公共管理硕士(MPA)综合知识英语卷一真题2010年
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及参考答案
Section I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read thc following text．Choose the bcsl word(s)for each numbcred blank．and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)In1924American'National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting__1__workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffect”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato．Accordmg to__5__of the cxpetmems．their．houriy output rose when hghtmg WaSincreased．but also when it was dimmed.It did not__6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed．produchnty rose A(n)__8__that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be__9__t0alterworkers'bchamor__10__uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were__11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic__13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed．__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday,output__16__rose compared with the previous Saturday and__17__to rise for the next couple of days__18__,，a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday,workers__19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before__21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged”Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]exlracted[D]restored2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]Off您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问3.[A]Wuth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof4.[A]conVoversial[B]perplexing[c]mischieous[D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents[B]cxplanalions[C]accounts[D]assements6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work7.[A]as faras[B]for fearthat[C]in casethat[D]so long as8.[A]awarerress[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion9.[A]suitale[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to[B]consistent with[C]parallel with[D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]retiable[D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast[B]For example[C]In consequence[D]As usual16．[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17．[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued20.[A]breaking[B]chrnbing[C]surpassmg[D]hitingSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts．Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1．(40points)Text2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问methods．Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy．One invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a boxNow the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents,which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized10years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case tOconduct a broad review of business-method patents.Inre Bijskl,as the case is known,is“a very big deal”,says Dermis'D Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law．It“has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is1998decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online ter,move established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch.In2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than300business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all12of the court’s judges,rather than a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should“reconsider”its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent st April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for“inventions”that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are“reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court”says Harole C wegner,a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A]their limited value to business[B]their connection with asset allocation您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问[C]the possible restriction on their granting[D]the controversy over authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A]Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B]It involves a very big business transaction[C]It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D]It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)most probably means[A]loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D]change of auiuled29．We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats[A]are immune to legal challenges[B]are of ten unnecessarily issued[C]lower the esteem for pateat holders[D]increase the incidence of risks30．Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents[D]A prevailing tread against business-method patents Text3您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of specialindividuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed,persuasive,or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the"tow-step flow of communication"Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else.Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials,those select people will do most of the work for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they don’t seem to be required of allThe researchers'argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their tendence to be31.By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问[A]analyze the consequences of social epid emics[B]discuss influentials’funcition in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials32.The author suggests that the“two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recenty shows that[A]the power of influence goes with social interactions[B]interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C]influentials have more channels to reach the public{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase“these people”in paragraph4refers to the ones who {A}stay outside the network of social influence{B}have little contact with the source of influence{C}are influenced and then influence others{D}are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?{A}The eageiness to be accepted{B}The impulse to influence others您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问{C}The resdiness to be influenced{D}The inclination to rely on othersText4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind eht scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America;s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changse.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against ehose who”question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls”the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it comletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word”and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued assets.today they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because hteyLargerly reflect the temporary illiquldity of markets,not the likely entent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggeting that investors are akeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the sysytem working again,losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options ang pensions,for example,against hostility interests.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36.Bankers complained that they were forced to您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问[A]follow anfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the dimingishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking syestem[C]the bank’s long-term asset lossers[D]the weakening og its indepentdence38.According to Paragarph4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences[B]evade the pressure from their peers[C]act on their own in ruli-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they[A]mis interpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问[C]objectiveness[D]sympathy Part BDirections:For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed.There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about32percent of total consumption in1995to35percent in2000and is expected to approach38percent by2005.This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by4to5percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of1to2percent.Meanwhile as the recession is looming large,people are getting anxious.They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,lesving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteady tried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whoch appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drinkmarket?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattem will take hold.[D]All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E]Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of same building blocks.Demand comes您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as“horeca”:hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall,Europe’s retail wholesale market,but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F]For example,wholesale food and drink sales come to$268billion in France,Germany,Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in2000-more than40percent of retail sales.Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate.[G]However,none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET2.(10Points)One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuanceWhen one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it.We incert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning pf century songbiras were supppsed to be disappearing.(46)Scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had to be conbmic in order to be walid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ehtic yet.(47)but we have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48)Time was when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on“worthless species”.您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici–minded fpresters they grow too slowty or have a sale vate to pay as imeber crops(49)In europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up;a system of conservation based solely on econominc self-interest is hopelesstly lopsided(50)It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an intemational conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about100words.Do not sign your own name at the end ofthe e"postgraduate association"instead.Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160200words based on the following deawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)ecplain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20points)您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问您所下载的资料来源于弘毅考研资料下载中心获取更多考研资料，请访问Section I Use of English1.A解析：A 项affect 意思是“影响，感动”;B 项achieve 意思是“达成，完成”;C 项extract 意思是“提取，榨出”;D 项restore 是“恢复，重建”.这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itself After several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。
2010考研英语一真题及答案
Section I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read thc following text．Choose the bcsl word(s)for each numbcred blank．and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)In 1924American'National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__workors productivity Instead ，the studies ended__2__giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffect”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato．Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems．their．houriy output rose when hghtmg WaSincreased．but also when it was dimmed.It did not __6__what was done in the expenment.__7__sometmg was changed．produchnty rose A(n)__8__that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0alterworkers'bchamor __10__uself After several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lighting It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed．__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday,output __16__rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__to rise for the next couple of days __18__,，a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday,workers __19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged”Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A]affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2.[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off 默默学2010考研（英语一）真题及答案3.[A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]conVoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6.[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7.[A]as faras [B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11.[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable [D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16．[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17．[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]hitingSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts．Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40points)Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business 默默学methods．Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy．One invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a boxNow the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents,which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized 10years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case tOconduct a broad review of business-method patents.Inre Bijskl,as the case is known,is“a very big deal”,says Dermis'D Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law．It “has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced anexplosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online ter,move established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12of the court’s judges,rather than a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should “reconsider”its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme.Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent st April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions”that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court”says Harole C wegner,a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A]their limited value to business[B]their connection with asset allocation 默默学[C]the possible restriction on their granting[D]the controversy over authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A]Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B]It involves a very big business transaction[C]It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D]It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28.The word “about-face”(Line 1,Paro 3)most probably means[A]loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D]change of auiuled29．We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats[A]are immune to legal challenges[B]are of ten unnecessarily issued[C]lower the esteem for pateat holders[D]increase the incidence of risks30．Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents[D]A prevailing tread against business-method patents Text 3默默学In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of specialindividuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed,persuasive,or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the "tow-step flow of communication"Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else.Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials,those select people will do most of the work for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they don’t seem to be required of allThe researchers'argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simplydon't interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their tendence to be 31.By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to 默默学[A]analyze the consequences of social epid emics[B]discuss influentials’funcition in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recenty shows that[A]the power of influence goes with social interactions[B]interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C]influentials have more channels to reach the public{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4refers to the ones who {A}stay outside the network of social influence{B}have little contact with the source of influence{C}are influenced and then influence others{D}are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?{A}The eageiness to be accepted{B}The impulse to influence others 默默学{C}The resdiness to be influenced{D}The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America;s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changse.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against ehose who ”question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls”theuse of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it comletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong CharlieMcCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word”and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued assets.today they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because htey Largerly reflect the temporary illiquldity of markets,not the likely entent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggeting that investors are akeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the sysytem working again,losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options ang pensions,for example,against hostility interests.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36.Bankers complained that they were forced to 默默学[A]follow anfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the dimingishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking syestem[C]the bank’s long-term asset lossers[D]the weakening og its indepentdence38.According to Paragarph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences[B]evade the pressure from their peers[C]act on their own in ruli-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they [A]mis interpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism 默默学[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed.There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32percent of total consumption in 1995to 35percent in 2000and is expected to approach 38percent by 2005.This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4to 5percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1to 2percent.Meanwhile as the recession is looming large,people are getting anxious.They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,lesving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteady tried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whoch appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drinkmarket?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattem will take hold.[D]All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E]Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of same building blocks.Demand comes 默默学mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”:hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall,Europe’s retail wholesale market,but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F]For example,wholesale food and drink sales come to $268billion in France,Germany,Italy,Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40percent of retail sales.Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate.[G]However,none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E →45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Yourtranslation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10Points)One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuance When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it.We incert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning pf century songbiras were supppsed to be disappearing.(46)Scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had to be conbmic in order to be walid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ehtic yet.(47)but we have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48)Time was when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.默默学Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici –minded fpresters they grow too slowty or have a sale vate to pay as imeber crops (49)In europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up;a system of conservation based solely on econominc self-interest is hopelesstly lopsided(50)It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an intemational conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100words.Do not sign your own name at the end ofthe e"postgraduate association"instead.Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160200words based on the following deawing.In your essay,you should 1)describe the drawing briefly,2)ecplain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20points)默默学Section I Use of English1.A解析：A 项affect 意思是“影响，感动”;B 项achieve 意思是“达成，完成”;C 项extract 意思是“提取，榨出”;D 项restore 是“恢复，重建”.这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。
2010年考研英语一真题与参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.andmark[A] ，[B] ，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise aseries of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant nearChicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers“ Hawthorne productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to theeffect” the e melyxtr influential idea the very__3__to being experimented uponchanged subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lightingwas increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that theywere being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__itselfAfter several decades， the same data were __11__to econometric theanalysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions onrecord，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related tochanges in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__14__interpretation of what happened.__15__， lighting was always changed on aSunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__，acomparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed thatoutput always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few daysof the week in any case， before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. Thissuggests that the alleged“ Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A]affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2.[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3.[A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6.[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7.[A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11.[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiarto 13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A] ，[B] ，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers duringthe past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been theinexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age offorty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticismpublished in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To readsuch books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were oncedeemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews publishedin England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at atime when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered anornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was takenfor granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length aboutthe events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers whowore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could betrusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press. “ So few authors have brains enoug or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, I am tempted to define‘ journalism ’ as ‘ a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are. ’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote forthe Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though,he was also one of England ’ s foremost -classicalmusiccritics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus ’ s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B]English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C]high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterizedby [A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. [C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism[D]Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its -click “”on line payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.Oneinventor patented a technique for lying a box。
2010年全国硕士统考英语(一)真题及答案
2010年全国硕士统考英语（一）真题及答案Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American‟ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, th e extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects‟ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers‟ behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the m ost far-reaching has been the inexorable dec line in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Y et a considerable number of the most signif icant c ollections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of new spaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther rem oved from the unfocused newspaper review spublished in England between the turn of t he 2 0th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts crit icism was consi dered an ornament to the publications in which it appe ared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted tha t the cri tics of major papers woul dwri te in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bern ard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trus ted to know what they were a bout. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ”Newman wrote, “ that I am tempted to define…journalism‟ as …a term of cont empt appl ied by writers who are not read to writers who are‟. ”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays ont he game of cricket. During his l ifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography（1947）became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so ho nored. Y et on ly one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus‟s criticism will enjoy a revi val? The prospect seems remote. Jour nalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern reader shave little use for the ric hly upholstered V icwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before world warⅡwere characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on？[A] It is writers‟ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C]His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days.[B] The lost Horizon in Newspapers.[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism.[D] Prominent Critics in Memory.Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online pa yment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nation‟s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis‟D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that th e case would be heard by all 12 of the court‟s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit‟s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supremeCount that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circu it are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn‟t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information f lows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on so cial epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don‟t seem to be required of all.The researchers‟ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don‟t interact with that many others. Y et it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won‟t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people‟s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”- the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials‟ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people‟s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it‟s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks‟ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America‟s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB‟s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Y et bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely cal ls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank‟s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America‟s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks‟ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB‟s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author‟s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer‟s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe‟s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving Euro pean grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold. [D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may wellexpect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined-France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don‟t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe‟s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate. [G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reapPart CDirections:Read the following text carefullyand then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should bewritten clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on econom ic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Y et these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance. When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46)Scientists ju mped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of adm itting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists som ewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argumentthat predators are members of the community, and that no specialinterest has the right to exte rminate the m f or the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself. Some species of tree have been“read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constit uent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.To sum up: a systemof conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore , and thus eventually to elim inate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.considerable gains.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Y ou are supposed to write for the Postgraduates‟ Associ ation a notice to recruit volunteers for an international c onference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualificationsof applicants and other information which you think is relevant.Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own nam e at the end of the notice. Use "postgraduates‟ Association" instead. （10 points）Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Y ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）参考答案：Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. A2. B3. C4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. C 10. D11. C 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. B16. A 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. DSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)21. B 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. B26. C 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. A31. B 32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C36. A 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. DPart B (10 points)41. B 42. F 43. D 44. G 45. APart C (10 points)46 . 科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据来补救，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制昆虫数量的话，昆虫就会把我们吃光。
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment.__7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down。
2010年考研英语一真题与参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.andmark[A] ，[B] ，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise aseries of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant nearChicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers“ Hawthorne productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to theeffect” the e melyxtr influential idea the very__3__to being experimented uponchanged subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lightingwas increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that theywere being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__itselfAfter several decades， the same data were __11__to econometric theanalysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions onrecord，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related tochanges in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__14__interpretation of what happened.__15__， lighting was always changed on aSunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__，acomparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed thatoutput always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few daysof the week in any case， before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. Thissuggests that the alleged“ Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A]affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2.[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3.[A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6.[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7.[A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11.[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiarto 13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A] ，[B] ，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers duringthe past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been theinexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age offorty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticismpublished in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To readsuch books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were oncedeemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews publishedin England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at atime when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered anornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was takenfor granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length aboutthe events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers whowore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could betrusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press. “ So few authors have brains enoug or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, I am tempted to define‘ journalism ’ as ‘ a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are. ’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote forthe Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though,he was also one of England ’ s foremost -classicalmusiccritics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus ’ s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B]English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C]high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterizedby [A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. [C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism[D]Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its -click “”on line payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.Oneinventor patented a technique for lying a box。
2010年考研英语一真题
Section I Use of EnglishIn 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floorlighting 1 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store. 12 the descriptions on record, nosystematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happed. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1第1题 .1A affectedB achievedC extractedD restored【来源】2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题第1题【答案】A【考点】真题【全站数据】本题共被作答8756次，正确率为83.10%, 易错项为B 【解析】本题为语义辨析题，考察动词。
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extr emely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted t o define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank.and mark［A］，［B］，［C］or[D］on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone—parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect" the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plant。
According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased，but also when it was dimmed。
It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n）__8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers’ behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday，output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off。
2010考研英语一真题+答案解析word版可打印
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studiesended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of what happened. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 大17家to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1.[A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2.[A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3.[A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4.[A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5.[A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6.[A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7.[A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long so8.[A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9.[A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10.[A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11.[A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12.[A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with[C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13.[A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15.[A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence[D] As usual16.[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17.[A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in Englandbetween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors hav e brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define …journalism‟ as …a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‟”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‟s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus‟s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that .[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by .[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers‟ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says HaroldC. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means.[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function ofmedia, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of varia bles relating to people‟s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to .[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials‟ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify pe ople‟s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” .[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that .[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who .[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted.[B]The impulse to influence others.[C]The readiness to be influenced.[D]The inclination to rely on others.Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to .[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in .[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks‟ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to .[A]keep away from political influences[B]evade the pressure from their peers[C]act on their own in rule-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they .[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of .[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated bypotential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail s ales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effectthat insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文选自2009年6月22日The Economist《经济学人》，原文标题是Questioning the Hawthorne Effect(《质疑“霍桑效应”》的文章。
2010年考研英语一真题及-答案解析
2010年考研英语一真题及答案解析第一部分：阅读理解Passage 1题目In the middle of the nineteenth century, the rise of the most influential international. movements- nationalism, liberalism, socialism - led to the broadly held belief that human progress was not only desirable but inevitable. This belief particularly encouraged active programs of social, political, and cultural change during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also contributed to an increased confidence that human beings could understand the natural world and harness its power for human betterment.1. According to the passage, the rise of nationalism, liberalism, and socialismA)was an inevitable result of human progressB)occurred in the middle of the nineteenth centuryC)led to an increased belief in the inevitability ofhuman progressD)encouraged active programs of change答案解析The correct answer is C) led to an increased belief in the inevitability of human progress.The passage states that the rise of nationalism, liberalism, and socialism led to the belief that human progress was not only desirable but inevitable. This indicates that the rise of these movements contributed to an increased belief in the inevitability of human progress.2. According to the passage, the belief in human progress contributed toA)social changeB)political changeC)cultural changeD)all of the above答案解析The correct answer is D) all of the above.The passage states that the belief in human progress encouraged active programs of social, political, and cultural change. This indicates that the belief in human progress contributed to all of these types of change.Passage 2题目Deserts of any kind, as well as other ecologically barren areas such as rock or ice-covered mountains, can be defined as uninhabitable. The definitio n means’ for practical purposes, that people cannot live there without outside support. Nevertheless, deserts are not altogether unattractive as places for human settlement. For example, desert oases and river valleys that have water are attrctive settlement sites. Furthermore, modern technology has made it possible to exploit desert resources, such as oil and minerals. Consequently, many people do live in desert areas. The successful settlement of these strage places, however, requires ingenious adjustments.3. According to the passage, deserts can be defined as uninhabitable becauseA)they lack waterB)they are ecologically barrenC)people cannot live there without outside supportD)they are unattractive as places for settlements答案解析The correct answer is C) people cannot live there without outside support.The passage explicitly states that deserts can be defined as uninhabitable because people cannot live there without outside support. This means that deserts are not capable of supporting human life without assistance.4. The author mentions desert oases and river valleys in order to suggest thatA)deserts are attractive places for settlementB)desert areas have resources that can be exploitedC)modern technology has made desert settlementspossibleD)ingenious adjustments are necessary for desertsettlements答案解析The correct answer is A) deserts are attractive places for settlement.The passage states that desert oases and river valleys with water are attractive settlement sites. This suggests that deserts can be desirable places for human settlement, contradicting the previous statement that deserts are defined as uninhabitable.第二部分：单词翻译1.nationalism - 民族主义2.liberalism - 自由主义3.socialism - 社会主义4.inevitable - 不可避免的5.desirable - 令人向往的6.confidence - 自信心7.harness - 利用8.settlement - 居民点9.barren - 不毛的10.exploit - 开发第三部分：写作题目题目In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the potential benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) in various industries. AI has the ability to automate tasks, make faster and more accurate predictions, and improve overall efficiency. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of AI in three specific industries: healthcare, transportation, and education.第四部分：总结本文主要探讨了2010年考研英语一真题及答案解析。
2010年考研英语一真题
2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and nark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. ②It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity. ③Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.①The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant.②According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. ③It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. ④A (n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.①After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. ②The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.①It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. ②15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. ③When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days.④18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays.⑤Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off.⑥This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected[B] achieved [C] extracted[D] restored2. [A] at[B] up[C] with[D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight[C] act[D] proof4. [A] controversial[B] perplexing [C] mischievous[D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements[B] explanations[C] accounts[D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter[C] indicate[D] work7. [A] as far as[B] for fear that[C] in case that[D] so long as8. [A] awareness[B] expectation[C] sentiment[D] illusion9. [A] suitable[B] excessive[C] enough[D] abundant10. [A] about[B] for[C] on[D] by11. [A] compared[B] shown[C] subjected[D] conveyed12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with[C] Parallel with[D] Peculiar to13. [A] evidence[B] guidance[C] implication[D] source14. [A] disputable[B] enlightening[C] reliable[D] misleading15. [A] In contrast[B] For example[C] In consequence[D] As usual16. [A] duly[B] accidentally[C] unpredictably[D] suddenly17. [A] failed[B] ceased[C] started[D] continued18. [A] Therefore[B] Furthermore[C] However[D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted[B] tended[C] chose [D] intended20. [A] breaking[B] climbing[C] surpassing[D] hittingSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. ⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.①Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote. ③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2①Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. ② received one for its “one-click” online payment system. ③Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. ④One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.①Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. ②In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. ③In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. ④It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”①Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. ②That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. ③Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. ④In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. ⑤Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.①The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. ②The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.①The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. ②Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. ③The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to businesses.[B] their connection with asset allocation.[C] the possible restriction on their granting.[D] the controversy over their authorization.27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Para. 3) most probably means[A] loss of goodwill.[B] increase of hostility.[C] change of attitude.[D] enhancement of dignity.29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges.[B] are often unnecessarily issued.[C] lower the esteem for patent holders.[D] increase the incidence of risks.30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.Text 3①In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. ②The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication” : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. ②Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. ③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. ④In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. ⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.①In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. ②In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.①The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of afew celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. ②Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. ③For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. ④If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.①Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. ②They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” —the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics.[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas.[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics.[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems.[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends.[C] has won support from influentials.[D] requires solid evidence for its validity.33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions.[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public.[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence.[B] have little contact with the source of influence.[C] are influenced and then influence others.[D] are influenced by the initial influential.35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted.[B] The impulse to influence others.[C] The readiness to be influenced.[D] The inclination to rely on others.Text 4①Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. ②Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters. ③Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. ④These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.①Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. ②The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. ③And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. ④After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. ⑤These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. ⑥Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who question our motives. ⑦Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls the use of judgment by management.①European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. ②The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. ③Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real world and the Europe could yet develop different rules.①It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. ②Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. ③The truth will not be known for years. ④But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. ⑤And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.①To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. ②America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. ③Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. ④The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility interests. ⑤But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.[B] collect payments from third parties.[C] cooperate with the price managers.[D] re-evaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management.[B] the revival of the banking system.[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses.[D] the weakening of its independence.38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators.[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets.[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness.[D] sympathy.Part BDirections:For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food anddrink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailershungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not.The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale,existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and theUnited Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as moreEuropeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers andexisting wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an internationalconference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead. (10 points) Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2010年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank.and mark［A］，［B］，［C］or[D］on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone—parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect" the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plant。
According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased，but also when it was dimmed。
It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n）__8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers’ behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday，output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off。
2010年考研英语一真题答案及解析
12.[A] Contrary to 与……相反
[B] Consistent with 与……一致
[C] Parallel with 与……平行
[D] Peculiar to 是……特有的；是……独有的
【答案】 A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+短语辨析
【解析】根据本空之前的句子，“霍桑实验还有另外一个让人意想不到的结果”得知，下面所说的内容应该是
所以 D 也不符合题意。而 end up doing sth.表示“最终达到某种状态或采取某种行动（尤指经过一个漫长的过程）”。
填入空白处后，句子的意思为：这些研究最终以得到一个被冠之以“霍桑效应”的结论而告终。故本题选 B。
3.[A] truth 事实
[B] sight 景象；视觉；视野 [C] act 行为；做法；行动 [D] proof 证据；证明
[B] (end) up 最终成为/达到 [C] (end ) with 以……结束
[D] (end) off 完结；完成
【答案】B
【考点】动词搭配
【解析】首先可排除 A，因为 end 和 at 不能形成固定搭配；end with 意为“以……告终”，后常接名词或名词词组，
比如 Life does not end with death，故排除 C；end 与 off 连用时，结构为 end sth. off“妥当或顺利地结束某事物”，
subject’s behavior；of being experimented upon 作本题所填词的定语。根据上下文的语义可知，C 为本题正确答
案。本题所在的部分大意为：这个十分具有影响力的结论认为，仅仅是被试验这一行为就足以使实验客体的表
现发生变化。其它三项，从语法上都能与 of being experimented upon 连用，但放入空中语义不通，故 C 为正确
2010年考研英语一真题及答案
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points).In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone -parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting____1____ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended____2____ giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influentialidea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the ____4____ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to ____5____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ____6____ what was done in the experiment;____7____something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) ____8____ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9____ to alter workers' behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were ____11____ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store ____12____the descriptions on record, no systematic ____13____ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to ____14____ interpretation of what happed. ____15____, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output ____16____rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17to rise for the next couple of days. ____18____, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers____19____ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before____20____ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1.[A] affected[B] achieved[C] extracted[D] restored2.[A] at[B] up[C] with[D] off3.[A] truth[B] sight[C] act[D] proof4.[A] controversial[B] perplexing[C] mischievous[D] ambiguous5.[A] requirements[B] explanations[C] accounts[D] assessments6.[A] conclude[B] matter[C] indicate[D] work7.[A] as far as[B] for fear that[C] in case that[D] so long as8.[A] awareness[B] expectation[C] sentiment[D] illusion9.[A] suitable[B] excessive[C] enough[D] abundant10.[A] about[B] for[C] on[D] by11.[A] compared[B] shown[C] subjected[D] conveyed12.[A] contrary to[B] consistent with[C] parallel with[D] peculiar to13.[A] evidence[B] guidance[C] implication[D] source14.[A] disputable[B] enlightening[C] reliable[D] misleading15.[A] In contrast[B] For example[C] In consequence [D] As usual16.[A] duly[B] accidentally[C] unpredictably[D] suddenly17.[A] failed[B] ceased[C] started[D] continued20.[A] breaking[B] climbing[C] surpassing[D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English -language newspapers during the pastquarter-century, perhaps the most far -reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope andseriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty toimagine a time when high -quality arts criticism could be found in most big -city newspapers. Yet aconsiderable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th centuryconsisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact thattheir learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general -circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in Englandbetween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt -cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which itappeared. In those far -off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers wouldwrite in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and eventhose reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, andwere proud to be published in the daily press.“ So few authors have brains enough or literary giftenough to keep their own end up in journalism, Newman” wrote, “ thatI am tempted to define‘ journalism’ as‘ a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as awriter of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englandforemost classical -music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became abest-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his booksis now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’ s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use forthe richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur traditionin music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big -city newspapers.[B]English -language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C]high -quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes. [B] casual style. [C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. [C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one -click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business -method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual -property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is"a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about -face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual -fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued morethan 300 business -method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti -patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A]Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B]It involves a very big business transaction[C]It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D]It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about -face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business -method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business -method patents[B] Protection for business -method patent holders [C]A legal case regarding business -method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business -method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well -connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two -step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever itis before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the ideathat only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with theexception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who,according to the two -step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing theirfriends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected,must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initialinfluential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential proveresistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the cascade ofchange won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied thedynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulatinga number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"widespread propagation of influence through networks–is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or abrand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential anindividual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available topropagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intendsto [A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention[A]stay outside the network of social influence[B]have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard -setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, revivingthe banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long -term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives."Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's newplan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long -term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule -setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets [C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness [D] sympathyPart BDirections: For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)[A]The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a yearrecession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold ontheir purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leavingEuropean grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have alreadytried e- commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears tobe just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what tobuy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of bothdomestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D]All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply theirscale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics,and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may wellexpect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closerinspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in theircustomer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individualfood and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they canidentify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseatsmaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closelyexamined — France, Germany, Italy, and Spain — are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom -and-pop grocery stores which, unlikelarge retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators thatcater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snackmachines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in thetrade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food anddrink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when addedtogether, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany,Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the foodservice sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in thecompetitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalersto consolidate.[G]However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→ E →45Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) butwe have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter ofintrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish -eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the healthof game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics -minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers foran international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160 -200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)优选2010 年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语试题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.C10. D11.C12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17. D18.C19.B20.DSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21.B22.C23.D24.A25.A26.D27.D28.C29.B30.A31.B32.D33.A34.C35.C36.A37.D38. C39.B40.APart B (10 points)41.B42.F43.D44.G45.APart C (10 points)46.科学 ____们提出一些显然站不住脚的凭证快速来挽救，其____意是：假如鸟类没法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
2010年考研英语一真题及答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points).In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting____1____ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended ____2____ giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the ____4____ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to ____5____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ____6____ what was done in the experiment; ____7____something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) ____8____ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9____ to alter workers' behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were ____11____ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store ____12____the descriptions on record, no systematic ____13____ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to ____14____ interpretation of what happed. ____15____, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output ____16____rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. ____18____, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers ____19____ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before ____20____ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as acalling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a wri ter of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes. [B] casual style. [C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days [B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism [D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business [B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting [D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will [B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude [D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges [B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders [D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others [D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted [B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced [D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporaryilliquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules [B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers [D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management [B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses [D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences. [B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting. [D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction. [B] skepticism. [C] objectiveness [D] sympathyPart BDirections: For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for foodand drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.→42 E →45Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46.科学____们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其____意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
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公共管理硕士（MPA）综合知识英语卷一真题2010年(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points) (总题数：5，分数：5.00)1.Man：Jane, you won’t believe it. I won the lottery! Woman： Man：No, it’s true. When I found out , I was shocked.（分数：1.00）A.So what?B.Does it really count?C.Are you putting me on ? √D.I magine that!解析：2.It’s raining cats and dogs outside. Did you remember to bring the umbrella ?（分数：1.00）A.everything is fineB.you can count on meC.it’ll clear up soonD.it slipped my mind this morning √解析：3.Man： How can I possibly review all this material by next week? Woman ：Take it easy. I’ll help you with it.（分数：1.00）A.I’m going crazy !√B.Can’t waitC.I’m glad it’s finally over.D.What a load off!解析：4.Man：Get a move on! We need to be at the airport in an hour. Woman ：Come on ! There’s plenty of time . Remember, were going on this trip to relax , .（分数：1.00）A.were in the same boat.B.not the other way around . √C.so let’s go .D.so for it .解析：5.Wife：Can you come over here, please? Which one is better? Husband： Wife ：Come on , can’t you make up your mind for once?（分数：1.00）A.I have no idea . √B.I have noting more to say .C.I don’t care .D.I don’t like it .解析：二、Section B Dialogue Completion (总题数：5，分数：5.00)6.Man：I heard you’ve got a wonderful job in a post office. How’s your new job going? Woman：I just feel libeafish out of water. Question：What does the woman feel about her new job? （分数：1.00）A.She’s satisfied with it.B.She feels uncomfortable about it . √C.She feels it’s her dream come true.D.She find it demanding.解析：7.Man：hi, Linda, are you going to teach after you graduate form the university . Woman：Where did you get the idea like that ? Question：What can be concluded about Linda?（分数：1.00）A.She likes teaching very much . √B.She has no desire to teach.C.She has no idea about teaching.D.She may choose to teach.解析：8.Man：Why you have to ask your pureness to pay your rent ? Woman：Well ,I’m unable to make ends meets. Question：What do we know about the women?（分数：1.00）A.She’s unable to mange her money.B.She can’t get her parents to pay her rent.C.She is fianancaily in trouble.D.She can’t help her parents out .√解析：9.Man：Ken and Sandra hope to sell their house for 83 million. Woman：Yeah, they always think big. Question：What does the woman think of Ken and Sandra’s plan?（分数：1.00）A.It’s worth a try.B.It’s realistic.C.It’s not going to work.√D.It’s ridiculous.解析：10.Man：Excuse me , Do you need some help? Woman：I’m trying to get to the rail way station, but I can’t make heads or tails of this ticket matchine . Question：What is the woman’s problem? （分数：1.00）A.She closen’t know how to use the matchine.B.She dosen’t have the small change with her.√C.Sh e’s not sure how much the trip will cost .D.She’s unable to get the ticket in time .解析：三、Part II Vocabulary and Structure ( 20 minutes, 10 points) (总题数：20，分数：20.00)11.This ambitious project, scores of organizations around the uorul will take at least ten years to be oucomplished.（分数：1.00）A.indicatingposingC.involving √D.containing解析：12.Because of the popularlity of the region visitors are advised to look hotels .（分数：1.00）A.in orderB.in person √C.in advanceD.in turn解析：13.To keep her job , she has to the bad temper of her boss .（分数：1.00）A.put up with √B.take up onC.make up ofe up to解析：14.Student journalists artaught how to be when writing in a limited space.（分数：1.00）A.convincingB.brief √C.appealingD.expressive解析：15.The discussion was so that at intervals the speakers stopped for refreshments.（分数：1.00）A.exhaustedB.exhausting √C.excitedD.exciting解析：16.The popularity of these schools is growing steadily their high tuition fees.（分数：1.00）A.instead ofB.in favor ofC.in spite of √D.in place of解析：17.It is often not easy to the marked generation gap which exists between the young and their elders.（分数：1.00）A.broadenB.breakC.bridge √D.build解析：18.The drive from England to .Scotland provides the tourist with many. Pleasant changes of （分数：1.00）A.scenery √B.sightC.perspectiveD.scene解析：19.This ambitious project, scores of organizations around the world, will take at least ten years to be accomplished.（分数：1.00）A.indicatingposingC.containingD.involving √解析：20.Because of the popularity of the region, visitors are advised to book hotels（分数：1.00）A.in orderB.in personC.in turnD.in advance √解析：21.He purposely ignored her call because he just didn't feel like（分数：1.00）A.disturbingB.to disturbC.being disturbed √D.to be disturbed解析：22.Do you really think Bill will help you write the report? Don't count your chickens they are hatched.（分数：1.00）A.asB.afterC.before √D.while解析：23.If you want a thing _ well, do it yourself.（分数：1.00）A.done √B.doingC.to doD.being done解析：24.The committee members agreed to the proposal that .the issue _ to immediate voting.（分数：1.00）A.is to be putB.be put √C.should putD.must be put解析：25.Soloudly _ that even people in next room could hear him.（分数：1.00）A.did he speak √B.dose he speakC.he spokeD.he speaks.解析：26.To master a foreign language like French requires hard work, so you study（分数：1.00）A.shouldB.mustC.can’t√D.may not解析：27.Gaining a new customer costs keeping an old one.（分数：1.00）A.as many as five timesB.five times as many asC.as much as five timesD.five times as much as √解析：28.People with glasses are perceived to be up to ten IQ points more intelligent than. .（分数：1.00）A.those without √B.that withoutC.these withoutD.one without解析：29.Reading books, takes the reader to other worlds, is a wonderful way to “escape”.（分数：1.00）A.thatB.whatC.asD.which √解析：30.Take 60mg up to four tim.es a day, advised otherwise by a doctor.（分数：1.00）A.ifB.untilC.thoughD.unless √解析：四、Part III Reading comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points ) (总题数：4，分数：40.00) Passage one The rich have traditionally passed their wealth on to their children. But an increasing number of billionaires are choosing not to. The reason? They want their children to live on themselves-and not to turn into spoiled successors. Nicola Horlick or "supermum", a famous British billionaire, owing to the fact that she has high-flying jobs and five kids-has spent her career making a reported ~250m. She now seems determined to throw off large parts of it. She already gives away about 25% of her income each year; she has just revealed, in a report on the state of charity in the city, that she will not be leaving most of the remainder to her children. "I think it is wrong to give too much inherited wealth to children," Horlick told the report's authors. "I will not be leaving all my wealth to my children because that would just ruin their lives." She is by no means the first to go public with this conviction. Bill Gates has put an estimated $30bn into the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. This was supplemented,in 2009, by another $24bn or so from his friend Warren Buffett. Buffett has always been colorful, quotably clear on where he stands. His daughter often tells a story of finding herself without change for a car parking ticket-her father lent her $20, then promptly made her write him a check. "To suggest that the children of the wealthy should be just as wealthy," he has said, "is like saying the members of America's 2004 Olympic team should be made up only of the children of the 1980 Olympic team." Anita Roddick, the late founder of the Body Shop, told her kids that they would not inherit one penny. The money that she made from the company would go into the Body Shop Foundation, which isn't one of those awful tax shelters, like some in America. It just functions to take the money and give it away. （分数：10.00）(1).The billionaires mentioned in the passage don't want to leave much of their wealth to their children because _ . （分数：2.00）A.they prefer to give their wealth to charityB.they want their business to go on healthilyC.they believe too much wealth will harm their children √D.they hope their children can make more money themselves解析：(2).What do we learn about Nicola Horlick? （分数：2.00）A.She has already given away about 25% of her wealth.B.She is the first one who declares to give away her wealth.C.She will leave only a small portion of her wealth to her kids. √D.She inherited most of her wealth from her parents.解析：(3).Buffett distinguishes himself for _ . （分数：2.00）A.his clear-cut position √B.being strict with his childrenC.his talent in financial managementD.being a giant in the stock market解析：(4). According to Buffett's daughter, her father _ . （分数：2.00）A.refuses to lend her moneyB.wants her to invest in the Olympic GamesC.never gives her more money than necessaryD.always makes sure that she returns his money √解析：(5).It is implied in the last paragraph that some foundations are used by the rich to _ . （分数：2.00）A.provide shelter for the poorB.build good fameC.avoid paying tax √D.support their business解析：Passage Two It is football time again. Currently, the qualifying rounds are being played to decide which countries will send teams to the 2010 World Cup. Soccer is becoming more and more popular on a worldwide scale and these qualifying legs are causing much excitement. The game is popular at club level as well. Many fans go every week to support their team, whether the event is a home or away one, hoping to get a result. They all hope an attacking game, with a lot of goals being scored. Obviously, they do not want to see a boring, defensive match where the players are aimlessly passing the ball to each other. Sadly, not all the action always takes place on the ground. All too frequently, there is action in the stands, too. Football supporters, mostof whom declare their loyalty by wearing their team's colours, in the form of shirts, are not known for their quiet behaviour. They are often very noisy, shouting noisy encouragement to their team and singing deafening songs. There is much rivalry between supporters. Mostly, this is good-natured, but trouble can easily arise. Fans get angry if they feel that a referee has made a wrong decision, perhaps giving one of their team a red or yellow card unfairly, or perhaps failing to notice a foul (犯规) committed by a member of the other team. When trouble breaks out in a football crowd, it can be difficult to control. Stadium officials often seat the opposing fans in separate parts of the ground as a precaution against fighting. However, preventing trouble is more difficult outside the ground. In the worst cases, riot police have to be called in. Unfortunately, there are some fans who enjoy this violent aspect of football. These football hooligans (8fuffe) really enjoy a running battle with the police, and Call up other people to throw stones and bottles at them. They regard football not as a sport, but as an excuse for troublemaking. Inevitably, their behaviour spoils the reputation of the game. （分数：10.00）(1).The qualifying rounds are played to _ . （分数：2.00）A.attract soccer fansB.select the best teams for the next rounds √C.raise funds for the organizersD.decide which players are the best解析：(2).What do the football fans hope to see? （分数：2.00）A.A home game.B.A defensive game.C.An evenly matched game.D.An exciting game. √解析：(3).Fans get angry when they think _ . （分数：2.00）A.the referee is unfair √B.their team is losing.C.their team is not playing wellD.there is an intentional foul解析：(4).Riot police are called in _ . （分数：2.00）A.to separate the opposing fans inside the groundB.as a precaution against trouble inside the groundC.to stop fighting occurring outside the ground √D.as a precaution against fighting outside the ground解析：(5).It is implied in the last paragraph that . （分数：2.00）A.football fans enjoy spoiling gamesB.football hooligans are crazy about the gamesC.football can be an excuse for troublemaking √D.football has a poor reputation解析：Passage Three Our sense of smell, which we normally take for granted, is nowadays being increasingly used for purposes which might surprise us if we were aware of them. One area in which smells are created to achieve particular results is marketing. For some time manufacturers have taken advantage of our sense of smell with regard to household goods. Millions of dollars are spent on product research in the hunt for the right smell as it is believed perfume influences the way consumers perceive a brand. In a survey in the United States, when people were asked whatwas the most important factor in their choice of detergent (洗衣粉), smell was rated highly, above ingredients and price. Now stores are becoming even more direct in their use of smell. The smell of fresh bread in a supermarket tends to encourage people to buy, and people selling their houses are recommended to have coffee being heated when potential buyers arrive. Suddenly smell is becoming big business. One company specializing in the use of smells to attract customers now has many large stores on its own list of customers. They find that when pleasant smells are filtered through a store's air conditioning system, people tend to spend longer in the store and buy more. Research shows that smells can increase people's view of the value of a product. In a test, people looked at the same types of shoes in two rooms-one filled with purified air, the other with a smell of mixed flowers. 84u/o of the people preferred the shoes in the room with the smell of flowers. In fact, many said they would be prepared to pay up to US$10 more for a pair. Smells also have other potential uses. Some companies are experimenting with different smells to produce different effects in their workers according to the time of day. For example, early in the morning they might put the smell of lemon in the air conditioning system to wake people up. In the middle of the morning, when the atmosphere tends to become more tense, the smell of wood could be used to calm people down. Before lunchtime the smell of melting butter would encourage people to go to lunch on time. After lunch, when people often begin to lose concentration, the smell of mint(薄荷) would increase their alertness. （分数：10.00）(1).Which is the most appropriate title for the passage? （分数：2.00）A.How to avoid being affected by smellsing smells to influence people √C.The power of our sense of smellD.New smells in supermarkets解析：(2).In the survey, when selecting- detergent, people considered smell . （分数：2.00）A.not importantB.as important as priceC.less important than ingredientsD.more important than price √解析：(3).To attarct more customers, some large stores . （分数：2.00）A.employ a company specializing in the use of-smells √B.provide free coffee for themC.filter purified air through air conditioningD.decorate themselves with fresh flowers解析：(4).The majority of people in the test (Para. 3) preferred . （分数：2.00）A.the smell of shoes to that of flowersB.the smell of flowers to that of shoesC.the shoes in the room with purified airD.the shoes in the room with appealing smells √解析：(5).To produce a calming effect, some companies use the smell of . （分数：2.00）A.lemonB.word √C.melting butterD.mint解析：Passage Four The First Rule of Finance is to live within your means by spending no more than 80％ of your take-home pay. If you take home $100 per week, spend no more than $80. But ever look at what people spend their .money on? I have relatives and friends deeply in debt, spending $12 for every $10 they earn instead of the $.8 you know they should be spending. When I see them, they're proud of their new whatever. "What do you think of my new truck? asked one from the driver's seat. "Do you like my new shoes?" asked another on high heels. "Check out my new big screen,"said a third. while holding the remote in his living room. We’ve all heard people fishing for compliments on their new toys. Every one of them was proud of what they'd financed. They seem to have bought it for the purpose of being proud, of showing off, of keeping up with the Joneses. "Look at my new..." is everybody’s favorite phrase, even when the object in question isn't theirs at all and won't be new when they've finally. paid for it if they ever do. They’re proud of being stupid . They think it's cool to drive the financed car, wear the financed shoes, and watch the financed TV, but to smart people, whose opinions are the only ones we should respect, these people look dumb as rocks. The Joneses, nine times out of 10, are financially stupid. That's why they have all that stuff, on borrowed money. Why try to copy them? Worse, why try to impress them? Copy and impress smart people, the ones who own their stuff. If you want to impress smart people , debt is the last way to go about it. Trying to impress a money-smart person by going into debt is like trying to impress Olympic sw mrrung champion Michael Phelps by drowning in a pool. Michael Phelps is impressed by good swimming ,and a money--smart person by good money management. （分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, the new truck, shoes and big screen mentioned in Para.2 are . （分数：2.00）A.indicators of wealthB.necessities to the buyersC.just a waste of moneyD.examples of showing off √解析：(2).“…the object in question isn't theirs" (Para. 2) means . （分数：2.00）A.it is bought for other peopleB.it is bought with loaned money √C.it will finally be owned by the bankD.it will finally be owned by the buyers解析：(3).According to the author, buying, new objects on borrowed money is . （分数：2.00）A.unwise √B.shamefulC.understandableD.impressive解析：(4). "Smart people" in the last paragraph refer to . （分数：2.00）A.clever businessmenB.people with high IQs .C.fashionable wealthy peopleD.people good at money management √解析：(5).The purpose of this passage is to . （分数：2.00）A.show sympathy with poor consumersB.criticize consumption of luxuriesC.advise people to become money-smart √D.persuade people to keep off fashions解析：五、Part IV Cloze Test ( 15 minutes, 10 points ) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)There is one lairly standard reason why some thinkers regard the meaning-of-life question as being itself meaningless. They argue 51 meaning is a matter of language not objects. It is a 52 of the way we talk about things not a teature of things themselves 53 shape weight or colour .A cabbage or a computer is not meaningful in itself ; it become 54 only by being caught up in our conversations. On this theory we can make life 55 by our talk about it ; but it cannot have a meaning in itself 56 than a cloud can . It would not 57 sense for example to speak of a cloud as being true or false 58 truth and falsehood are functions of our human judgments about clouds . However there are problems with this argument 59 there are with most philpsophical arguments . We shall be 60 a few of them later on . （分数：10.00）A.that √B.howC.ifD.when解析：A.meansB.question √C.problemD.method解析：A.withB.forC.like √D.as解析：A.thisB.thatC.suchD.so √解析：A.richB.importantC.meaningful √D.colourful解析：A.not moreB.far moreC.much moreD.any more √解析：A.make √B.bringC.takeD.give解析：A.HenceB.Rather √C.StillD.Therefore解析：A.whenB.sinceC.as √D.for解析：A.writing aboutB.hunting forC.listening toD.looking at √解析：。