3 Cooperation and Implicature

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《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 7 Pragmatics

1) the relationships between linguistic forms; 2) the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the
world; 3) the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
Contents
1 Introduction to Pragmatics 2 Deixis and Reference
3 Speech Acts 4 Pragmatic Presupposition
5 The Cooperative Principle and Implicature
6
Apply PP to teaching in future Politeness
7.2.6 Social deixis
the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors
● honorifics e.g. tu/vous (in French) du/sie (in German) nǐ/nín (in Chinese)
--- the addressees being audio-visually present during the utterances to be able to understand these expressions
e.g. I like that one, not this one.
7.2 Deixis and reference

语言学概论答案（六月）

第九章语言系统的发展一、名词解释1．历史比较法根据语音对应关系，比较方言或亲属语言之间的差别来拟测原始“母语”的方法，叫做历史比较法。

历史比较法以今证古，可推测一群方言或亲属语言的原始面貌。

有了这个起点，整群方言或亲属语言的分化、发展的过程也就能得到说明。

所以历史比较法是推溯方言或亲属语言的演变过程的有效方法。

这种方法曾经系统地应用于印欧系语言的研究，拟测出各个语族乃至整个语系的原始母语，使印欧系语言的演变过程大致得到了说明。

这种方法同样也可以用来研究其他语系的语言。

应用这种方法研究汉语的中古音系已经取得了丰硕的成果。

?? 2．词语的替换即改变某类现实现象的名称，换一种说法。

这也是词汇演变中的一种常见现象。

引起词语替换的原因可能是社会方面的，如“邮差”改为“邮递员”、“戏子”改为“演员”等就是由于人们的社会意识的改变而替换的，而“目”改为“眼睛”则是由于现代汉语词汇双音化这一语言系统内部原因造成的。

3．词义的演变词义的演变是指词的形式不变而意义发生了变化。

引起词义变化的因素很多，如“布”，古代只指麻织物，而今天则是棉、麻、化纤织物及混纺织物的统称，这是由于现实现象的变化而引起的词义变化。

再如“虹”，古人认为它是一种有生命的虫，能饮水，而今天人们则认识到“虹”是由于阳光照在水滴上，经折射、反射、衍射而形成在雨幕或雾幕上的彩色圆弧，是一种天气现象。

这是由于人们对现实现象认识的发展而引起的词义的变化。

词义的演变，从其演变的结果来看，新义不外是旧义的扩大、缩小和转移三种情况4．词义的扩大一个词的意义，如果演变后所概括反映的现实现象的范围比原来的大，这就是词义的扩大。

如汉语中的“江、河”，原专指长江、黄河，现指所有的江河；“皮”原专指野兽的皮，现则泛指皮肤，这些都是词义的扩大。

5．词义的缩小一个词的意义，如果演变后所概括反映的现实现象的范围比原来的小，这就是词义的缩小。

如“丈人”，原指年长的男子，现专指妻子的父亲；“臭”原指一切好闻和难闻的气味，现则只指臭味，这些都是词义的缩小。

合作与竞争英语作文

Cooperation and CompetitionWhich is more important in life, cooperating with others, or selecting competition? The answer may vary from person to person. For many people, to work with other people can increase working efficiency. They can also improve their ability of communication through the teamwork. However, large numbers of people do not agree. They like working alone and competing with others. In my opinion, I think cooperation is more important than competition in modern life.It is true that the modern society is a highly competitive society, but it also needs social cooperation. It helps bring individual abilities into full play and makes up for each other’s inadequacy. As an old saying goes, “Two heads are better than one.”Cooperation is especially necessary because we can not achieve anything if there are only competition and no cooperation in many cases. So if we are good at cooperating, we will be able to figure out a way to success more easily. What about the competition? Competition helps enhance individual abilities. It makes people creative. Without competition, people would create nothing. They would feel satisfied with their present condition.Competition is beneficial to the society to discover best use of talents. However, it has some disadvantages.Competition easily causes deterioration of interpersonal relationship. It makes people more selfish and narrow. Also many people feel pressure under competition and do not know what to do.Apart from these, cooperation and competition are both essential to people. They are equally necessary for a person to achieve success in his or her future life. But I prefer cooperation to competition in daily life.（素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。

全面的三人合作协定英文版

全面的三人合作协定英文版Comprehensive Three-Person Collaboration AgreementThis document outlines the terms and conditions of a collaboration agreement between three parties. The agreement aims to establish clear guidelines for the collaboration process and ensure the smooth execution of tasks and responsibilities.Parties InvolvedThe three parties involved in this collaboration agreement are [Party A], [Party B], and [Party C]. Each party brings unique skills and resources to the collaboration, with the goal of achieving mutual benefits and success.Purpose of CollaborationThe main objective of this collaboration is to leverage the strengths of each party to achieve common goals. By working together, the partiesaim to enhance their capabilities, expand their networks, and create opportunities for growth and development.Responsibilities of Each Party1. [Party A] will be responsible for [specific tasks or duties].2. [Party B] will be responsible for [specific tasks or duties].3. [Party C] will be responsible for [specific tasks or duties].Decision-Making ProcessDecisions within the collaboration will be made through consensus among the three parties. Any major decisions that affect the collaboration as a whole will require the agreement of all parties involved.Communication and ReportingRegular communication and reporting mechanisms will be established to ensure transparency and accountability within the collaboration. Each party will provide updates on their progress, challenges, and achievements to keep the others informed.Duration of CollaborationThis collaboration agreement will remain in effect for [duration] unless terminated earlier by mutual agreement or due to unforeseen circumstances. At the end of the collaboration period, the parties may choose to renew or extend the agreement based on the outcomes and benefits achieved.Confidentiality and Intellectual PropertyAll parties agree to maintain the confidentiality of any sensitive information shared during the collaboration and to respect each other's intellectual property rights. Any disputes or concerns regarding confidentiality or intellectual property will be resolved amicably through discussion and negotiation.Termination of AgreementIn the event that one party wishes to terminate the collaboration agreement, they must provide written notice to the other parties with a specified notice period. The parties will work together to ensure a smooth transition and the completion of any ongoing tasks or projects.Governing LawThis collaboration agreement shall be governed by the laws of [Jurisdiction]. Any disputes or legal issues arising from the agreement will be resolved through arbitration or mediation, as agreed upon by the parties.This document represents a comprehensive overview of the three-person collaboration agreement and sets out the framework for successful cooperation and partnership among the parties involved.。

Cooperation and__ implicature(1)

• 1. Implicature and implication
– „Implication‟ (from „imply‟) more often used in formal logic:
• to be captured by semantic „rules‟ in formal logic, but has to be explicated in other ways.
– The film almost won/came close to winning an Oscar. – +>The film is not good enough – +>The film is good enough
– Non-conventionality
• Conversational implicatures are based upon, but not carried by, the propositional content of the uttered sentence; • Conversational implicatures, though dependent on the saying of what is coded, are non-coded in nature; • They rely on what is said but are not part of what is said. • They are associated with speaker or utterance but not proposition or sentence. • Examples:
– Jack: Would you like to invite me up to a coffee? – Jane: Oh…I‟m afraid the place is in a terrible mess. – Jack1: I‟ve got some trouble with my contract with the bank. Can your father help me? – Jack2: Your dog is seriously ill. Why not ask your father for help? – Jane: He is a lawyer.

英语语言学复习资料

英语语言学复习资料注: 1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题.2.未标习题的章节为一般了解.Chapter 1Language and Linguistics: An Overview1.1 What is language?1.2 Features of human languages(i) Creativity (or productivity)Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language._________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A. DualityB. ArbitrarinessC. CreativityD. Displacement(ii) Duality( ) Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing. (iii) Arbitrariness( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.(iv) Displacement( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.(v) Cultural transmission(vi) Interchangeability(vii) Reflexivity1.3 Functions of language(i) The ideational function(ii) The interpersonal function(iii) The textual functionWhich of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated byM.A.K. Halliday?A.Ideational functionB. Interpersonal functionC．Textual function. D. Logical function1.4 Types of language( ) Chinese is an agglutinating language.1.5 The myth of language: language origin1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language1.6.1 Linguistics as a science1.6.2 Branches of linguistics(i) Intra-disciplinary divisions(ii) Inter-disciplinary divisions1.6.3 Features of modern linguisticsChapter 2 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds2.1 The study of speech soundsThe study of speech sounds is called ________.A. PhoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. PhonologyD. Acoustic Phonetics2.2 The sound-producing mechanism2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech sounds2.3.1 Unit of representation2.3.2 Phonetic symbols2.4 Description of English consonants2.5 Description of English vowels( ) Not all vowels are voiced.2.6 Phonetic features and natural classesI. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. (10%) Example: vowel front high [i:]1．bilabial nasal2．voiced labiovelar glide3．literal liquid4．voiced bilabial stop5．front high laxII. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it. (10%)Example: heat [i:] vowel front high1．write2．actor3．city4．worry1．yesChapter 3 Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns( ) The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.3.2 Phonemes and allophones3.3 Discovering phonemes3.3.1 Contrastive distributionSip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.A. minimal pairsB. minimal setsC. allophonesD. phomes3.3.2 Complimentary distribution( ) The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop? (10%)3.3.3 Free Variation( ) If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.3.3.4 The discovery procedure3.4 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features3.5 Phonological rules3.6 Syllable structureEvery syllable has a(n) _______, which is usually a vowel.A. onsetB. nucleusC. codaD. rhyme3.7 Sequence of phonemes3.8 Features above segments3.8.1 Stress3.8.2 Intonation3.8.3 Tone( ) Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features?B.Stress B. IntonationC. ToneD. Syllable3.8.4 The functioning of stress and intonation in EnglishI.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? (10%)Column I Column IIa. a bluebird a blue birdb. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeperII.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. (10%)1. Those who went there quickly made a fortune.2. A woman murdererChapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure4.1 Words and word structure1.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexiconD. Morpheme4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language4.3 Classification of morphemes4.3.1 Free and bound morphemes( ) In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only onemorpheme.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four4.3.2. Inflectional and derivational morphemes4.4 Formation of English words4.4.1 Derivation4.4.2 Compounding( ) The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds. ( ) A greenbottle is a type of bottle.( ) Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.4.4.3 Other types of English word formationTell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way. (10%)a) flub) OPECc) Nobeld)televisee) better (v.)_____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A. ClippingB. BlendingC. EponymD. ConversionChapter 5 Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure5.1 Grammaticality5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure5.3 Different approaches to syntax5.4 Transformational-generative grammar5.4.1 The goal of a TG grammar5.4.2 Syntactic categories5.4.3 Phrase structure rules5.4.4 Tree diagramsDraw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence. (10%)Pat found a book on Wall Street.5.4.5 Recursion and the infinitude of language5.4.6 Subcategorization of the lexicon5.4.7 Transformational rules5.5 Systemic-functional grammar5.5.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice5.5.2 The three metafunctions5.5.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experienceMaterial processesRelational processesMental processesVerbal processesBehavioral processesExistential processesIdentify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences. (10%)1. John washed the car.2. John likes the car.5.5.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction5.5.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization of message Chapter 6 Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning6.1 The study of meaning6.2 Reference and sense6.2.1 Reference6.2.2 Sense6.3 Classification of lexical meaningsBoth pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.A. collocativeB. socialC. affectiveD. reflected6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning6.3.2 Types of associative meaning6.4 Lexical sense relations6.4.1 Synonymy6.4.2 Antonymy6.4.3 Homonymy6.4.4 Polysemy6.4.5 HyponymyExplain the relation between bank1(the side of a river) and bank2(the financial institute). (5%)6.5. Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis6.6 Words and concepts6.6.1 Categorization6.6.2 Prototypes6.6.3 Hierarchies6.7 Semantic relations of sentencesTell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.(15%)a)My uncle is male.b)The spinster is married.c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.6.8 Metaphors6.8.1 From rhetorical device to cognitive device6.8.2 The components of metaphors6.8.3 Features of metaphorsChapter 7 Pragmatics: Analysis of Meaning in Context7.1 The pragmatic analysis of meaning7.2 Deixis and reference7.3 Speech ActsWhat are the three dimensions that a speech act consists of?7.4 Cooperation and implicatureWhat are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?7.5 The politeness principle7.6 The principle of relevance7.7 Conversational structure______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.A．Adjacency pairs B. Turn-talkingC．Preferred second parts D. Insertion sequencesChapter 8 Language in Social Contexts8.1 Sociolinguistic study of languageHow do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?8.2 Varieties of a language1. ______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”A. RegisterB. FieldC. ModeD. Tenor2. British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.A. functionalB. socialC. regionalD. standard8.3 Grades of formality8.4 Languages in contactHow do you distinguish pidgin from Creole?8.5 Taboos and euphemisms8.6 Language and culture8.7. Communicative competenceChapter 9 Second Language Acquisition9.1 What is second language acquisition?In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.A. telegraphicB. two-wordC. holophrasticD. babbling9.2 Factors affecting SLA9.3 Analyzing learners' language_____ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.A. MetalanguageB. InterlanguageC. SignD. Esperanto9.4 Explaining second language acquisitionChapter 10 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching10.1 Foreign language teaching as a system10.2 Contribution of linguistics: applications and implications10.3 Linguistic underpinning of syllabus design10.4 Method as integration of theory and practice10.5 Linguistics in the professional development of language teachers[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

合作与竞争英语作文

合作与竞争英语作文Cooperation and Competition。

Cooperation and competition are two concepts that are often used in our daily lives. They are both important in achieving success, but they have different effects on individuals and society. In this essay, I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cooperation and competition.Cooperation is the process of working together to achieve a common goal. It requires individuals to put aside their personal interests and work towards a shared objective. Cooperation can be beneficial in many ways. Firstly, it can lead to increased productivity and efficiency. When people work together, they can share their skills and knowledge, which can lead to better results. Secondly, cooperation can create a sense of unity and belonging. When people work towards a common goal, theyfeel a sense of camaraderie and purpose. This can boost morale and motivation. Thirdly, cooperation can lead to thedevelopment of new ideas and innovations. When people collaborate, they can come up with new and creativesolutions to problems.However, cooperation also has its disadvantages. One of the biggest drawbacks is that it can be time-consuming. When people work together, they need to communicate and coordinate their efforts, which can take a lot of time and effort. Secondly, cooperation can lead to groupthink. When people work in a group, they may be reluctant to voicetheir own opinions and ideas, which can lead to a lack of diversity and creativity. Finally, cooperation can create a sense of dependency. When people work together, they may become reliant on each other, which can lead to a lack of individual initiative and responsibility.Competition, on the other hand, is the process ofstriving to be better than others. It requires individualsto work hard and push themselves to achieve their goals. Competition can be beneficial in many ways. Firstly, it can lead to increased motivation and drive. When people compete, they are more likely to work hard and strive for excellence.Secondly, competition can lead to innovation and progress. When people compete, they are forced to come up with newand better ways of doing things. Finally, competition can lead to the development of new skills and abilities. When people compete, they are pushed to learn and improve themselves.However, competition also has its disadvantages. One of the biggest drawbacks is that it can be stressful and exhausting. When people compete, they may feel a constant pressure to perform, which can lead to burnout and anxiety. Secondly, competition can create a sense of isolation and loneliness. When people compete, they may become focused on their own goals and ignore the needs and feelings of others. Finally, competition can lead to a lack of cooperation and collaboration. When people compete, they may be reluctantto share their knowledge and skills with others, which can lead to a lack of progress and development.In conclusion, both cooperation and competition have their advantages and disadvantages. While cooperation can lead to increased productivity, unity, and creativity, itcan also be time-consuming, lead to groupthink, and create a sense of dependency. Similarly, while competition can lead to increased motivation, innovation, and skill development, it can also be stressful, create a sense of isolation, and lead to a lack of cooperation. Ultimately, the key is to find a balance between the two and use them in a way that benefits individuals and society as a whole.。

会话含义新解

Quality Saturday” “I do not want to join you for the picnic on
e.g.(3) A: How did the math exam go today, Jonnie? B: We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.
New interpretations of conversational implicature 会话含义新解
会话含义的动态性语境是动态的，会话含义不是一成不变的，随着会话的进展，说话人可能修补自己已经说出的话语（Schegloff， Jeffereson ＆ Sacks1977)，取消原来可能存在的会话含义（Grice,1989)；听话人也不是完全被动的，听话人随听随想，主动参与会话，可以插话，改变会话进程，听话人的正常回应更为其提供了改变会话结果的机会。会话是由说话人和听话人共同构建的，其结果不是单方面能确ntity quality the maxim of
relation
manner
Conversational implicature
According to Grice, only when a maxim is “flouted” does conversational implicature occur. Flouting a maxim means violating it blatantly, i.e. both the speaker and the hearer are aware of the violation. Definition: An additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle.

关于合作的议论作文英语

关于合作的议论作文英语Cooperation is an essential aspect of human interaction and progress. It allows individuals, organizations, and even countries to work together towards a common goal, leading to greater efficiency, innovation, and success. In this essay, we will explore the importance of cooperation, its benefits, and how it can be fostered and maintained.Cooperation can take many forms, from simple everyday interactions to complex international alliances. At its core, cooperation involves individuals or groups coming together to achieve a shared objective. This can be seen in various aspects of life, such as teamwork in the workplace, collaborative research in academia, or diplomatic negotiations between nations.The benefits of cooperation are numerous. By pooling resources, knowledge, and skills, individuals and groups can achieve more than they could on their own. For example, in a business setting, employees who work together effectively can accomplish tasks more quickly and with better quality than if they were working independently. Likewise, countries that cooperate on issues such as trade,security, and environmental protection can create mutual benefits and avoid conflicts.In addition to achieving specific goals, cooperation also fosters a sense of community and belonging. When individuals work together towards a common purpose, they often develop strong bonds and a shared sense of identity. This can lead to increased morale, motivation, and satisfaction, as well as a greater sense of trust and support among participants.There are also broader societal benefits to cooperation. By working together, individuals and groups can address complex challenges that no single entity could solve alone. This can lead to societal progress and innovation in areas such as healthcare, education, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, cooperation can help to build bridges across cultural, political, and social divides, leading to greater understanding and harmony.However, fostering and maintaining cooperation is not always easy. It requires effective communication, trust, and a willingness to compromise and collaborate. In some cases, conflicting interests, misunderstandings, or powerimbalances can hinder cooperation and lead to conflict. Therefore, it is important to actively promote cooperation through education, dialogue, and the creation of inclusive and equitable systems and structures.One way to promote cooperation is through the development of strong interpersonal and intergroup relationships. This can be achieved through team-building activities, conflict resolution training, and the creation of inclusive and diverse communities. By fostering positive relationships and a sense of belonging, individuals and groups are more likely to work together effectively and harmoniously.Another important factor in promoting cooperation is the creation of clear and inclusive communication channels. By ensuring that all parties have a voice and are able to express their needs and concerns, misunderstandings and conflicts can be avoided or resolved more easily. This can be achieved through open dialogue, active listening, and the creation of transparent and participatory decision-making processes.In conclusion, cooperation is essential for human progress and well-being. It allows individuals, organizations, and societies to achieve common goals,foster a sense of community, and address complex challenges. By promoting effective communication, trust, and inclusive relationships, cooperation can be fostered and maintained, leading to greater success and harmony for all involved.合作是人类互动和进步的一个重要方面。

合作和创新英文作文

合作和创新英文作文英文：Cooperation and innovation are two important factors that contribute to success in various fields. In my personal experience, I have found that both cooperation and innovation are necessary for achieving goals and making progress.Cooperation is essential for achieving success in any project or endeavor. Working with others allows for the sharing of ideas, resources, and skills, which can lead to more efficient and effective solutions. When individuals work together towards a common goal, they are able to achieve more than they would be able to alone. In addition, cooperation can also foster a sense of community and support, which can be beneficial for morale and motivation.Innovation is also crucial for success, as it allowsfor new and creative solutions to problems. Whenindividuals think outside the box and come up with unique ideas, they are able to find solutions that may not have been possible otherwise. Innovation can also lead to improvements in existing processes and products, which can ultimately lead to greater success and profitability.While cooperation and innovation are both important, they are not mutually exclusive. In fact, they often go hand in hand. When individuals work together and share ideas, they are able to build on each other's strengths and come up with more innovative solutions. Similarly, when individuals are encouraged to think creatively and come up with new ideas, they are more likely to be receptive to working with others and collaborating on projects.For example, in my previous job as a marketing manager,I worked with a team of designers and copywriters to createa new advertising campaign for our company. Through collaboration and brainstorming sessions, we were able to come up with a unique and innovative concept thatultimately led to increased sales and brand recognition. Without the cooperation and shared ideas of the team, wewould not have been able to achieve such success.In summary, both cooperation and innovation are important for success in any field. By working together and encouraging creativity, individuals and teams can achieve greater success and make progress towards their goals.中文：合作和创新是在各个领域取得成功的两个重要因素。

合作型社会和竞争型社会英语作文

合作型社会和竞争型社会英语作文Cooperative Societies vs Competitive SocietiesHi there! Today I want to talk about two different kinds of societies – cooperative ones and competitive ones. These are big ideas, but I'll try my best to explain them in a way that makes sense.Let's start with cooperative societies. In these kinds of societies, everyone works together and helps each other out. It's kind of like being on a sports team – you all have the same goal, and you work as a team to achieve it. Nobody is trying to be better than anyone else; you just want the whole team to win.In a cooperative society, people share things and help each other. If someone needs something, others will lend a hand without expecting anything back. It's all about being kind, caring, and looking out for one another. People cooperate on big projects that are good for the whole community, like building parks or cleaning up neighborhoods.My parents always tell me that it's important to cooperate and be a good team player at school. When we do group projects, we all have to work together, listen to each other's ideas, and make sure nobody gets left out or feels left behind. Bycooperating, we can create something better than any one of us could do alone. It's awesome when it all comes together!Cooperative societies sound pretty great, right? Well, competitive societies are quite different. In these kinds of societies, everybody is kind of competing against each other. It's like a big race or game where everyone wants to be the winner, the best, the one who comes out on top.In a competitive society, people are always trying to get ahead of others. They want to have more money, better jobs, nicer stuff than the people around them. There's a lot of rivalry and one-upping going on. If someone does well at something, others might get jealous instead of being happy for them.My dad works really hard at his job because he has to compete with his coworkers to get raises and promotions. He says it motivates him to work his hardest, but it also causes him a lot of stress. At my school, some kids compete to get better grades than each other. I find that kind of disappointing because it makes it harder for us to just be friends and have fun learning together.I guess competitive societies can drive people to keep working harder to outdo each other. But they can also cause Arguments, hard feelings, and people feeling inadequate if theycan't keep up. There's a lot of looking out for 'number one' instead of caring about the greater good.So those are the basic ideas behind cooperative societies and competitive societies. Which one is better? Well, I think there are good things about both. A little bit of friendly competition now and then can inspire people to push themselves. But too much competition causes problems. Hopefully, we can find a good balance and remember to cooperate more than we compete.The world is a big, complicated place with lots of different societies and communities. Some are more cooperative while others are more competitive. I think the healthiest mix has:People cooperating on things that are important for everyone, like taking care of the environment or making sure everyone has enough food and shelterA little bit of competition that motivates self-improvement, but not so much that it makes us mean to each otherLots of sharing, generosity, kindness, and looking out for our friends and neighborsWhen everyone works together towards positive goals while still allowing room for individual growth, amazing things canhappen! We can create communities that are happy, productive, and good for all. I'll do my part to be a caring cooperative team player. If we all work on it together, we can make this world an even more awesome place!。

新发展理念及其内在联系

新发展理念及其内在联系英文回答：The new development concept refers to the guiding principles and strategies proposed by the Chinese government to promote sustainable and inclusive development. It was first put forward by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2015 and has since become a key policy framework in China.The new development concept is based on the idea of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development. These five dimensions are interconnected and mutually reinforcing, forming the internal linkages of the concept.Innovative development emphasizes the importance of technological innovation and the promotion of scientificand technological progress. It encourages the developmentof emerging industries and the adoption of new technologies to drive economic growth. For example, China's focus ondeveloping artificial intelligence and renewable energy technologies is an example of innovative development.Coordinated development highlights the need to balance economic, social, and environmental development. It aims to bridge regional disparities and promote integrated development across different sectors. An example of coordinated development is the implementation of regional development strategies, such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development plan.Green development emphasizes the importance of environmental protection and the transition to a low-carbon economy. It promotes sustainable resource utilization and the reduction of pollution. China's efforts to reduce air pollution and promote renewable energy are examples of green development.Open development focuses on promoting international cooperation and opening up to the global economy. It encourages the participation in global governance and the establishment of a fair and inclusive internationaleconomic order. The Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to enhance connectivity and cooperation between countries, is an example of open development.Shared development emphasizes the need to reduce income inequality and promote social inclusiveness. It aims to ensure that the benefits of development are shared by all members of society. Poverty alleviation programs and social welfare reforms are examples of shared development.中文回答：新发展理念是中国政府提出的一种促进可持续和包容性发展的指导原则和战略。

语用学cooperation-and-implicature

Cooperative principle
The philosopher Paul Grice proposed that all speakers, regardless of their cultural background, adhere to a basic principle governing conversation which he termed The Cooperative Principle. That is we assume that in a conversation the participants will cooperate with each other when making their contributions
e.g. My st circumstances this kind of cooperation is only the starting point for making sense of what is said.
e. g. In the middle of their lunch hour, one woman asks another how she likes the hamburger she is eating, and receives the answer as the following:
Linda: You look very pleased with your self. Jean: I’ve done the reading lists.
Phil: His garden looks awful. Terry: Well, Steve’s got those dogs now.
Cooperation and implicature

cooperationandcompetition英语作文

Competition and Cooperation竞争与合作Competition is a common phenomenon in our social life. We compete when we play games, we try to do better than others in our study, and thereis constant competition for jobs, fame, wealth and so forth. We can say that, in a certain sense, competition is one of the motive forces of the development of the society.We often find competition and cooperation at the same time. Think of a football game. During the game, one team is competing against the other, but each member of the team must cooperate with his teammates. Otherwise, they would lose the game however skilled every individual player might be.While advocating competition, we must not forget cooperation. In modern society, cooperation is especially necessary because except for a few craftsmen and artists, most work is fulfilled with and through other people. In many cases, we can not achieve anything if there are only competition and no cooperation.2014/6/5 21:36:18汪传坤 2014/6/5 21:36:18On competition and cooperation（辨证关系题材）When it comes to competition and cooperation, some people always emphasize competition but neglect cooperation.Their reasons run as following: to begin with, they believe only competition can help them defeat their counterparts; in addition, they think competition is the only way to lead to success.But some others hold different opinion. They think cooperation is as important as competition. They base their opinion on the following reasons:on one hand, cooperation can build trust between each other and help to bring long-term relationship;on another hand, cooperation can turn a small and weak business into a big and strong one.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that both competition and cooperation are essential to success and thus should be emphasized at the same time.竞争和合作英语作文]competition and cooperation（竞争与合作）When it comes to competition and cooperation, some people always emphasize competition but neglect cooperation.Their reasons run as following: to begin with, they believe only competition can help them defeat their counterparts; in addition, they think competition is the only way to lead to success.But some others hold different opinion. They think cooperation is as important as competition. They base their opinion on the following reasons: on one hand, cooperation can build trust between each other and help to bring long-term relationship; on another hand, cooperation can turn a small and weak business into a big and strong one.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that both competition and cooperation are essential to success and thus should be emphasized at the same time. Competition is FunChairman Mao once made a famous remark about competition, To battle with God is great fun! To battle with Earth is great fun! To battle with people is great fun! His words, although seeming a bit too aggressive, have illustrated that competition is never regarded as something formidable by a petition exists throughout the evolution of nature and everyone’s life. Creatures compete to survive the merciless environment, eliminating weaker ones; Nations in the worldcompete for resources and power, and whichever fallen behind is beaten. As for individuals, ever since the very first day of our lives, we are forced into a competition with thousands of others around us, including taking examinations, applying jobs and striving for promotion, the results of which definitely determine our fate. Competition is as real a fact as the air around us that can neither be evaded nor be ignored.Thus, my dear friends, do not fear competition. Accept it and enjoy it. With competition, you grow stronger, and you gain so much precious experience worth remembering of, regardless of what the outcome would be. Without competition, you cease to grow; you become a dead moth sealed in its own petition is a common phenomenon in our society . We compete when we play games, we try to do better than others in our study, and there is constant competition for jobs, fame, wealth and so forth. Therefore,we can say that, in a certain sense, competition is one of the motive forces of the development of our modern society.It is often believed, that competition and cooperation are in opposition to each other. Some people stress competition, without which, in their eyes, there is no responsibility, no drive and ultimately, no progress. Others advocate cooperation whatever they do. They are of the opinion that the dependence of people on one another has increased, without which the society we live in can not keep going smoothly. In reality, we find that in many cases competition goes hand in hand with cooperation. Lets take a football game for example. During the game, one team is competing against the other, but each member of the team must cooperate with his teammates. Otherwise, they would lose the game no matter how skillful each individual player might be. It is clear that competition has much to do with cooperation.As far as I\'m concerned, I do not agree with the view that competition and cooperation are always in conflict with each other. In my opinion, while advocating competition, we should never forget cooperation. In our social life, cooperation is especially necessary because most work is fulfilled with or through other people. So I\'ve come to the conclusion that competition are equally important.Sample Answer:Cooperation and competition are both essential to people. They are equally necessary for a person to achieve success in his or her future life. Butif I must choose one, I would say that competition is more important as, if not important than, cooperation. Competition helps enhance individual abilities. Competition makes people creative. Competition is a product of the development of society and it gives people a sense of the pursuit of excellence. This is people’s inborn nature. Without competition,people would remain idle and have no ambition. Many peopleare fond of competition because it enables them to bring their knowledge or skills into full play. If you want to remain competent in the fierce competition, you have to spend much time reading to make yourself qualified for your present job. Competition is the guarantee of enterprises’existence. They have to produce bette r things. Otherwise, they will have no customers. So in fact they produce better things for their own benefit. At the same time, people’s various requirements can be satisfied and our society can develop as well. Society, through competition, has developed a lot. Fair competition promotes progress and renews the looks of our society. Without competition, people would create nothing. They would feel satisfied with their present condition. With no competition, therefore, there would be no progress.Cooperation is also indispensable for a better life of the people. Cooperation helps bring individual abilities into full play, make up for each。

Cooperation,Coordination,andCollaboration合作，协调，协作

Cooperation, Coordination, and CollaborationAdapted from the works of Martin Blank, Sharon Kagan, Atelia Melaville, and Karen Ray. EssentialElementsCooperation Coordination CollaborationVision and Relationships • Basis for cooperation isusually betweenindividuals but may bemandated by a third party• Organization missions andgoals are not taken intoaccount• Interaction is on an asneeded basis, may lastindefinitely• Individual relationships aresupported by theorganizations they represent• Missions and goals of theindividual organizations arereviewed for compatibility• Interaction is usually aroundone specific project or taskof definable length• Commitment of theorganizations and theirleaders is fully behind theirrepresentatives• Common, new missions andgoals are created• One or more projects areundertaken for longer-termresultsStructure, Responsibilities, and Communication • Relationships areinformal; eachorganization functionsseparately• No joint planning isrequired• Information is conveyedas needed• Organizations involved takeon needed roles, butfunction relativelyindependently of each other• Some project-specificplanning is required• Communication roles areestablished and definitechannels are created forinteraction• New organizational structureand/or clearly defined andinterrelated roles thatconstitute a formal division oflabor are created• More comprehensiveplanning is required thatincludes developing jointstrategies and measuringsuccess in terms of impact onthe needs of those served• Beyond communication rolesand channels for interaction,many “levels” ofcommunication are createdas clear information is akeystone of successAuthority and Accountability • Authority rests solely withindividual organizations• Leadership is unilateraland control is central• All authority andaccountability rests withthe individualorganization which actsindependently• Authority rests with theindividual organizations, butthere is coordination amongparticipants• Some sharing of leadershipand control• There is some shared risk,but most of the authorityand accountability falls tothe individual organizations• Authority is determined bythe collaboration to balanceownership by the individualorganizations withexpediency to accomplishpurpose• Leadership is dispersed, andcontrol is shared and mutual• Equal risk is shared by allorganizations in thecollaborativeResources and Rewards • Resources (staff time,dollars, and capabilities)are separate, serving theindividual organization’sneeds• Resources are acknowledgedand can be made available toothers for a specific project• Rewards are mutuallyacknowledged• Resources are pooled orjointly secured for a longer-term effort that is managedby the collaborative structure• Organizations share in theproducts; more isaccomplished jointly thancould have been individuallyTypes of Collaborative Structures and Ventures•Advisory committees generally respond to organizations or programs by providing suggestions and technical assistance.•Affiliation: A loosely connected system of two or more organizations with a similar interest(s).•Alliances: Formal collaborations whereby organizational decision-making power is shared or transferred and the organizations will continue thealliance for the foreseeable future.•Coalition: An organization of diverse interest groups (usually independent organizations) that combines human and material resources to effect a specific change the members are unable to bring about individually.•Consortia tend to be semi-official, membership organizations. They typically have broad policy-oriented goals and consist of organizations and coalitions as opposed to individuals.•Commissions usually consist of citizens appointed by official bodies.•Co-sponsorship: Two or more organizations share (although not always equally) in providing a program or service.•Endorsement: Providing approval or support of a concept or action already conceptualized or completed by someone else.•Federation/Association: An alliance of member organizations established to centralize common functions.•Joint Venture: A legally formed alliance in which member organizations maintain joint ownership (generally through a joint governance board) to carry out specific tasks or provide specific services•Networks are generally loose-knit groups formed for the purpose of resource and information sharing.•Task forces often come together to accomplish a specific series of activities, often at the request of an overseeing body.Collaboration: What Makes it WorkResearch indicates that the following factors influence the success of collaborations. Which of these factors seem especially pertinent to the Rainier Beach NAC choice about organizational structure?Environment• History of collaboration or cooperation• Collaborative group seen as legitimate leader • Favorable political and social climateMembership Characteristics• Mutual respect, understanding and trust• Appropriate cross-section of members• Members see collaboration as in their self-interest• Ability to compromiseProcess and Structure• Members share a stake in both process and outcome• Multiple layers of participation• Flexibility• Development of clear roles and policy guidelines • Adaptability• Appropriate pace of development Communication• Open and frequent communication• Established informal relationships andcommunication linksPurpose• Concrete, attainable goals and objectives• Shared vision• Unique purposeResources• Sufficient funds, staff, materials and time• Skilled leadership。

10pragmatics语用学

• Eg1 “Dear sir ,Mr’s command of English is excellent,and his attendance at tutorial has been regular .yours”
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Quantity*Quality maxim
• Eg 2 A.Where does C live?
pragmatics
The analysis of meaning in context 1 deixis and refernce指称和照应 2 speech Act theory 言语行为
3 cooperation and implicature 合作原则会话含义 4the politeness principle礼貌原则 5 the principle of relevance关联原则
A Let’s go to movies.
B.I have examination this morning.
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CP ---Cooperative principle
Maxims of CP principle • Quality Maxim质的准则 • 1 Don’t say what you believe to be false. • 2 Don’t say that for which you lack
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performative &statative
• 1 I do. • 2 I name this ship Elizabeth. • 3 I give and bequeath my watch to my
brother. • 4 I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.

《语用学概论》课程授课教案

《语用学概论》课程授课教案一、课程基本信息课程编号：课程中文名称：语用学概论课程英文名称：Pragmatics课程性质：必修□选修□课程类型：公共课□专业基础课□专业课□总学时：32 （其中理论32 学时，实验0 学时，课程设计0 周）总学分：2二、课程地位《语用学》是从语言符号与语言环境关系角度研究话语理解和话语表达规律的学科，对语言研究、语言教学、文字工作以及一般语言文学能力的提高都具有一定的理论价值和实用价值。

本课程通过引导学生注意特定话语在特定语境中的应用，学会研究非语言知识和非语法原则下的话语行为的意义，即在语境中才能确定的意义。

重点关注语言和语言使用者之间的关系，即符号和符号解释者之间的关系。

三、教材及主要参考资料1. Yule George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.2. Peccei Jean Stilwell. Pragmatics. Routledge, 1999/ Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press, 2000.四、课时分配五、考核方式与成绩核定办法1. 考核方式：考试2. 成绩核定办法：平时(30%) + 考试（70%）六、授课方案Lecture 11. Teaching Contents:教学内容2. Teaching Requirements教学要求3. Difficult Points:教学难点4. Teaching Strategies教学策略（包括教学方法与手段、师生活动设计、教育技术应用等内容，5号宋体）5. Preview:教学预习（要求学生预习与本章节内容相关的知识）6. Exercises:习题。

竞争合作是通向成功的必由之路英语作文

竞争合作是通向成功的必由之路英语作文Competing and cooperating are two essential elements that can lead individuals and businesses to success. In today's fiercely competitive world, companies are constantly seeking ways to outdo their rivals and gain a competitive edge. However, it is also crucial for businesses to recognize the importance of cooperation and collaboration in achieving long-term success. By striking the right balance between competition and cooperation, businesses can create a dynamic and thriving ecosystem where everyone can succeed.Competition drives innovation and pushes businesses to strive for excellence. When companies compete with each other, they are forced to continuously improve their products, services, and strategies in order to stay ahead of the game. This not only benefits the companies themselves, but also consumers who are able to enjoy better quality products and services as a result of this intense competition.On the other hand, cooperation allows businesses to leverage each other's strengths and resources to achieve common goals. By forming strategic partnerships and alliances, companies can access new markets, technologies, and expertise that they may not have on their own. Cooperation also fosters asense of trust and mutual respect among partners, which can lead to long-lasting and mutually beneficial relationships.One example of how competition and cooperation can work hand in hand is in the tech industry. Companies like Apple and Samsung fiercely compete with each other in the consumer electronics market, constantly releasing new products and features to lure customers. However, both companies also cooperate with each other in areas such as chip manufacturing and supply chain management, recognizing that they can benefit from each other's expertise and resources.In the business world, it is important for companies to strike the right balance between competition and cooperation. Too much competition can lead to cutthroat practices that harm both businesses and consumers, while too much cooperation can stifle innovation and creativity. Finding the right balance between the two can be a delicate and challenging task, but it is essential for long-term success.Ultimately, competition and cooperation are not mutually exclusive concepts, but rather two sides of the same coin. By embracing both elements and understanding how they can work together to drive success, businesses can create a sustainable and thriving ecosystem where everyone can thrive. As the sayinggoes, "A rising tide lifts all boats". By working together and pushing each other to excel, businesses can achieve greater heights of success than they ever could on their peting and cooperating are two essential elements that can lead individuals and businesses to success. In today's fiercely competitive world, companies are constantly seeking ways to outdo their rivals and gain a competitive edge. However, it is also crucial for businesses to recognize the importance of cooperation and collaboration in achieving long-term success. By striking the right balance between competition and cooperation, businesses can create a dynamic and thriving ecosystem where everyone can succeed.Competition drives innovation and pushes businesses to strive for excellence. When companies compete with each other, they are forced to continuously improve their products, services, and strategies in order to stay ahead of the game. This not only benefits the companies themselves, but also consumers who are able to enjoy better quality products and services as a result of this intense competition.On the other hand, cooperation allows businesses to leverage each other's strengths and resources to achieve common goals. By forming strategic partnerships and alliances,companies can access new markets, technologies, and expertise that they may not have on their own. Cooperation also fosters a sense of trust and mutual respect among partners, which can lead to long-lasting and mutually beneficial relationships.One example of how competition and cooperation can work hand in hand is in the tech industry. Companies like Apple and Samsung fiercely compete with each other in the consumer electronics market, constantly releasing new products and features to lure customers. However, both companies also cooperate with each other in areas such as chip manufacturing and supply chain management, recognizing that they can benefit from each other's expertise and resources.In the business world, it is important for companies to strike the right balance between competition and cooperation. Too much competition can lead to cutthroat practices that harm both businesses and consumers, while too much cooperation can stifle innovation and creativity. Finding the right balance between the two can be a delicate and challenging task, but it is essential for long-term success.Ultimately, competition and cooperation are not mutually exclusive concepts, but rather two sides of the same coin. By embracing both elements and understanding how they can worktogether to drive success, businesses can create a sustainable and thriving ecosystem where everyone can thrive. As the saying goes, "A rising tide lifts all boats". By working together and pushing each other to excel, businesses can achieve greater heights of success than they ever could on their own.。