全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题 课程代码00832
词汇 第1单元历年试题
英语词汇学试题课程代码：008322002年4月9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that( )A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in given dialect or fieldKey: A (P11)18.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or conventionalKey: conventional2003年4月14.Which of the following statements is CORRECT? （）A．The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.B．L oan words only refer to those borrowings in form.C．L oan words are all unrecognisable as being foreign in origin.D．Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.Key: D p18-1919.The basic word stock forms the common core of the language.Key: core p1144.jargon （definition）refers to the specialized vocanbularies by which member of particular arts,sciences,trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.Key: page 1347.Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use?p152004年4月8. Which of the following characteristics of the basic word stock is the most important?A. StabilityB. Collocability.C. Productivity.D. National character.Key: D (P13/2par)14. More often than not, functional words only have ______.A. lexical meaningB. associative meaningC. collocative meaningD. grammatical meaningKey: D (Page)地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层电话:(010)82335555 -第 1 页共 6 页-42. f unctional words:do not have notions of their own,therefore,they can also called empty word.As their chief function is to express the relation between notions.43.content: denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words.Key: (P16)2005年4月12. The written form of English is a(an)（imperfect”不完美代表”）representation of the spoken form.A. selectiveB. adequateC. imperfectD. naturalKey: C (P10L3)42. borrowed wordsKey: P182006年4月12. Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT _________.（）A. notionB. use frequencyC. foundationD. originKey: c (P11)13. Which of the following is NOT correct? _________（）A. A word is a meaningful group of letters.B. A word is a unit of meaning.C. A word is a sound or combination of sounds.D. A word is a form that cannot function alone in a sentence.Key: D (P7)48. What are the major differences between basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary?Key: P112006年7月Key: B P10地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层电话:(010)82335555 -第 2 页共 6 页-地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号 学院国际大厦18层 电话:(010)82335555-第 3 页 共 6 页-Key: D (P)2007年4月3．Which of the following is NOT one of the obvious characteristics of the basic word stock? （ ） A ．Creativity. B ．Stability.C ．Duality.D ．All national character.Key: C (11)12．Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is NOT anexample of neologisms? （ ） A ．SARS. B ．Can-opener. C ．Futurology. D ．Freak out. Key: B (P15)41．loan words ：take over from foreign languages. Key: p182007年7月1．The definition of a word comprises the following points except ________.（ ） A ．a sound unity B ．a minimal unit of meaningC ．a unit of meaningD ．a form that can function alone in a sentenceKey: C (p7)2．Words may be classified into content words and function words by ________. （ ） A ．origin B ．notion C ．stability D ．use frequencyKey: B (P11)41. neologisms :newly-created words or expressions or words that have taken on new meanings. Key: P152008年4月1. Words fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______. （ ）A. use frequencyB. notionC. productivityD. originKey: A (11)2. Words like bear, nut, knocked out can be categorized as ______. （）A. terminologyB. jargonC. slangD. neologismsKey: C (P14)48. Supply two examples to illustrate that the influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.Key: P20, dream, pioneer, dumb, fresh2008年7月1. Which of the following words does NOT belong to terminology术语? ( )A. Penicillin.B. Algebra.C. Symphony.D. Knife.Key: D41. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or ________ of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment.Key: combination (P6)2009年4月1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（）A．meaning B．soundC．combination of sounds D．groupKey: A P62．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（）A．more slowly than B．as quickly asC．more rapidly than D．not so quickly asKey: C3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notionC．origin D．sound41．When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.Key: meaningful2009年7月1. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by ______.（）A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. sound地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层电话:(010)82335555 -第 4 页共 6 页-2. Which of the following words does NOT belong to jargon? （）A. Orchestra.B. Bottom line.C. Ballpark figures.D. Bargaining chips.Key: A P1341. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.Key: meaning51. wordKey: P72010年4月1. When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ____ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. （）A. smallB. meaningfulC. vocalD. largeKey: B2. ____ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. （）A. TerminologyB. JargonC. SlangD. ArgotKey: C P143. “I'm sure that they will come today.”There are____ content words in the above sentence. （）A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5Key: B P1641. Grammarians insist that a word be a ____form that can function in a sentence.Key: free P651. borrowed words2010年7月1. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with human ______ equipment.（）A. visualB. V ocal口头的，有声音的C. physicalD. mentalKey: B P62. Words may fall into content words and functional words by ______.（）A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. soundKey: B3. ______ refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves. （）地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层电话:(010)82335555 -第 5 页共 6 页-A. TerminologyB. ArchaismsC. SlangD. JargonKey: D P1341. ______ are newly-created words or expressions,, or words that have taken on new meanings. Key: Neologism P152011年4月2. The definition of a word comprises the following points ______ . ( )(1) a minimal free form of a language(2) a sound unity(3) a unit of meaning(4) a form that can function alone in a sentenceA. (1) and (2)B. (1) (2) and (3)C. (2) (3) and (4)D. (1) (2) (3) and (4)Key: D P73. Words of the basic word stock can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes, e.g. foot is the father of football, footage and footprint. This demonstrates that one of the characteristics of the words of the basic stock is ______ . ( ) A. productivity B. polysemyC. stabilityD. collocabilityKey: A P1231. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one _________ words. Key: million P 1041. jargon = 2010年7月第三题Key: 132011年7月地址：北京市海淀区知春路1号学院国际大厦18层电话:(010)82335555 -第 6 页共 6 页-。
全国2010年7月高等教育自学考词汇学
全国2010年7月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with human ______ equipment.( )A. visualB. vocalC. physicalD. mental2. Words may fall into content words and functional words by ______.( )A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. sound3. ______ refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves. ( )A. TerminologyB. ArchaismsC. SlangD. Jargon4. Which of the following is NOT one of the three channels through which modern English vocabulary develops? ( )A. Creation.B. Semantic changes.C. Clipping.D. Borrowing.5. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.( ) dinnerB. earthriseC. moon walkD. space shuttle6. The surviving languages fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into the Easternset and the _______ set. ( )A. WesternB. AfricanC. AmericanD. Northern7. The plural morpheme "-s" is pronounced as/z/in the following words EXCEPT ______.( )A. bedsB. bagsC. cheatsD. bottles8. The word "prisoner" comprises ______ morphemes. ( )A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.( )A. rereadB. prewarC. bloodyD. harder10. The prefix "over-" in the word "overweight" is a prefix of ______.( )A. orientation and attitudeB. degree or sizeC. time and orderD. number11. The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes is called ______.( )A. back-formationB. acronymyC. conversionD. clipping12. "Champagne", a common noun, comes from a ______.( )A. name of a personB. name of a placeC. name of a bookD. tradename13. ______ is the relationship between language and the world. ( )A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Motivation14. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its ______.( )A. formB. pronunciationC. spellingD. meaning15. The word“______”is an onomatopoetically motivated word. ( )A. miaowB. swordC. laconicD. airmail16. In modern English, an overwhelming majority of words are ______.( )A. originalB. initialC. polysemousD. periodical17. ______, the derived meanings, no matter how many, are secondary in comparison. ( )A. SynchronicallyB. DiachronicallyC. EtymologicallyD. Onomatopoetically18. Want, wish, like and desire are synonyms, but as far as intensity is concerned, ______ is the strongest of all. ( )A. wishB. likeC. wantD. desire19. There are five types of meaning changes and among which ______ are the most common.( )A. degradation and elevationB. transfer and extensionC. elevation and narrowingD. extension and narrowing20. Due to ______ reason, a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the referent has changed. ( )A. psychologicalB. historicalC. classD. linguistic21. Among the following words only ______ is the word which originally had a specialized meaning and now has become generalized. ( )A. journalB. wifeC. accidentD. disease22. Based on ______ context, we can arrive at the meaning of “do a sum”.( )A. grammaticalB. lexicalC. culturalD. non-linguistic23. The sentence "The fish is ready to eat." is ambiguous due to ______.( )A. grammatical structureB. hyponymyC. cultural influenceD. non-linguistic context24. In the sentence "Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Birdwhistell." The meaning of kinesics can be inferred from the clue of _______.( )A. definitionB. synonymyC. antonymyD. hyponymy25. Which of the following is NOT a figure of speech? ( )A. Metaphor.B. Personification.C. Euphemism.D. Shortening.26. Never do things by halves is a(n) ______.( )A. verbal idiom in natureB. nominal idiom in natureC. sentence idiomD. adverbial idiom in nature27. The change of idiom "Silence is golden" from the original form is ______.( )A. replacementB. position-shiftingC. additionD. shortening28. The following are the unique features of Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary EXCEPT ______.( )A. definitionB. extra columnC. usage examplesD. clear grammar codes29. Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) is a(n) ______ dictionary. ( )A. unabridgedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. Which of the following is NOT true for the Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition)(CED)(1995)? ( )A. The new edition has more single character entries and more multi-character entries.B. The new edition revised some old entries.C. The new edition cut off the previous alphabetical order of entries.D. The dictionary boasts of the quality of the English equivalents.Ⅱ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of word formation; 2) types of morphemes; 3) types of vocabulary by notion; and 4) discrimination of synonyms. (10%)A B( ) 31. honeybee A. difference in application( ) 32. handy/manual B. difference in denotation( ) 33. upon C. bound morpheme( ) 34. rich/wealthy D. clipping( ) 35. medicare E. functional word( ) 36. answer/reply F content word( ) 37. flu G. compounding( ) 38. steel H. initialism( ) 39.VOA I. blending( ) 40. idealistic J. difference in connotationI]I. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10 % )41. ______ are newly-created words or expressions,, or words that have taken on new meanings.42. In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions because English has evolved from a ______ language to the present analytic language.43. The morphemes can be grouped into ______ morphemes and bound morphemes.44. The prefix "un-" in the word "unwrap"is a ______ prefix.45. Lexical meaning of a word has two concepts: ______ meaning and associative meaning.46. Hyponymy can be described in terms of ______ graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates.47. In Old English, animals and their ______ share the same name.48. Structural patterns where a particular word is used is called ______ context.49. Idioms verbal in nature can be subdivided into ______ verbs and other verb phrases.50. Webster's Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ______ dictionary.IV. Define the following terms. (10% )51. bound morphemes52. affixes53. blending54. unabridged dictionary55. dismembering of idiomV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)56. What are the three periods in view of the development of English vocabulary?57. How many types do bound morphemes include? What are they?58. What is concept? Give an example to illustrate your point.59. How do you use a dictionary to the full?VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )60. Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font. Customer: "How come your sausages taste like meat at one end, but like bread at the other? " Butcher replied: "Madam, in times like these no butcher can make both ends meet. "61. Analyze and comment on the following statement.As most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in context.该文章转自[四川自考网-]：/xlks/2010/201007/20100723004903.html。
全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题 课程代码00832
全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choosethe one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by ______.（）A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. sound2. Which of the following words does NOT belong to jargon? （）A. Orchestra.B. Bottom line.C. Ballpark figures.D. Bargaining chips.3. In the sentence “It is fun to play with children.”, there are ______ content words. （）A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.（）A. open heart surgeryB. fast foodC. moon walkD. space shuttle5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, the Americans use “sick”for ______ in British English. （）A. sixB. ailmentC. throwing upD. ill6. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ______ endings. （）A. leveledB. shortC. longD. paralleled7. The plural morpheme “-s”is pronounced as/s/in the following words EXCEPT ______.（）A. packs B. bagsC. cheatsD. ships8. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following words: bird, man, red, turn.（）A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______. （）A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks10. The suffix “-tion” is a ______ suffix. （）A. adjectiveB. verb浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 1 页共 5 页C. adverbD. noun11. From the sentences “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can see such a means of word formation as ______. （）A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. acronymy12. The word “beg” comes from the word “beggar”. Such a way of creating a new word is called ______. （）A. suffixationB. clippingC. blendingD. back-formation13. “Pen” and “sword” in the sentence “The pen is mightier than the sword.” are ______ motivated words. （）A. semanticallyB. etymologicallyC. morphologicallyD. onomatopoeically14. “Tables, men, potatoes” have the same______ meaning, for they have the same plural meaning. （）A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. conceptualD. associative15. Stylistic features of words include the following EXCEPT ______. （）A. formalB. literaryC. argumentativeD. slang16. The word ______ is an illustrative example of concatenation. （）A. neckB. boardC. candidateD. harvest17. Based on the degree of ______, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. （）A. intensityB. propertyC. similarityD. variety18. Complete synonyms are identical both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including ______ and associative meanings. （）A. conceptualB. perceptualC. eventualD. actual19. Narrowing of meaning, also called ______, is the opposite of widening meaning.（）A. specialization B. realizationC. evolutionD. creation20. As far as tran sfer is concerned, the phrase “loud colours” falls into the category of transfer ______.（）A. from concrete to abstract meaningsB. from abstract to concrete meanings浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 2 页共 5 页C. through associationD. of sensations21. I n the sentence “She said with an embarrassed laugh.”, the word “embarrassed” can be classified into ______ sense of transfer. （）A. subjectiveB. objectiveC. sensationalD. physical22. Based on ______ context, we can determine the meaning of “do the flowers”.（）A. cultural B. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational23. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ______ or non-linguistic context. （）A. extra-linguisticB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. syntactical24. In the sentence “Many Unit ed Nations employees are polyglots. Mr. Mary, for example, speaks five languages.”, the word “polyglot” is explained by ______ clue. （）A. definitionB. exampleC. synonymyD. hyponymy25. Which of the following is NOT one of the stylistic features of idioms? （）A. Frozen style.B. Slang.C. Literary style.D. Colloquialisms.26. “Chop and change” is an idiom ______ in nature. （）A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial27. The change of idiom “the last straw” from the origina l form is ______.（）A. replacementB. dismemberingC. additionD. shortening28. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ______ and encyclopedic dictionaries. （）A. linguisticB. encyclopediaC. specializedD. unabridged29. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English is a(n) ______ dictionary. （）A. specializedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) was noted for the following aspects EXCEPT ______. （）A. its wide coverage of new words, new meanings and new usagesB. its simple and clear definitionsC. its use of extra column浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 3 页共 5 页D. its meticulous and complete grammatical informationⅡ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) types of morphemes; 3) sense relations and 4) types of idioms. (10% )A B( ) 31. rich/well-to-do/poor A. contradictory term of antonym ( ) 32. call it a day B. superordinate/subordinate( ) 33. sow v. to scatter seeds/sow n. female adult pig C. homograph( ) 34. recollection/idealistic D. idiom nominal in nature( ) 35. employer/employee E. notional words( ) 36. without/behind F. relative term of antonym( ) 37. fish/herring G. bound morphemes( ) 38. cut and dried H. free morphemes( ) 39. watch/teach I. idiom verbal in nature( ) 40. brain trust J. idiom adjectival in natureⅢ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)41. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and ______.43. ______ morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.44. Prefixes only modify the ______ of the stem.45. Lexical ______ of a word has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.46. In dictionaries, a ______ has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.47. Indeed, it often happens that a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the ______ has changed.48. The sentence “I lost Betty's picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.49. Based on the criterion of ______ functions, idioms may be classified into five groups.50. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both ______ dictionaries and encyclopedia.Ⅳ. Define the following terms. (10%)51. word52. clipping53. onomatopoeic54. synchronic approach55. desk dictionaries浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 4 页共 5 页Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )56. Why, in modern English, were word endings mostly lost with just a few exceptions?57. What are the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?58. How do you account for the semantic change in the living languages?59. What are contextual clues? Find out the meanings of the words in bold type and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meanings.A. Do you know the architect? He designed St. Paul's Cathedral.B. The book was only published posthumously, for the author had been dead for three yearsalready.C. It is undesirable to write with too many parentheses, a pair of brackets round word or phrases. Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)60. Analyze and comment on the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the extra-linguistic factors, each with example word(s) given below.pen, atomchurlcopperhead61. Analyze and comment on the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation and concatenation with the words neck and treacle.浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 5 页共 5 页。
英语词汇学00832自考模拟试卷
《英语词汇学》00832自考模拟试卷（一）I. Complete the following statement or passage with proper expressions.（每题1分，共10分）1. Archaisms are words no longer in _________ use or _______ in use.2. A word whose meaning was borrowed from another language is called _________.3. The Indo - European language is made up of most of the languages of _____； _______； _____.4. A bound root is that part of the word that carries the _______ meaning just like a ________. In English， bound roots are either _______ or _________.5. Affixes are forms that are ________ to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. We can put them into two groups： ________ and ________.6. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on ______. The most productive are _________， ________ and ________.7. A compound is a unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both ________ and ______ as a single word.8. When a word is first coined， it is always ______. But in the course of development， the same symbol must be used to express more meanings， the result is ________.9. Synonyms can be defined as one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same _______ meaning.10. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups： ________ and _________.II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（每题1分，共10分）1. Old English was a highly inflected language. （）2. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language. （）3. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present - day English is creation of new words by means of word formation. （）4. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings. （）5. The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of the stems. （）6. A compound functions as a single grammatical unit， so the internal structure can not be changed. （）7. Such words as the poorer， the departed， a Republican are all examples of partial conversion. （）8. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns， verbs and adverbs. （）9. Semantic unity and structural stability are general features of idioms， but there are many exceptions. （）10. Idioms are characterized by terseness， expressiveness and vividness. （）III. Fill in each bland with a word contrary in meaning to the word given in the bracket.（每题2分，共20分）1. Beads and shells are ________ forms of money. （modern）2. I have finished all the exercises， I am ______ done. （partly）3. On a humid day， there is a lot of ________ in the air. （dryness）4. Mosquitoes won't bite just anyone. They look for someone ________. （ordinary）5. If you want to drive， it is ______ to have a driver's license. （unnecessary）6. There is a great _____ in our political beliefs. We agree on most things. （difference）7. The man said， "I am ________. I didn't do it！" （guilty）8. The soldier stood in a ______ position while the general walked past him. （relaxed）9. You will have to ______ the string in order to open the box. （tighten）10. No one lives in that ______ house. （inhabited）IV. Explain the following terms：（每题5分，共20分）1. word2. affixes3. concept4. hyponymyV. Fill in the blanks with the following verbal phrases in their suitable forms：（每题1分，共20分）take on； break into； bite into ； go about； let out； draw up； set down； hold on to； bring up； make out； dry up； put out； live through； set off； call for； tear apart； buy off； build in； count on； sink in1. 1848 was a year of revolution in Europe； Karl Marx and Frederick Engels published the Communist Manifesto， and political demonstration ______ the great cities of Paris， Vienna， Naples and Berlin.2. With liberal doses of calomel， rhubarb and castor oil， he slowly improved， and after three weeks， he ______ his trousers and was eager to escape from his bed.3. He travelled to foundling homes， prisons and lunatic asylums in his search for people.4. We ________ at top speed through the narrow streets of Hiroshima.5. I was just about to make my little bow of assent， when the meaning of these last words _______，jolting me out of my sad reverie.6. No one talks about it any more， and no one wants to， especially， the people who were born here or who ______ it.7. During dinner Mr. Churchill said that a German attack on Russia was now certain， and he thought that Hitler was ______ enlisting capitalist and Right Wing sympathies in this country and the U. S.A.8. My husband and I find strong smoke offensive. Would you kindly _______ that _______？9. Assuming the hotel man was ______， their only chance - a slim one - lay in removing the car quickly.10. When railroads began ______ the demand for steamboat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce，Mark Twain left the country.11. By the time the trial began on July 10， our town of 1500 people had _______ a circus.12. Among them was John Butler， who had _______ the anti - evolution law.13. Then the court ______ a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan.14. The first - and essential - step in the study of any language is observing and ______ precisely what happens when native speakers speak it.15. By 1976， the slump had begun to _______ the bulk - carrier trade.16. The key tactic behind its strategy of _______ the richest slice of the trade has been to move up - market - to go where the Third World cannot follow into high - technology investment.17. Sailors and officers ______ their chores as usual on these ships， amid piping and loudspeaker squawks.18. Mr. Hopkins has _______ your name. He appears impressed， and the President too， by your expertise on landing craft and so forth.19. He _________ a Southern war whoop. In a flash， John， Mckean and Franklin crowded around him.20. Mr. Jefferson， I can't quite ________ what it is you're talking about.VI. Questions and answers：（每题10分，共20分）1. What is extra - linguistic context？2. What is back - formation？本资料由广州自考网收集整理，更多自考资料请登录下载考试必看：自考一次通过的秘诀！。
自考英语词汇学重点及大题4
自考英语词汇学00832重点及大题目录Chapter 1 (1)课文重点 (1)名词解释 (4)简答题 (4)Chapter 2 (5)课文重点 (5)名词解释 (6)简答题 (7)分析题 (7)Chapter 3 (7)课文重点 (7)名词解释 (8)简答题 (9)分析题 (9)Chapter 4 (9)课文重点 (9)名词解释 (12)简答题 (12)分析题 (13)Chapter 5 (13)课文重点 (13)名称解释 (15)简答题 (15)分析题 (16)Chapter 6 (16)课文重点 (16)名词解释 (19)简答题 (20)分析题 (21)Chapter 7 (22)课文重点 (22)名词解释 (23)简答题 (23)分析题 (23)Chapter 8 (24)课文重点 (24)名词解释 (24)简答题 (25)分析题 (25)Chapter 9 (26)课文重点 (26)名词解释 (28)简答题 (28)分析题................................................................................... 29Chapter 10 .. (29)课文重点 (29)名词解释 (30)简答题 (30)部分试卷中的大题 (31)2016-10 (31)2009-04 (32)Chapter 1课文重点1 - The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1 词定义包括以下几点：（1 ）一门语言中最小的自由形式;（2 ）一个声音的统一体（3 ）一个意义单位;（4 ）在一个句子中独立起作用的一个形式。
自考00832《英语词汇学》模拟试题及答案①
自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！自考00832《英语词汇学》模拟试题（一）一、Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1. The criteria of words include________. A ：The criteria of words include. B ：all national character C ：a cluster of letters D ：sound unity2. If we classify English words by use frequency,the two types of words are________. A ：the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary B ：content words and functional words C ：native words and borrowed words D ：functional words and notional words3. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels:_______. A ：creation,conversion and borrowing B ：creation,borrowing and backformation C ：creation,semantic change and borrowingD ：semantic change,borrowing and backformation 4. Basic words are characterized with________. A ：polysemy B ：collocability C ：productivity D ：all the above5. More often than not,functional words mainly have________. A ：lexical meaning B ：associative meaning C ：collocative meaning D ：grammatical meaning6. The suffixes in words "clockwise","homeward" are_________. A ：noun suffixes B ：verb suffixes C ：adverb suffixes D ：adjective suffixes7. In English there are________types of motivation as far as the relationship between the sign and meaning is concerned. A ：2 B ：6 C ：4 D ：58. Which of the following about extralinguistic context is true?自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！A ：It can be subdivided into extralinguistic context and nonlinguistic context.B ：It only refers to the physical situation or environment relating to the use of words.C ：It embraces the people,time,size and place.D ：It may extend to embrace the entire cultural background. 9. 9.The idiom "wide of the mark"is________. A ：adjectival in nature B ：verbal in nature C ：nominal in nature D ：adverbial in nature10. Idioms like "black sheep","new broom","a wet blanket"and"sit on the fence"are examples of________. A ：transfer B ：metonymy C ：metaphor D ：simile11. The idiom "might and main" uses________as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned. A ：alliteration B ：metaphor C ：metonymy D ：rhyme12. Which of the following prefixes can NOT be used to indicate time and order?A ：AB ：BC ：CD ：D13. Which of the following is NOT from backformation? A ：To mass produce. B ：To lip read. C ：To nickname. D ：To chain smoke.14. Which kind of meaning is the meaning that is given in the dictionary and that forms the core of word meaning ？A ：Conceptual meaning.B ：Grammatical meaning.C ：Lexical meaning.自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！D ：Associative meaning.15. By "structural stability" of idioms,which of the following is right? A ：Many idioms are grammatically analyzable.B ：The constituents of idioms can not be replaced at random.C ：The constituents of idioms can be deleted.D ：More constituents can be added to idioms without changing their meanings. 16. Bilingual dictionaries involve________language(s). A ：one B ：two C ：three D ：four17. "Trumpet" is a(n)________motivated word. A ：morphologically B ：semanticallyC ：onomatopoeicallyD ：etymologically18. The meaning of the word "fond" changed from "foolish" to "affectionate" by mode of________. A ：extension B ：narrowing C ：elevation D ：degradation19. ________are those which cannot occur as separate words without being added to other morphemes. A ：Free rootsB ：Free morphemesC ：Bound morphemesD ：Meaningful units20. Words which have opposite meanings are called________. A ：synonyms B ：antonyms C ：homonyms D ：hyponyms21. The pair of words "respectable" and "respectful" has thesense of transfer respectively. A ：subjective,objective B ：objective,subjective C ：objective,objective D ：none of the above22. "Hopeless" is a________motivated word. A ：morphologically B ：onomatopoeically C ：semantically自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！D ：etymologically23. Extension is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become________. A ：generalized B ：expanded C ：elevated D ：degraded24. Of the following wordformation processes,________is the most productive. A ：clipping B ：blending C ：initialism D ：derivation25. The following are userfriendly features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English EXCEPT________. A ：extra columnB ：clear grammar codesC ：usage notesD ：language notes26. For beginners and lowerintermediate learners,a dictionary is essential as they do not know enough________of the target language. A ：monolingual B ：bilingual C ：unabridged D ：specialized27. Readers cant find pronunciation or meaning in________. A ：Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English B ：The Encyclopedia AmericanaC ：Chambers Encyclopedic English DictionaryD ：Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary 28. The main body of a dictionary is________of words. A ：spellingsB ：pronunciationsC ：definitionsD ：grammar29. In the idiom "in good feather",we change "good" into "high"or "full" without changing meaning.This change ofconstituent is known as________. A ：addition B ：replacement C ：positionshifting D ：variation30. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example_________. A ：lewd → ignorant自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！B ：silly → foolishC ：last → pleasureD ：knave → boy二、Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(15%)1. 31.From the diachronic point of view,when the word was created,it was endowed with only one meaning .The firstmeaning is called .2. British dictionaries generally use to mark the pronunciation.3. 33.The antonyms "big" and "small" are .4. Websters New World Dictionary is a(n) dictionary.5. Prefixes are those affixes that are added to the head of words and they primarily change the meaning of the.6. 36. is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing.7. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and . 8. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the of words.9. A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using whatremains instead.This is called .10. "From cradle to grave" is an example of . 三、Define the following terms.(15%) 1. creation2. backformation3. radiation4. grammatical context5. desk dictionaries四、Answer the following questions.Your answers should be clear and short.Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)1. How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loanwords?2. How do you understand semantic motivation?3. What are the linguistic factors of meaning changes?4. How do you understand"the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable"?五、Analyze and comment on the following.Write your answers in the space given below.(20%) 1. Analyze and comment on the meanings of the following sentences and then find out the right antonyms for each "dull" respectively.［A ］The story in this book is dull.［B ］He became dull and silent when the class began. ［C ］I'm tired of such dull weather! (10 分) 2. The "pen" is mightier than the "sword".Explain what "pen" and "sword"mean respectively using the theory of motivation.自考易考题库软件课件集免费下载地址：/自考备考三件宝：自考笔记、真题及答案、题库软件、录音！！考试课件网：examebook.cm 出品！一、Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1: 参考答案： C（P7）总体来讲，单词的标准包含以下几点：词是语言中最小的自由形式；是一个声音统一 体；是意义单位；是一个能在句子中起到独立作用的形式。
00832自考英语词汇学自考试卷（答案全面）
00832⾃考英语词汇学⾃考试卷（答案全⾯）⾃考综合测验英语词汇学试卷（课程代码 00832 ）⼀、选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.You are to make the best choice and write the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the blank. （1%×30=30%） 1.Which of the following CANNOT be defined as a word? ____A. forB. fortuneC. ibleD. misfortune2.Words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use are____ . A. slangB. argotC. neologismsD. archaisms3. Words like foot or dog can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes, e.g. footage and dogfight. This shows that the basic word stock has the characteristics of_____ . A. productivity B. polysemy C. collocability D. stability4. After the Romans, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came and dominated the British Isles. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as ____English.A. oldB. NewC. MiddleD. Modern 5.Which of the following is NOT true?A. English is more closely related to German than French.B. Old English was a highly inflected language.C. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.D. In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.6.In the early Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as ____.A. IndustrializationB. Elizabethan AgeC. RenaissanceD. Victorian Age7.Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as ____.A. stemsB. allomorphsC. free morphemesD. bound morphemes 8.Among the following words, ____ does NOT have inflectional affixes. A. liked B. children's C. Happier D. it's9.The basic form of a word which can't be further analyzed without total loss of identity is a ____ . A. Morph B. allomorph C. root D. stem 10.The following words have number prefixes EXCEPT ____.A. BilingualB. multi-purposeC. tricycleD. post-election 11.The following words are the results from blending EXCEPT ____ . A. Bicycle B. motel C. smog D. hamburger12.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms is called ____.A. PrefixationB. acronymyC. blendingD. conversion13.The ____of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationship with other expressions in the language. A. Reference B. concept C. sense D. motivation 14.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Collocation can affect the meaning of words.B. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.C. By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.D. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generallyfound in the dictionary.15.In the phrase "the tongues of fire", the word tongues is ____motivated.A. OnomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically16.Words like dear that means a loved person and deer that means a kind of animal are called ____. A. Synonyms B. homographs C. homophones D. antonyms 17.Which of the following deals with the relationship of semantic opposition? A. Synonymy. B. Antonymy. C. Polysemy. D. Hyponymy.18.Which of the following groups of words shows difference of synonyms in connotation? A. increase-expand B. unlike-dissimilar C. work-toil D. empty-vacant19. The word disease once meant discomfort, but now means illness. This is an example of ____of word-meaning. A. generalization B. degradation C. elevation D. specialization20. The word silly used to mean happy, but now means foolish. This serves as an example of ____of word-meaning. A. Extension B. narrowing C. elevation D. degradation21. The associated transfer of meaning is often due to ____factors, as is shown in such words as angel, martyr and paradise, whose meanings are elevated because of the influence of Christianity. A. Class B. scientific C. historical D. psychological22.Grammatical context refers to the context where the meanings of a word may be influenced by the ____in which it occurs.A. meaning groupB. structureC. conversationD. culture23.That trade union means differently in western countries and in China shows that ____context has some effect on the meaning of words.A. GrammaticalB. lexicalC. linguisticD. extra-linguistic 24. Ambiguity of ten arises due to ___, as is shown in the sentence “He is a hard business”. A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. antonymyD. homonomy25.The idiom Jack of all trades means the same as Jack of all trades and master of none. This example shows idioms may vary by means of ____.A. shorteningB. additionC. replacementD. position-shifting26.The noun phrase pepper and salt in "His hair is pepper and salt" functions as an idiom ____ in nature. A. Nominal B. verbal C. adverbial D. adjectival27. The rhetorical feature of idioms, ____, is used in such idioms as "chop and change", "bag and baggage". A. Rhyme B. alliteration C. reiteration D. juxtaposition28. Dictionaries that are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000 are ____. A. unabridged dictionaries B. desk dictionaries C. pocket dictionaries D. specialized dictionaries29.The definitions in ____are all in full sentences and the definition itself throws light on the grammatical use of the word in question.A. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987)B. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition (1987)C. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980)D. Webster's New World Dictionary, 2rd Collage Edition (1980)30.One can only find the English equivalents for its Chinese items such as 黄梁美梦，吃软不吃硬in ____. A. CCELD B.CEDC.LDCED.NECD 第⼆部分⾮选择题Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words according to the course book. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word on the blank. (1.5%×10=15%)31.A word is a ________ that stands for something else in the world, and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the meaning.32.The introduction of ________into England marked the beginning of Modern English period. 33.The morpheme is the________functioning unit in the composition of words.34.To shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead is called ________. 35.________, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.36.A ________field is a meaning area where words share the same concept.年级班级准考证号姓名37. Extension of meaning is found in many ________terms, as is shown in the word feedback, which originally is a term in computer science, but now is generalized to mean "response".38. The word paper has a number of meanings in the dictionary, but it means differently in "a white pap er" and "today’s paper". This example shows that ________ context affects the meaning of word.39. Many idioms are grammatically _________, as is shown in the idiom "diamond cut diamond", which is grammatically incorrect.40.The main body of a dictionary is its ________ of words.Ⅲ.Define the following terms in the blank space. (3%×5=15%)41.semantic change42.affixation43.concatenation44. context (in a broad sense)45. sentence idiomsⅣ.Answer the following questions in the blank space. Your answers should be clear and short. (5%×4=20%)46.What is the difference between a free root and a bound root?47.Give the acronyms of the following phrases:1) V oice of America ____2) unidentified flying object ____3) teaching English as a foreign language ____4) Victory Day ____5) tuberculosis ____48.How do you understand the statement "true synonymy is non-existent"?49.Explain how context clues are used in the sentence "Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird Whistell".V.Analyze and comment on the following on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%×2=20%)50. Use the following groups of phrases to illustrate the definition and the overlapping feature of collocative meaning.a) pretty girl, pretty flower, handsome boy, handsome carb) pretty woman, handsome woman51. Comment on the following two groups to illustrate the use of antonyms.(a) give and take, high and low(b) More haste, less speed./Easy come, easy go.答案：。
自学考试英语词汇学模拟试题
自学考试英语词汇学模拟试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ____ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. （）A. smallB. meaningfulC. vocalD. large2. ____ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. （）A. TerminologyB. JargonC. SlangD. Argot3. “I'm sure that they will come today.”There are____content words in the above sentence. （）A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabulary develops? （）A. Acronym.B. Blending.C. Elevation.D. Borrowing.5. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT____. ( )A. kungfu dinnerC. fast foodD. Watergate6. In modern times, ____is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. （）A. semantic changeB. borrowingC, expansion D. creation1 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题7. The plural morphme “-s” is realizd by/I z/after the following sounds EXCEPT____.( )A. /s/B. /g/c. /z/ D. /ろ/8. The word “idealistic” comprises ____morphemes. （）A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____.( )A. happierB. workerC. harderD. taller10. “Washing machine” is a word formed by____.（）A. prefixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blending11. “TV” is a(n) ____.（）A. initialismB. acronymC. derivativeD. compound12. The prefix “mis-” in the word “mistrust” is a ____prefix. （）A. negativeB. reversativeC. pejorativeD. locative13. Which of the following is NOT one of the meanings of “word meaning”? （）A. Reference.B. Concept.C. Sense.D. Pronunciation.14. Such synonymous pair as “die-pass away” has the same ____but different stylistic values. （）A. referenceB. conceptC. motivationD. style15. The word “airmail” is ____motivated. （）A. onomatopoeicallyB. etymologicallyC. semanticallyD. morphologically2 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题16. Words are arbitrary symbols with independent identities so far as their spelling and pronunciation is concerned. But ____, all words are related in one way or another.( )A. linguisticallyB. semanticallyC. grammaticallyD. pragmatically17, ____, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning. （）A. OnomatopoeicallyB. DiachronicallyC. SynchronicallyD. Etymologically18. One important criterion to tell the fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is to see their____. （）A. ideologyB. etymologyC. mythologyD. methodology19. V ocabulary is the most ____element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. （）A. unbalancedB. unstableC. unhingedD. undoubted20. In Shakespeare's well-known Hamlet, rival means “____”and jump means “just”. （）A. janitorB. partnerC. collectorD. observer21. In the sentence “Just after two years he is quite a grown boy now.” The word grown can be classified into ____sense of transfer. （）A. physicalB. objectiveC. sensationalD. subjective22. In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is called ____context. （）A. non-linguisticB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. cultural23. The sentence “He is a hard businessman.” i s ambiguous due to____. （）A. grammatical structureB. lexical context3 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题C. homonymyD. polysemy24. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire____. （）A. physical situationB. grammatical structureC. mental activityD. cultural background25. Which of the following is NOT one respect of the rhetorical features of idioms? （）A. Phonetic manipulation.B. Lexical manipulation.C. Syntactical manipulation.D. Figures of speech.26. In nothing flat as an idiom is ____in nature. （）A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial27. The idiom “failure is the mother of success” is a____ as far as figures of speech are concerned. （）A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification28. Which of the following is NOT one of the three good general dictionaries mentioned in the textbook? ( )A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.B. Webster's Third New International Dictionary.C. A Chinese-English Dictionary.D. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary.29. Webster's Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ______dictionary. ( )A. unabridgedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. British dictionaries generally use____to mark the pronunciation.A. British Phonetic AlphabetB. American Phonetic AlphabetC. International Phonetic AlphabetD. Webster's Phonetic AlphabetII. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of prefixes; 2) the functions of affixes; 3) types of antonyms; and 4) types of meanings.(10%)4 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题A B（）31. appreciative meanings A. maltreat（）32. parent/child B. Jap/nigger（）33. pejorative prefixes C. tremble (not quiver) with fear（）34. man/woman D. famous/determined（）35. hyperactive/superfreeze E. extraordinary/telecommunication（）36. collocative meaning E prefixes of degree（）37. decompose/unwrap G. inflectional affixes（）38. pejorative meaning H. reversative prefixes（）39. radios/desks I. contradictory terms（）40. locative prefixes J. relative termsllI. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)41. Grammarians insist that a word be a ____form that can function in a sentence.42. In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions because English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present ____language.43. The morphemes can be grouped into free morphemes and ____morphemes.44. New words which are created by adding affixes to stems are called____.45. Though having little lexical meaning, ____words have strong grammatical meaning.46. The vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal ____of the whole set alter.47. The attitudes of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or____.48. The sentence “I like Mary better than Jean.” will lead to____.49. The fixity of idioms depends on the____.50. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ____and encyclopedic dictionaries. IV. Define the following terms. (10%)51. borrowed words52. conversion5 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题53. motivation54. narrowing55. replacement of idiomsV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)56. What are derivational affixes?57. What is grammatical meaning of a word? Give an example to illustrate your point.58. What type of transfer is experienced for the word in bold type?The fairy tale “The Sleeping Beauty” is very interesting.59. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the stylistic features of idioms.Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal.VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)60. Analyze and comment, with a diagram, on the italicized words increase, extend and expand in the following three sentences based on the concept of discrimination of synonyms.[a] The company has decided to increase its sales by ten per cent next year.[b] The owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year.[c] The metal will expand if heated.61.State the roles of context in determination of word meaning. Illustrate your points with examples.6 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题。
全国英语词汇学(00832)高等教育自学考试试题与答案
全国高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（）A．meaning B．SoundC．combination of sounds D．Group2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（）A．more slowly than B．As quickly asC．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notionC．origin D．sound4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（）A．green revolution B．fast foodC．moon walk D．space shuttle5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need.（）A．form B．meaningC．look D．pronunciation6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（）A．four B．fellC．for D．autumn7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.（）A．/t/ B．/g/C．/p/ D．/k/英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（）A．one B．twoC．three D．four9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（）A．works B．prewarC．postwar D．bloody10．30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.（）A．compounding B．affixationC．conversion D．shortening11．The word “motel” is created by ______.（）A．compounding B．clippingC．blending D．suffixation12．“BBC” is formed in the way of ______.（）A．acronymy B．clippingC．back-formation D．prefixation13．The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.（）A．grammatical meaning B．conceptual meaningC．associative meaning D．literal meaning14．By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.（）A．onomatopoeic B．morphologicalC．semantic D．etymological15．______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.（）A．Reference B．ConceptC．Sense D．Motivation16．Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.（）A．word formation B．word meaningC．meaning change D．Sense relations英语词汇学试卷第 2 页共9 页17．When a word is first coined, it is always ______.（）A．semantic B．onomatopoeicC．monosemic D．polysemic18．The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.（）A．ire/anger B．rich/wealthyC．forlorn/distressed D．bliss/happiness19．Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.（）A．senses B．FormsC．dialects D．Terms20．The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word “picture”, which originally denoted mere “painting”, but now has come to include “drawings” and even “photographs”（）A．extension B．elevationC．narrowing D．degradation21．In the sentence “The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman.”, the word “respectable” is used in the ______ sense of transfer.（）A．subjective B．objectiveC．sensational D．physical22．Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of context?（）A．Elimination of ambiguity.B．Indication of referents.C．Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.D．Provision of culture background for inferring word-meaning.23．The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.（）A．grammatical context B．polysemyC．antonymy D．hyponymy24．In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester” can be inferred from the clue of ______.（）英语词汇学试卷第 3 页共9 页A．relevant details B．synonymyC．antonymy D．hyponymy25．The idiom “toss and turn” is a(n) ______ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned.（）A．alliteration B．metaphorC．metonymy D．rhyme26．Which of the following is NOT one of the types of idioms?（）A．Sentence idioms. B．Idioms adverbial in nature.C．Clausal idioms. D．Idioms nominal in nature.27．The following are all variations of idioms, EXCEPT ______.（）A．replacement B．additionC．shortening D．repetition28．Generally speaking, a dictionary will cover the following content EXCEPT ______.（）A．spelling B．syntactical usageC．pronunciation D．definition29．As a general Chinese-English dictionary, ______ is the most complete and up-to-date, most elaborately treated one（）A．A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995)B．Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese TranslationC．A New English-Chinese DictionaryD．Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation30．Collins COBUILD English Usage (1992), is a(n) ______ dictionary.（）A．unabridged B．deskC．specialized D．encyclopedicⅡ．Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of transfer; 2) rhetorical features of idioms; 3) types of vocabulary by notion; and 4) the function of affixes. (10%)A B（ c ）31．She burst into passionate sobbing. A．juxtaposition（I ）32．He drops off to sleep, the lamb. B．notional word英语词汇学试卷第 4 页共9 页（g ）33．and C．transfer of sensations（h ）34．the man’s coat D．abstract to concrete（ a ）35．here and there E．derivational affix（ b ）36．moon F．alliteration（ f ）37．rough and ready G．functional word（ e ）38．ex-prisoner H．inflectional affix（j ）39．fair and square I．associated transfer（ d ）40．Helen looks a fright in that old black dress. J．rhymeⅢ．Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）41．When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.42．Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.43．We might say that free morphemes are free root.44．The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ________. 45．Semantic ________ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning ofa word．46．Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.47．V ocabulary is the most ________ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.48．Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and homonymy.49．Idioms consist of set ________ and short sentences.50．Monolingual dictionaries are written in ________ language.Ⅳ．Define the following terms.（10%）51．morpheme52．homonym53．connotation54．elevation55．idiom英语词汇学试卷第 5 页共9 页Ⅴ．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）56．As far as growth of present-day English vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words?57．What are the semantic features of compounds? Give an example to illustrate your point. 58．Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the characteristics of antonyms. State your reason with one example.Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.59．How do you account for the context function as indication of referents?Ⅵ．Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）60．Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.—“You’re not eating your fish,” a waitress said to a customer. “Anything wrong with it?”—“Long time no sea.” the customer replied.61．Analyze the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the linguistic factors, based on the given words below.（1）gold, bulb;（2）deer, beast, animals;（3）fortuitous, fruition.英语词汇学试卷第 6 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第7 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第8 页共9 页英语词汇学试卷第9 页共9 页。
最新7月全国自考英语词汇学试题及答案解析
全国2018年7月自考英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choosethe one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by ______.（）A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. sound2. Which of the following words does NOT belong to jargon? （）A. Orchestra.B. Bottom line.C. Ballpark figures.D. Bargaining chips.3. In the sentence “It is fun to play with children.”, there are ______ content words. （）A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.（）A. open heart surgeryB. fast foodC. moon walkD. space shuttle5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, the Americans use“sick”for ______ in British English. （）A. sixB. ailmentC. throwing upD. ill6. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ______ endings.（）A. leveledB. shortC. longD. paralleled7. The plural morpheme “-s”is pronounced as/s/in the following words EXCEPT ______.（）A. packs B. bagsC. cheatsD. ships8. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following words: bird, man, red, turn.（）A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______. （）A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks10. The suffi x “-tion” is a ______ suffix. （）A. adjectiveB. verbC. adverbD. noun11. From the sentences “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can see such a means of word formation as ______. （）A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. acronymy12. The word “beg” comes from the word “beggar”.Such a way of creating a new word is called ______.（）A. suffixationB. clippingC. blendingD. back-formation13. “Pen” and “sword” in the sentence “The pen is mightier than the sword.” are ______motivated words.（）A. semanticallyB. etymologicallyC. morphologicallyD. onomatopoeically14. “Tables, men, potatoes” have the same ______ meaning, for they have the same plural meaning. （）A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. conceptualD. associative15. Stylistic features of words include the following EXCEPT ______. （）A. formalB. literaryC. argumentativeD. slang16. The word ______ is an illustrative example of concatenation. （）A. neckB. boardC. candidateD. harvest17. Based on the degree of ______, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. （）A. intensityB. propertyC. similarityD. variety18. Complete synonyms are identical both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including ______ and associative meanings. （）A. conceptualB. perceptualC. eventualD. actual19. Narrowing of meaning, also called ______, is the opposite of widening meaning.（）A. specialization B. realizationC. evolutionD. creation20. As far as transfer is concerned, the phrase “loud colours” falls into the category of transfer ______.（）A. from concrete to abstract meaningsB. from abstract to concrete meaningsC. through associationD. of sensations21. I n the sentence “She said with an embarrassed laugh.”, the word “embarrassed” can be classified into ______ sense of transfer. （）A. subjectiveB. objectiveC. sensationalD. physical22. Based on ______ context, we can determine the meaning of “do the flowers”.（）A. cultural B. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational23. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ______ or non-linguistic context.（）A. extra-linguisticB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. syntactical24. In the sentence “Many United Nations employees are polyglots. Mr. Mary, for example, speaks fivelanguages.”, the word “polyglot” is explained by ______ clue. （）A. definitionB. exampleC. synonymyD. hyponymy25. Which of the following is NOT one of the stylistic features of idioms? （）A. Frozen style.B. Slang.C. Literary style.D. Colloquialisms.26. “Chop and change” is an idiom ______ in nature. （）A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial27. The change of idiom “the last straw” from the original form is ______.（）A. replacementB. dismemberingC. additionD. shortening28. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ______ and encyclopedic dictionaries. （）A. linguisticB. encyclopediaC. specializedD. unabridged29. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English is a(n) ______ dictionary. （）A. specializedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) was noted for the following aspects EXCEPT ______.（）A. its wide coverage of new words, new meanings and new usagesB. its simple and clear definitionsC. its use of extra columnD. its meticulous and complete grammatical informationⅡ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) types of morphemes; 3) sense relations and 4) types of idioms. (10% )A B( ) 31. rich/well-to-do/poor A. contradictory term of antonym( ) 32. call it a day B. superordinate/subordinate( ) 33. sow v. to scatter seeds/sow n. female adult pig C. homograph( ) 34. recollection/idealistic D. idiom nominal in nature( ) 35. employer/employee E. notional words( ) 36. without/behind F. relative term of antonym( ) 37. fish/herring G. bound morphemes( ) 38. cut and dried H. free morphemes( ) 39. watch/teach I. idiom verbal in nature( ) 40. brain trust J. idiom adjectival in natureⅢ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)41. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and ______.43. ______ morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.44. Prefixes only modify the ______ of the stem.45. Lexical ______ of a word has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.46. In dictionaries, a ______ has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.47. Indeed, it often happens that a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the ______ has changed.48. The sentence “I lost Betty's picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.49. Based on the criterion of ______ functions, idioms may be classified into five groups.50. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both ______ dictionaries and encyclopedia.Ⅳ. Define the following terms. (10%)51. word52. clipping53. onomatopoeic54. synchronic approach55. desk dictionariesⅤ. Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )56. Why, in modern English, were word endings mostly lost with just a few exceptions?57. What are the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?58. How do you account for the semantic change in the living languages?59. What are contextual clues? Find out the meanings of the words in bold type and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meanings.A. Do you know the architect? He designed St. Paul's Cathedral.B. The book was only published posthumously, for the author had been dead for three years already.C. It is undesirable to write with too many parentheses, a pair of brackets round word or phrases.Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)60. Analyze and comment on the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the extra-linguistic factors, each with example word(s) given below.pen, atomchurlcopperhead61. Analyze and comment on the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation and concatenation with the words neck and treacle.。
自考英语词汇学重点及大题
⾃考英语词汇学重点及⼤题⾃考英语词汇学00832重点及⼤题⽬录Chapter 1 (1)课⽂重点 (1)名词解释 (4)简答题 (4)Chapter 2 (5)课⽂重点 (5)名词解释 (6)简答题 (7)分析题 (7)Chapter 3 (7)课⽂重点 (7)名词解释 (8)简答题 (9)分析题 (9)Chapter 4 (9)课⽂重点 (9)名词解释 (12)简答题 (12)分析题 (13)Chapter 5 (13)课⽂重点 (13)名称解释 (15)简答题 (15)分析题 (16)Chapter 6 (16)课⽂重点 (16)名词解释 (19)简答题 (20)分析题 (21)Chapter 7 (22)课⽂重点 (22)名词解释 (23)简答题 (23)分析题 (23)Chapter 8 (24)课⽂重点 (24)名词解释 (24)简答题 (25)分析题 (25)Chapter 9 (26)课⽂重点 (26)名词解释 (28)简答题 (29)分析题................................................................................... 29Chapter 10 .. (29)课⽂重点 (29)名词解释 (30)简答题 (30)部分试卷中的⼤题 (31)2016-10 (31)2009-04 (32)Chapter 1课⽂重点1 - The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1 词定义包括以下⼏点：（1 ）⼀门语⾔中最⼩的⾃由形式;（2 ）⼀个声⾳的统⼀体（3 ）⼀个意义单位;（4 ）在⼀个句⼦中独⽴起作⽤的⼀个形式。
+全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试英语科技文选
英语科技文选试题课程代码：00836PART A: VOCABULARYI. Directions: Add the affix to each word according to the given Chinese, makingchanges when necessary. (8 %)1.accelerate 加速装置 1._________________2.contrast 对比的 2._________________3.alternance 可选择的 3._________________pass 包含 4._________________pare 可比的 5._________________6.bewilder 迷惑不解(名词) 6._________________7.attractive 诱引剂7._________________8.different 区分8._________________II. Directions：Fill in the blanks，each using one of the given words or phrases below in its prope form.(12％)stem from in addition at randompile of in contrast bump intoin the event of in all probability bear outwithin reach of／one’s reach be associated with take one’s place9.I_______________ an old friend of mine at the gas station.10.The new work of his will_______________ among the most important paintings of this century.11.Dependence on alcohol often________________ unhappiness in the home.12.He asked his sister to look after his children________________ his death.13.I’ve no idea where last Saturday’s newspaper is；_______________，it might have been thrown away.14.The facts don’t______________your fears.15.Isabelle placed a wine cup on the table__________________.16.The first thing the secretary does is to sort out the_______________ documents and letters on his desk.17.The lottery numbers are chosen_______________.18.His bad behavior__________________ his difficult childhood.19.It is hot in the day time，but________________it’s very cold at night.20.I need your help.________________ ，I need her support.Ⅲ.Directions：Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below.(10％)massive likely whether Galaxy long hits from off was MilkyThe cloud, called Smith’s Cloud，after the astronomer who discovered it in 1963，contains enough hydrogen to make a million stars like the Sun. Eleven thousand light-years _21_ and 2,500light-years wide，it is only 8,000 light-years_22_our Galaxy’s disk. It is rushing toward our _23_ at more than 150 miles per second，aimed to strike the Milky Way’s disk at an angle of about 45degrees."This is most _24_ a gas cloud left over from the formation of the Milky Way or gas stripped froma neighbor galaxy. When it _25_，it could set off a tremendous burst of star formation. Many of those stars will be very _26_. Over a few million years，it'll look like a celestial New Year’s celebration，with huge firecrackers going _27_in that region of the Galaxy," Lockman said. When Smith’s Cloud _28_ first discovered，and for decades after, the available images did not have enough detail to show _29_ the cloud was part of the Milky Way，somethingbeing blown out of the _30_ Way，or something falling in.PART B：TRANSLATIONⅣ. Directions：Translate the following sentences into English，each using one of the given words or phrases below. (10％)attribute customary subject reminiscent of come into its own31.你的讲述让我想起十年前的一次经历。
全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题
全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试综合英语试题2009年7月全国高等教育自学考试英语语法试题一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1. Even when you are at _______ end, you should not lose your head and make wrong judgment. （）A. wit'sB. you wit'sC. your wit'sD. your wit2. It's reported that by the end of this year the output of steel in the factory _______ by 20% or so.（）A. will have risenB. has risenC. will be risingD. has been rising3. A lower birth rate can _______ if the government can promote more even income distribution. （）A. achieveB. achievedC. be achievingD. be achieved4. It is recommended that the students _______ the oral interpretation test until they have had enough preparation. （）A. not takeB. takeC. don't takeD. will not take5. If he _______ hard in the past ten years, he wouldn't have achieved so much in the medical field.（）A. hadn't been workingB. had been workingC. workedD. weren't working6. Every employee _______ do his best for the development of the company, if he wants to be promoted. （）A. canB. mayC. needD. should7. So many students _______, the test had to be put off. （）A. were absentB. have been absentC. being absentD. had been absent8. I'll never forget _______ my present boss for the first time. （）A. to meetB. meetingC. to have metD. having been meeting9. The most impressive furniture in his office is a _______ chair. （）A. comfortable huge leatherB. leather comfortable hugeC. leather huge comfortableD. huge comfortable leather10. The smaller the computer is, _______. （）A. the higher the price isB. the price is higherC. higher the price isD. the higher price it is11. When it comes to mathematics, I'm _____ John. （）A. inferior toB. inferior thanC. more inferior toD. more inferior than12. The school library was named_____the donor who offered ten million yuan for its construction. （）A. byB. afterC. withD. from13. Paris is one of the places_____. （）A. where I most want to visitB. that I want to visit it mostC. in which I most want to visitD. which I most want to visit14. Although he studied very hard, he failed in the entrance exams to college, _____was really a pity. （）A. thatB. itC. whichD. as15. His beloved son died in a car accident two years ago,_____cast a shadow over the rest of his life. （）A. thatB. itD. what16. The painter and the sculptor ____to hold an exhibition in the downtown gallery.( )A. has decidedB. had decidedC. have decidedD. have been decided17. That all the students should wear school uniforms _____much stressed by the headmaster. （）A. areB. hasC. isD. have18. Emily is motivated to study_____ she knows that a good education can improve her life. （）A. thereforeB. because ofC. becauseD. so19. Although his many examples were all right, the remainder_____ not quite exact. （）A. areB. wereC. isD. was20. Are you going to buy _____ rice? （）A. all theseB. these allC. all this二、填空题(本大题共28小题，共36分)Section A Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given in the group.(共8小题，每小题2分，共16分)21. has made, have made, makes, are, it's, they'reThe family _______ up their minds that _______ going to travel.22. a, a, the, the, any, allSingleton is _______ quiet village near Chicgester. The village has _______ population of a few hundred people.23. arranges, is arranged, has arranged, forget, have forgotten, have been forgottenThe list _______ alphabetically and nothing seems to _________.24. is, was, were, has, will have, would have_______ it to rain tomorrow, the opening ceremony _______ to be postponed.25. even though, as though, although, understand, understood, understandingWhenever the professor explained something, she kept smiling and nodding her head from time to time _______ _______ every word of his lecture.26. which, what, told, he told, was told, which was toldThere was one thing _______ me _______ I don't believe.27. is, are, to be, which, that, what_______ he said and thought _______ none of your concern.28. when, what, who, any, either, otherI don't know _______ I should choose. _______ way I'll lose a good manager.Section B Fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Make changes where necessary. ( 共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)29. That may be your lost car,_______ (it)?30. _______ (fast) you are running!31. No one will fail to marvel at the_______ (snow) of the Himalayas.32. She would work twelve hours a day all _______ (years) when she was at Cambridge.33. Would you mind going to the_______ (chemist) for me?34. I'm afraid you_______ (have) to be responsible for everything you do after you' re eighteen.35. John_______ (resemble) his father more and more as he grows older.36. I _______ (finish) the novel last night, but I was just too tired.37. Two bags which_______ (go) to Rome were at this moment being loaded aboard a flight to Milwaukee.38. I'm sorry, she's not here. She_______ (leave) already.39. I don't mind working late at night, but I can't stand_______ (get) up early in the morning.40. Would you speak louder so as to make yourself_______ (hear)?41. Is your mother any_______ (relaxed) after an hour's rest?42. This is by far_______ (good school) in the region.43. This coach doesn't go to Beijing. You will have to change_______ (Nanjing).44. The authority to call an emergency meeting_______ (rest) the president.45. The project_______ (which) they have been working for two years is a total failure.46. To eat to live and to live to eat_______ (constitute) two different attitudes toward life.47.In 1941 America assumed_______ (role) as a world power.48. - Haven't we met before?- I _______ (not think).三、改错题(本大题共l 2小题，每小题1分,共12分)Correct the errors in the following sentences.49. We have got enough time to read such many novels.50. —Why have you set your alarm clock to go off at 5:30?—Because I will get up then. I've got a lot to do.51. Although best known for her prose works, Maya Angelou was also published several collections of poetry.52. Yesterday he got so drunk, but he could find the front door.53. When heated, the metal expands, and if been cooled, it will contract.54. His illness may well be thanks to malnutrition.55. Marge walked away from the discussion; otherwise, she might say something she would regret later.56. Why doesn't she buy us a drink? It isn't as although she had no money.57. They can choose their own jobs, that I can not.58. That human beings live in great numbers, the rivers are very likely to become polluted.59. The girl who came late danced prettily well.60. We have received your estimate for the alterations you propose but have decided that itwould be too high.四、改句题(本大题共1 2小题，每小题2分，共24分)Rewrite the following sentences as required.61. Reinforcing the negation:These goods are not satisfactory.62. Using a question tag:I don't suppose that he is serious.63. Using a non-finite verb form:Please advise me which I should choose.64. Combining two sentences using a condition-adjunct:The weather keeps fine. I see no reason why the village fete should not be a success.65. Using a relative clause:Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, has 11 satellites.66. Combining two sentences using a preference-adjunct:He did not ask for help. He decided to work it out on his own.67. Combining two sentences using a contrast-adjunct:We live in poverty. Our neighbours have money to burn.68. Using a non-finite clause as subject:It is difficult to study English well within 2 years.69. Using extraposition:To drive without a license is illegal.70. Using discontinuity:The days when he could boss me around are gone.71. Using fronting:He threatened to take his revenge on his father's murderer, and he will take the revenge.72. Using an appropriate cohesive device:I inherited some skills from my mother. Those skills have been put to the rest.五、简答题(本大题共2小题，每小题4分，共8分)Answer the following questions.73. Why can some non-progressive verbs be used in the progressive form?74. Under what circumstances do we use singular verb witha collective noun denoting animate beings as subject?。
全国英语词汇学高等教育自学考试试题与答案
全国高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（）A．meaning B．SoundC．combination of sounds D．Group2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（）A．more slowly than B．As quickly asC．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notionC．origin D．sound4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（）A．green revolution B．fast foodC．moon walk D．space shuttle5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need.（）A．form B．meaningC．look D．pronunciation6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall”means ______ in British English.（）A．four B．fellC．for D．autumn7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT______.（）A．/t/ B．/g/C．/p/ D．/k/8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（）A．one B．twoC．three D．four9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（）A．works B．prewarC．postwar D．bloody10．30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.（）A．compounding B．affixationC．conversion D．shortening11．The word “motel” is created by ______.（）A．compounding B．clippingC．blending D．suffixation12．“BBC” is formed in the way of ______.（）A．acronymy B．clippingC．back-formation D．prefixation13．The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.（）A．grammatical meaning B．conceptual meaningC．associative meaning D．literal meaning14．By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.（）A．onomatopoeic B．morphologicalC．semantic D．etymological15．______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in thehuman mind.（）A．Reference B．ConceptC．Sense D．Motivation16．Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.（）A．word formation B．word meaningC．meaning change D．Sense relations17．When a word is first coined, it is always ______.（）A．semantic B．onomatopoeicC．monosemic D．polysemic18．The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.（）A．ire/anger B．rich/wealthyC．forlorn/distressed D．bliss/happiness19．Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.（）A．senses B．FormsC．dialects D．Terms20．The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word “picture”, which originally denoted mere “painting”, but now has come to include “drawings” and even “photographs”（）A．extension B．elevationC．narrowing D．degradation21．In the sentence “The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman.”, the word “respectable” is used in the ______ sense of transfer.（）A．subjective B．objectiveC．sensational D．physical22．Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of context?（）A．Elimination of ambiguity.B．Indication of referents.C．Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.D．Provision of culture background for inferring word-meaning.23．The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.”is ambiguous due to ______.（）A．grammatical context B．polysemyC．antonymy D．hyponymy24．In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester” can be inferred from the clue of ______.（）A．relevant details B．synonymyC．antonymy D．hyponymy25．The idiom “toss and turn” is a(n) ______ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned.（）A．alliteration B．metaphorC．metonymy D．rhyme26．Which of the following is NOT one of the types of idioms?（）A．Sentence idioms. B．Idioms adverbial in nature. C．Clausal idioms. D．Idioms nominal in nature.27．The following are all variations of idioms, EXCEPT ______.（）A．replacement B．additionC．shortening D．repetition28．Generally speaking, a dictionary will cover the following content EXCEPT ______.（）A．spelling B．syntactical usageC．pronunciation D．definition29．As a general Chinese-English dictionary, ______ is the most complete and up-to-date, most elaborately treated one（）A．A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995)B．Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation C．A New English-Chinese DictionaryD．Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation 30．Collins COBUILD English Usage (1992), is a(n) ______ dictionary.（）A．unabridged B．deskC．specialized D．encyclopedicⅡ．Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of transfer; 2) rhetorical features of idioms; 3) types of vocabulary by notion;and 4) the function of affixes. (10%)A B（ c ）31．She burst into passionate sobbing. A．juxtaposition（ I ）32．He drops off to sleep, the lamb. B．notional word（ g ）33．and C．transfer of sensations （ h ）34．the man’s coat D．abstract to concrete （ a ）35．here and there E．derivational affix（ b ）36．moon F．alliteration（ f ）37．rough and ready G．functional word（ e ）38．ex-prisoner H．inflectional affix（ j ）39．fair and square I．associated transfer（ d ）40．Helen looks a fright in that old black dress. J．rhyme Ⅲ．Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）41．When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. 42．Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.43．We might say that free morphemes are free root.44．The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ________.45．Semantic ________ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word．46．Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.47．Vocabulary is the most ________ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.48．Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and homonymy.49．Idioms consist of set ________ and short sentences.50．Monolingual dictionaries are written in ________ language.Ⅳ．Define the following terms.（10%）51．morpheme52．homonym53．connotation54．elevation55．idiomⅤ．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）56．As far as growth of present-day English vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words?57．What are the semantic features of compounds? Give an example to illustrate your point.58．Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the characteristics of antonyms. State your reason with one example.Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between. 59．How do you account for the context function as indication of referents?Ⅵ．Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）60．Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.—“You’re not eating your fish,” a waitress said to a customer. “Anything wrong with it?”—“Long time no sea.” the customer replied.61．Analyze the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the linguistic factors, based on the given words below.（1）gold, bulb;（2）deer, beast, animals;（3）fortuitous, fruition.。
自考-00832-英语词汇学-笔记(根据考纲标记重点)
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang （俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.（2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language. Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new words Reviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words Allomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning Type of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words.B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀):un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-，mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,u ltra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixespounding复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems Compounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ： e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ： e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）4.Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone fromtelephone. 四种形式：1).Front clippings删节前面 (phone from telephone)2).Back clippings删节后面 (dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)6.Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning” (“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning.E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail,miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning) Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1） Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2） Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3） Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4） Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaningstands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g: face, neck)2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaningof a word move gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle) 3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to theprimary meaning. In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the developmentleading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other. Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long) 2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms areidentical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy(同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms arewords which are identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similaror nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range andintensity of meaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire) (2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean thestylistic and emotive colouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning butdifference in usage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter)Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonymscan be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very”to qualify them . (e.g: single/married)2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms（关系反义词）： this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool) The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal Superordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English. (e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的） sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)1.Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g: pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be causedby internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context（语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：Ina broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)The role of context(语境的作用)1.Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little2.Indication of referents(限定所指)如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context 3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）1.Stylistic features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举 [scream and shout]（2）repetition 重复[out and out]（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置 [here and there]3.figures of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one’s pen（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one’s bread（5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：1.addition增加2.deletion删除3.replacement替换4.position-shifting位置转移5.dismembering分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D an d encyclopedia (<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)3.Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词。
2009年7月自考英语词汇学答案
全国2009年7月自考英语词汇学试题参考答案I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1. C2. A3. C4. B5. D6. A7. B8. D9. D 10. D11. C 12. D 13. A 14.B 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. A 19. A 20 . D21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. B 29. A 30. CII. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of prefixes; 2) the functions of affixes; 3) types of antonyms; and 4) types of meanings. (10%)31. F 32. I 33. C 34. E 35. A 36. G 37. B 38. J 39. H 40. DIII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）41. meaning 42. borrowing 43. Bound 44. meaning 45. meaning46. polysemant 47.referent 48.polysemy 49. grammatical 50. linguisticIV. Define the following terms.（10%）51. Word: is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function,(p.7)A word comprises the following points:(1)a minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unit of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.52. Clipping is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.53. Onomatopoeic Motivation（拟声理据）Imitates the natural sounds or noises.54. A synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.55. desk dictionaries: are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150, 000.V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)56. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English ) to the present analytic language.57. Inflectional affixes: attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Modern English is an analytic language.Derivational affix: Added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.58. Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. When we say the mouth of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal.59. Context, in a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.A. Relevant details.B. Explanation.C. Definition; Explanation.VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)60. Extra-linguistic factors1.Historical reason.A word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the referent has changed.E.G: “pen” feather in the past---- pen , ball-point pens, fountain pens;Car----automobileIncreased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factors.E.G: “the sun”, “atom”2.Class reason. Elevation or degradation.Churl has degraded as “ ill-mannered or bad people”3.Psychological reason. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words.Religious influence is another kind of psychological need.E.G: “copperhead”is a venomous snake in north America, later ii is used to refer to thosenortherners who secretly aided and abet the South.61. Radiation is a semantic process, the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.1.Concatenation is the semantic process, in the end the original meaning is totally lost.E.G: treacle ----- wild beastE.G: candidate ----- white-robed2. Unlike radiation each of derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning. Concatenation each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.。
浙江7月自考英语词汇学试题及答案解析
浙江省2018年7月自考英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%)1. At the United States Embassy on May 22nd at 3:30pm, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)and Global Village of Beijing (GVB) will introduce their production of a 9 part agricultural video series to be broadcast on Chinese Central Television (CCTV) Summer 2002.The underlined word here is a/an ( ).A. verbB. adjectiveC. nounD. adverb2. Roget's International Thesaurus is a ( ).A. notebookB. textC. words bookD. dictionary3. “-tion”, “-ing”, and “-s”belong to ( ).A. affixesB. suffixesC. rootsD. stems4. “Gay”is a synonym of ( ).A. joyfulB. joyC. joylessD. homosexual5. Of the modes of word meaning changes, ( ) are the most common.A. elevation and transferB. extension and narrowingC. degradation and transferD. narrowing and degradation6. Holiday-making is a ( ) motivated word.A. semanticallyB. etymologicallyC. onomatopoeticallyD. morphologically7. In the idiom “all ears”, ( ) is used.A. metaphorB. synecdocheC. metonymyD. euphemism8. “East/west”are ( ) antonyms.A. notB. contradictoryC. contraryD. relative9. “Look forward to”is an idiom ( ) in nature.A. adverbialB. verbalC. nominalD. adjectival10. ( ) is used in particular discipline and academic areas.A. SlangB. JargonC. TerminologyD. Argot11. Extra-linguistic context excludes ( ).A. clausesB. timeC. placeD. people12. The main body of a dictionary is ( ) of words.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. usageD. definition13. They saw her duck. This sentence is ambiguous because “duck”is ( ).A. ambiguousB. a nounC. a verbD. either a noun or a verb14. Associative meaning does not contain ( ) meaning.A. grammaticalB. stylisticC. connotativeD. affective15. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: and .( )A. stylistic/collocativeB. pejorative/appreciativeC. adjectival/adverbialD. nominative/substantive16. Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic and the meanings of many are the sum total of the( )combined.A. rootsB. stemsC. morphsD. morphemes17. In spite of the disagreement between sound and form, ( ) of the English words fit consistent spellingpatterns.A. at least 90%B. at least 70%C. at least 80%D. 60%18. Linguistic context may cover the following except ( ).A. a paragraphB. a whole chapterC. the entire bookD. participants19. Absolute synonyms are ( )A. rareB. numerousC. commonD. popular20. Which of the following words is NOT formed through clipping?( )A. Lab.B. Cent.C. Zoo.D. Ad.Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%) 21. As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana, “The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some________ % of the entries are borrowed. ““22. ________ are affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships.23. When a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and ________does the sign becomemeaningful.24. The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows twocourses, traditionally known as________ and concatenation.25.Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is________ context.Ⅲ.Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) rhetorical features of the idioms;2)sense relations;3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic word stock and motivation.(10%)A B26.poison (a drink) ( )a part and parcel27.terminology ( ) b extension28.alliteration ( )c The Pocket English-Chinese Gem29.aliens ( )d metaphor30.arm in arm ( )e Balto-Slavic31. juxtaposition ( )f repetition32. black sheep ( )g narrowing33. pocket dictionary ( )h weal and woe34. companion (a company) ( )I borrowed words35. Czech ( )j special lexicologyⅣ.Define the following terms.(15%)36. Basic Word Stock37. Motivation38. Homonym39. Idiom40. Desk dictionariesⅤ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(15%)41. How would you explain the difference between prefixation and suffixation?42. Explain the difference between Reference and Sense.43. Explain the difference between encyclopedic dictionaries and encyclopedia dictionaries.Ⅵ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%) 44. Study the following dialogue and explain the rhetoric use.“Why is Sunday the strongest day?”“Because all the others are week days.”45. Analyse the following forms and comment.Easy come, easy go.More haste, less speed.here and theregive and take。
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全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choosethe one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by ______.（）A. use frequencyB. notionC. originD. sound2. Which of the following words does NOT belong to jargon? （）A. Orchestra.B. Bottom line.C. Ballpark figures.D. Bargaining chips.3. In the sentence “It is fun to play with children.”, there are ______ content words. （）A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.（）A. open heart surgeryB. fast foodC. moon walkD. space shuttle5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, the Americans use “sick”for ______ in British English. （）A. sixB. ailmentC. throwing upD. ill6. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ______ endings. （）A. leveledB. shortC. longD. paralleled7. The plural morpheme “-s”is pronounced as/s/in the following words EXCEPT ______.（）A. packs B. bagsC. cheatsD. ships8. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following words: bird, man, red, turn.（）A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______. （）A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks10. The suffix “-tion” is a ______ suffix. （）A. adjectiveB. verb浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 1 页共 5 页C. adverbD. noun11. From the sentences “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can see such a means of word formation as ______. （）A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. acronymy12. The word “beg” comes from the word “beggar”. Such a way of creating a new word is called ______. （）A. suffixationB. clippingC. blendingD. back-formation13. “Pen” and “sword” in the sentence “The pen is mightier than the sword.” are ______ motivated words. （）A. semanticallyB. etymologicallyC. morphologicallyD. onomatopoeically14. “Tables, men, potatoes” have the same______ meaning, for they have the same plural meaning. （）A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. conceptualD. associative15. Stylistic features of words include the following EXCEPT ______. （）A. formalB. literaryC. argumentativeD. slang16. The word ______ is an illustrative example of concatenation. （）A. neckB. boardC. candidateD. harvest17. Based on the degree of ______, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. （）A. intensityB. propertyC. similarityD. variety18. Complete synonyms are identical both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including ______ and associative meanings. （）A. conceptualB. perceptualC. eventualD. actual19. Narrowing of meaning, also called ______, is the opposite of widening meaning.（）A. specialization B. realizationC. evolutionD. creation20. As far as tran sfer is concerned, the phrase “loud colours” falls into the category of transfer ______.（）A. from concrete to abstract meaningsB. from abstract to concrete meanings浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 2 页共 5 页C. through associationD. of sensations21. I n the sentence “She said with an embarrassed laugh.”, the word “embarrassed” can be classified into ______ sense of transfer. （）A. subjectiveB. objectiveC. sensationalD. physical22. Based on ______ context, we can determine the meaning of “do the flowers”.（）A. cultural B. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational23. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ______ or non-linguistic context. （）A. extra-linguisticB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. syntactical24. In the sentence “Many Unit ed Nations employees are polyglots. Mr. Mary, for example, speaks five languages.”, the word “polyglot” is explained by ______ clue. （）A. definitionB. exampleC. synonymyD. hyponymy25. Which of the following is NOT one of the stylistic features of idioms? （）A. Frozen style.B. Slang.C. Literary style.D. Colloquialisms.26. “Chop and change” is an idiom ______ in nature. （）A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial27. The change of idiom “the last straw” from the origina l form is ______.（）A. replacementB. dismemberingC. additionD. shortening28. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ______ and encyclopedic dictionaries. （）A. linguisticB. encyclopediaC. specializedD. unabridged29. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English is a(n) ______ dictionary. （）A. specializedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) was noted for the following aspects EXCEPT ______. （）A. its wide coverage of new words, new meanings and new usagesB. its simple and clear definitionsC. its use of extra column浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 3 页共 5 页D. its meticulous and complete grammatical informationⅡ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) types of morphemes; 3) sense relations and 4) types of idioms. (10% )A B( ) 31. rich/well-to-do/poor A. contradictory term of antonym ( ) 32. call it a day B. superordinate/subordinate( ) 33. sow v. to scatter seeds/sow n. female adult pig C. homograph( ) 34. recollection/idealistic D. idiom nominal in nature( ) 35. employer/employee E. notional words( ) 36. without/behind F. relative term of antonym( ) 37. fish/herring G. bound morphemes( ) 38. cut and dried H. free morphemes( ) 39. watch/teach I. idiom verbal in nature( ) 40. brain trust J. idiom adjectival in natureⅢ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)41. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and ______.43. ______ morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.44. Prefixes only modify the ______ of the stem.45. Lexical ______ of a word has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.46. In dictionaries, a ______ has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.47. Indeed, it often happens that a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the ______ has changed.48. The sentence “I lost Betty's picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.49. Based on the criterion of ______ functions, idioms may be classified into five groups.50. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both ______ dictionaries and encyclopedia.Ⅳ. Define the following terms. (10%)51. word52. clipping53. onomatopoeic54. synchronic approach55. desk dictionaries浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 4 页共 5 页Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )56. Why, in modern English, were word endings mostly lost with just a few exceptions?57. What are the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?58. How do you account for the semantic change in the living languages?59. What are contextual clues? Find out the meanings of the words in bold type and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meanings.A. Do you know the architect? He designed St. Paul's Cathedral.B. The book was only published posthumously, for the author had been dead for three yearsalready.C. It is undesirable to write with too many parentheses, a pair of brackets round word or phrases. Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)60. Analyze and comment on the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the extra-linguistic factors, each with example word(s) given below.pen, atomchurlcopperhead61. Analyze and comment on the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation and concatenation with the words neck and treacle.浙00832# 英语词汇学试题第 5 页共 5 页。