator，command object，form object，model object和Dispatcher Servlet，handler mapping vs view resolver，等等。
强大而且直接简单的框架和作为javaBean的应用配置，包括简单的参照和应用程序上下文引用内容，例如，从web控制器到业务对象和数据校验器。
适应性，外挂：无论使用什么样的控制器你都需要得到替代Action/ActionForm所做的每件事情的方案（简单，命令，form，范例，多重action，或者定制一个）重用业务逻辑代码，而不是源于Action/ ActionForm一切。
不需要复制：你可以用已经有的业务逻辑对象作为命令或者form对象代替反射特定的actionform子类。
可以定制的绑定和数据校验：作为应用级的输入机制的错误校验，固定日期和数字绑定，定制绑定和验证:类型不匹配,应用程序级验证错误,使违规值,本地化的日期和号码绑定等代替String-only表单对象手工解析和转换为业务对象。
例如，通过手动检查和转换业务对象来替换单个的spring。
可定制的操作，可定制的视图方案：通过名字/值映射灵活的模型传送，用一个简单的方法从简单到复杂操作映射和视图方案策略。
本地定制和主题方案：Spring 没有taglib，完全支持于JSPs，JSTL，不需要额外的连接就可以支持Veloctiy，等等。
简单但是强大的tag library 避免混乱，最大限度的灵活拓展了标记代码。