Anxietydisorders

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变态心理学焦虑障碍 An iety disorders

•昆虫恐惧症
（entomophobia）
•血液恐惧症
(haematophobia)
• 恐水症 (hydrophobia)
•黑夜恐惧症
（nyctophobia）
• 恐蛇症 (ophidophobia)
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特殊恐惧症的诊断标准
A、由于存在或预期某种特殊物体或情境（如飞行、高空或动物）而出现显著诊断标准
• A、在不熟悉的人们面前或被他人注意或观察
时（可能如此），害怕自己可能会作出一些使人难堪的行为或表现出焦虑症状。
• B、处于所害怕的社交场合，几乎不可避免地
产生焦虑，并可能出现仅限于此情境的惊恐发作。
• C、患者认知到这种害怕是不合理的或过度的。 • D、患者一般都设法避免这种情景，否则便以
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焦虑(anxiety)
• －内心紧张不安、预感到似乎将要发生
某种不利情况而又难于应付的不愉快情绪(指向未来)
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• DSM-IV 焦虑障碍(包括PTSD, 无转换、
分离障碍，无抑郁性神经症、神经衰弱)
• ICD-10神经症、应激相关的及躯体形式
的障碍(包括PTSD、转换、分离障碍)
• CCMD－2－R 神经症(包括抑郁性神经症、
电、黑暗、坐飞机、外伤或出血、锐器，以及特定的疾病等
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恐惧对象的希腊语后加上一个后缀—phobia，这样就创造了诸多以phobia结尾的英文词汇
•蜘蛛恐惧症
(arachnophobia)
•雷电恐惧症
(brontophobia)
•幽闭恐惧症
（Claustrophobia）
F、如患者年龄小于18岁，应至少6个月病程。

第五章：焦虑障碍

– 认知学派的观点
在以上行为主义观点的基础上，学者们提出了惊恐发作的认知模型。这一模型的要点是惊恐障碍的患者对自己的躯体感受过度敏感，并易于对这些感受作出灾难化的解释和评价。例如，患者出现心跳加快时，就可能草率地下出结论———“我得了心脏病”；或者仅仅有些头晕，就会认为“我将会晕倒”。这种灾难化的想法，可导致更多的焦虑性躯体症状，而这些躯体症状又可激发更可怕的想法，从而形成一种恶性循环，并最终出现惊恐发作
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• 患病率 • 美国：
– 社交恐怖症终生患病率：11.1%（男）和15.5% （女）（Magee，1996） – 特殊恐怖症的终生患病率大约为 11% （其中男性 7% ，女性16%）（ Keller，1994） – 广场恐怖症终生患病率为 5.3% （其中女性约占 75% ）（ Keller，1994）中国： –全国12地区调查时点患病率为0.059‰ (1986，1978以前无此诊断)
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• 三个特点：
1、焦虑症状担心昏倒，或失去自控；植物性神经功能激活的表现；惊恐发作 2、焦虑均在特定情境中发生人群拥挤的场合、封闭场所、难以立即逃到安全的地方等情境 3、回避行为立即从恐怖情境中逃走或回避恐怖情境
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社交恐怖症 (social phobias)
– 对一种或多种人际处境具有持久的强烈恐惧和回避行为 – 恐惧的对象可以是某个人或某些人，也可以相当泛化，如恐惧被别人注视 – 恐惧自己会做出丢脸的言谈举止或表情尴尬
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1、概述
广泛性焦虑：对多种事件或活动（例如工作或学习）呈现出过分的焦虑和担心（一种提心吊胆地等待和期待），患者感到难以控制自己不去担心。
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• 患病率一般：2%-5% 我国：1.48‰ （1986） • 共病： – 其它焦虑障碍 (如恐怖症和惊恐障碍) – 抑郁障碍

紧张综合征名词解释

紧张综合征名词解释紧张综合征（AnxietyDisorder）是指一组表现为持续性、强烈的不安、焦虑、惊恐和恐惧等精神症状的疾病，它常常会影响某一个或多个方面的个体生活，影响个体的情绪、行为、身体状况、学习成绩、社交行为等。

它可能会造成个体在精神和身体上的痛苦，并且严重地影响个体的正常生活。

紧张综合征包括常见恐惧症（phobia）、强迫症（obsessive- compulsives disorder）、社交焦虑症（social anxiety disorder）、逃避性人格障碍（avoidant personality disorder）、强迫性障碍（compulsive disorder）、抑郁症（depression）、恐慌症（panic disorder）、癔症（mania）、先天性敏感性综合症（PTSD）。

常见恐惧症是一种特殊的紧张综合征，它指的是个体对某种特定的事物、场合，或者活动有极强烈的恐惧感，并且和客观真实的危险无关。

比如，一些患者在看见或者接近某种畜类时极度害怕，那么这就属于动物恐惧症；另外一些患者可能会因为在严重的拥挤环境下而产生极度的焦虑感，那么可以认为这是一种拥挤恐惧症。

强迫症是一种行为类的紧张综合征，它通常表现为患者反复做某种特定的行为，或者反复思考某种特定的想法，这些行为和想法对患者来说是无意义的，然而，患者会一再重复这些行为和想法，以致无法抗拒这类行为和想法。

从具体描述来看，患者可能会被一些无形的恐惧所支配，或者被一些强迫性的错觉所影响，因此，会不断清洗手，整理物品，不断地重复动作，不断地对其自身的安全进行检查等。

社交焦虑症是指患者在面对社会交往时会产生极强烈的害怕感，心里会产生深深的恐惧和焦虑，害怕别人接近、害怕别人看到自己，害怕自己在他人面前表现的不好，会感觉别人在把自己嘲笑，也会害怕在别人面前表达自己的想法和感受等。

逃避性人格障碍指的是患者的个性特征是一种紧张状态，患者常常害怕别人拒绝自己，担心自己在社交场合表现的很差，会有强烈的自卑感，担心自己的行为会受到抨击，也会不去参加社交互动，通常用各种理由来逃避社交聚会等。

焦虑性疾患Anxietydisorders

恐慌症（panic disorder）懼曠症
強迫症（obsessive compulsive disorder）
急性壓力症（acute stress disorder）廣泛性焦慮症（generalized anxiety disorder）創傷後壓力症（post-traumatic stress disorder）

7.創傷後壓力症（1）個人持續地反覆體驗該創傷事件。（2）個人持續地避開與創傷有關的刺激。（3）個人持續增加警覺症狀。（4）個人可能經驗到注意集中度與記憶力受損的現象（5）個人可能經驗到憂鬱的感覺。
焦慮性疾患
盛行率
共患現象 1.7％ in USA
1.明顯害怕表演 2.過度害怕別人注視 3. 害怕因行為失當而遭致羞辱
廣泛性焦慮症
5-6％
1.重鬱症 2.輕鬱情感障礙症
持續至少六個月的精神、身體、自主神經的焦慮症狀 1. 精神的：無法控制的擔心、注意力差等 2. 身體的：肌肉張力高、頭痛、靜不下來等 3. 自律神經的：冒汗、發抖、呼吸急促、心悸等
GAD特徵：（1）一般特徵是他們活在相對較緊張、擔憂；較廣泛的擔心狀態下，其有特定的外觀，面部看起來緊繃且眉頭深鎖，姿勢僵化，顯得不安，或有顫抖，膚色蒼白，手腳和腋下多有出汗。（2）通常很難專心與做決定，非常害怕犯錯。（3）他們會抱怨肌肉緊縮，尤其是頸部與肩膀，也有睡眠障礙。
盛行率：廣泛性焦慮疾患是較為常見的，現在估計每年的流行率約3%，終身盛行率約有5%。女性比男性多兩倍。 GAD被視為一種終生呈現的人格疾患。
焦慮性疾患（Anxiety disorders）
恐懼與焦慮
資料整理：王蔚竣、李冠泓、郭珮婷、蕭家宜彙整：蔡順良 2005.04.01

心理疾病英语

心理疾病英语心理疾病在英语中通常被称为"mental disorders" 或"psychological disorders"。

以下是一些常见的心理疾病的英语表达：1.抑郁症（Depression）：Depression is a mood disordercharacterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in daily activities.2.焦虑症（Anxiety Disorder）：Anxiety disorder involvesexcessive and uncontrollable worry or fear about everyday situations.3.精神分裂症（Schizophrenia）：Schizophrenia is a severe mentaldisorder characterized by disorganized thinking, hallucinations, delusions, and disrupted social functioning.4.双相情感障碍（Bipolar Disorder）：Bipolar disorder, alsoknown as manic-depressive illness, involves extreme mood swings, including episodes of mania and depression.5.强迫症（Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, OCD）：OCD is ananxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions).6.创伤后应激障碍（Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD）：PTSD is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, causing symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety.7.注意力缺陷多动症（Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,ADHD）：ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.8.自闭症谱系障碍（Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD）：ASD isa developmental disorder that affects communication, socialinteraction, and behavior.9.饮食障碍（Eating Disorders）：Eating disorders, such asanorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, involve abnormal eating behaviors and attitudes towards food and body weight.10.人格障碍（Personality Disorders）：Personality disorders arecharacterized by enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate from cultural expectations, causing distress or impairment.请注意，以上术语可能有时会有一些细微的区别，具体表达可能因国家、文化和专业领域而有所不同。

焦虑症

[严重标准] 病人因难以忍受又无法解脱，而感到痛苦。 [病程标准] 在1个月内至少有3次惊恐发作，或在首次发作后继发害怕再发作的焦虑持续1个月。 [排除标准] 1 排除其他精神障碍，如恐惧症、抑郁症，或躯体形式障碍等继发的惊恐发作； 2 排除躯体疾病如癫痫、心脏病发作、嗜铬细胞瘤、甲亢或自发性低血糖等继发的惊恐发作。
1.症状量表 SAS （焦虑自评量表） SDS（忧虑自评量表） HAMD(汉密顿焦虑量表）HAMA SCL-90 2.个性分析 MMPI 16-PF EPQ 3.其他脑电图检查
焦虑症的治疗
（一）心理治疗 1.解释性心理治疗主要为支持性心理治疗。向患者说明疾病的性质，减轻精神压力，鼓励患者坚持治疗计划。组织同类患者参加小组治疗，相互帮助，取得更好的效果。 2.认知疗法分三步：提供信息，适度保证；识别和盘诘负性自动想法，协调检查能够促进认识转变；系统的认知疗法。结合行为疗法，形成认知行为治疗。 3.行为治疗系统脱敏法，放松训练，暴露刺激疗法。 4.生物反馈疗法
【严重标准】社会功能受损，病人因难以忍受又无法解脱，而感到痛苦。【病程标准】符合症状标准至少已6个月。【排除标准】 (1)排除甲状腺机能亢进、高血压、冠心病等躯体疾病的继发性焦虑； (2)排除兴奋药物过量、催眠镇静药物，或抗焦虑药的戒断反应，强迫症、恐惧症、疑病症、神经衰弱、躁狂症、抑郁症，或精神分裂症等伴发的焦虑。
焦虑
症
(Anxiety disorders)
焦虑症概论
正常人在面对困难或有危险的任务，预感将要发生不利的情况或危险发生时，可产生焦虑（一种没有明确原因的、令人不愉快的紧张状态），这种焦虑通常并不构成疾病，是一种正常的心理状态。焦虑并不是坏事，焦虑往往能够促使你鼓起力量，去应付即将发生的危机(或者说焦虑是一种积极应激的本能)。只有当焦虑的程度及持续时间超过一定的范围时才构成焦虑症状，这会起到相反的作用－妨碍人应付、对处理面前的危机，甚至妨碍正常生活。焦虑症(Anxiety disorders)是一种以焦虑情绪为主的常见神经症.焦虑症是一种具有持久性焦虑、恐惧、紧张情绪和植物神经活动障碍的脑机能失调，常伴有运动性不安和躯体不适感。发病于青壮年期，男女两性发病率无明显差异。我国的调查研究显示：焦虑症在一般居民中的发病率为2% ，其中41%为广泛性焦虑，33%为情境性焦虑。精神障碍病人中，至少有三分之一有某种形式的焦虑障碍，而且随着社会竞争日趋激烈，生活中应激因素增加，心理不适应等焦虑反应势必增多，应引起大家的重视。

精神疾病名词解释

精神疾病名词解释精神疾病是指人类思维、情感、行为和社交功能发生异常的一类疾病。

精神疾病可以以各种形式表现，如情绪障碍、认知障碍、行为障碍、人格障碍等，严重时会对患者本人和周围社会造成严重影响。

1. 抑郁症（Depression）：患者持续感到沮丧、无助、自责，丧失兴趣和快乐感，伴随睡眠障碍、食欲改变、注意力不集中等症状。

2. 焦虑症（Anxiety disorder）：表现为持续的焦虑、紧张和恐惧，伴随心悸、呼吸困难、出汗等生理症状，常常干扰个人日常生活。

3. 双相情感障碍（Bipolar Disorder）：患者情绪波动明显，出现周期性的抑郁和躁狂发作，躁狂期时情绪高涨、冲动、活力增加，抑郁期则表现为低落、自卑。

4. 精神分裂症（Schizophrenia）：患者遭受幻觉、妄想、思维混乱、情绪不稳定等症状，导致对现实的认知和社交功能受损。

5. 应激障碍（Stress Disorder）：由于严重的创伤或应激事件引起的焦虑、恐惧和回忆性困扰，如创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。

6. 强迫症（Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder）：患者有反复出现而难以控制的强迫思维或行为，如反复洗手、检查，以减轻焦虑感。

7. 注意力缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder，ADHD）：儿童或成人的注意力集中困难、多动、冲动，并且常常影响学业和工作表现。

8. 食物摄入障碍（Eating Disorders）：包括厌食症（Anorexia Nervosa）和暴食症（Bulimia Nervosa），患者对食物有异常的态度和行为，导致体重和健康问题。

9. 睡眠障碍（Sleep Disorders）：包括失眠症、睡眠呼吸暂停、过度入睡等，患者无法正常入睡、睡眠中断或睡眠质量差，导致白天疲倦和注意力不集中。

10. 人格障碍（Personality Disorders）：患者的思维、情感和行为模式长期稳定，偏离正常社会期待，如孤独型、边缘型等。

第五章：焦虑障碍

有些女性惊恐障碍患者报告说她们在行经前期和产后的焦虑症状更严重（2001）。原因可能是卵巢激素，特别是黄体激素，对惊恐障碍的易致病性有影响。

认知理论：认为容易惊恐发作的人们（1）十分关注自己的躯体感觉；（2）错误地理解这些躯体感觉；（3）思考问题时倾向于夸张和灾难化。认为躯体症状会导致有害结果的信念被命名为焦虑敏感性。与焦虑敏感性低的人比，焦虑敏感性高的人更容易患惊恐障碍，惊恐发作频率更高，或者时间更长。

三个特点：
1、焦虑症状
担心昏倒，或失去自控；植物性神经功能激活的表现；惊恐发作 2、焦虑均在特定情境中发生人群拥挤的场合、封闭场所、难以立即逃到安全的地方等情境 3、回避行为立即从恐怖情境中逃走或回避恐怖情境
特殊恐怖症(specific phobias)

又译特定恐惧症,更符合人们对恐惧的认识。指对存在或预期的某种特殊物体或情境而出现的不合理焦虑

惊恐发作发作常突然产生 l0分钟左右到达高峰通常持续20一30分钟极少超过1小时通常每周1一2次

病程: 1个月内至少有3次惊恐发作或害怕再发作的焦虑持续1个月（CCMD-3）预后约50%患者完全缓解，20%基本无变化病前功能状况良好，症状持续时间短暂者，大多预后较好。共病抑郁症、其它焦虑障碍（如广泛性焦虑、广场恐怖症、其他恐怖症等）
２、诊断分类

DSM-IV中焦虑障碍的主要类型
惊恐障碍（伴有或不伴广场恐怖）广场恐怖（无惊恐障碍）特殊恐怖症社交恐怖症强迫症广泛性焦虑障碍创伤后应激障碍

CCMD-3中神经症的主要类型恐惧症(恐怖症) 场所、社交、特定恐惧症焦虑症惊恐障碍、广泛性焦虑强迫症除惊恐障碍之外，病程要求： DSM-Ⅳ －症状持续6个月以上 CCMD-3 －症状持续3个月以上

年上海英语高三模完形填空全解析翻译单词详解

2017年高三英语一模汇编——完形填空III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA, B, CandD. Fillin each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Anxiety disorders-- defined by extreme fear, restlessness,and muscle tension --are carefully considering,disabling, and can increase the risk for _____41_____and self-murder. They are some of the most common mental health conditions around the world, _____42_____around four out of every 100 people and costing the health care system and job employers over US $42billion each year.焦虑症-----被定义为极度恐惧、不安和肌肉紧张，正在小心地重视，禁止，它增加了（ 41 ）和自杀的风险。

他们是世界上最普通的精神健康问题。

每一百人中有四人会受它的（42 ），每年要花费健康关心系统（卫生保健系统）和就业者近42亿美金。

anxiety 英[æŋˈzaɪəti] n.焦虑，忧虑;disorder英 [dɪsˈɔ:də(r)] n.混乱，凌乱;（身心机能的）失调使混乱，使凌乱The emergency room was in disorder 急诊室里一片混乱。

紧张综合症名词解释

紧张综合症名词解释
紧张综合症（Anxiety disorders）是指一类临床病理学上具有明确特点，其
特征是比正常人更严重的紧张情绪、焦虑情绪以及一系列与此有关的躯体症状，这些特殊病症会影响病人的躯体和心理健康。

紧张综合症是指由于长期的严重紧张和焦虑情绪，身心状态出现精神不健康情
况的一类疾病。

一般来说，紧张综合症的患者声音低弱，常常出现容易惊恐的病理表现，可感觉到极度不安，表现出分心和担忧等行为特征，有时候甚至会因为疑心障碍而表示出自我攻击、猜疑他人或紧张焦虑行为，有的患者会出现已及强迫行为。

在高校和高等教育领域，紧张综合症是非常常见的躯体精神疾病之一。

众所周知，大学生期间，既面临学习压力又要完成众多的作业，去争取高分。

学生们难免会有压力，而这些压力往往会沉淀成紧张综合症，让他们的生活产生影响。

基于此，高校和高等教育应当重视学生身心健康，并且活动策划出一定的发病
预防措施，让学生体验到健康的学习环境，采取一定的精神分析等措施和解决方案。

加强与同行的学术交流，结交志趣相投的朋友，改善生活状态，避免固定思想和一些固定社会因素的影响。

以上就是紧张综合症的基本内容，以及在高校与高等教育领域中的应用情况，
希望对大家理解这种症状有所帮助。

焦虑症的定义英语作文

焦虑症的定义英语作文Anxiety Disorder。

Anxiety disorder is a mental health condition characterized by excessive and persistent worry, fear, and nervousness. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, and it can be debilitating if left untreated.There are several types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias. Each type has its own set of symptoms, but they all share a common thread of excessive and irrational fear.GAD is characterized by excessive worry and anxiety about everyday events and activities. People with GAD often worry about things that are unlikely to happen or are out of their control. They may also experience physical symptoms such as muscle tension, headaches, and stomachproblems.Panic disorder is characterized by sudden and intense panic attacks. During a panic attack, a person may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and shortness of breath. Panic attacks can be very frightening and can lead to avoidance of certain situations or places.Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a fear of social situations and interactions. People with social anxiety disorder may avoid social situations or experience extreme anxiety when they are in social situations. They may worry about being judged or embarrassed in front of others.Specific phobias are characterized by an intense fear of a specific object or situation. Common phobias include heights, spiders, and flying. People with specific phobias may go to great lengths to avoid the object of their fear.Treatment for anxiety disorders may include therapy,medication, or a combination of both. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common form of therapy used to treat anxiety disorders. CBT helps people learn to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their anxiety.Medications used to treat anxiety disorders include antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and beta-blockers. These medications can help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and make it easier for people to participate in therapy.In conclusion, anxiety disorder is a common and treatable mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of anxiety, it is important to seek help from a mental health professional. With the right treatment, people with anxiety disorders can lead happy and fulfilling lives.。

5.Anxiety Disorders

二、广泛性焦虑障碍
广泛性焦虑障碍是经常为小事而感到持续焦虑的状态，这种焦虑与周围任何特定的情境没有关系，而一般是由过度的担忧引起。
广泛性焦虑障碍的特征主要包括：经常感到不安和兴奋，难以集中注意力，易疲劳，易激惹，并会遭受长期的肌肉紧张和失眠。作为对这些症状的反应，许多人发展了第二种焦虑——对焦虑的焦虑，害怕他们的症状会使他们失去工作，疏远配偶等。
表5-1 焦虑障碍的特征表
障碍表现
恐惧症
惊恐障碍
害怕和回避没有实际威胁的物体或情境。
反复的惊恐发作，伴随眩晕、心跳加速、颤抖等生理症状，也伴有惊骇、难逃劫数之感或伴有广场恐惧症。强迫观念：出现难以控制的思维、冲动、意向；强迫行为：不断重复的行为或精神活动。经历创伤性事件后引起高唤起症状，回避和事件有关的刺激，回忆该事件则会引起焦虑。和伤后应激障碍的症状相同，但其持续时间为4 个星期或更短。
David H. Barlow, V. Mark Durand, P129~132
相关链接焦虑障碍的病因(续2)
（三）社会因素产生应激的生活事件可能触发我们生物学和心理学上对焦虑的易感性。
应激的生活事件：结婚、离婚、工作上的难题、家人亲友的死亡等
（四）一个整合的模式综合上述各种因素，变态心理学提出了所谓“焦虑发展”学说，以及相关的精神因素易感性，并称之为“三种易感性”理论。 ①泛化的生物易感性 ②泛化的心理易感性 ③从早期经验中学到的特定对象心理易感性这三种易感性可参见图5-1
表5-3 广场恐怖症患者通常会回避的典型情境
大型综合性商场
远离自己的家
DSM-Ⅳ-TR将惊恐障碍区分为不伴广场恐惧症的惊恐障碍（panic disorder without agoraphobia）和伴有广场恐惧症的惊恐障碍（panic disorder with agoraphobia）。所有证据都证明了这样一个结论，广场恐怖症的回避行为只是严重的不可预料型惊恐发作的一个并发症。

焦虑障碍(Anxiety disorders) 共35页

B、患者设法避免这种情景（例如回避旅行）或者带着痛苦忍受着，或者带着焦虑心情担心惊恐发作的发生，或者就此提出要有人陪伴。
C.排除社交恐惧症、特殊恐惧症、PTSD或离别性焦虑障碍等精神障碍引起的种焦虑或恐惧性回避，
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2、社交恐惧症(social phobias)
对一种或多种人际处境具有持久的强烈恐惧和回避行为
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分类
ICD-10、DSM-Ⅳ和CCMD-2-R把恐惧症分为广场恐惧症、社交恐惧症和特殊恐惧症三类（DSM-Ⅳ认为广场恐惧症常伴发惊恐障碍－伴广场恐惧的惊恐障碍、不伴广场恐惧的惊恐障碍）
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（一）临床表现
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1、广场恐惧症(agoraphobia)－场所恐惧症
又译场所恐惧症
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2.患病率
国外：焦虑障碍与抑郁性障碍：5－10％国内：神经症:北京（1991）35.18‰
12地区(1986)22.21‰
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二、恐惧症（phobia）
是指接触到特定事物或处境时具有的强烈的恐惧情绪。患者采取回避行为，并有焦虑症状和植物性神经功能障碍的一类心理障碍。
恐惧症在人群中常见，是仅次于抑郁症、酒依赖，位于第三位的精神障碍
到安全地方等情境 ③回避行为立即从恐惧情境中逃走或回避恐惧情境
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广场恐惧的诊断标准
A、对置身于某处感到焦虑，觉得难以逃脱（或感到难堪），或感到在发生意想不到的惊恐发作时找不到帮助。典型的广场恐惧易发生的情景：独自离家在外；在一群人中或正在站队；在一座桥上；在公共汽车、火车里。（注：如只是某一个或一二个特殊情景，那就可以考虑特殊恐惧症；如果仅限于社交情景，那就应诊断社交恐惧症。）

焦虑障碍(Anxiety disorders)

包括害怕开放的空间或害怕离家（或独自在家）害怕臵身于人群拥挤场合以及难以逃回安全处所（如商店、剧院、车厢或机舱等广场恐惧症患者常伴发抑郁症状，占1/3~1/2; 女性多于男性
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临床表现有三个特点：

①焦虑症状担心在公共场所中昏倒而无亲友救助，或失去自控又无法离开伴有植物性神经功能激活的表现在焦虑程度严重时出现惊恐发作(Panic attacks) ②焦虑均在特定情境中发生多数场合是拥挤人群、封闭场所、难以立即逃到安全地方等情境 ③回避行为立即从恐惧情境中逃走或回避恐惧情境
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2．心理社会因素

（1）心理分析理论恐惧是对抗焦虑的一种防御反应，而焦虑的产生根源在于无意识的本我冲动
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（2）行为理论

行为治疗认为：恐惧反应可以经过条件反射而建立 Mowrer(1947)认为恐惧症的形成有二个步骤：第一，通过经典条件反射，一个人习得了对条件刺激（即中性刺激）的害怕反应；第二，为了减少条件性的害怕反应，习得了回避性条件刺激的行为。这是一个操作性条件作用过程，它使得回避行为得到了强化而长期存在。模仿学习的观点，认为恐惧反应是通过观察、模仿学习而形成的。
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2、社交恐惧症(social phobias)

对一种或多种人际处境具有持久的强烈恐惧和回避行为恐惧的对象可以是某个人或某些人，也可以相当泛化多数患者起病于青少年有自卑感和害怕别人评论自己。
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2、社交恐惧症(social phobias)

恐惧被别人注视恐惧自己会做出丢脸的言谈举止或表情尴尬怕自己在别人面前张口结舌怕吃饭时由于有人注视而丑态百出恐惧得手发抖以致无法写字害怕在公共场所呕吐等回避见人、所有公众场合焦虑，面红、心慌、震颤、出汗、恶心、尿急等在公共厕所里怕因恐惧而解不出小便。

anxiety的用法与搭配

anxiety的用法与搭配一、了解焦虑症及其症状现代社会的快节奏生活和竞争压力导致越来越多的人面临焦虑问题。

焦虑症是一种心理障碍，表现为持久且过度的担忧、紧张和恐惧感。

这种情绪状态可能对个人的日常功能造成明显的影响。

下面将介绍一些关于"anxiety"（焦虑）这一词汇的基本用法与搭配。

二、常见用法与搭配1. Anxiety as a noun"Noun + anxiety"结构表示某种特定类型或原因引起的焦虑。

例如：- Test anxiety (考试焦虑): Many students experience test anxiety before important exams.- Social anxiety (社交焦虑): People with social anxiety find it difficult to interact with others in social situations.- Separation anxiety (分离焦虑): Young children may exhibit separation anxiety when they are separated from their primary caregivers.2. Anxiety as an adjective"Anxiety + noun"结构表示某物引起的焦虑或紧张。

例如：- Anxiety disorder (焦虑障碍): Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and irrational worrying.- Anxiety symptoms (焦虑症状): Common anxiety symptoms include restlessness, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.3. Anxiety as a verb"To + verb"结构可用于表示焦虑或担忧的动作。

心理健康疾病英语

心理健康疾病英语Mental Health Disorders in EnglishMental health disorders, also known as psychiatric disorders or psychological disorders, refer to a range of conditions that affect a person's thinking, mood, behavior, and overall well-being. These disorders have become a global concern, and the English language provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and discussing mental health issues. In this article, we will explore some of the most common mental health disorders and their respective English terminology.1. DepressionDepression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. In English, terms such as "major depressive disorder" or simply "depression" are commonly used to describe this condition. It is important to note that having occasional feelings of sadness is a normal part of life, but when these feelings become overwhelming and interfere with daily functioning, it may indicate depression.2. Anxiety DisordersAnxiety disorders encompass a group of disorders characterized by excessive worry, fear, or anxiety that significantly impact an individual's quality of life. Various English terms are used to describe specific anxiety disorders, such as "generalized anxiety disorder," "panic disorder," or "social anxiety disorder." People with anxiety disorders may experience symptomssuch as restlessness, trembling, difficulty concentrating, or avoiding certain situations.3. Bipolar DisorderBipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive illness, is a condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including episodes of mania and depression. English terminology for bipolar disorder typically includes phrases such as "bipolar disorder" or "bipolar affective disorder." People with bipolar disorder may experience intense periods of elevated mood, high energy levels, and impulsive behavior during manic episodes, which are then followed by depressive episodes.4. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that affects a person's perception of reality, thinking, emotions, and behavior. In English, the term "schizophrenia" is widely used to refer to this condition. Individuals with schizophrenia may experience hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, and impaired cognition. It is crucial to note that schizophrenia is not the same as having multiple personalities, as commonly misunderstood.5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and intrusive thoughts, urges, or images (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions). In English, the term "obsessive-compulsive disorder" or its abbreviation "OCD" is commonlyused. People with OCD often feel compelled to engage in rituals or repetitive behaviors to alleviate distress caused by obsessive thoughts.6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. In English, the term "post-traumatic stress disorder" or its abbreviation "PTSD" is widely used. Individuals with PTSD may experience flashbacks, nightmares, emotional distress, and avoid reminders of the traumatic event. It is important to seek professional help when dealing with PTSD to manage symptoms effectively.7. Eating DisordersEating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, are serious mental illnesses that affect a person's relationship with food and their body image. In English, specific terms such as "anorexia nervosa" or "bulimia nervosa" are used to describe these disorders. People with eating disorders may show extreme restriction of food intake, binge-eating followed by compensatory behaviors, or a combination of both.ConclusionMental health disorders are complex conditions that can have a significant impact on individuals' lives. Understanding the terminology related to these disorders is crucial for effective communication, seeking help, and reducing stigma. This article provides an overview of some common mental health disorders and the English terminology used to describe them. Remember, it is essential to consult a healthcare professionalfor an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of a mental health disorder.。

有关焦虑症的英语作文

有关焦虑症的英语作文Title: Understanding Anxiety Disorders。

Anxiety disorders affect millions of people worldwide, manifesting in various forms and intensities. This essay aims to explore the nature of anxiety disorders, their impact on individuals and society, as well as potential coping strategies and treatments.Firstly, it's crucial to define anxiety disorders. They encompass a range of mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear, worry, and apprehension. These feelings are often irrational and disproportionate to the actual threat posed by a situation. Common types of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.The causes of anxiety disorders are multifaceted andcan include genetic predispositions, brain chemistry, personality factors, and life experiences. Traumatic events,chronic stress, and imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine can all contribute to the development of anxiety disorders.The impact of anxiety disorders on individuals can be profound. They can disrupt daily functioning, impair performance at work or school, strain relationships, and lead to physical health problems such as headaches, digestive issues, and insomnia. Moreover, untreated anxiety disorders can exacerbate other mental health conditionslike depression, substance abuse, and even suicidal ideation.Beyond the personal level, anxiety disorders also impose a significant burden on society. They contribute to increased healthcare costs, decreased productivity in the workforce, and higher rates of disability claims. Additionally, the stigma surrounding mental illness often prevents individuals from seeking help, further perpetuating the cycle of suffering and societal costs.Fortunately, there are various coping strategies andtreatments available for anxiety disorders. These may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns and behaviors. Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation can also alleviate symptoms by reducing physiological arousal.In addition to therapy, medication may be prescribed in some cases to manage symptoms. Antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and beta-blockers are among the medications commonly used to treat anxiety disorders. However, it's essential to work closely with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate treatment plan, as medication alone may not address the underlying causes of anxiety.Moreover, lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, adequate sleep, healthy eating habits, and minimizing stressors can complement professional treatment and promote overall well-being. Building a strong support network of friends, family, and mental health professionalsis also crucial for managing anxiety disorders effectively.In conclusion, anxiety disorders are complex mental health conditions that can have profound effects on individuals and society as a whole. Understanding the causes, impact, and available treatments for anxiety disorders is essential for promoting awareness, reducing stigma, and improving outcomes for those affected. With the right support and interventions, individuals with anxiety disorders can lead fulfilling lives and contribute positively to their communities.。

有关焦虑作文英语的词汇

有关焦虑作文英语的词汇Title: Understanding Anxiety: Exploring Key Vocabulary。

Introduction:Anxiety is a prevalent mental health condition characterized by feelings of worry, fear, and unease. Understanding the vocabulary associated with anxiety is crucial for effectively communicating about this topic. In this essay, we will explore key English vocabulary relatedto anxiety.1. Anxiety Disorders:Anxiety disorders encompass a range of conditions, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (SAD), and specific phobias. These disorders involve excessive worry and fear that can interfere with daily life.2. Symptoms:Symptoms of anxiety may include palpitations, sweating, trembling, feelings of impending doom, and gastrointestinal distress. These physical and psychological symptoms can vary in intensity and duration.3. Triggers:Triggers are stimuli or situations that provoke anxiety reactions. Common triggers include stress, trauma, specific phobias, social situations, and major life changes.4. Coping Mechanisms:Coping mechanisms are strategies individuals use to manage anxiety. These may include deep breathing exercises, mindfulness techniques, physical activity, and seeking support from friends, family, or mental health professionals.5. Rumination:Rumination refers to the repetitive and intrusive thoughts associated with anxiety. Individuals may dwell on past or future events, leading to heightened feelings of distress and worry.6. Avoidance Behaviors:Avoidance behaviors involve avoiding situations or stimuli that trigger anxiety. While this may provide temporary relief, it can reinforce anxiety over the long term by preventing individuals from confronting their fears.7. Comorbidity:Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more coexisting conditions. Anxiety disorders frequently co-occur with other mental health conditions, such as depression, substance use disorders, and eating disorders.8. Cognitive Distortions:Cognitive distortions are irrational thoughts that contribute to anxiety. Examples include catastrophizing (expecting the worst possible outcome), black-and-white thinking, and overgeneralization.9. Exposure Therapy:Exposure therapy is a treatment approach used to reduce anxiety by gradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli or situations in a controlled manner. This helps desensitize them to their triggers over time.10. Self-Care:Self-care practices are essential for managing anxiety. This may involve maintaining a healthy lifestyle, practicing relaxation techniques, setting boundaries, and engaging in activities that promote well-being.11. Medication:Medications such as selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors (SSRIs), benzodiazepines, and beta-blockers may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety. However, medication should be used in conjunction with therapy and other coping strategies.12. Mindfulness:Mindfulness involves paying attention to the present moment without judgment. Mindfulness-based interventions, such as meditation and yoga, can help individuals reduce anxiety by fostering a greater sense of awareness and acceptance.Conclusion:Understanding the vocabulary associated with anxiety is essential for fostering awareness, empathy, and effective communication about this common mental health condition. By familiarizing ourselves with these terms, we can better support individuals experiencing anxiety and work towards promoting mental well-being in our communities.。

精神障碍的名词解释是什么呢英语

精神障碍的名词解释是什么呢英语精神障碍的名词解释是什么呢？精神障碍（Mental Disorder）是指在个人的思维、情感、行为和社交功能方面出现异常，导致对日常生活和社会交往的困扰和障碍。

精神障碍是一种常见的健康问题，涵盖了许多不同的疾病范畴，例如焦虑障碍、抑郁障碍、精神分裂症、双相情感障碍等。

在现代医学领域，精神障碍的定义和分类标准主要依赖于《精神障碍的诊断与统计手册》（Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders，简称DSM）以及《国际疾病分类》（International Classification of Diseases，简称ICD）。

这些分类系统旨在提供统一的诊断标准，以便医生、研究人员和领域专家能够进行沟通和研究。

精神障碍的诊断通常基于对患者的临床观察、病史询问以及心理和神经心理评估等方法。

尽管诊断标准的发展和改进仍在进行，但对于某些精神障碍，尤其是那些症状表现较为明确的疾病，医生往往能够通过一系列的评估方法来进行判断。

精神障碍的症状和严重程度因疾病类型而异。

一些常见的精神障碍包括：1. 焦虑障碍（Anxiety Disorders）：包括广泛性焦虑障碍、恐慌障碍、社交焦虑障碍等。

患者常常表现出持续或间断出现的过度焦虑、紧张、恐惧，且这些情绪难以控制，影响到他们的日常生活。

2. 抑郁障碍（Depressive Disorders）：包括抑郁症、双相情感障碍等。

这些疾病会导致患者出现严重的情绪低落、兴趣丧失、睡眠问题和自我负罪感等症状。

3. 精神分裂症（Schizophrenia）：是一种严重的精神障碍，患者常常出现幻觉、妄想、思维紊乱、社交障碍等症状。

这些症状会显著干扰患者的正常思维和行为。

4. 儿童和青少年的精神障碍（Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents）：儿童和青少年也可能面临精神障碍的挑战，如注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、自闭症谱系障碍、进食障碍等。

Anxietydisorders

变态心理学 焦 虑 障 碍 An iety disorders

第五章：焦虑障碍

紧张综合征名词解释

焦虑性疾患Anxietydisorders

心理疾病 英语

焦虑症

精神疾病名词解释

第五章：焦虑障碍

年上海英语高三模完形填空全解析翻译单词详解

紧张综合症名词解释

焦虑症的定义英语作文

5.Anxiety Disorders

焦 虑 障 碍(Anxiety disorders) 共35页

焦 虑 障 碍(Anxiety disorders)

anxiety的用法与搭配

心理健康疾病英语

有关焦虑症的英语作文

有关焦虑作文英语的词汇

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