青岛大学2015年《622基础英语(2)》考研专业课真题试卷
青岛大学 英语研究生真题 622 基础英语(2)
青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：622科目名称：基础英语（2）（共13页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效I. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions:choose one of the four answers that best completes the sentence.1.Loving and hating New York becomes a matter of _______mood, often in the same day.A.a mbiguousB.o bscureC.a lternatingD.c onverting2.Benjamin Franklin _______learning the printer’s tradeat an early age.A.s et aboutB.s et offC.s et onD.s et up3.At a press conference after the award ceremony, the18-year-old girl spoke in a barely _______ voice.A.i denticalB.a udibleC.o ptionalD.l egible4.When trapped in drifting sands, do not struggle, or youwill be _______ in deeper.A.a bsorbedB.p hishedC.h eavedD.s ucked5.Ms. Shon’s _______ will explain the new payrollprocedures this Friday at noon in Room 211.A.a ccessoryB.s upplementC.a ddendumD.a ssistant6.Many previous all-male occupations _______ to women inthe 1960’s and 1970’s.A.h ave openedB.w ere openedC.h aving been openedD.a re opened7.He did not want to _______ any plans she might have inview.A.h old backB.c hange intoC.m ake upD.i nterfere with8.Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with hisresearch work that he felt _______ lonely.A.n othing butB.a nything butC.a ll butD.e verything but9.Prof. Lee’s book will show you _______ can be used inother contexts.A.t hat you have observedB.t hat how you have observedC.h ow that you have observedD.h ow what you have observed10.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of thecontract, and now he has to _______ the consequence.A.a nswer forB.r un intoC.a bide byD.s tep into11._______ I have notified everyon e of tomorrow’spresentation, I’m sure who will attend.A.B ecauseB.E itherC.C onsequentlyD.A lthough12.The national phone company announced that its planto _______ rates on long-distance call is too expensive.A.s lantB.s litC.s weepD.s lash13.Mr. Vigriolo _______ his lecture with a humorousremark.A.r ecededB.s ecededC.p recededD.c onceded14.Most fruit and vegetable prices were reduced to movehigh inventories of _______ product.A.p erishableB.s alesC.i mportD.m arketing15.The success of good _______ is proof that the handcan be quicker than the eye.A.i deasB.r eflexesC.a rgumentsD.m agicians16.It can be said without exaggeration that no part ofthe United States is not easily accessible by car, by train, or by air, and _______ by all the three of them.A.m ore often thanB.m ore often than notC.n o more often thanD.l ess often than17.The exhibition at the Science and Technology Center_______ such endangered animals as the giant panda and the Siberian tiger and describes the work being done to protect them.A.d etectsB.e xploitsC.f eaturesD.d emonstrates18.Some companies have introduced flexible workingtime with less emphasis on pressure________.A.t han more on efficiencyB.a nd more efficiencyC.a nd more on efficiencyD.t han efficiency19.There are five flights going to Chicago every day.I don’t care which one we take. We can take _______fits in to your schedule.A.w hichever oneB.s uch oneC.t he same oneD.w hat one20.The uncertain economy has made the stock market very_______.A.v olatileB.p rofitingC.e xplodingD.d etrimentalII. Cloze (15 points)Directions: There are fifteen blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Traffic is a perennial problem in Hong Kong. Over the years many suggestions have been (1) _______ to ease transport difficulties. These include from constructing wider roads and an underground railway system to staggering hours for schools to open and close. Once official report pressed (2) _______ for working hours to be spaced out to (3) _______ congestion at (4) _______ periods. In England and other countries this system is called staggering working hours because many business centers use it. It is (5) _______ that greater working efficiency can be achieved, employees are happier because they can arrange (6) _______personal working hours, buses and trains can be dispatched at suitable (7) _______, and so on. The idea of (8) _______ working days follows on from staggering hours.Land in Hong Kong is extremely expensive, yet (9) _______ and large offices are empty at weekends and mostevenings, too. This appears to be a waste of valuable assets and seems (10) _______in a place noted for its business (11) _______. (12) _______, Saturday and Sunday working is not easy. Church-going and family needs can’t be ignored, but it should be remembered that many already work at (13) _______ hours. Nurses, firemen, doctors, pilots, TV stars, (14) _______, have to come to grips with the problems. It seems reasonable to assume that others could do the same. In fact they might find some (15) _______ in having a day or two off during the week.1. A. raised B. made sure C. given off D. put down2. A. correctly B. immediately C. sympatheticallyD. strongly3. A. deteriorate B. relieve C. improve Dcirculate4. A. peak B. top C. summit D. height5. A. claim B. exclaimed C. reclaimed D.acclaimed6. A. awkward B. cumbersome C. convenient D.burdensome7. A. intervals B. sessions C. periods D.intermission8. A. variable B. varied C. variety D. various9. A. over B. every C. on D. by10. A. feasible B. acceptable C. incredible D.favorable11. A. sense B. sensibility C. sensation D.sensitivity12. A. Hence B. Moreover C. Naturally D.Subsequently13. A. irregular B. so C. too D. regular14. A. in general B. on the contrary C. to call thetruth D. to name only a few15. A. disadvantages B. advantages C. privilegesD. prioritiesIII. Error Correction (10 points)Directions:the passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in a right way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/ ” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petroland the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horribly. Everybody knows that the nicest men (1) ________become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again,to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’sseat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exceptional to (2)________the rule. Perhaps the situation calls on a ‘Be Kind to (3) ________Other Drivers’ campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It took the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers (4) ______to resisting the temptation to revenge when subjected to (5) ________uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politenessgoes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring.A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an action of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of (6) ________good will and tolerance so necessary in modern trafficconditions.But such acknowledgement of politeness is all too rare today.Many drivers nowadays don’t ev en seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.Therefore, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous.(7) ________Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allowa car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following up (8) ________traffic, when a few second later the road would be clear anyway; (9) ________or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the pathof oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The samegoes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever andwhenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways arenot covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me itwould help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into trafficstreams once at time without causing the total blockages that (10) ________give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t evenlearn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadmanship.Years ago the experts warned us that the car-owner-ship explosionwould demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is hightime for all of us to take this message to heart.IV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Passage 1Once upon a time, in the country of Half Mad , which was cut off from the western end of Europe in prehistoric times to prevent the inhabitants from injuring any but themselves, the King fell ill.As he had always been well spoken of, and had established very kindly relations with his subjects , his illness caused a great increase of worries about his family.All the married women saw in the Queen a wife anxious about her husband, with a sick-bed to provide for. All the men saw in the King a fellow-man suffering as they themselves had suffered or might at any moment have to suffer. For sickness is a great Leveller, and consequently a great breeder of sympathy, unlike that Impostor Death, who gives a pompous eminence to even the humblest.And thus, with sympaythy added to loyalty, the nation was in such a state of concern about the King as had never before arisen within living memory. Naturally , the case being one of dangerous illness , it was to the doctors that the nation turned for help and reassurance.1. According the passage（A）the inhabitants injured themselves.(B) the inhabitants injured the others .(C) the inhabitants injured none of the others.(D) the inhabitants injured everybody.2. What can we infer from the passage?(A)All of the people in the country loved the king.(B)All of the people in the country disliked the king.(C)All of the people in the country hated the king.(D)All of the people in the country had a prejudice against the king.3.According to the passage(A) sickness is a great lover..(B) sickness is a great enemy.. (C) sickness is a great friend..(D) sickness is a great equalitarian.4. Which statement of the following is true?(A)The Queen was worried about her husband’s health.(B)The Queen was worried about her husband’s fortune.(C)The Queen was worried about her husband’s reputation.(D)The Queen was worried about her husband’s political power.5. From the text we can infer(A)the people were not sympathetic and loyal.(B)the people were sympathetic and disloyal.(C)the people were neither sympathetic nor loyal.(D)the people were sympathetic and loyal.Passage 2Now in the country of the Half Mad the doctors had long before this taken the place of the medieval church. There was a law that when a man was ill he must on pain of punishment send for his parish priest; but this law had been so long disregarded that only a few specialists in church history knew of its existence. Its place had been taken by a law that when there was sickness in the house the doctor must be sent for, and that if the doctor said that any part of a sick child’s body must be cut out its parents must have that done at once whether they approved or not, or else be haled before a magistrate and heavily fined, or should the child have died, committed for trial for having killed it.To such powers as this were added extraordinary privileges. For instance, doctors were licensed to commit murder with impunity, provided they did it either by in such a manner that the victim did not die until he or shehad been put to bed. Not only was no inquest held and no indictment brought against the doctor, but he was actually paid for his labor, and sometimes invited to the funeral.6. Now in the country of the Half Mad(A) the doctors had long before this got rid of the medieval church.(B) the doctors had long before this replaced the medieval church.(C) the doctors had long before this disliked the medieval church.(D) the doctors had long before this respected the medieval church.7. According to the passage(A) the doctor could cut out any part of a sick child’s body freely.(B) the doctor could cut out any part of a sick child’s body with the permissions of the sick child.(C) the doctor could cut out any part of a sick child’s body with its parents’ permissions .(D) the doctor could not cut out any part of a sick child’s body with its parents’ permissions .8. The doctor(A) was actually paid for his labor, and sometimes invited to the funeral.(B) got nothing for his labor, but sometimes invited to the funeral.(C) got nothing for his labor, but never invited to the funeral.(D) was just invited to the funeral.9. The doctor(A) enjoyed no priviledge.(B) enjoyed much priviledge.(C) enjoyed little priviledge.(D) was poor.10.What did the doctor often do?(A)He often killed the sick.(B) He often visited the sick.(C)He often helped the sick.(D) He often cursed the sick.Passage3“In his mode of delineating natural objects Shakespeare is curiously opposed to Milton. The latter ，who was still by temperament ，and a school master by trade，selects a beautiful object ， put it straight out before him and his readers， and accumulates upon it all the learned imagery of a thousand years：Shakespeare glances at it and says something of his own ：it is not our intention to say that， as a describer of the external world ， Milton is inferior； in set description we rather think that he was the better. We only wish to contrast the mode in which the delineation is effected. One is like an artist who dashes off any number of picturesque sketches at any moment； the other like a man who has lived at Rome and has undergone a through training ，and by deliberate and conscious effort， after a long study of the best masters， reduces a few great pictures.”11. In his mode of delineating natural objects(A) Shakespeare is againnst Milton.(B) Shakespeare is for Milton.(C) Shakespeare dislikes Milton.(D) Shakespeare is quite different from Milton.12. Milton was(A) humous by temperament.(B) lovable by temperament.(C) hot by temperament.(D) quiet by temperament.13. As a describer of the external world，Milton is(A) superior.(B) a failure.(C)) is poor.(D) inferior.14. Milton lived(A) at Rome.(B) in Britain.(C) in Italy.(D) in Germony.15. According to the passage(A) Milton is more gifted than Shakespeare.(B) Shakespeare is more gifted than Milton.(C) Milton is more knowledgeable than Shakespeare.(D) Milton is more serious than Shakespeare. Passage 4A history of the criticism of George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) would reveal that there has never been a consensus about the ultimate value of his dramatic work or about the efficacy of his opinions. He is generally considered to be the greatest playwright of the English-speaking world in the twentieth century, yet detractors insist that his "drama of ideas" led to a theatrical dead end and that the ideas themselves belong to an age, not to all time. Shaw began writing in the 1870s and continued writing to the end of his long life. His first novel was written in 1879; his last play was written more than 70 years later, in 1950. Few literary figures of the twentieth century have attracted more critical attention.16. Critics completely agreed with(A) the ultimate value of Bernard Shaw’s dramatic work or about the efficacy of his opinions.(B) the ultimate value of Bernard Shaw’s dramatic work or about the efficacy of his opinions.(C) the ultimate value of Bernard Shaw’s dramatic work or about the efficacy of his opinions.(D) the ultimate value of Bernard Shaw’s dramatic work or about the efficacy of his theories.17. Bernard Shaw was well known for(A) his novels.(B) his poems.(C) his essays.(D) his plays.18. Bernard Shaw’s "drama of ideas", according to thedetractors,(A) led to a theatrical dead end.(B) led to a good theatrical end.(C) led to no theatrical end.(D) were poor.19.How many literary figures of the twentieth century haveattracted more critical attention than Bernard Shaw?(A) A few.(B)Many.(C)Not A few(D) Few20. Shaw wrote for(A) pleasue.(B) a while.(C) nothing.(D) almost his whole life.V. Translation (25 points)Directions: translate the following Chinese text into English微弱的曙光终于出现了，困乏的漫漫长夜到了尽头。
2015考研英语二真题及答案解析
2015考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)In our contemporary culture，the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddlewith their phones，even without a 1 undergroundIt's a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because there's2 to be gained from talking to the strange r standing by you. But you wouldn't know it，3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the4 ："Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as"creep,"We fear we'II be 7 We fear we'II be disruptive Strangers are inherently 8 to us，so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones."Phones become our security blanket，"Wortmann says."They are our happyglasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 ."But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr.Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other peoplein the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 withthe experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C]signall [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C]another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C]plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C]notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resis [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predictl [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C]In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] Iogical [D] rare【答案】1. signal2. Much3. plugged4. message5. behind6. misinterpreted7. judged8. unfamiliar9. anxious 10. turn11. dangerous 12. hurt 13. Conversation 14. passengers15. predict 16. ride 17. went through 18. in fact19. since 20. simpleSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys. People art actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortntlol. Which is it at stress marker. While they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge."Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers. Sarah Damaske, In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. "it is men not women. Who report being bappicr at home than at work," Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with childrcn and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why pcoplc who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they' re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it' s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw anincome. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they' re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they' re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Pa ragraph 1，most previous su rveys found that home___________[A]was an un realistic place for relaxation[B]generated more stress than the workplace[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.According to Damaske， who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A]Working mothers[B]Childless husbands[C] Childless wives[D]Working fathers23 The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact thay___________[A]they are both bread winners and housewives[B]their home is also a place for kicking back[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word"moola"(Line 4，Para 4)most probably means___________[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____________[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]family labor is often adequately rewarded【答案】21.D offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.B childless husbands23.A they are both bread winners and housewives24.C earnings25.B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cutText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private unive rsity．First generation was defined as not having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degreeTheir thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-gene ration students"struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the'rules of the game，'and take advantage of college resou rces," they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages don't talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students' educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students' like them can improve26. Recruiting more first-generation students has[A]reduced their d ropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original pu rpose[D]depressed college students27 The author of the research article are optimistic because[A]the problem is solvable[B]their approach is costless[q the recruiting rate has increased[D]their finding appeal to students28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students[A]study at private universities[B]are from single-pa rent families[q are in need of financial support[D]have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question 【答案】26.C missed its original purpose27.A the problem is solvable28.C are in need of financial support29.D are inexperienced in handling issues at college30.D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3Even in traditional offices，"the lingua franca of corporate America has gottenmuch more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago，" said Ha rva rd Business School professor Nancy Koehn She sta rted spinning off examples."If you and I pa rachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use of terms like Journey, mission,passion. There were goals，there were strategies，there were objectives，but we didn't talk about energy；we didn't talk about passion."Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabula ry is very "team"-oriented-and not by coincidence."Let's not forget sDorts-in male-dominated corporate America，it's still a big deal. It's not explicitly conscious；it's the idea that I'm a coach，and you're my team，and we're in this togethec. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies，but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win".These terms a re also intended to infuse work with meaning-and，as Khu rana points out，increase allegiance to the firm."You have the importation of terminology that historicallyused to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，"saidKhuranaThis new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The "mommy wars" of the 1990s a re still going on today, prompting arguments about whywomen still can'thave it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In，whose title has become abuzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home But ifyour work is your "passion," you'II be more likely to devote yourself to it，even ifthat means going home for dinner and then working long afterthe kids are in bedBut this seems to be the irony of office speak：Everyone makes fun of it，butmanage rs love it，companies depend on it，and regular people willingly absorb itAs Nunberg said，"You can get people to think it's nonsense at the same timethat you buy into it." In a workplace that's fundamentally indiffe rent to your lifeand its meaning office speak can help you figu re out how you relate to yourwork-and how your work defines who you are31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become________[A]more e motional[B]more objective[C]less energetic[D]less energetic[E]less strategic32."team"-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to________[A]historical incidents[B]gender difference[C]sports culture[D]athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to________[A]revive historical terms[B]promote company image[C]foster corporate cooperation[D]strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In_________[A]voices for working women[B]appeals to passionate workaholics[C]triggers dcbates among mommies[D]praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C]Companies find it to be fundamental[D]Regular people mock it but accept it【答案】31.A more emotional32.C sports culture33.D strengthen employee loyalty34.A voices for working women35.C companies find it to be fundamentalText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporled for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment take to 6 J percent. at good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However there is another important part of the jobs picture that was targely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000（4,4 percent）above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes."they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because theyA. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven' t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the USA. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare's trouble【答案】36.B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs37.C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs38.B shows a general tendency of decline39.B employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance40.A employment in the USPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUefortunately, life is not a bed of roses, We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a rontantic relatlonshlp of a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time,but you should remember that they won't last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventally move as toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I've learned along the way.41.___________________________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor will smith once said, "Fear is not real. Itis a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice." I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42 ._______________________________________________If you are by and43. _______________________________________Sometimes it is casy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44______________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people, You may have a circle of friends who provide constant goodhumor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives. Try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and cncouragement.45_____________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your of own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.【答案】41.D Most of your fears are unreal42.E Think about the resent moment43.G There are many things to be grateful for44.A you are not alone45.C Pave your own unique pathSection Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy tolose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it wasshorter.参考译文：想想看在一条非常熟悉的路上驾驶的感觉，这可能发生在上班，进城或回家的路上。
2015年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with — or even looking at — a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to their phones, even without a 1 on a subway.It’s a sad reality —our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings —because there’s 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it, 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the 4 : “Please don’t approach me.”What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as “weird”. We fear we’ll be 7 . We fear we’ll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn’t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . “When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,” the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, “not a single person reported havi ng been embarrassed.”18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those withoutcommunication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It’s that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpreted [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B]conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B]In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better a t work, she notes. “It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.” Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home,whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for worki ng women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues — your family — have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with co mplete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home ______.[A] was an unrealistic place for relaxation[B] generated more stress than the workplace[C] was an ideal place for stress measurement[D] offered greater relaxation than the workplace22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Working mothers [B] Childless husbands[C] Childless wives [D] Working fathers23. The blurring of working women’s roles refers to the fact that ______.[A] they are both bread winners and housewives[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] it is difficult for them to leave their office24. The word moola (Paragraph 4) most probably means ______.[A] energy [B] skills [C] earnings [D] nutrition25. The home front differs from the workplace in that ______.[A] home is hardly a cozier working environment[B] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students — those who do not have a parent with a college degree —lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has creat ed “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis — that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact — was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the clas s advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first-generation students has ______.[A] reduced their dropout rates [B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose [D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because ______.[A] the problem is solvable [B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased [D] their findings appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first-generation students ______.[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their college29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students ______.[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that ______.[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D] colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachu ted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn p ointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented — and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports — in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning —and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khu rana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasinglyloud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work — and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become ______.[A] more emotional [B] more objective[C] less energetic [D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to ______.[A] historical incidents [B] gender difference[C] sports culture [D] athletic executive33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to ______.[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In ______.[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For nowit appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000 (7.9 percent) from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they ______.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment in the US ______.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, ______.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses ______.[A] employment in the US [B] part-timer classification[C] insurance through Medicaid [D] Obamacare’s troubl ePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading fro m the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANS WER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I’ve learned alongthe way.41. ___________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42. ___________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43. ___________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44. ___________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45. ___________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section Ⅳ Wrtting47. Directions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and2) call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not wri23te your address.(10 points)48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)我国某市居民春节假期花销比例2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题参考答案试题解析Section I Use of English2015年英语二完形填空是一篇选自Huffington Post（霍芬顿邮报）名为"This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway --And Why You Should Stop"的文章。
2015年考研英语二真题答案及解析
2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本文主要就当前社会存在的一个现象进行分析——为什么现在的人不与周围的陌生人交流，而只专注于手机。
第一段提出现象。
第二段指出与陌生人交流其实大有裨益，只是我们不知道。
第三段提出全文要探讨的问题。
第四段给出原因之一——害怕。
第五段承接第四段继续分析，指出我们把手机视为保护毯，避免与陌生人交谈的尴尬。
第六段用一个实验证明其实与陌生人交谈并不是那么尴尬。
第七段对实验结果进行解释，因为人类的的发展源于社会联系。
试题解析In our contemporary culture,the prospect of communicating with—or even looking at—a stranger is virtually unbearable.Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones,even without a__1__on a subway.【译文】在当代文化中，与陌生人交流，甚至看一眼陌生人，都几乎难以忍受。
我们周围的每一个人似乎都同意这点，他们玩弄着手机，即使地铁上一点儿信号都没有。
1.[A]ticket车票[B]permit许可证[C]signal信号[D]record记录【答案】C【考点】词义辨析【直击答案】空格所在句意为：陌生人之间没有交流，大家都只关注自己的手机，即使地铁里没有________。
选项中，只有C项符合上下文语义，与phones和subway有关，因此signal正确。
【命题思路】本题四个选项语义不相关，所以只需要根据上下文确定所需填入的语义即可。
【干扰排除】其余三个选项带入原文都与句意不符，故排除。
It's a sad reality—our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings—because there's__2__to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you.But you wouldn't know it,__3__into your phone.This universal protection sends the___4___:_“Please don't approach me.”【译文】这是个可悲的现实——我们希望避免与其他人交流——因为和身边的陌生人交流会带来诸多益处。
2015年考研英语二真题及答案(word打印版)
2015年硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at — a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.It's a sad reality — our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings — because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,” We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the Band-Aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not asingle person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpret [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were athome and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ”writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“ It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives [B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands [D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills [B] energy [C] earnings [D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percentof the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates [B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose [D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable [B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased [D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities [B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support [D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America hasgotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence.“Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional [B] more objective [C] less energetic [D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents [B] gender difference [C] sports culture [D] athletic executives33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms [B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation [D] strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women [B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies [D] praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it [B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental [D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession,but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is“yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people ,especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses_______.[A] employment in the US [B] part-timer classification[C] insurance though Medicaid [D] Obamacare’s troublePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I’ve learned along the way. 41._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42_____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passingscenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and2) call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)【答案】1 .C signal2 .D much 3. C plugged 4. A message 5. C behind6. A misinterpreted7. B judged8. D unfamiliar9. B anxious 10. D turn11. A dangerous 12. A hurt 13.B conversation 14. D passengers 15.C predict 16. D ride 17.A went through 18.C in fact 19.B since 20 B simple21--25 ACDCA 26--30 DCCDB 31--35 ACDAD 36--40 BBABD41、【答案】[D] Most of your fears are unreal42、【答案】[E] Think about the present moment43、【答案】[G] There are many things to be grateful for44、【答案】[A] You are not alone45、【答案】[C] Pave your own unique path。
2015年考研英语(二)真题 .doc
2015年考研英语（二）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)In our contemporary culture，the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones，even without a 1 undergroundIt's a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the strange r standing by you. But you wouldn't know it，3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 ："Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as"creep,"We fear we'IIbe 7 We fear we'II be disruptive Strangers are inherently 8 to us，so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones."Phones become our security blanket，"Wortmann says."They are our happyglasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 ."But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr.Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 withthe experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C]signall [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C]another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C]plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C]notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resis [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predictl [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C]In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] Iogical [D] rareSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys. People art actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortntlol. Which is it at stress marker. While they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge."Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers. Sarah Damaske, In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. "it is men not women. Who report being bappicr at home than at work," Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with childrcn and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why pcoplc who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they' re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playingcatch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it' s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order todraw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they' re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they' re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Pa ragraph 1，most previous su rveys found that home___________[A]was an un realistic place for relaxation[B]generated more stress than the workplace[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.According to Damaske，who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A]Working mothers[B]Childless husbands[C] Childless wives[D]Working fathers23 The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact thay___________[A]they are both bread winners and housewives[B]their home is also a place for kicking back[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word"moola"(Line 4，Para 4)most probably means___________[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____________[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of educationachievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors asgrades)between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private unive rsity．First generation was defined as not having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degreeTheir thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-gene ration students"struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the'rules of the game，'and take advantage of college resou rces," they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages don't talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students' educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students' like them can improve26. Recruiting more first-generation students has[A]reduced their d ropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original pu rpose[D]depressed college students27 The author of the research article are optimistic because[A]the problem is solvable[B]their approach is costless[q the recruiting rate has increased[D]their finding appeal to students28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students[A]study at private universities[B]are from single-pa rent families[q are in need of financial support[D]have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3Even in traditional offices，"the lingua franca of corporate America has gottenmuch more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago，" said Ha rva rd Business School professor Nancy Koehn She sta rted spinning off examples."If you and I pa rachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use of terms like Journey, mission,passion. There were goals，there were strategies，there were objectives，but we didn't talk about energy；we didn't talk about passion."Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabula ry is very"team"-oriented-and not by coincidence."Let's not forget sDorts-in male-dominated corporate America，it's still a big deal. It's not explicitly conscious；it's the idea that I'm a coach，and you're my team，and we're in this togethec. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies，but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win".These terms a re also intended to infuse work with meaning-and，as Khu rana points out，increase allegiance to the firm."You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，"saidKhurana This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The "mommy wars" of the 1990s a re still going on today, prompting arguments about whywomen still can'thave it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In，whose title has become abuzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacity are all about setting boundaries betweenthe office and the home But ifyour work is your "passion," you'II be more likely to devote yourself to it，even ifthat means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bedBut this seems to be the irony of office speak：Everyone makes fun of it，butmanage rs love it，companies depend on it，and regular people willingly absorb itAs Nunberg said，"You can get people to think it's nonsense at the same timethat you buy into it." In a workplace that's fundamentally indiffe rent to your lifeand its meaning office speak can help you figu re out how you relate to yourwork-and how your work defines who you are31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become________[A]more e motional[B]more objective[C]less energetic[D]less energetic[E]less strategic32."team"-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to________[A]historical incidents[B]gender difference[C]sports culture[D]athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to________[A]revive historical terms[B]promote company image[C]foster corporate cooperation[D]strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In_________[A]voices for working women[B]appeals to passionate workaholics[C]triggers dcbates among mommies[D]praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C]Companies find it to be fundamental[D]Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporled for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment take to 6 J percent. at good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have along way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However there is another important part of the jobs picture that was targely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000（4,4 percent）above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes."they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because theyA. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven' t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the USA. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare's troubleSome Old Truths to Help You Overcorne Toucgh TimesUefortunately, life is not a bed of roses, We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a rontantic relatlonshlp of a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time,but you should remember that they won't last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventally move as toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I've learned along the way.41.Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor will smith once said, "Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice." I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42 .If you are ??? by ??? and43. .Sometimes it is casy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things youhave. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44..No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people, You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives. Try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and cncouragement.45 .Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your of own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy tolose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it wasshorter.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47.Direerions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1)briefly introduce the camp activities, and2)call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, your should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comment.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.2015年考研英语二真题答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
2015年考研英语二真题及答案解析
1 / 20202015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections ：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with — or even looking at — a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to their phones, even without a 1 on a subway. It’s It’s a a a sad sad sad reality reality reality ——our our desire desire desire to to to avoid avoid avoid interacting interacting interacting with with with other other other human human human beings beings beings ——because there’s there’s 2 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it, 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the 4 : “Please don’t approach me.”What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens? One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as “weird weird”. We fear we’ll be ”. We fear we’ll be 7 . We fear we’ll be disruptive. disruptive. Strangers Strangers Strangers are are are inherently inherently 8 to to us, us, us, so so so we we we are are are more more more likely likely likely to to to feel feel 9 when communicating communicating with with with them them them compared compared compared with with with our our our friends friends friends and and and acquaintances. acquaintances. acquaintances. To To To avoid avoid avoid this this this anxiety, anxiety, we 10 to our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But But once once once we we we rip rip rip off off off the the the bandaid, bandaid, bandaid, tuck tuck tuck our our our smartphones smartphones smartphones in in in our our our pockets pockets pockets and and and look look look up, up, up, it it doesn’t doesn’t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder Schroeder asked asked asked commuters commuters commuters to to to do do do the the the unthinkable: unthinkable: unthinkable: Start Start Start a a 13 . They They had had had Chicago Chicago Chicago train train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . “When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the the same same same train train train station station station to to 15 how how they they they would would would feel feel feel after after after talking talking talking to to to a a a stranger, stranger, stranger, the the the commuters commuters thought thought their their 16 would would be be be more more more pleasant pleasant pleasant if if if they they they sat sat sat on on on their their their own,” own,” own,” the the the New New New Y ork Y ork Times Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, “not a single person reported havi ng been embarrassed .”.”18 , these these commutes commutes commutes were were were reportedly reportedly reportedly more more more enjoyable enjoyable enjoyable compared compared compared with with with those those those without without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected. It’s that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected. 1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record 2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much 3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought 4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign 5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from 6. [A] misinterpreted [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched 7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed 8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar 9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry 10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn 11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring 12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay 13. [A] lecture [B]conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation 14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers 15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design 16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride 17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up 18. [A] In turn [B]In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence 19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas 20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rare Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge. “Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women t work, she notes. “It is men, not women, who report being happier at even say they feel better ahold true for both those with true for both those with children and that findings hold home than at work.” Another surprise is without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health. What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the the blurring blurring blurring of of of roles, roles, roles, and and and the the the fact fact fact that that that the the the home home home front front front lags lags lags well well well behind behind behind the the the workplace workplace workplace in in in making making adjustments for worki ng women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola. On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues — your family — have no clear rewards rewards for for for their their their labor; labor; labor; they they they need need need to to to be be be talked talked talked into into into it, it, it, or or or if if if they’re they’re they’re teenagers, teenagers, teenagers, threatened threatened threatened with with co complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. mplete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home. So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate. 21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home ______. [A] was an unrealistic place for relaxation [B] generated more stress than the workplace [C] was an ideal place for stress measurement [D] offered greater relaxation than the workplace 22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home? [A] Working mothers [B] Childless husbands [C] Childless wives [D] Working fathers 23. The blurring of working women’s roles refers to the fact that ______. [A] they are both bread winners and housewives [B] their home is also a place for kicking back [C] there is often much housework left behind [D] it is difficult for them to leave their office 24. The word moola (Paragraph 4) most probably means ______. [A] energy [B] skills [C] earnings [D] nutrition 25. The home front differs from the workplace in that ______. [A] home is hardly a cozier working environment [B] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut [C] household tasks are generally more motivating [D] family labor is often adequately rewarded Text 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students — those who do not have a parent parent with with with a a a college college college degree degree degree —— lag lag other other other students students students on on on a a a range range range of of of education education education achievement achievement achievement factors. factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades decades to to to recruit recruit recruit more more more of of of them. them. them. This This This has has has creat creat created ed ed “a “a “a paradox” paradox” paradox” in in in that that that recruiting recruiting recruiting first first first-generation -generation students, students, but but but then then then watching watching watching many many many of of of them them them fail, fail, fail, means means means that that that higher higher higher education education education has has has “continued “continued “continued to to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science . But But the article is the article is a ctually actually actually quite optimistic, as quite optimistic, as i t it it outlines a potential solution outlines a potential solution to to this problem, this problem, suggesting suggesting that that that an an an approach approach approach (which (which (which involves involves involves a a a one-hour, one-hour, one-hour, next-to-no-cost next-to-no-cost next-to-no-cost program) program) program) can can can close close close 63 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students. The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving involving 147 147 147 students students students (who (who (who completed completed completed the the the project) project) project) at at at an an an unnamed unnamed unnamed private private private university. university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree. Their thesis — that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact — was based on the the view view view that that that first-generation first-generation first-generation students students students may may may be be be most most most lacking lacking lacking not not not in in in potential potential potential but but but in in in practical practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap. Many first-first-generation generation students “struggle to navigate the middle middle-class -class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the clas class s advantage and disadvantages disadvantages of of of different different different groups groups groups of of of students. students. students. Because Because Because US US US colleges colleges colleges and and and universities universities universities seldom seldom acknowledge acknowledge how how how social social social class class class can can can affect affect affect students’ students’ students’ educational educational educational experience, experience, experience, many many many first first first-generation -generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve. 26. Recruiting more first-generation students has ______. [A] reduced their dropout rates [B] narrowed the achievement gap [C] missed its original purpose [D] depressed college students 27. The author of the research article are optimistic because ______. [A] the problem is solvable [B] their approach is costless [C] the recruiting rate has increased [D] their findings appeal to students 28. The study suggests that most first-generation students ______. [A] study at private universities [B] are from single-parent families [C] are in need of financial support [D] have failed their college 29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students ______. [A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap [B] can have a potential influence on other students [C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects [D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college 30. We may infer from the last paragraph that ______. [A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class [B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources [C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences [D] colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question Text 3 Even in in traditional traditional traditional offices, offices, offices, “the “the “the lingua lingua lingua franca franca franca of of of corporate corporate corporate America America America has has has gotten gotten gotten much much much more more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor professor Nancy Nancy Nancy Koehn. Koehn. Koehn. She She She started started started spinning spinning spinning off off off examples. examples. examples. “If “If “If you you you and and and I I I parachu parachu parachuted ted ted back back back to to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. passion. There There There were were were goals, goals, goals, there there there were were were strategies, strategies, strategies, there there there were were were objectives, objectives, objectives, but but but we we we didn’t didn’t didn’t talk talk talk about about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.” Koehn p o inted out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”ointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented -oriented —— and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports — in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this this together. together. together. There There There are are are lots lots lots and and and lots lots lots of of of CEOs CEOs CEOs in in in very very very different different different companies, companies, companies, but but but most most most think think think of of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.” These terms terms are are are also also also intended intended intended to to to infuse infuse infuse work work work with with with meaning meaning meaning —— and, and, as as as Khurana Khurana Khurana points points points out, out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khu rana. This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud loud debates debates debates over over over work-work-work-life life life balance. balance. balance. The The The “mommy “mommy “mommy wars” wars” wars” of of of the the the 1990s 1990s 1990s are are are still still still going going going on on on today, today, prompting prompting arguments arguments arguments about about about why why why women women women still still still can’t can’t can’t have have have it it it all all all and and and books books books like like like Sheryl Sheryl Sheryl Sandberg’s Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed. But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies companies depend depend depend on on on it, it, it, and and and regular regular regular people people people willingly willingly willingly absorb absorb absorb it. it. it. As As As Nunberg Nunberg Nunberg said, said, said, “Y ou “Y ou can can can get get people people to to to think think think it’s it’s it’s nonsense nonsense nonsense at at at the the the same same same time time time that that that you you you buy buy buy into into into it.” it.” it.” In In In a a a workplace workplace workplace that’s that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work — and how your work defines who you are. 31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become ______. [A] more emotional [B] more objective [C] less energetic [D] less strategic 32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to ______. [A] historical incidents [B] gender difference [C] sports culture [D] athletic executive 33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to ______. [A] revive historical terms [B] promote company image [C] foster corporate cooperation [D] strengthen employee loyalty 34. It can be inferred that Lean In ______. [A] voices for working women [B] appeals to passionate workaholics [C] triggers debates among mommies [D] praises motivated employees 35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak? [A] Managers admire it but avoid it [B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense [C] Companies find it to be fundamental [D] Regular people mock it but accept it Text 4 Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace. However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level. Before Before explaining explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work work because because because this this this is is is all all all they they they can can can get. get. get. An An An increase increase increase in in in involuntary involuntary involuntary part-time part-time part-time work work work is is is evidence evidence evidence of of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet. There was was an an an increase increase increase in in in involuntary involuntary involuntary part-time part-time part-time in in in June, June, June, but but but the the the general general general direction direction direction has has has been been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000 (7.9 percent) from is year ago level. We know know the the the difference difference difference between between between voluntary voluntary voluntary and and and involuntary involuntary involuntary part-time part-time part-time employment employment employment because because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week. The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow allow people people people to to to get get get insurance insurance insurance outside outside outside of of of employment. employment. employment. For For For many many many people, people, people, especially especially especially those those those with with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance. However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance. 36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected? [A] The prospect of a thriving job market. [B] The increase of voluntary part-time market. [C] The possibility of full employment. [D] The acceleration of job creation. 37. Many people work part-time because they ______. [A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs. [B] feel that is enough to make ends meet. [C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs. [D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market. 38. Involuntary part-time employment in the US ______. [A] is harder to acquire than one year ago. [B] shows a general tendency of decline. [C] satisfies the real need of the jobless. [D] is lower than before the recession. 39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, ______. [A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance [B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance [C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members [D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance 40. The text mainly discusses ______. [A] employment in the US [B] part-timer classification [C] insurance through Medicaid [D] Obamacare’s troubl e Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANS WER SHEET. (10 (10 points)[A] You are not alone [B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path [D] Most of your fears are unreal [E] Think about the present moment [F] Experience helps you grow [G] There are many things to be grateful for Unfortunately, Unfortunately, life life life is is is not not not a a a bed bed bed of of of roses. roses. roses. We We We are are are going going going through through through life life life facing facing facing sad sad sad experiences. experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard Hard times times times may may may hold hold hold you you you down down down at at at what what what usually usually usually seems seems seems like like like the the the most most most inopportune inopportune inopportune time, time, time, but but but you you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and and respect respect respect for for for life. life. life. Furthermore, Furthermore, Furthermore, these these these losses losses losses make make make us us us mature mature mature and and and eventually eventually eventually move move move us us us toward toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I’ve learned along the way. 41. ___________________ Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating exaggerating fears. fears. fears. My My My favorite favorite favorite actor actor actor Will Will Will Smith Smith Smith once once once said, said, said, “Fear “Fear “Fear is is is not not not real. real. real. It It It is is is a a a product product product of of thoughts thoughts you you you create. create. create. Do Do Do not not not misunderstand misunderstand misunderstand me. me. me. Danger Danger Danger is is is very very very real. real. real. But But But fear fear fear is is is a a a choice.” choice.” choice.” I I I do do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination. 42. ___________________ If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present. 43. ___________________ Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something. 44. ___________________ No No matter matter matter how how how isolated isolated isolated you you you might might might feel feel feel and and and how how how serious serious serious the the the situation situation situation is, is, is, you you you should should should always always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. Y ou may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement. 45. ___________________ Today Today many many many people people people find find find it it it difficult difficult difficult to to to trust trust trust their their their own own own opinion opinion opinion and and and seek seek seek balance balance balance by by by gaining gaining objectivity objectivity from from from external external external sources. sources. sources. This This This way way way you you you devalue devalue devalue your your your opinion opinion opinion and and and show show show that that that you you you are are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices. 。
2015年考研英语二真题及答案(word打印版).doc
2015年硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at —a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.It's a sad reality —our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings —because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,” We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the Band-Aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpret [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ”writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“ It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what t hey’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives [B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands [D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills [B] energy [C] earnings [D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates [B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose [D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable [B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased [D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities [B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support [D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of cor porate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence.“Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this toget her. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegianc e to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose t itle has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As N unberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional [B] more objective [C] less energetic [D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents [B] gender difference [C] sports culture [D] athletic executives33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms [B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation [D] strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women [B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies [D] praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it [B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental [D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession,but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is“yes”,they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people ,especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses_______.[A] employment in the US [B] part-timer classification[C] insurance though Medicaid [D] Obamacare’s troublePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I’ve learned along the way.41._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is no t real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42_____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a momentfrom the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, whe n we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.想想在一条你非常熟悉的路线上开车是什么感觉。
青岛大学622基础英语(2)2016-2017年考研专业课真题试卷
青岛大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：622科目名称：基础英语（2）（共9页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效Part I.Cloze(20points)Directions:there are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Music comes in many forms;most countries have a style of their own.1 the turn of the century when jazz was born,America had no prominent2of its own.No one knows exactly when jazz was3,or by whom.But it began to be4in the early1900s.Jazz is Americas contribution to5music.In contrast to classical music,which6formal European traditions,jazz is spontaneous and free form.It bubbles with energy,7the moods,interests, and emotions of the people.In the1920s jazz8like America,and9 it does today.The10of this music are as interesting as the music11.American Negroes,or blacks,as they are called today,were the jazz12.They were brought to Southern States13slaves.They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long14.When a Negro died his friend and relatives15a procession to carry the body to the cemetery.In New Orleans,a band often accompanied the16.On the way to the cemetery the band played slow,solemn music suited to the occasion.17on the way home the mood changed.Spirits lifted.Death had removed one of their18, but the living were glad to be alive.The band played19music,improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes20at the funeral.This music made everyone want to dance.It was an early form of jazz.1. A.By B.At C.In D.On2. A.music B.song C.melody D.style3. A.discovered B.acted C.invented D.designed4. A.noticed B.found C.listened D.heard5. A.classical B.sacred C.popular D.light6. A.forms B.follows C.approaches D.introduces7. A.expressing B.explaining C.exposing D.illustrating8. A.appeared B.felt C.seemed D.sounded9. A.as B.so C.either D.neither10.A.origins B.originals C.discoveries D.resources11.A.concerned B.itself C.available D.oneself12.A.players B.followers C.fans D.pioneers13.A.for B.as C.with D.by14.A.months B.weeks C.hours D.times15.A.demonstrated posed C.hosted D.formed16.A.demonstration B.procession C.body D.march17.A.Even B.Therefore C.Furthermore D.But18. A.number B.members C.body D.relations19. A.sad B.solemn C.happy D.funeral20. A.whistled B.sung C.presented D.showedPart II.Error Correction(10points)Directions:the passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in a right way.For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the position of the missing word with a“∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word,cross out the unnecessary word with a slash“/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Sporting activities are essentially modified forms ofhunting behavior.Viewing biologically,the modern 1.________ footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised huntingpack.His killing weapon has turned into a harmless footballand his prey into a goal-mouth.If his aimis inaccurate and he scores a goal, 2.________ enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey. 3.________ To understand how this transformation hastaken place we must briefly look up at 4.________ our ancient ancestors.They spent over amillion year evolving as co-operative hunters. 5.________ Their very survival depended on successin the hunting-field.Under this pressureTheir whole way of life,even if their bodies 6.________ became radically changed.They became chasers,runners,jumpers,aimers,。
2015年考研英语二真题与答案word完整版
2015年考研英语二真题word完整版Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。
Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at -- a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.It's a sad reality -- our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings -- because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,". We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 ."But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signall [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predictl [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rare答案：1. signal2. Much3. plugged4. message5. behind6. misinterpreted7. judged8. unfamiliar9. anxious10. turn11. dangerous 12. hurt 13. Conversation14. passengers15. predict 16. ride 17. went through18. in fact19. since 20. simpleSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home that at work. Researc hers measured people’s cortisol, which is stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men hav e lower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes, “It is men, not women, who report being happier at homethan at work.” Another surprise is that the fi ndings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it i s household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws outlife-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues- your family- have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatenedwith complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co- workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home_______[A] was an unrealistic place for relaxation[B] generated more stress than the workplace[C] was an ideal place for stress measurement[D] offered greater relaxation than the workplace22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Working mothers [B] Childless husbands[C] Childless wives [D] Working fathers23. The blurring of working women’s roles refers to the fact thay_______[A] they are both bread winners and housewives[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] it is difficult for them to leave their office24. The word “moola”(Line 4, Para 4) most probably means_______[A] energy [B] skills[C] earnings [D] nutrition25. The home front differs from the workplace in that_______[A] home is hardly a cozier working environment[B] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewarded答案：21.D offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.B childless husbands23.A they are both bread winners and housewives24.C earnings25.B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cutText2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advanceeconomically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rath er than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be mostlacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” t hey write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational ex perience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question答案：26.C missed its original purpose27.A the problem is solvable28.C are in need of financial support29.D are inexperienced in handling issues at college30.D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off ex amples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated withnon-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, a nd purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work i s your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn,office language has become_____[A] more emotional [B] more objective[C] less energetic [D] less strategic32. “team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents [B] gender difference[C] sports culture [D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers dcbates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept it答案：31.A more emotional32.C sports culture33.D strengthen employee loyalty34.A voices for working women35.C companies find it to be fundamentalText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent) from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes,” they are classified as working part-time. They survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions of family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who maypreviously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because theyA. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven’t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the USA. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, __________.A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance.40. The text mainly discusses____________.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare’s trouble36.B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs37.C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs38.B shows a general tendency of decline39.B employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance40.A employment in the USPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numberedparagraph (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]You are not alone[B]Experience helps you grow[C]Pave your own unique path[D]Most of your fears are unreal[E]Think about the present moment[F]Don’t fear responsibility for your life[G]There are many things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, romantic relationship or a house .Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I’ve learned along the way.41.________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42._________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43._________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pauseand appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44._________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices. 答案：41.D Most of your fears are unreal42.E Think about the resent moment43.G There are many things to be grateful for44.A you are not alone45.C Pave your own unique pathSection III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twi st and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, tim e seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.参考译文：想想看在一条非常熟悉的路上驾驶的感觉，这可能发生在上班，进城或回家的路上。
2015考研英语二真题及答案解析
2015考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)In our contemporary culture，the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddlewith their phones，even without a 1 undergroundIt's a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because there's2 to be gained from talking to the strange r standing by you. But you wouldn't know it，3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the4 ："Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as"creep,"We fear we'II be 7 We fear we'II be disruptive Strangers are inherently 8 to us，so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones."Phones become our security blanket，"Wortmann says."They are our happyglasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 ."But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr.Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other peoplein the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 withthe experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C]signall [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C]another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C]plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C]notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resis [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predictl [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C]In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] Iogical [D] rare【答案】1. signal2. Much3. plugged4. message5. behind6. misinterpreted7. judged8. unfamiliar9. anxious 10. turn11. dangerous 12. hurt 13. Conversation 14. passengers15. predict 16. ride 17. went through 18. in fact19. since 20. simpleSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys. People art actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortntlol. Which is it at stress marker. While they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge."Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers. Sarah Damaske, In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. "it is men not women. Who report being bappicr at home than at work," Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with childrcn and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why pcoplc who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they' re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it' s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-haveno clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they' re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they' re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Pa ragraph 1，most previous su rveys found that home___________[A]was an un realistic place for relaxation[B]generated more stress than the workplace[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.According to Damaske， who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A]Working mothers[B]Childless husbands[C] Childless wives[D]Working fathers23 The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact thay___________[A]they are both bread winners and housewives[B]their home is also a place for kicking back[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word"moola"(Line 4，Para 4)most probably means___________[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____________[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]family labor is often adequately rewarded【答案】21.D offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.B childless husbands23.A they are both bread winners and housewives24.C earnings25.B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cutText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private university．First generation was defined as not having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degreeTheir thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-gene ration students"struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the'rules of the game，'and take advantage of college resou rces," they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages don't talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students' educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students' like them can improve26. Recruiting more first-generation students has[A]reduced their d ropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original pu rpose[D]depressed college students27 The author of the research article are optimistic because[A]the problem is solvable[B]their approach is costless[q the recruiting rate has increased[D]their finding appeal to students28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students[A]study at private universities[B]are from single-pa rent families[q are in need of financial support[D]have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question【答案】26.C missed its original purpose27.A the problem is solvable28.C are in need of financial support29.D are inexperienced in handling issues at college30.D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3Even in traditional offices，"the lingua franca of corporate America has gottenmuch more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago，" said Ha rva rd Business School professor Nancy Koehn She sta rted spinning off examples."If you and I pa rachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use ofterms like Journey, mission,passion. There were goals，there were strategies，there were objectives，but we didn't talk about energy；we didn't talk about passion."Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabula ry is very "team"-oriented-and not by coincidence."Let's not forget sDorts-in male-dominated corporate America，it's still a big deal. It's not explicitly conscious；it's the idea that I'm a coach，and you're my team，and we're in this togethec. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies，but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win".These terms a re also intended to infuse work with meaning-and，as Khu rana points out，increase allegiance to the firm."You have the importation of terminology that historicallyused to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，"saidKhuranaThis new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The "mommy wars" of the 1990s a re still going on today, prompting arguments about whywomen still can'thave it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In，whose title has become abuzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home But ifyour work is your "passion," you'II be more likely to devote yourself to it，even ifthat means going home for dinner and then working long afterthe kids are in bedBut this seems to be the irony of office speak：Everyone makes fun of it，butmanage rs love it，companies depend on it，and regular people willingly absorb itAs Nunberg said，"You can get people to think it's nonsense at the same timethat you buy into it." In a workplace that's fundamentally indiffe rent to your lifeand its meaning office speak can help you figu re out how you relate to yourwork-and how your work defines who you are31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become________[A]more e motional[B]more objective[C]less energetic[D]less energetic[E]less strategic32."team"-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to________[A]historical incidents[B]gender difference[C]sports culture[D]athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to________[A]revive historical terms[B]promote company image[C]foster corporate cooperation[D]strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In_________[A]voices for working women[B]appeals to passionate workaholics[C]triggers dcbates among mommies[D]praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C]Companies find it to be fundamental[D]Regular people mock it but accept it【答案】31.A more emotional32.C sports culture33.D strengthen employee loyalty34.A voices for working women35.C companies find it to be fundamentalText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporled for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment take to 6 J percent. at good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However there is another important part of the jobs picture that was targely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000（4,4 percent）above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes."they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the needto get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because theyA. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven' t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the USA. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare's trouble【答案】36.B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs37.C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs38.B shows a general tendency of decline39.B employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance40.A employment in the USPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUefortunately, life is not a bed of roses, We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a rontantic relatlonshlp of a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time,but you should remember that they won't last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventally move as toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I've learned along the way.41.___________________________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor will smith once said, "Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice." I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42 ._______________________________________________If you are by and43. _______________________________________Sometimes it is casy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44______________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people, You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives. Try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and cncouragement.45_____________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your of own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.【答案】41.D Most of your fears are unreal42.E Think about the resent moment43.G There are many things to be grateful for44.A you are not alone45.C Pave your own unique pathSection Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy tolose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it wasshorter.参考译文：想想看在一条非常熟悉的路上驾驶的感觉，这可能发生在上班，进城或回家的路上。
2015年英语二真题和参考解析(专硕)
2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with—or even looking at—a stranger is virtuall y unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree b y the wa y the y cling to their phones, even without a 1 on a subwa y.It's a sad reality—our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings— because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing b y y ou. Buty ou wouldn't know it, 3 into y our phone. This universal protection sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. Wefear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "weird." We fear we'll be_]_. We fear we'll be disruptive.Strangers are inherentl y 8 to us, so we are more likel y to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our securit y blanket," Wortmann sa y s. "The y are our happ y glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 ."But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Eple y and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . The y had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Eple y and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how the y would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if the y sat on their own," The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been embarrassed."18 , these commutes were reportedl y more enjo y able compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make y ou feel connected.1.[A] signal2.[A] nothing3.[A] beaten4.[A] message5.[A] under6.[A] misa pplied7.[A] j udged8.[A] unreasonable9.[A] comfortable10.[A] attend11.[A] dangerous12.[A] bend13.[A] lecture14.[A] trainees15.[A] reveal16.[A] voyag e17.[A] went through18.[A] In tu m19.[A] unless20.[A] funnyPart A Directions: [B]perm it[C]ticket[D]record [B]little[C]another[D]muc h[B]plugged[C]guid ed[D]brou ght [B]code[C]notice[D]sign[B]beyond[C]behind[D]fr om[B]misinterpreted[C]misad j usted[D]mismatched [B]fired[C]re plac ed[D]delayed [B]ungr atefu l[C]unconventional[D]unfamiliar [B]confident[C]anxious[D]angry [B]tu m[C]take[D]poin t[B]mysterious[C]violent[D]bori ng [B]resist[C]hurt[D]deca y [B]debate[C]conversation[D]negotiation [B]em ploye es[C]researchers[D]passe n gers [B]choose[C]pred ict[D]desig n [B]fl ight[C]walk[D]ride[B]did a wa y[C]ca ught u p[D]put up [B]In fact[C]In particular[D]In consequence [B]whereas[C]if[D]since[B]simple[C]logical[D]rare Section II Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new stud y suggests that contrary to most surve y s, people are actuall y more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while the y were at work and while the y were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge."Fu门her contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women even sa y the y feel better at work, she notes. "It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work." Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is wh y people who work outside the home have better health.What the stud y doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when the y're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For man y men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who sta y home, the y never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, the y often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people prett y much know what the y're supposed to be doing: working, making mone y, doing the tasks the y have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Emplo y ee puts in hours of ph y sical or mental labor and emplo y ee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinicall y and methodicall y laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues y our famil y have no clear rewards for their labor; the y need to be talked into it, or if the y're teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, the y're y our famil y. You cannot fire y our famil y. You never reall y get to go home from home.So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not onl y are the tasks apparentl y infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate .21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home.[A]offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B]was an ideal place for stress measurement[C]generated more stress than the workplace[D]was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A]Working mothers.[B]Childless husbands.[C]Working fathers.[D]Childless wives.23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that.[A]their home is also a place for kicking back[B]they are both bread winners and housewives[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word "moola" (Line 4, Para. 4) most probably means.[A]skills[B]energy[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that.[A]family labor is often adequately rewarded[B]home is hardly a cozier working environment[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cutText2For y ears, studies have found that first-g eneration colle g e students those who do not have a parent with a colle g e degree—la g other students on a ran g e of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are hi g her. But since such students are most likel y to advance economicall y if the y succeed in hi g her education, colle g es and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruitin g first-g eneration students, but then watchin g man y of them fail, means that hi g her education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" an achievement g ap based on social class, accordin g to the depressin g be g innin g of a paper forthcomin g in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actuall y quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, su gg estin g that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement g ap (measured b y such factors as grades) between first-g eneration and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findin g s are based on a stud y involvin g 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First g eneration was defined as not havin g a parent with a fourear colle g e degree. Most of the first-g eneration students (59.1 percent) were yrecipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true onl y for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-y ear degree.Their thesis that a relativel y modest intervention could have a bi g impact was based on the view that first-g eneration students ma y be most lackin g not in potential but in practical knowled g e about how to deal with the issues that face most colle g e students. The y cite past research b y several authors to show that this is theap that must be narrowed to close the achievement g ap.gMan y first-g eneration students "stru gg le to navi g ate the middle-class culture of hi g her education, learn the'rules of the g ame,'and take advanta g e of colle g e resources," the y write. And this becomes more of a problem when colle g es don't talk about the class advanta g es and disadvanta g es of different groups of students. "Because US colle g es and universities seldom acknowled g e how social class can affect students'educational experiences, man y first-g eneration students lack insi g ht about wh y the y are stru gg lin g and do not understand how students'like them'can i mp rove.26.R ..ecru1tmg more first-generation students has .[A]reduced their dropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gap[C]missed its original purpose[D]depressed college students27.The authors of the research article are optimistic because.[A]their findings appeal to students[B]the recruiting rate has increased[C]the problem is solvable[D]their approach is costless28.Th e study suggests that most first-generat10n students.[A]are from single-parent families[B]study at private universities[C]are in need of financial support[D]have failed their college29.The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students.[A]may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[B]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college[C]can have a potential influence on other students[D]are actually indifferent to the achievement gap30.We may infer from the last paragraph that.[A]universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack ofresources[C]social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3Even in traditional offices, "the lingua franca of corporate America has g otten much more emotional and much more ri g ht-brained than it was 20 y ears a g o," said Harvard Business School professor Nanc y Koehn. She started spinnin g off examples. "If y ou and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like j ourney, mission, passion. There were g oals, there were strate g ies, there were objectives, but we didn't talk about energy; we didn't talk about passion.Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very "team" -oriented and not b y coincidence. "Let's not for g et sports in male-dominated corporate America, it's still a bi g deal. It's not explicitl y conscious; it's the idea that I'm a coach, and y ou're m y team, and we're in this to g ether. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and the y want to win. "These terms are also intended to infuse work with meanin g and, as Rakesh Khurana, another professor, points out, increase alle g iance to the伍m."You have the importation of terminology that historicall y used to be associated with non-profit or g anizations and reli g ious or g anizations: terms like vision, values, passion, and pur pose," said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep emplo y ees motivated amid increasin g l y loud debates over work-lif e balance. The "momm y wars" of the 1990s are still g oin g on today, promptin g arguments about wh y women still can't have it all and books like Sheryl Sandber g's Lean In, whose title has become a buz研ord in its own ri g ht. Terms like un plug, o ffline, lifi. 动ack,bandwidth, and capacity are all about settin g boundaries between the office and the home. But if y our work is y our "passion," y ou'll be more likel y to devote y ourself to it, even if that means g oin g home for dinner and then workin g lon g after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the iron y of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but mana g ers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willin g l y absorb it. As a linguist once said, "You can g et people to think it's nonsense at the same time that ou bu y into it." In a workplace that's fundamentall y indifferent to y our life and its ymeanin g, office speak can help y ou fi g ure out how y ou relate to y our work and how y our work defines who y ou are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become.[A]less strategic[B]less energetic[C]more objective[D]more emotional32."T e arn" -onented corporate vocabulary is closely related to.[A]sports culture[B]gender difference[C]historical incidents[D]athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to.[A]revive historical tern飞[B]promote company image[C]foster corporate cooperation[D]strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In .[A]voices for working women[B]appeals to passionate workaholics[C]triggers debates among mommies[D]praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Linguists believe it to be nonsense.[B]Regular people mock it but accept it.[C]Companies find it to be fundamental.[D]Managers admire it but avoid it.Text4Man y people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, alon g with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as g ood news. And the y were ri g ht. For now it appears the econom y is creatin g jobs at a decent pace. We still have a lon g wa y to g o to g et back to full employment, but at least we are now finall y movin g forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was lar g el y overlooked. There was a bi g jump in the number of people who report voluntaril y workin g part-time. This fi g ure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its y ear a g o level.Before explainin g the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth makin g an important distinction. Man y people who work part-time jobs actuall y want full-time jobs. The y take part-time work because this is all the y can g et. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that man y people will be havin g a very hard time makin g ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the g eneral direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far hi g her than before the recession, but it is down b y 640,000 (7.9 percent) from its y ear a g o level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The surve y used b y the Labor Departinent asks people if the y worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "y es," the y are classified as workin g part-time. The surve y then asks whether the y worked less than 35 hours in that week because the y wanted to work less than full time or because the y had no choice. The y are onl y classified as voluntary part-time workers if the y tell the surve y taker the y chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to g et insurance outside of emplo y ment. For man y people, especiall y those with serious health conditions or famil y members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the onl y wa y to g et insurance was throu g h a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either g et insurance throu g h Medicaid or the exchan g es. These are people who ma y previousl y have felt the need to g et a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no lon g er a link between employment and insurance.36.Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?[A]The prospect of a thriving job market.[B]The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.[C]The possibility of full employment.[D]The acceleration of j ob creation.37.Many people work part-time because they.[A]prefer part-time jobs to full-time j obs[B]feel that is enough to make ends meet[C]cannot get their hands on full-time j obs[D]haven't seen the weakness of the market38.Involuntary part-time employment in the US.[A]shows a general tendency of decline[B]is harder to acquire than one year ago[C]satisfies the real need of the jobless[D]is lower than before the recession39.It can be learned that with Obamacare,.[A]it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B]full-time employment is still essential for insurance[C]it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D]employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance40.The text mainly discusses.[A]emplo y ment in the US[B]part-timer classification[C]insurance through Medicaid[D]Obamacare's troublePartBDirections:Read the following text and answer the q uestions b y choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which y ou do not need to use. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]You are not alone[B]Experience helps y ou grow[C]Pave y our own uni q ue path[D]Most of y our fears are unreal[E]Think about the present moment[F]D on't fear responsibility for y our life[G]There are man y things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough Times Unfortunatel y, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times ma y hold y ou down at what usuall y seems like the most inopportune time, but y ou should remember that the y won't last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventuall y move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I've learned along the wa y.41.Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us b y signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunatel y, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. M y favorite actor Will Smith once said, "Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts y ou create. D o not misunderstand me.D anger is very real. But fear is a choice." I do completel y agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42.If y ou are surrounded b y problems and cannot stop thinkin g about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Man y of us are wei g hed down b y the past or anxious about the future. You ma y feel guilt over y our past, but y ou are poisonin g the present with the thin g s and circumstances y ou cannot chan g e. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate y ou are to be alive. Enjo y the beauty of the world around and keep the e y es open to see the possibilities before y ou. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43.Sometimes it is eas y to feel bad because y ou are g oin g throu g h tou g h times. You can be easil y cau g ht up b y life problems that y ou for g et to pause and appreciate the thin g s y ou have. Onl y stron g people prefer to smile and value their life instead of cryin g and complainin g about somethin g.44.No matter how isolated y ou mi g ht feel and how serious the situation is, y ou should alwa y s remember that y ou are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help y ou if y ou are tryin g to make a g ood chan g e in our life, especiall y y our dearest and nearest people. You ma y have a circle of friends ywho provide constant g ood humor, help and companionship. If y ou have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are alwa y s willin g to share advice and encoura g ement.45.Toda y man y people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance b yainin g objectivity from external sources. This wa y y ou devalue y our opinion and gshow that y ou are incapable of mana g in g y our own life. When y ou are stru gg lin g to achieve somethin g important y ou should believe in y ourself and be sure that y our decision is the best. You live in y our skin, think y our own thou g hts, have y our own values and make y our own choices.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write y our translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be y our commute to work, a trip into town or the wa y home. Whichever it is, y ou know every twist and turn like the back of y our hand. On these sorts of trips it's eas y to lose concentration on the driving and pa y little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that ou perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actuall y has.yThis is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused b y the wa y we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickl y. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember the journe y well because we didn't pa y much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section IV WritingPartA47.Directions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1)briefly introduce the camp activities, and2)call for volunte ers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of y our university.Do not write your address. (10 points)PartB48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)其他20%新{j:礼物40%我因某市居民:f� 廿假期化销比例2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I: Use of English (10 points)1 - 5: ADBAC6 - 10: BADCB11-15: ACCDC16-20: DABDBSection II: Reading Comprehension (50 points)21-25: ABBCD26-30: CCCBD31-35: DADAB36-40: BC ADA41-45: DEGACSection III :Translation (15 Points)不妨想想在一条熟悉的道路上开车行驶。
青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：642基础英语
青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 642 科目名称：基础英语(共12页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I SENTENCE COMPLETION (30 points )Choose the word or the set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1. Like a credit card in appearance, the smart card contains a microchip that stores digital tokens which can be exchanged for goods, just like ______ cash.A. concreteB. tentativeC. tangibleD. intact2. The Team of England, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to______ themselves for last year’s defeat.A. reviveB. retortC. revenge D remedy3. When Tastuma first came to the US from Japan, he wasn’t sure he could ______ intothe American culture, but after a few months , he felt at home here.A. absorbB. transformC. digest D assimilate4. The constitution of the State required that property should be _____ for taxation at itsmarket value.A. estimatedB. appraisedC. evaluatedD. valued5. The idealized paintings of nature produced in the 18th century are evidence thatmedieval ______ natural settings had been ______and that the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation.A. fear of …exorcisedB. concerns about …regainedC. affection for …surmountedD. disinterest in …alleviated6. Edith Wharton sought in her memoir to present herself as having achieved a harmonious wholeness by having ________ the conflicting elements of her life.A.affirmedB. highlightedC. reconciledD. confined7. In the 20th century, the discovery of radium _____ the popular imagination; not only was its discoverer, Marie Curie, idolized, but its market value ______ that of the rarest gemstone.A. stormed … diminishedB. horrified …approachedC. enflamed… exceededD. conspired… triggered8. Since the 15th century, animals have been used as ____ for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans.A. benefactorsB. companionsC. surrogatesD. precedents9. Issues of price, place, promotion, and product are _______ conventional concerns in planning marketing strategies.A. these of the mostB. most of thoseC. among the mostD. among the many of10. The disagreement over the trade restrictions could seriously _______ relations between the two countries.A. tumbleB. jeopardizeC. manipulateD. intimidate11. New research raises new concerns that altering crops to withstand such treats maypose new risks---from _____the weeds themselves.A. anything butB. other thanC. more thanD. none other than12. In this small village, he found few persons ___ to him and felt quite lonely.A. congenitalB. contentiousC. congenialD. Concurrent13. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates ____ afall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A. andB. as C but D or14. Bipartisan bills are pending in Congress that would eliminate all travel restrictionsand ______ the embargo.A. freeB. slackenC. unwindD. ease15. Rather than enhancing a country's security, the successful development of nuclearweapons could serve at first to increase that country's ________.A.boldnessB.influenceC. responsibilityD. vulnerability16. Although scientists claim that the seemingly ________ language of their reports ismore precise than the figurative language of fiction, the language of science, like all language, is inherently ________.A.ornamental ... subtleB. unidimensional ... unintelligibleC. symbolic ... complexD. literal ... allusive17. Laws do not ensure social order since laws can always be ________, which makesthem ________ unless the authorities have the will and the power to detect andpunish wrongdoing.A.contested ... provisionalB. circumvented ... antiquatedB.repealed ... vulnerable D. violated ... ineffective18. The pressure of population on available resources is the key to understanding history;consequently, any historical writing that takes no cognizance of______ factsis______ flawed.A.demographic….intrinsicallyB.ecological…. marginallyC. cultural…..substantivelyD. psychological…philosophically19. By putting billions of dollars into the ailing automaker, the Obama administrationhas placed a huge bet on the effort to revive and _____ the company through the elimination of brands, dealerships and factories.A. streamlineB. strayC. strikeD. strife20. Under the deal, the union’s cost-of-living interests, performance bonuses and someholiday pay will be _____ to offset health-care costs.A. sustainB. retakeC. swabD. suspend21. The capital intended to broaden the export base and ____efficiency gains frominternational trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.A. secureB. extendC. defendD. possess22. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely toresult in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and _____ energy we have had in the times past.A. exquisiteB. resilientC. copiousD. formidable23. Gaddis is a formidably talented writer whose work has been, unhappily, more likelyto intimidate or his readers than to lure them into his fictional world.A. enticeB. strengthenC. transformD. repel24. Her is always a source of irritation: she never uses a single word when shecan substitute a long clause or phrase in its place.A. verbosityB. simplicityC. cogencyD. rhetoric25. If those large publishers that respond solely to popular literary trends continue todominate the publishing market, the initial publication of new writers will depend on the writer’s willingness to________ popular tastes.A. struggle againstB. cater toC. admireD. flout26. Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity,science often operates through error, happy accidents, ________ and persistence in spite of mistakes.A. controlsB. hunchesC. deductionsD. calculations27. By putting the entire Woolf archive on a microfilm, the project directors hope tomake the contents of manuscripts more _____ to scholars.A.objectiveB. accessibleC. appealingD. implicit28. Despite the ________ of many of their colleagues, some scholars have begun toemphasize "pop culture" as a key for ________ the myths, hopes, and fears ofcontemporary society.A.antipathy ... entanglingB. discernment ... evaluatingC. skepticism ... decipheringD. pedantry ... reinstating29. The powers and satisfactions of primeval people, though few and meager,were______ their few and simple desires.A.simultaneous withB. commensurate withC. substantiated byD. ruined by30. Social scientists have established fairly clear-cut ________ that describe theappropriate behavior of children and adults, but there seems to be ________ about what constitutes appropriate behavior for adolescents.A.functions ... rigidityB. estimates ... indirectnessC. norms ... confusionD. regulations ... certaintyPART II PROOF READING AND ERROR CORRECTION (10 Points) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.In many states, budget requests by state universities have had tobe scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne bythe students themselves, has gone up. The problem with the governors (1) __________is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality oftheir colleges and universities helps drive the economic enginesof their states. And they are constantly being told by everyone like (2) ___________college administrators to editorial writers that only way to make (3)___________their state universities better is to spend more money.But it was against this backdrop that members of the Association(4)___________came together in this city to discuss issues of common concern, oneis higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges(5)____________centered not on how money could be more effectively directed,but on what to get greater productivity out of a system that has(6)____________become highly inefficient and resistive against change.(7)_____________As a result, the governors will embark a three-year study of (8) _____________higher education system and how to make state colleges anduniversities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy inthe 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of theirdiscussion, the study could produce a push in for higher standards, (9) ___________more efficiency and greater accountability. Pennsylvania GovernorTom Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetingsresolute with the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and (10) ____________possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of newtechnologies and a changing work force.PART III READING COMPREHENSION (30 Points)In this section there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage1Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance , the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.” You’re supposed to figure this out for yourself.It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budget goes toward smoothing out life’s inequalities, and there is plenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programmes, job seminars-- Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it —old dialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land where, as the saying goes, “Few have too much and fewer have too little, ”and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerkgives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It’ s a nation of recyclers—about 55 % of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants. It’s a nation of tireless planner.Trains run on time. Things operate well in general.Such a nation of overachievers —a brochure from the Ministry of Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world’s cleanest and most organize d countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere.”So, of course, one’s heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti on buildings (“Foreigners Out of Denmark! ”), brokenNonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not a nation of jay-walkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light t o change, even if it’s 2 a.m. and there’s not a car in sight. However, Danes don’ t think of themselves as a wait- ing-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people——th at’s how they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though one should not say it)that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-The orderliness of the society doesn’t mea n that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. An orderly society can not exempt itsBut there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenshi p, and you shouldn’t feel bad fo r taking what you’re entitled to, you’re as good as anyone else. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.1. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ___ attitude towards their country.A. boastfulB. modestC. deprecating2. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the paA. Fondness of foreign culture.C. Linguistic tolerance.D. Persistent planning.3. The author’s reaction to the statemen t by the Ministry of Business and Industry is ___.A. disapprovingB. approving D. doubtful4D. prevents Danes from acknowledg5. At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT thatC. the open system helps to tide the couPassage 2Education is an important theme in youth athletics in the US. Young kids, energetic, noisy, uncontrollable, confined to class, yearn for the relative freedom of the football field, the basketball court, the baseball diamond. They long to kick and throw things and tackle each other, and the fields of organized play offer a place in which to act out these impulses. Kids are basically encouraged, after all, to beat each other up in the football field. Yet for all the chaos, adult guidance and supervision are never far off, and time spent on the athletic fields is meant to be productive. Conscientious coaches seek to impart lessons in teamwork, self-sacrifice, competition, gracious winning and losing. Teachers at least want their pupils worn out so they’ll sit still in reading class.By the time children start competing for spots on junior high soccer teams or tennis squads, the kids’ gloves have come off to some extent. The athletic fields become less a place to learn about soft values like teamwork than about hard self-discipline and competition. Competitiveness, after all, is prized highly by Americans, perhaps more so than by other peoples. For a child, being cut from the hockey team or denied a spot on the swimming is a grave disappointment—— and perhaps an opportunity for emotional or spiritual growth.High school basketball or football teams are places where the ethos of competition is given still stronger emphasis. Although high school coaches still consider themselves educators, the sports they oversee are not simple extensions of the classroom. They are important social institutions, for football games bring people together. In much of the US they are events where young people and their elders mingle and see how the community is evolving.For the best players, the progression from little league to junior high to high schoolleads to a scholarship at a famous college and maybe, one day, a shot at the pros. To all appearances, college athletes are student-athletes, an ideal that suggests a balance between the intellectual rigors of the university and the physical rigors of the playing field. The reality is skewed heavily in favor of athletics. One would have difficulty showing that major US college sports are about education. Coaches require far too much of players’ time to be truly concerned with any thing other than performance in sport. Too often, the players they recruit seem to care little about school themselves.This was not always the case. Universities — Princeton, Harvard, Rutgers, Yale —were the birthplaces of American football and baseball; education—the formation of “character” —was an important part of what those coaches and players thought they were achieving. In 1913, when football was almost outlawed in the US, the game’s most prominent figures traveled to Washington and argued successfully that football was an essential part of the campus experience and that the nation would be robbed of its boldest young men, its best potential leaders, if the game were banned.The idea that competitive sports build character, a western tradition dating from ancient Greece, has evidently fallen out of fashion in today’s US. Educators, now prone to see the kind of character shaped by football and basketball in dark light, have challenged the notion that college sports produce interesting people. Prominent athletes, such as boxer Muhammad Ali and basketball star Charles Markley, deliberately distanced themselves from the earlier ideal of the athlete as a model figure. Today’s US athlete is thus content to be an entertainer.Trying to do something socially constructive, like being a role model, will make you seem over-earnest and probably hurt your street credibility.When I was a kid, my heroes played on Saturdays: they were high school players and college athletes. Pro football games, broadcast on Sunday afternoons, were dull and uninspiring by comparison. After all, why would God schedule anything important for Sun day? You’ve got school the next day.Although I certainly couldn’t have articulated it at the time, I think I must already have sensed that throwing a ball or catching passes was a fairly pointless thing to be good at. In the grand scheme, it was a silly preparation for a job. Yet playing sports was not pointless; the point, however, was that you were learning something——a disposition, a certain virtue, a capacity of arduous endeavor——that might be of value when you later embarked upon a productive career as a doctor or a schoolteacher or a businessman. The optimism of those Saturday afternoons was infectious. I still feel that way today.6. Pupils mainly learn ______ on the athletic fields.A. soft valuesB. hard valuesC. value for freedomD. value of equality7. In high school basketball or football teamsA. hard values are less emphasizedB. the sports are separated fromclassrooms.C. the social function of sports is prominent.D. the coaches are less of educators.8. Which of the following is NOT true about college sports?A. The best players may end up getting a scholarship at a famous college.B. College athletes have always cared little about school themselves.C. College sports are more in favor of athletics than education.D. The formation of “character” used to be the goal of coaches and players.9. The author’s attitude toward the notion of “athletes as entertainers” isA. positiveB. neutralC. negativeD. impossible to tell.10. The best title for this passage isA. Education System in the USB. Development of Athletics in the USC. US Education in Youth AthleticsD. Development of Education in the US.Passage 3Human migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of people from one home to another. More broadly, though, migration means all the ways—from the seasonal drift of agricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another.Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of the citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyon e’s solution, everyon e’s conflict. As the century turns, migration, with its inevitable economic and political turmoil, has been called “one of the greatest challenges of the coming century.”But it is much more than that. It is , as it has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promised to reshape them again.“You have a history book written in your genes,” said Spencer Wells. The book he is trying to read goes back to long before the first word was written, and it is a story of migration.Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 exploring remote parts of Transcaucasia and Central Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In the blood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the long paths human life has taken across the Earth.Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of modern humans to find out where they have come from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story issimple: people have been moving since they were people. If early humans hadn't moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would have continued to evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups of hunter-gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth.To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, human beings, with their tools and language, could adapt to different conditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planets; the other gave us reasons to use them.Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across the planet, people moved toward places where metal was found and worked and to centres of commerce that then became cities. Those places were, in turn, invaded and overrun by people later generations called barbarians.In between these storm surges were steadier but similarly profound tides in which people moved out to colonize or were captured and brought in as slaves. For a while the population of Athens, that city of legendary enlightenment was as much as 35 percent slaves."What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events." Mark Miller, co-author of The Age of Migration and a professor of political science at the University of Delaware, told me recently.It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involve migration. Religions spawned pilgrims or settlers; wars drove refugees before them and made new land available for the conquerors; political upheavals displaced thousands or millions; economic innovations drew workers and entrepreneurs like magnets; environmental disasters like famine or disease pushed their bedraggled survivors anywhere they could replant hope."Its part of our nature, this movement," Miller said, "It's just a fact of the human condition."11. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Migration exerts a great impact on population change.B. Migration contributes to Mankind’s progress.C. Migration brings about desirable and undesirable effects.D. Migration may not be accompanied by human conflicts.12. What do we know about Spencer Wells from the passage?A. He thought genes can tell where people have come from.B. He wrote a book about the history of genes.C. He read the first history book at Stanford UniversityD. He agreed human migration was from Transcaucasia and central Asia.13. According to Kingsley Davis, migration occurs as a result of the following reasonsEXCEPT ______.A. human adaptabilityB. human evolutionC. cultural differencesD. inter-group inequalities14. Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned as migrants in the passage?A. Farmers.B. Workers.C. Settlers.D. Colonizers.15. There seems to be a(n) ______ relationship between great events and migration.A. looseB. indefiniteC. causalD. remotePART IV TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO CHINESE (40 Points)What happens to the students who cheat on the two college admissions exam, the SAT and the ACT? Not as much as you might think. It isn’t particularly easy to cheat on these exams, but that doesn’t stop some students from trying. They do it in all the ways you might imagi ne: Copying off someone else’s paper, texting on a cellphone for answers, bringing in cheat sheets, having someone else take the test for them.And some cheat in ways you might not consider: In South Korea, a test prep tutor was investigated for allegedly buying scanned copies of sections of the SAT and then emailing them, with the answers, to South Koreans in Connecticut who were going to take the test 12 hours later. Another SAT tutor in South Korea was arrested for getting students taking the SAT to put test questions into a calculator they were allowed to use, and to hide small blades in their erasers that they used to cut out pages of the test. So, you ask, what happens to students suspected of cheating on the SAT or the ACT?I asked both the College Board, which owns the SA T, and ACT Inc., which owns the ACT, to explain what triggers suspicion of cheating and what happens to students found to be cheating. Ed Co lby, spokesman for the ACT, said he couldn’t tell me exactly how many investigations are conducted each year for security reasons. Tom Ewing, a spokesman for the Educational Testing Service, which administers the SAT for the College Board, said there are a few thousand questionable test scores each year out of more than 2 million tests. Both said a review of a student’s test could be triggered in one of several ways, including an audit that flags scores that have risen dramatically, or by a tip from outside parties, such as a guidance counselor, college admissions officer or NCAA official.PART V WRITING (40 Points)In most countries, with the widespread of the use of Internet, people have more freedom to choose to work and study at home instead of travelling to work or college. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?Write an essay of about 400words, Use specific reasons/examples to support your position on the statement above. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。
2015年考研英语二真题及答案详解
2015年考研英语二真题及答案详解Part I Reading Comprehension（共两节，满分40分）题目一：Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.It is true that we cannot recreate a relationship on the same level of trust and vulnerability as one we had before someone broke it, but then we must ask ourselves: Why would we want to? If we hang on to the idea, the hope, the belief that there is a possibility of going back to what was, we are setting ourselves up for disappointment by getting stuck in the past, rather than welcoming in the gift of what is now before us—something that would be impossible with the same person(s) given a history with hurt.Instead, learn what it means to really, truly forgive another, having grown stronger from what we’ve experienced. This way we can, from a place of love, wisdom and strength, make better choices. There is the possibility of creating something so much more intimate than what was.Trust your intuition. If it feels that the individuals involved are open and available to something deeper with us, then take the risk. Otherwise, moveon. If a person has hurt us, it is likely that person will do it again unless there has been an awakening—a true change.1. According to the passage, what should we do when someone breaks a relationship?A) Try to recreate the relationship on the same level.B) Keep the idea of going back to what was.C) Forgive the person for the hurt we experienced.D) Trust our intuition and learn from the past.解析：根据文章第二句话"It is true that we cannot recreate a relationship on the same level of trust and vulnerability as one we had before someone broke it"，我们可以得出第一题的答案为A) Try to recreate the relationship on the same level.2. The author mentions "the gift of what is now" to emphasize the importance of _____.A) forgetting the pastB) learning from experienceC) trusting intuitionD) making better choices解析：根据文章第五句话"we are setting ourselves up for disappointment by getting stuck in the past, rather than welcoming in the gift of what is now before us—something that would be impossible with thesame person(s) given a history with hurt"，我们可以得出第二题的答案为D) making better choices.3. What should we be cautious about when deciding to continue a relationship?A) The possibility of betrayal.B) The pain caused by the past.C) The disappointment in the future.D) The change in another person.解析：根据文章第六句话"Otherwise, move on"，我们可以得出第三题的答案为D) The change in another person.4. What is essential to creating an intimate relationship?A) Forgiving others completely.B) Trusting our intuition.C) Holding onto the past.D) Avoiding disappointment.解析：文章未提及接触第四题，所以没有答案。
2015考研英语二真题及答案(完整版)
2015考研英语二真题及答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)In our contemporary culture，the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones，even without a 1 undergroundIt's a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the strange r standing by you. But you wouldn't know it， 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 ："Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as"creep,"We fear we'II be 7 We fear we'II be disruptive Strangers are inherently 8 to us，so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones."Phones become our security blanket，"Wortmann says."They are our happyglasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 ."But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr.Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 withthe experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C]signall [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C]another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C]plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C]notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resis [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predictl [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C]In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] Iogical [D] rare答案：1. signal2. Much3. plugged4. message5. behind6. misinterpreted7. judged8. unfamiliar9. anxious 10. turn11. dangerous 12. hurt 13. Conversation 14. passengers15. predict 16. ride 17. went through 18. in fact19. since 20. simpleSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys. People art actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortntlol. Which is it at stress marker. While they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge."Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers. Sarah Damaske, In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. "it is men not women. Who report being bappicr at home than at work," Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with childrcn and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why pcoplc who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they' re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, andthe fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it' s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they' re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they' re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Pa ragraph 1，most previous su rveys found that home___________[A]was an un realistic place for relaxation[B]generated more stress than the workplace[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.According to Damaske， who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A]Working mothers[B]Childless husbands[C] Childless wives[D]Working fathers23 The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact thay___________[A]they are both bread winners and housewives[B]their home is also a place for kicking back[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word"moola"(Line 4，Para 4)most probably means___________[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____________[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]family labor is often adequately rewarded答案：21.D offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.B childless husbands23.A they are both bread winners and housewives24.C earnings25.B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cutText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private unive rsity．First generation was defined as not having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degreeTheir thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-gene ration students"struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the'rules of the game，'and take advantage of college resou rces," they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages don't talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students' educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students' like them can improve26. Recruiting more first-generation students has[A]reduced their d ropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original pu rpose[D]depressed college students27 The author of the research article are optimistic because[A]the problem is solvable[B]their approach is costless[q the recruiting rate has increased[D]their finding appeal to students28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students[A]study at private universities[B]are from single-pa rent families[q are in need of financial support[D]have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question答案：26.C missed its original purpose27.A the problem is solvable28.C are in need of financial support29.D are inexperienced in handling issues at college30.D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3Even in traditional offices，"the lingua franca of corporate America has gottenmuch more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago，" said Ha rva rd Business School professor Nancy Koehn She sta rted spinning off examples."If you and I pa rachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use of terms like Journey, mission,passion. There were goals，there were strategies，there were ives，but we didn't talk about energy；we didn't talk about passion."Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabula ry is very "team"-oriented-and not by coincidence."Let's not forget sDorts-in male-dominated corporate America，it's still a big deal. It's not explicitly conscious；it's the idea that I'm a coach，and you're my team，and we're in this togethec. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies，but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win".These terms a re also intended to infuse work with meaning-and，as Khu rana pointsout，increase allegiance to the firm."You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，"saidKhurana This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The "mommy wars" of the 1990s a re still going on today, prompting arguments about whywomen still can'thave it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In，whose title has become abuzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home But ifyour work is your "passion," you'II be more likely to devote yourself to it，even ifthat means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bedBut this seems to be the irony of office speak：Everyone makes fun of it，butmanage rs love it，companies depend on it，and regular people willingly absorb itAs Nunberg said，"You can get people to think it's nonsense at the same timethat you buy into it." In a workplace that's fundamentally indiffe rent to your lifeand its meaning office speak can help you figu re out how you relate to yourwork-and how your work defines who you are31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become________[A]more e motional[B]more ive[C]less energetic[D]less energetic[E]less strategic32."team"-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to________[A]historical incidents[B]gender difference[C]sports culture[D]athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to________[A]revive historical terms[B]promote company image[C]foster corporate cooperation[D]strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In_________[A]voices for working women[B]appeals to passionate workaholics[C]triggers dcbates among mommies[D]praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C]Companies find it to be fundamental[D]Regular people mock it but accept it答案：31.A more emotional32.C sports culture33.D strengthen employee loyalty34.A voices for working women35.C companies find it to be fundamentalText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporled for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment take to 6 J percent. at good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However there is another important part of the jobs picture that was targely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000（4,4 percent）above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes."they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because theyA. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven' t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the USA. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare's trouble答案：36.B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs37.C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs38.B shows a general tendency of decline39.B employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance40.A employment in the USPart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]You are not alone[B]Experience helps you grow[C]Pave your own unique path[D]Most of your fears are unreal[E]Think about the present moment[F]Don’t fear responsibility for your life[G]There are many things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, romantic relationship or a house .Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these o ld truths I’ve learned along the way.41.Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42.If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43.Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44.No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining ivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achievesomething important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.答案：41.D Most of your fears are unreal42.E Think about the resent moment43.G There are many things to be grateful for44.A you are not alone45.C Pave your own unique pathSection Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy tolose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it wasshorter.参考译文：想想看在一条非常熟悉的路上驾驶的感觉，这可能发生在上班，进城或回家的路上。
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2015
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Part I. Cloze (20 points)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.
Learning theorists emphasize the role of environmental influences in shaping the way a person develops. 1 their view, child development is guided by both deliberate and 2 learning experiences in the home, peer groups, school, and community. Therefore, childhood growth is significantly 3 by the efforts of parents, teachers, and others to 4 children in desirable ways. According to learning theories, the same 5 that explain how people can use a bicycle or computer also explain how children acquire social skills, emotional self-control, reasoning strategies, and the 6 skills of walking and running.
7 by a reward
or punishment. A reward, also called a reinforcer, increases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For example, a young child may 8 draw pictures because she receives praise from her parents after 9 each one. A punishment decreases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For example, a child who touches a hot stove and burns his fingertips is not 10 to touch the stove again.
11 kind of learning, classical conditioning, occurs when a person makes a 12 association between two events. For example, babies begin sucking when they are put in a familiar nursing 13 , children fear dogs whose barking has startled them in the past. A third kind of learning 14 of
15 of。