英语复习资料

10级研究生英语补充材料（该材料整理的有些唐突，有些地方翻译的可能不是太准确，请大家见谅）补充材料1China’s long history, vast territory and extensive contact with other nations and cultures have given birth to the distinctive Chinese culinary art. With several thousand years of creative and accumulative efforts, the Chinese cuisine has become increasingly popular among more and more overseas gourmets, virtually functioning as an envoy of friendship in China’s cultural exchanges with foreign countries.Modern China enjoys a worldwide reputation as the “kingdom of cuisine”. The exquisite Chinese culinary art, regarded indisputably as one of the world’s finest culinary traditions, has prevailed all over the world. The three essential factors, or key elements, by which Chinese cooking is judged are known as “color, aroma and taste”. The “color” of Chinese food, the first of these elements which is so evident in a Chinese banquet, includes the layout and design of dishes, best exemplified in particular by the large elaborately-prepared cold dish served at the beginning of the dinner.Visitors to China are often surprised when a typical dinner for a table of eight people consists of four courses of cold dishes , four courses of hot dishes, coupled with soup and steamed rice; they consider this a lavish spread.Often beer, yellow rice wine and strong white liquor [ˈlikə ]are served at a Chinese banquet. People at a table will usually “Gan Bei”when toasting each other. “Gan Bei” means to raise up one’s wine glass or liquor cup and drink it all the way down so that the glass or cup is “dried up the last drop”. People dry up their glasses to communicate the message to others that they are sincere and joyful. It is quite acceptable for a foreign guest to take a sip instead of emptying the glass when toasting with his or her Chinese host.However, an average Chinese meal at home is quite different in composition from a Chinese banquet. At an everyday home meal, an adult may consume two small bowls of steamed rice, or a large bowl of noodles or several pieces of steamed bread, accompanied by several meat or vegetable dishes, but not the other way round. For most Chinese, about 65% of an average meal’s calories comes from grain sources instead of meat or vegetable dishes.中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,广泛接触其他国家和他们的文化产生了独具特色的中国烹饪艺术。

历经千年的创造力和不断地努力,中国菜越来越多的受到海外的美食家的欢迎,甚至在中国文化对外交流中起到了使者的作用。

现代中国享有世界菜肴王国的盛誉。

精致的中国烹饪艺术,毋庸置疑被认为是世界上最好的传统饮食文化之一,已经盛行于世界各地。

中餐烹调的三大主要因素，或者说是关键因素被称为“色、香、味”。

中国菜肴的颜色，作为三要素中的第一个在中国的宴会中是非常明显的，它包括菜肴的布局和设计，尤其是在精心准备的宴会上，一开始上来的冷食可以得到最好的阐释。

来到中国的游客通常是惊讶地发现,一个典型的八人一桌的餐桌上包括4道冷食4道热食,再加上汤和米饭,他们认为这是非常奢华的。

啤酒、黄酒和烈性白酒通常出现在中国筵席上。

人们在餐桌上祝酒时彼此通常会说“干杯“。

“干杯”是指,人们举起啤酒杯或白酒杯,然后把酒都喝下，酒杯中一滴酒也不剩。

”人们喝干他们的酒来告诉彼此他们非常真诚和高兴。

当外国客人和中国主人一起吃饭时抿一口酒而不喝尽杯中的酒是可以接受的。

但是,中国的普通家餐在成分上却完全不同于中国的宴会。

在每一个家庭餐中，一个成年人平时吃两小碗米饭,或一大碗面条和几块馒头、伴有一些肉类和蔬菜,而不是其他的。

对大多数中国人来说,一餐饭的平均热量的65%来自谷粮而不是肉类和蔬菜。

补充材料2Many people think that the word “tip” is an acronym for “To insure promptness”. However, this is not possible, I think. Since the practice of tipping began in England in the Middle Ages, scholars have not been able to find any acronyms much earlier than the 20th century. Most scholars track the word “tip” back to the early 1600s, where it originated as criminal slang. It referred to inside information. Therefore, to give another criminal a tip was to give something valuable (information). The word gradually evolved to the point where, in the late 1700s, it meant to give a monetary gratuity (tip) to someone for service performed. That’s where it stayed until the English immigrated to North America.In America, the three basic occupations that require tipping are waiters/waitresses, taxi drivers, and barbers. The standard tip is now between 15 and 20 per cent of the bill, depending on the quality of service. While I understand why China, as a developing nation, has adopted many western customs, I hope the Chinese are wise enough to never start the unnecessary practice of tipping. The level of service in China is already good enough that it doesn’t need anything to make it better.许多人以为“tip”是“To insure promptness”的首字母缩写。

不过，依我看，这是不可能的。

自从付小费的习俗在中世纪的英国开始以来，学者们还未能找出一个早于20世纪的首字母缩写合成词。

多数学者把“tip”一词追溯到17世纪初。

这个词当时起源于罪犯使用的俚语，指“内部消息”。

所以给别的罪犯一个“tip”，意思是给他有价值的东西（消息）。

“tip”这个词的含义逐渐演变，直到18世纪末，意思就变成了“给某人赏钱（即消费），奖赏其提供的服务。

这个词的意思一直没变，英国人移居北美洲时，它也被带到那里。

在美国，从事三种职业的人需要付给小费;男女服务员、出租车司机和理发师。

现在标准的小费介于费用15％到20％之间，而且还要看服务质量。

中国作为发展中国家已经学会了许多西方的习俗，这我理解。

但是，我希望中国人要明智，付小费的习俗大可不必学，千万不要开这个头。

中国的服务水平已经很不错了，无需再多此一举。