Hayley Westenra
《英语专业八级人文知识》(英语国家概况部分)征服冲击波
《英语专业八级人文知识》（英语国家概况部分）征服冲击波系列美国部分1. The traditional dividing line in America between "east" and "west" is _______.A. the Mississippi river.B. the Appalachians.C. the Rocky Mountains.D. the Hudson river.2. Which part m America is the earliest to be found and taken over by early settlerA. The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.B. The Appalachians and their foothills.C. The interior lowlands.D.The Cordillera.3. Which is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S. A?A. Hispanics.B. American Indians.C. Non-Hispanics white.D. Asian Americans.4. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is ________.A. Latinos/HispanicsB. Asian AmericansC. Native AmericansD. African Americans5._______ has the world's oldest written constitution and political party.A.AmericaB.CanadaC.EnglandD.Australia6. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U.! Constitution?A. He is the head of the state.B.He is the chief executive of the U. S. .C.He is the commander in chief of the aimed forces.D. He is the head of his political party.7. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved IA. The New DealB. World War nC. New energy sourcesD. Technological changes8. In the United States, how many years does primary education require?A. Four years.B. Five years.C. Six years.D. Seven years.9. Most college students in the United States are in _______.A. private institutionsB. city-funded universitiesC .high-tuition universitiesD .public institutions10.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are as fol- lows EXCEPT _______.A.the United States State CourtsB.the United States District CourtsC.the United States Courts of AppealD.the United States Supreme Court11. All states of America are governed by the common law EXCEPT _______.A. LouisianaB.WashingtonC.California D .New York12 .Of the fifty states of America, how many states now have the death penalty as punishment?A.37.B.38.C.39.D.40.13. The four major regions of the United States are _______.A.NortheastB. SouthC. MidwestD.WestE. NorthA.ABCD.B.ACDE.C.BCDE.D.ABCE.14 .Which region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit?A. The Middle-Atlantic Region.B. The New England Region.C. The Pennsylvanian Region.D. The Mormon Region.15._____ is the latest state in terms of size and population in America.A. CaliforniaB. IndianaC. KansasD. Massachusetts16. Which of the following is NOT in Middle-Atlantic Region?A.Broadway.B. The Statue of liberty.C.Time Square.D.Bible Belt.17. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of American characters?A. Ambition.B. Individualism.C. Consideration.D. Self-reliance.18. Which of the following is NOT America's newspaper?A. Wall Street Journal.A Today.C. Guardian.D. The Milwaukee Journal.19. Which of the following are U. S. News and Cable network?a.ABCb.NBCc.BBCd.ABAA.abB.bcC.cdD.ad20."Hollywood"is often used as a synonym for _______.A. American filmsB. American forest industryC. Christians in the U. S. AD. American advertising industry21. The most important and largest river in the United States of America isA. the Ohio RiverB. the Colorado RiverC. the Missouri RiverD. the Mississippi River22. The north-eastern part of the United States-New England enjoys a ___climate.A. northern and oceanic type ofB. typical continentalC. very coldD. fairly warns23. To the west of mainland America lies theA. Atlantic OceanB. Pacific OceanC. Indian OceanD. Arctic Ocean24. Detroit, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for itsA. automobile industryB. textile industryC. iron and steel industryD. aircraft industry25. The natives of the continent of America are theA. CanadiansB. IndiansC. MexicansD. Hispanics26. Thanksgiving Day is celebrated inA. BritainB. Britain and U. S. AC. the United StatesD. all the English-speaking countries27. is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.A. Washington D. C.B. Los AngelesC. San FranciscoD. New York City28. Which of the following minority groups enjoys the worst social and economic conditions?A. Blacks.B. Hispanics.C. Indians.D. Asian Americans.29. Which of the following is NOT in New York City?A. Wall Street.B. Fifth Avenue.C. Broadway Street.D. Niagara Falls.30. Washington D. C. is namedA. after the U. S. President George WashingtonB. after Christopher ColumbusC. after both George Washington and Christopher ColumbusD. after none of them31. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _-A. defenseB. citizenship and naturalizationC. marriageD. the regulation of foreign trade32. American and British English are two of the English language.A. varietiesB. elementsC. partsD. forms33. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party wasA. Thomas JeffersonB. James MonroeC. James MadisonD. Abraham Lincoln34. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area isA. Rhode IslandB. VirginiaC. TexasD. Montana35. The national flag of the United States is known asA. the Star-Spangled BannerB. Uncle SamC. Hot DogD. Union Jack36.7he colony that did NOT send representatives to the First Continental CongresswasA. GeorgiaB. VugirriaC. MassachusettsD. Rhode Island37. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on theA. contribution a state has made to the rationB. populationC. sizeD. none of the above38. The tenn "Fattier of Waters" is used to refer toA. the Amazon RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Nile RiverD. the Hudson River39. The statue of liberty was given to American people by as a gift in 1884.A. FranceB. SpainC. ItalyD. Britain40. music is perhaps America's greatest contribution to the world of popular music.A. BluesB. RockC. JazzD. Waltz41. is a special day of loveA. Valentine's DayB. April fool's dayC. HalloweenD. Easter42. American national flower isA. violetB. roseC. lilyD. primrose43. Whose presidential tern is the longest?A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Abraham LincolnD. Franklin D. Roosevelt44. Ernest Hemingway isA. EnglishmanB. AmericanC. DutchD. Denmark45. John Fitzgerald Kennedy is the president.A. 35thB. 34thC. 33rdD. 32nd46. In 1837, the first college-level institution for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, opened in to serve the "Muslim sex" .A. New EnglandB. VirginiaC. MassachusettsD. New York47 . The capital of Massachusetts isA. ProvidenceB. BostonC. MontpelierD. Augusta48. is the dividing line between the South and North.A. The Hudson RiverB. The Potomac RiverC. The Ohio RiverD. The Missouri River49. is Washington's largest city.A. BoiseB. DenverC. TacomaD. Seattle50. Washington D. C. , the capital of U. S. is situated on the River bankA. St. LawrenceB. HudsonC. PotomacD. Missouri51. When did the American Civil War break out?A.1775.B.1812.C.1861.D.18W .52. Who prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence?A. John Adams.B. Thomas Jefferson.C. Benjamin Franklin.D. John Hancock.53. In which day is Halloween celebrated?A.5 November.B.31 October..C .17 March. D. 25 December.54. the following were the founding fathers of the American Republic exceptA. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. William PennD. Benjamiin Franklin55. The New Deal was started byA. Franklin RooseveltB. J. F. KennedyC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson56. The United States was rated in the world in terms of land area.A. secondB. thirdC. fourthD. fifth57. The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided byA. teachersB. studentsC. headmasterD. boards of education}"58. The Bill of Rights consists ofA.10 very short paragraphs in an amendmentB.10 amendments adopted in 1787C.10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791D. the amendments concerning the freedom of speech, the freedom of the pressand the freedom of religion59. The United States produces ass much as half of the world's _A. wheat and riceB. cottonC. tobacco and vegetable oilD. soybeans and corn60. Which invention marked the beginning of "The Age of Visual Information" ?A. Newspaper.B. Telegraph.C. Laundry machine.D. Television.61. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainlyfromA. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. John Adams D .John Locke62.The District of Manhattan is in the city ofA. Washington D. C.B.San FranciscoC. New YorkD. Chicago63. The sears in the Senate are allocated to different statesA. according to their populationB. according to their sizeC. according to their tax paid to federal governmentD. equally64. The Rocky Mountains is located inA. Great BritainB. AustraliaC. South AfricaD. North America65. Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to which city?A. Los Angeles.B. Chicago.C. New York.D. Washington.66. Which of the following is an American newspaper?A. The Guardian.B. Newsweek.C . The International Herald Tribune. D. The Daily Telegraph.67. The U.S. is called a " melting pot" becauseA. its steel industry is highly developedB. it has great influence on the worldC -it is an important economic center of the worldD .people from different races live there together68. The first Puritans came to America on the shipA. CodpeedB. Susan ConstantC. May FlowerD. Discovery69. Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those,haveA. given their lives for their countryB. made great; scientific discoveriesC. won American great reputation in sportsD . donated large amounts of money to the country70. "'Trick or Treat" is a phase that children often use when they celebrateA. New Year's DayB. Veteran's DayC. HalloweenD. Christmas71 . The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associatedEaster, are considered to representA. vigor and bravery B . fertility and new lifeC. originality and speedD. happiness and fun72.Which of the following books is not written by Mark Twain, whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens?A. The Adventures of Tom SawyerB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. Leaves of Grass73. Which of the following books is written by Washington Irving?A. NatureB. The Scarlet LetterC. The Sketch BookD. Farewell to Arms74. The world-famous Harvard University is inA. MassachusettsB. New YorkC. WashingtonD. C. D. Maine75. Which of the following statements about American education is wrong?A. Elementary and secondary education in America is free and compulsoryB. Private schools are financially supported by religious or nonreligious private organizations orindividualsC. There are more public colleges and universities than the private onesD. Credits taken at community colleges are normally applicable to requirement for a four-yearbachelor's degree76. is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.A. BroadwayB. Wall StreetC. The Fifth AvenueD. Times Square77. is not a tourist attraction in the United States.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. Grand CanyonC. St. Patrick's CathedralD. Stonehenge78. was an actor before he became the President.A. Ronald ReaganB. Abraham LincolnC. Herbert HooverD. Jimmy Carter79. New Englanders were originally known as , which come to stand for all Americans.A. HippiesB. YankeesC. Uncle SamD. Brother Jonathan80. On the 30th of April, 1789, George Washington took the oath of office inwhich housed the government then.A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. PhiladelphiaD. Boston81. Which of the following people was not an American President?A. John HancockB. John AdamsC. John Q. AdamsD. Jimmy Carter82 . Henry Ford was the first than toA. design a planeB. fly an aeroplaneC. mass-produce carsD. design and make a car83. "That government of the people, by the people, for the people, . . . " werewords byA. Thomas JeffersonB. Abraham LincolnC. Andrew Johnson D .Theodore Roosevelt84. State is in the North-West of the United States.A. MissouriB. MarylandC. New YorkD. Washington85. The famous Silicon Valley is in the state ofA. TexasB. IdahoC. IllinoisD. California.86. Of the five Great Lakes, is the only lake that lies entirely in the US.A. Lake ErieB. Lake HuronC. Lake MichiganD. Lake Superior87. In the United States, the largest groups of native Americans live on___A. the Great PlainsB. the Pacific coastC. the Colorado PlateauD. the Appalachian Mountains88. The symbol for the Democratic Party in the United States isA. the bullB.the bearC. the donkeyD. the elephant89. is often used to refer to the US Department of Defense.A. Capitol HillB. The PentagonC .The White House D.The Empire State Building90. The American government is divided into three branches with each having its ownpowers. This is calledA. absolute monarchyB. balance of powersC. checks and balancesD. separation of government91. President George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, is a MemberOfA. Whig PartyB. the Democratic PartyC. Federalist PartyD. the Republican Party92. In the United States, NASA is the acronym forA. National Aeronautics & Space Adrnini-trationB. National Autograss Sports AssociationC. Nice And Safe AttitudeD. National Association of Students of Architecture93. When Neil Armstrong, one of the three crew, first landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, he said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap formankind. "A. Apollo 11B. Apollo 12C. Apollo 15D. Apollo 1794. The inventor of lightning rod isA. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas JeffersonC. Albert EinsteinD. Thomas Edison95. , the tallest building in North America was built iru 1974 in Chicago.A. Sears TowerB. Empire State BuildingC. John Hancock CenterD. Aon Center96. The most popular spectator sports in the United States isA. rugbyB. cricketC. footballD. American football97. Why is the United States called "a nation on the wheels"?A. Because Americans love making carsB. Because Americans depend much on cars in their daily lifeC. Because Americans constantly move from city to city in their carsD. Because the car industry has earned the United States its reputation98. music is a native American music and its origins lie in the folk songs of the English, Scottish, and Irish.A. JazzB. Hip PopC. Rock and RollD. Country and Western99. Up to now, is the country' s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits .A. TexasB. FloridaC. Rhode IslandD. North Dakota100. Which of the following corporations is not an automobile giant in AmericaA. FordB. ChryslerC. General MotorsD. International Business Machines练习题答案及题解1.A2.A3.C4. D5.A6.D7.B8.C9.D10. A11.A12 B 13. A14B 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. C 19．A 20. A21.D 22. B23. B24. A25. B 26. C 27. D 28. A 29D30. C31.C 32.A 33. D 34 A 35. A 36. A 37.B 38. B39. A 40. C41.A 42. B 43. D 44. B 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. D 50. C51. C 53. B 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. C 59. D60. D61.D.62. C 63. D64. D 65. A 66. B 67. D 68. C 69. A 70. C71.B 72. D 73. C 74. A 75.C 76. A 77. D 78. A 79.B80. A81.A 82. C 83.B 84. D 85. D 86. C 87. C 88. C 89. B90. C91.D 92.A 93. A 94. A 95.A 96. D 97. B 98. D 99. A100. D 。
摩罗诗力说
鲁迅：《摩罗诗力说 》 鲁迅：
• 修黎者，神思之人，求索而无止期，猛进而不退转，浅人 修黎者，神思之人，求索而无止期，猛进而不退转， 之所观察，殊莫可得其渊深。若能真识其人， 之所观察，殊莫可得其渊深。若能真识其人，将见品性之 出于云间，热诚勃然，无可沮遏， 卓，出于云间，热诚勃然，无可沮遏，自趁其神思而奔神 思之乡；此其为乡，则爰有美之本体。奥古斯丁曰， 思之乡；此其为乡，则爰有美之本体。奥古斯丁曰，吾未 有爱而吾欲爱，因抱希冀以求足爱者也。惟修黎亦然， 有爱而吾欲爱，因抱希冀以求足爱者也。惟修黎亦然，故 终出人间而神行，冀自达其所崇信之境；复以妙音，喻一 终出人间而神行，冀自达其所崇信之境；复以妙音， 切未觉，使知人类曼衍之大故，暨人生价值之所存， 切未觉，使知人类曼衍之大故，暨人生价值之所存，扬同 情之精神，而张其上征渴仰之思想，使怀大希以奋进， 情之精神，而张其上征渴仰之思想，使怀大希以奋进，与 时劫同其无穷。世则谓之恶魔，而修黎遂以孤立； 时劫同其无穷。世则谓之恶魔，而修黎遂以孤立；群复加 以排挤，使不可久留于人间，于是压制凯还，修黎以死， 以排挤，使不可久留于人间，于是压制凯还，修黎以死， 盖宛然阿剌斯多之殒于大漠也。 盖宛然阿剌斯多之殒于大漠也。
鲁迅：《摩罗诗力说 》 鲁迅：
• 天地虽大，故乡已失，于是至伦敦，时年十八，顾已孤立两 天地虽大，故乡已失，于是至伦敦，时年十八， 欢爱悉绝，不得不与社会战矣。已而知戈德文( 间，欢爱悉绝，不得不与社会战矣。已而知戈德文(W. Godwin)，读其著述，博爱之精神益张。次年入爱尔兰，檄 ) 读其著述，博爱之精神益张。次年入爱尔兰， 其人士，于政治宗教，皆欲有所更革，顾终不成。 其人士，于政治宗教，皆欲有所更革，顾终不成。逮千八百 十五年，其诗《阿剌斯多》 十五年，其诗《阿剌斯多》(Alastor)始出世，记怀抱神思之 )始出世， 人，索求美者，遍历不见，终死旷原，如自叙也。次年乃识 索求美者，遍历不见，终死旷原，如自叙也。 裴伦于瑞士；裴伦深称其人，谓奋迅如狮子，又善其诗， 裴伦于瑞士；裴伦深称其人，谓奋迅如狮子，又善其诗，而 世犹无顾之者。又次年成《伊式阑转轮篇》 世犹无顾之者。又次年成《伊式阑转轮篇》(The Revolt of Islam)。凡修黎怀抱，多抒于此。篇中英雄曰罗昂，以热诚 ) 凡修黎怀抱，多抒于此。篇中英雄曰罗昂， 雄辩，警其国民，鼓吹自由，挤击压制，顾正义终败， 雄辩，警其国民，鼓吹自由，挤击压制，顾正义终败，而压 制于以凯还，罗昂遂为正义死。是诗所函，有无量希望信仰， 制于以凯还，罗昂遂为正义死。是诗所函，有无量希望信仰， 暨无穷之爱，穷追不舍，终以殒亡。盖罗昂者， 暨无穷之爱，穷追不舍，终以殒亡。盖罗昂者，实诗人之先 亦即修黎之化身也。 觉，亦即修黎之化身也。ຫໍສະໝຸດ 鲁迅：《摩罗诗力说 》 鲁迅：
我最喜欢的电影白日梦想家英语作文
我最喜欢的电影白日梦想家英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind: A Poignant Exploration of Love, Memory, and the Human ConditionAs a student of life, I have found solace and inspiration in the realm of cinema, where stories unfold, emotions resonate, and profound truths are unveiled. Among the myriad of cinematic masterpieces, one film stands out as a testament to the complexities of love, memory, and the human experience – "The Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind."Directed by the visionary Michel Gondry and penned by the brilliant Charlie Kaufman, this 2004 romantic science-fiction drama has captivated my heart and mind like no other. Its premise alone is a tantalizing enigma: a couple, Joel and Clementine, undergo a procedure to erase each other from their memories after a tumultuous breakup. What unfolds is a poetic exploration of the indelible imprints love leaves on our psyche and the lengths we may go to escape the pain of heartbreak.The film's nonlinear narrative structure is a masterful tapestry woven with threads of reality, memory, and imagination, challenging conventional storytelling norms. We are transported into Joel's mind as he relives cherished moments with Clementine, only to witness their gradual erasure. This ingenious narrative device not only immerses us in the protagonists' emotional turmoil but also prompts us to ponder the malleability of memory and the fragility of our experiences.At the core of "Eternal Sunshine" lies a profound meditation on the nature of love itself. Joel and Clementine's tumultuous relationship is a testament to the complexities of human connection, where passion and discord coexist in a delicate dance. Their decision to erase one another from their memories raises thought-provoking questions: Is it better to forget the pain of a failed relationship, or to embrace the bittersweet memories that shape us? Can we truly erase the indelible imprints left by love on our souls?The film's exploration of these existential quandaries is elevated by the phenomenal performances of its lead actors, Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet. Carrey's portrayal of Joel is a tour de force, seamlessly transitioning from a meek, introverted man to a passionate, resolute lover determined to preserve his memoriesof Clementine. Winslet's captivating portrayal of the free-spirited Clementine is a masterclass in emotional depth, imbuing her character with a raw vulnerability that resonates long after the credits roll.Beyond the compelling narrative and stellar performances, "Eternal Sunshine" is a visual feast, blending surreal dreamscapes with gritty realism. Gondry's innovative use of practical effects and clever cinematography transport us into the labyrinthine realms of Joel's mind, where memories blur, distort, and fragment, mirroring the fragile nature of our own recollections.But what truly elevates this film to the realm of cinematic brilliance is its profound exploration of the human condition. Through Joel and Clementine's journey, we are confronted with existential questions that resonate with our own experiences: How do we reconcile the pain of heartbreak with the beauty of love? Can we ever truly know another person, or are we destined to misunderstand and hurt one another? How much of our identities are shaped by the memories we hold dear?As a student of life, "Eternal Sunshine" has resonated with me on a profound level. Its poignant exploration of love, memory, and the human condition has challenged me to reevaluate my own relationships, cherish the memories thatdefine me, and embrace the complexities of the human experience. It is a film that transcends mere entertainment, offering a poetic and introspective exploration of the very essence of what it means to be human.In the end, "The Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" is a cinematic masterpiece that has left an indelible mark on my soul. Its haunting melodies, captivating visuals, andthought-provoking themes have etched themselves into the fabric of my being, reminding me of the beauty and resilience of love, the fragility of memory, and the enduring power of the human spirit.篇2My Favorite Movie: The Day Dreamer (La Mome)There are films that touch your heart and soul in profound ways, transporting you to different times and places, allowing you to walk in someone else's shoes. For me, that movie is the 2007 French biographical musical drama "The Day Dreamer" (La Mome) about the legendary singer Édith Piaf. This powerful cinematic masterpiece, directed by Olivier Dahan, encapsulates the incredible life journey of the iconic "Little Sparrow" from herhumble beginnings as a street singer to her rise as one of the most revered performers of the 20th century.What draws me so deeply into this film is not merely Piaf's unparalleled talent or the spectacular musical performances, but rather the raw, unwavering spirit that drove her existence. From the moment the movie opens with a haunting scene of a frail Piaf lying on her deathbed, reminiscing about her tumultuous life, I found myself utterly captivated. The film then takes us on a poignant voyage through her childhood, filled with abandonment, poverty, and a resilience that would shape her indomitable character.One of the most striking aspects of the film is the exceptional performance by Marion Cotillard, who completely disappears into the role of Édith Piaf. Cotillard's transformation is nothing short of astonishing, capturing not only Piaf's distinctive physical mannerisms but also the profound emotional depth that lay beneath her diminutive frame. Her portrayal is so genuine and visceral that it becomes easy to forget you're watching an actor – she is Piaf, in every sense of the word.The film's narrative structure is masterfully crafted, weaving seamlessly between Piaf's past and present, allowing us to witness the pivotal moments that shaped her extraordinary life.From her days as a street performer in the seedy underbelly of Paris to her tumultuous love affairs and battles with addiction, each chapter unveils a new layer of complexity, painting a portrait of a woman who lived life with an intensity that few could match.What resonates most profoundly with me is Piaf's unwavering determination to pursue her dreams, no matter the obstacles that stood in her way. Born into abject poverty and abandoned by her mother at a young age, her life could have easily taken a different, darker path. Yet, through sheer force of will and an inextinguishable passion for music, she defied all odds, rising from the streets of Montmartre to become an international sensation.The musical sequences in the film are truly breathtaking, with Cotillard's powerful vocals capturing the raw emotion and vulnerability that made Piaf's performances so legendary. From the haunting melancholy of "La Vie en Rose" to the defiant anthem "Non, je ne regrette rien," each song is a visceral expression of Piaf's indomitable spirit, resonating with audiences across generations and cultures.Moreover, the film's attention to historical detail is impeccable, transporting viewers back to the vibrant, yetturbulent, world of mid-20th century Paris. The sets, costumes, and cinematography all work in harmony to create an authentic and immersive experience, allowing us to fully immerse ourselves in Piaf's world.Ultimately, what makes "The Day Dreamer" truly special is its ability to transcend the boundaries of a mere biographical film and become a profound meditation on the human condition. Piaf's life was a testament to the power of passion, resilience, and the inextinguishable flame of artistic expression. Her story is one of triumph over adversity, of finding beauty and purpose amidst the harshest of circumstances.In a world that often seems dominated by cynicism and mediocrity, "The Day Dreamer" stands as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of art and the indomitable spirit of those who dare to dream. Piaf's life was a symphony of highs and lows, triumphs and tragedies, but through it all, her voice remained a beacon of hope and authenticity, touching the hearts of millions across the globe.As a student and a lover of film, "The Day Dreamer" has left an indelible mark on my soul. It has inspired me to embrace life with the same fervor and passion that Piaf embodied, to never surrender to the forces that seek to diminish our dreams, and toalways strive to find beauty and purpose in even the darkest of moments. This film is not merely a story of one woman's extraordinary journey – it is a celebration of the human spirit, a testament to the enduring power of art, and a poignant reminder that our dreams, no matter how improbable they may seem, are always within reach if we have the courage to pursue them.篇3The Science of Sleep: My Favorite FilmThere's something magical about films that transport you to another world, a realm where the boundaries between dreams and reality blur. Michel Gondry's 2006 masterpiece, "The Science of Sleep," is a whimsical exploration of this very concept, seamlessly weaving together the fantastical and the mundane in a way that resonates with the dreamer in all of us.The film follows the story of Stephane Miroux, a young man whose vivid imagination and penchant for daydreaming often clashes with the harsh realities of adulthood. Gael García Bernal's portrayal of Stephane is both endearing and relatable, capturing the essence of someone who struggles to reconcile their inner world with the outside world.From the very first scene, Gondry immerses us in Stephane's dreamscape, where ordinary objects come to life and the laws of physics are mere suggestions. We're introduced to his quirky collection of handmade toys and contraptions, each one a testament to his boundless creativity. It's impossible not to be charmed by the whimsical nature of these creations, which serve as a window into Stephane's mind.As the film progresses, we find ourselves navigating the intricate layers of Stephane's dreams and reality, often blurring the lines between the two. Gondry's use of practical effects and stop-motion animation creates a delightfully surreal atmosphere, making it increasingly difficult to distinguish what's real and what's not.One of the film's most captivating elements is its exploration of the creative process. Stephane's inability to separate his dreams from his waking life is a metaphor for the struggles that artists face in translating their visions into tangible works. We witness his frustrations as he grapples with the gap between his imaginative ideas and their practical execution, a relatable struggle for anyone who has ever tried to bring their dreams to life.However, it's not just Stephane's creative journey that resonates; the film also touches upon themes of love, loneliness, and the search for connection. Stephane's infatuation with his neighbor, Stephanie (played by the enchanting Audrey Tautou), adds a layer of poignancy to the story, as he struggles to navigate the complexities of human relationships while lost in his own imaginary world.What truly sets "The Science of Sleep" apart is its ability to evoke a sense of childlike wonder and nostalgia. Gondry's use of practical effects and handmade sets transport us back to a time when imagination knew no bounds, when the lines between reality and fantasy were blurred by the sheer power of our minds.Throughout the film, we're reminded of the importance of holding onto that spark of creativity and whimsy, even as we navigate the challenges of adulthood. Stephane's refusal to let go of his dreams, no matter how impractical or far-fetched they may seem, is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the power of imagination.In many ways, "The Science of Sleep" is a love letter to dreamers and artists alike, celebrating the beauty and complexity of the human mind. It's a film that encourages us to embrace ourquirks, to find joy in the ordinary, and to never lose sight of the magic that resides within our own imaginations.As a student, I find myself drawn to this film time and time again, not just for its artistic merits, but for the way it speaks to the struggles and triumphs of the creative process. In a world that often prioritizes practicality over imagination, "The Science of Sleep" serves as a reminder that it's okay to dream, to embrace the absurd, and to let our minds wander into realms beyond the constraints of reality.Whether you're an aspiring artist, a daydreamer, or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of the human imagination, "The Science of Sleep" is a film that will leave you enchanted, inspired, and perhaps a little bit more inclined to follow your dreams, no matter how fantastical they may seem.。
海莉温斯顿的毛利歌词
很喜欢Hayley Westenra这首《Pokarekare Ana》，因为可以这样说，现时世界上很难再找到这样纯净的天籁女声了。
尽管这是一首应该男孩子唱给女孩子听的情歌，但听着Hayley那如水般清澈的动人美声，还是让人仿佛又听到了那个流传在新西兰北岛罗吐鲁阿湖(Lake Rororua)边的爱情故事。
这首《Pokarekare Ana》是新西兰毛利族的传统民歌，有着新西兰第二国歌的美誉，歌名的中文意思为“河水潺潺”。
对于歌曲的起源，比较公认的说法是这首歌曲源自第一次世界大战初，传唱于北奥克兰的军中小调。
该小调在1912年流传到东开普后便被改编成求偶的情歌，流传至今。
在这个《Pokarekare Ana》的MV中，白衣绿裙的少女（Hayley 本人），湛蓝的海水、褐色的礁石、白色的沙滩、阳光穿过云层撒下的金色光芒，伴着Hayley那恍如天使般的清澈吟唱，随着那轻柔的海风拂进了心田，这一切都是如此地唯美！难道，难道这里就是梦里的天堂吗！而此时的你，听到了那个故事了吗？听到了他的心声了吗？…Pokarekare ana 河水湍湍Nga wai o waiapu 不息的罗托鲁瓦河Whiti atu koe hine 如果你要穿越它,女孩marino ana e 它会变得平静无波E hine e 哦,女孩Hoki maira 回到我的身旁Kamate au 我可以失去生命-i te aroha e 为了爱你Tuhituhi taku rita 我给你写去了信Tuku atu taku ringi 我把我的戒指送给你Kia kiti to iwi 如果让你的族人发现Raru raru ana e 我们就有麻烦了E hine e 哦,女孩Hoki maira 回到我的身旁Kamate au 我可以失去生命-i te aroha e 为了爱你E hine e 哦,女孩Hoki maira 回到我的身旁Kamate au 我可以失去生命-i te aroha e 为了爱你Kamate au 我可以失去生命-i te aroha e 为了爱你。
79种语言“我爱你”的说法
79种语言“我爱你”的说法法語︰Je t‘aime,Je t‘adore德語︰Ich liebe Dich希臘語︰S‘agapo猶太語︰Ani ohev otach(male or famale),Ani ohevet otcha (male or famale)匈牙利︰Szeretlek愛爾蘭︰taim i‘ngra leat愛沙尼亞︰Mina armastan sind芬蘭︰Min rakastan sinua比利時佛蘭芒語︰IK zie u graag義大利語︰ti amo,ti vogliobene拉丁語︰Te amo,V os amo拉托維亞︰Es tevi Milu裡斯本︰lingo gramo-te bue‘,chavalinha立陶宛︰Tave Myliu馬其頓︰Te sakam馬爾它︰Inhobbok波蘭︰Kocham Cie,Ja cie kocham葡萄牙︰Eu amo-te羅馬尼亞︰Te iu besc,Te Ador荷蘭︰IK hou van jou英語︰I love you捷克︰Miluji te丹麥︰Jeg elsker dig阿爾薩斯︰Ich hoan dich gear亞美尼亞︰Yes Kezi Seeroom yem巴伐利亞︰I mog di narrisch gern保加利亞︰ahs te obicham西班牙加泰隆語︰T‘estim克羅地亞︰V olim te阿塞疆語︰Men seni serivem孟加拉︰Ami tomay bhalobashi緬甸︰chit pa de柬埔寨︰Bong salang oun菲律賓︰Mahal Kita,Iniibig Kita印度古吉拉特語︰Hoon tane prem karun chuun 北印度語︰main tumse pyar karta hoon印尼︰Saja kasih saudari日本︰Kimi o aishiteru Sukiyo朝鮮︰Tangshin-i cho-a-yo爪哇語︰aku tresno marang sliromu寮國︰Khoi huk chau馬來語︰saya Cinta Mu馬來西亞︰Saya Cintamu蒙古語︰bi chamd hairtai尼泊爾︰Ma tumilai maya garchu,Ma timilai man parauchu 波斯語︰Tora dost daram他加祿語︰Mahal kita南非語︰Ek het jou lief Ek is lief vir jou迦納︰Me do wo埃塞俄比亞阿姆哈雷地區︰Ene ewedechalu(for ladies) Ene ewedehalwe(for men)阿拉伯語︰Ana Ahebak(to a male)Arabic Ana ahebek(to a female)瑞士德語︰Ich li b Dich克裡奧爾語︰Mon kontan ou豪薩語︰Ina sonki肯亞班圖語︰Nigwedete馬達加斯加語︰tiako ianao印度阿薩姆邦語︰Moi tomak bhal pau南亞泰米爾語︰Tamil n‘an unnaik kathalikkinren印度泰盧固語︰Neenu ninnu pra‘mistu‘nnanu泰國︰Ch‘an Rak Khun烏爾都語︰Mein tumhay pyar karti hun(woman to man)Mein tumhay pyar karta hun(man to woman)越南︰Em ye‘u anh(woman to man)Anh ye‘u em(man to woman)紐西蘭毛裡語︰kia hoahai埃斯基摩︰Nagligivaget格陵蘭島︰Asavakit冰島︰e‘g elska tig阿爾巴尼亞︰T Dua Shume俄羅斯︰Ya vas Iyublyu,Ya Tibia Lyublyu塞爾維亞︰V olim Te斯洛文尼亞語︰Ljubim te西班牙︰Te amo,Tequiero瑞典︰Jag lskar dig土爾其︰Seni seviyorum烏克蘭︰javas kokhaju威爾士︰Rwy‘n dy garu di亞述語︰ana bayanookh(female to male)ana bayinakh(male to female) 2005年情人节快乐！法語︰Je t‘aime,Je t‘adore德語︰Ich liebe Dich希臘語︰S‘agapo猶太語︰Ani ohev otach(male or famale),Ani ohevet otcha (male or famale)匈牙利︰Szeretlek愛爾蘭︰taim i‘ngra leat愛沙尼亞︰Mina armastan sind芬蘭︰Min rakastan sinua比利時佛蘭芒語︰IK zie u graag義大利語︰ti amo,ti vogliobene拉丁語︰Te amo,V os amo拉托維亞︰Es tevi Milu裡斯本︰lingo gramo-te bue‘,chavalinha 立陶宛︰Tave Myliu馬其頓︰Te sakam 馬爾它︰Inhobbok波蘭︰Kocham Cie,Ja cie kocham葡萄牙︰Eu amo-te羅馬尼亞︰Te iu besc,Te Ador荷蘭︰IK hou van jou英語︰I love you捷克︰Miluji te丹麥︰Jeg elsker dig阿爾薩斯︰Ich hoan dich gear亞美尼亞︰Yes Kezi Seeroom yem巴伐利亞︰I mog di narrisch gern保加利亞︰ahs te obicham西班牙加泰隆語︰T‘estim克羅地亞︰V olim te阿塞疆語︰Men seni serivem孟加拉︰Ami tomay bhalobashi緬甸︰chit pa de柬埔寨︰Bong salang oun菲律賓︰Mahal Kita,Iniibig Kita印度古吉拉特語︰Hoon tane prem karun chuun北印度語︰main tumse pyar karta hoon印尼︰Saja kasih saudari日本︰Kimi o aishiteru Sukiyo朝鮮︰Tangshin-i cho-a-yo爪哇語︰aku tresno marang sliromu寮國︰Khoi huk chau馬來語︰saya Cinta Mu馬來西亞︰Saya Cintamu蒙古語︰bi chamd hairtai尼泊爾︰Ma tumilai maya garchu,Ma timilai man parauchu 波斯語︰Tora dost daram他加祿語︰Mahal kita南非語︰Ek het jou lief Ek is lief vir jou迦納︰Me do wo埃塞俄比亞阿姆哈雷地區︰Ene ewedechalu(for ladies)Ene ewedehalwe(for men)阿拉伯語︰Ana Ahebak(to a male)Arabic Ana ahebek(to a female)瑞士德語︰Ich li b Dich克裡奧爾語︰Mon kontan ou豪薩語︰Ina sonki肯亞班圖語︰Nigwedete馬達加斯加語︰tiako ianao印度阿薩姆邦語︰Moi tomak bhal pau南亞泰米爾語︰Tamil n‘an unnaik kathalikkinren印度泰盧固語︰Neenu ninnu pra‘mistu‘nnanu泰國︰Ch‘an Rak Khun烏爾都語︰Mein tumhay pyar karti hun(woman to man) Mein tumhay pyar karta hun(man to woman)越南︰Em ye‘u anh(woman to man)Anh ye‘u em(man to woman)紐西蘭毛裡語︰kia hoahai埃斯基摩︰Nagligivaget格陵蘭島︰Asavakit冰島︰e‘g elska tig阿爾巴尼亞︰T Dua Shume俄羅斯︰Ya vas Iyublyu,Ya Tibia Lyublyu塞爾維亞︰V olim Te斯洛文尼亞語︰Ljubim te西班牙︰Te amo,Tequiero瑞典︰Jag lskar dig土爾其︰Seni seviyorum烏克蘭︰javas kokhaju威爾士︰Rwy‘n dy garu di亞述語︰ana bayanookh(female to male)ana bayinakh(male to female)300种语言说“我爱你”广东话Moi oiy neya广东话Ngo oi ney普通话Wo ai ni (Wo3 ai4 ni3 in tonal notation) Dutch Ik hou van jouDutch Ik ben verliefd op jeEnglish I love youEnglish I adore youFinnish Mina" rakastan sinuaFrench Je t'aimeFrench Je t'adoreGerman Ich liebe DichGreek s'ayapo (spoken s'agapo, 3rd letter is lower case'gamma')Greek (old) (Ego) philo su (ego is only needed for emphasis) Hawaiian Aloha I'a Au OeHungarian SzeretlekHungarian Szeretlek te'gedIcelandic Eg elska thigIndonesian Saya cinta padamu (Saya, commonly used) Indonesian Saya cinta kamu ( " )Indonesian Saya kasih saudari ( " )Indonesian Aku tjinta padamu (Aku, not often used) Indonesian Aku cinta padamu ( " )Indonesian Aku cinta kamu ( " )Irish taim i' ngra leatItalian ti amo (if it's a relationship/lover/spouse)Italian ti voglio bene (if it's a friend, or relative) Japanese Kimi o ai shiteruJapanese AishiteruJapanese Chuu shiteyoJapanese Ora omee no koto ga suki daJapanese Ore wa omae ga suki daJapanese SuitonnenJapanese SukiyanenJapanese SukiyoJapanese Watashi Wa Anata Ga Suki DesuJapanese Watashi Wa Anata Wo Aishithe ImasuJapanese Watakushi-wa anata-wo ai shimasuJapanese Suki desu (used at 1st time, like for a start,when you are not yet real lovers)Javanese Kulo tresnoKorean No-rul sarang hae (man to woman in casual relation) Korean Tangsinul sarang ha yoKorean Tangshin-ul sarang hae-yoKorean Tangsinul Sarang Ha Y oKorean Tangshin-i cho-a-yo (i like you, in a romantic way) Korean Nanun tangshinul sarang hamnidaKorean Nanun Dangsineul Mucheog JoahapnidaKorean Nanun Dangsineul SaranghapnidaKorean Nanun Gdaega JoaKorean Nanun Gdaereul SaranghapnidaKorean Nanun Neoreul SaranghandaKorean Gdaereul Hjanghan Naemaeum AljiKorean JoahaeyoKorean SaranghaeKorean SaranghaeyoKorean SaranghapanidaMalay Saya cintakan muMalay Saya sayangkan muMalay/Indonesian Saya sayangkan engkau Malay/Indonesian Saya cintakan awak Malaysian Saya CintamuMalaysian Saya SayangmuMalaysian Saya Cinta KamuRussian (malincaya) Ya Tibieh LublueSpanish Te quieroSpanish Te amoSwedish Jag a"lskar digThai Phom Rak Khun (formal, male to female) Thai Ch'an Rak Khun (formal, female to male) Thai Khao Raak Thoe (affectionate, sweet, loving) Thai Phom Rak KhunVietnamese Em ye^u anh (woman to man) Vietnamese Toi yeu emVietnamese Anh ye^u em (man to woman)然后还有这些另类语种Afrikaans Ek het jou liefeAfrikaans Ek is lief vir jouAlbanian te duaAlbanian te dashurojAlentejano(Portugal) Gosto De Ti, Porra!Alsacien Ich hoan dich gearAmharic AfekrishalehouArabic Ana Behibak (to a male)Arabic Ana Behibek (to a female)Arabic Ib'n hebbak.Arabic Ana Ba-heb-bakArabic nhebukArabic Ohiboke (male to female)Arabic Ohiboka (female to male)Arabic Ohibokoma (male or female to two males or two females) Arabic Nohiboke (more than one male or female to female)Arabic Nohiboka (male to male or female to male)Arabic Nohibokoma (m. to m. or f. to two males or two females) Arabic Nohibokom (m. to m. or f. to more than two males)Arabic Nohibokon (m. to m. or f. to more than two females)Arabic (not standard) Bahibak (female to male)Arabic (not standard) Bahibik (male to female)Arabic (not standard) Benhibak (more than one male or female tomale)Arabic (not standard) Benhibik (male to male or female to female) Arabic (not standard) Benhibkom (m. to m. or female to more than one male)Assamese Moi tomak bhal pauBasc Nere MaiteaBatak Holong rohangku di hoBavarian I mog di narrisch gernBengali Ami tomAy bhAlobAshiBengali Ami tomake bhalobashi.Berber Lakh tirikhBicol Namumutan ta kaBolivian Quechua qanta munaniBulgarian Obicham teBurmese chit pa deCambodian Bon sro lanh oonCambodian kh_nhaum soro_lahn nhee_ahCanadian French Sh'teme (spoken, sounds like this)Catalan T'estim (mallorcan)Catalan T'estim molt (I love you a lot)Catalan T'estime (valencian)Catalan T'estimo (catalonian)Cebuano Gihigugma ko ikaw. Chickasaw chiholloli (first "i" nasalized) Corsican Ti tengu cara (to female) Corsican Ti tengu caru (to male) Croatian LJUBim teCzech miluji teCzech MILUJU TE! (colloquial form) Danish Jeg elsker digEcuador Quechua canda munani Esperanto Mi amas vinEstonian Mina armastan sind Estonian Ma armastan sindFarsi Tora dust midaramFarsi AsheghetamFarsi (Persian) doostat dAramFilipino Mahal ka taFilipino Iniibig KitaFlemish Ik zie oe geerneFriesian Ik hald fan deiGaelic Ta gra agam ortGreenlandic AsavakitGujrati Hoon tane pyar karoochhoon.Hausa Ina sonkiHebrew Ani ohev otach (male to female)Hebrew Ani ohev otcha (male to male)Hebrew Ani ohevet otach (female to female)Hebrew Ani ohevet otcha (female to male)Hindi Mai tumase pyar karata hun (male to female) Hindi Mai tumase pyar karati hun (female to male) Hindi Main Tumse Prem Karta HoonHindi Mai Tumhe Pyar Karta HoonHindi Main Tumse Pyar Karta HoonHindi Mai Tumse Peyar Karta HnuHindi Mai tumse pyar karta hooHokkien Wa ai luHopi Nu' umi unangwa'taIndi Mai Tujhe Pyaar Kartha HoIranian Mahn doostaht doh-rahmKannada Naanu Ninnanu PreethisutheneKannada Naanu Ninnanu MohisutheneKiswahili NakupendaKlingon qabangKlingon qaparHa' (depends where in the galaxy you are) Kurdish Ez te hezdikhem (?)Lao Koi muk jaoLao Khoi huk chauLatin Te amoLatin Vos amoLatin (old) (Ego) amo te (ego, for emphasis)Latvian Es milu tevi (Pronounced "Ess tevy meeloo") Lebanese BahibakLingala Nalingi yoLisbon lingo gramo-te bue', chavalinhaLithuanian TA VE MYLIU (ta-ve mee-lyu)Lojban mi do pramiLuo AheriMacedonian SAKAM TE!Madrid lingo Me molas, troncaMalayalam Njyaan Ninne' Preetikyunnu Malayalam Njyaan Ninne' Mohikyunnu. Malayalam Ngan Ninne SnaehikkunnuMarathi me tujhashi prem karto (male to female) Marathi me tujhashi prem karte (female to male) Marathi Mi tuzya var prem karatoMohawk KonoronhkwaNavaho Ayor anosh'niNdebele NiyakutandaNorwegian Eg elskar deg (Nynorsk)Norwegian Jeg elsker deg (Bokmaal) (pronouncedyai elske dai) Op Op Lopveop YopuopOsetian Aez dae warzynPakistani Mujhe Tumse Muhabbat HaiPersian Tora dost daramPig Latin Ie Ovele OuyePolish Kocham CiePolish Ja cie kochamPolish Y acha kochamPolish Kocham CiebiePortuguese Amo-tePortuguese (brazilian) Eu te amoPunjabi Mai taunu pyar kardaPunjabi Main Tainu Pyar KarnaQuenya Tye-mela'neRomanian Te iu bescRomanian Te AdorRussian Ya vas liubliuRussian Ya tebya liubliuRussian Ya polubeel s'tebyaScot Gaelic Tha gra\dh agam ortSerbian ljubim te (I kiss you/love you,'lj' pronounced like 'll' inSpanish, one sound, 'ly'ish)Serbocroatian Volim teSerbocroatian Ljubim teShona NdinokudaSinhalese Mama oyata adareiSioux TechihhilaSlovak lubim taSlovene ljubim teSrilankan Mama Oyata ArderyiSwahili Naku penda (followed by the person's name) Swiss-German Ch'ha di ga"rnSyrian/Lebanese BHEBBEK (to a female)Syrian/Lebanese BHEBBAK (to a male)Tagalog Mahal kitaTahitian Ua Here Vau Ia OeTamil Ni yaanai kaadli karen (You love me)Tamil n^An unnaik kAthalikkinREn (I love you) Tamil Naan Unnai KadalikirenTcheque MILUJI TE^Telugu Neenu ninnu pra'mistu'nnanu Telugu/india Nenu Ninnu Premistunnanu Tunisian Ha eh bak *Turkish Seni seviyo*rum (o* means o) Turkish Seni SeviyurumTurkish Seni SeviyorumUkrainian ja tebe koKHAju (real true love) Ukrainian javas koKHAjuUkrainian ja pokoKHAv tebeUkrainian javasUrdu Mujhe tumse mohabbat haiUrdu Main Tumse Muhabbat Karta Hoon Vlaams Ik hue van yeVulcan Wani ra yana ro aishaWelsh 'Rwy'n dy garu di.Welsh Yr wyf i yn dy garu di (chwi) Yiddish Ich libe dichYiddish Ich han dich libYiddish Ikh Hob Dikh LibYugoslavian Ya te volimZazi Ezhele hezdege (sp?)Zulu Mena Tanda WenaZulu Ngiyakuthanda!Zuni Tom ho' ichema这里有一些注释Afrikaans -> People of Dutch heritage in south Africa.Alsacien -> french/german dialect (live in france,but speak like german)Assamese -> language spoken in the state of Assam, IndiaBatak -> North Sumatra province of indonesiaBavarian -> Southern state of Germany (actually a German dialect) Bengali -> language spoken in the state of West Bengal, India,as well as almost all people of BANGLADESHBicol -> Philipin dialectCebuano -> language spoken in philipino near the town of Cebu Chickasaw -> Native American spoken in southeastern Oklahoma. Friesian -> they speak the language in Northern Hollandin Northern Germany and in some parts of Denmarkmainly west coastGaelic -> IrishGujrati -> language spoken in the state of Gujrat, IndiaHindi -> language spoken in the nothern states of IndiaHopi -> North American Indian Tribe (Southwest maybe?)Kannada -> Language of Karnataka a state in south India.Klingon -> Spoken in Star TrekLuo -> KenyaMalayalam -> language spoken in the state of Kerala, IndiaMarathi -> language spoken in the state of Maharastra, India Mohawk -> North american Indian tribe (New England, maybe one ofthe Sven Nations/Iriquois)Navaho -> North american Indian tribe (southwest)Ndebele -> ZimbabwePunjabi -> Northern IndiaQuechua -> Quecha is a Mayan languageQuenya -> Elvish language invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for his books, notably _The Lord of the Rings_Shona -> ZimbabweSinhalese -> Language of the non-Tamil (majority) people of Sri LankaSioux -> North American Indian tribe from the upper Midwest. Tagalog -> Filipino languageTamil -> language spoken in the state of Tamil Nadu, Indiaand in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritus ....Telugu -> southeastern state of India.(eleventh most spoken language in the world.)Urdu -> the language spoken in pakistan Vlaams -> Belgian DutchVulcan -> Spoken in Star TrekZazi -> Kurdic dialecta" -> a with umlaute^ -> ^ above ea' -> a with the acute accent (') over it。
欧美文化PPT
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William Shakespeare
1
艾米莉· 狄金森Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson (also called Dickinson) (Emily Dickinson, 1830~1886) legendary American poet. Born in law family. The life of the young people is monotonous and peaceful. From 25 years old start renounced social nun like to stay indoors, in loneliness buried thirty years of writing poetry, leave the manuscript a thousand more than 700 first; living just published the first seven, the rest are after her death was not published, and by the world famous Qiji. Dickinson's poems are mainly about life, nature, life, faith, friendship and love. Graceful, concise style, depicting the real intention of fresh, subtle, deep thoughts, strong cohesion, full of originality. She is regarded as one of the pioneers of the modern poetry of twentieth Century. The most famous American poet is Erwin, the father of American literature, and Whitman and Dickinson. She was locked in a box of large number of writing poems is the greatest gift she left to the world
管理牛津剑桥捐赠基金的家族办公室：沙艾尔背后的百年传承（上）
管理牛津剑桥捐赠基金的家族办公室：沙艾尔背后的百年传承（上）詹姆斯·威廉·斯科特1903年创办的省际保险公司，在家族两代人的努力下发展为国际金融机构大省际集团，1994年收入超过5亿美元。
当年，第四代家族成员以3.5亿英镑出售大省际集团，创建沙艾尔家族办公室，管理家族金融资本。
2001年，沙艾尔开始接纳外部超高净值家族客户，从SFO 转型为MFO。
2014年，沙艾尔与Lord North Street 投资办公室合并为沙艾尔投资办公室。
跻身英国最有影响力家族办公室的沙艾尔，目前为近50名资产超过2500万英镑的家族客户以及牛津、剑桥等大学基金管理约50亿美元，家族第四代亚历山大正致力于将其打造成世界一流MFO。
高皓 叶嘉伟/文叶嘉伟为清华大学五道口金融学院全球家族企业研究中心研究助理高皓博士为清华大学五道口金融学院全球家族企业研究中心主任“企业优先，还是家族优先？”这个经典问题困扰着很多中国企业，家族有时不得不在十字路口二选其一，而这个世纪抉择改变了斯科特（Scott ）家族的百年命运。
英国伦敦西区的牛津街坐落着著名的Selfridges 百货商店，穿过熙熙攘攘的人流，蜚声欧洲的沙艾尔投资办公室（SandAire InvestmentOf fice ）隐身于此—这是一家由斯科特家族全资拥有，专为全球超高净值家族和基金会服务的联合家族办公室（Multi-Family Of fice ，MFO ）。
斯科特家族第一代（G1）詹姆斯·威廉·斯科特爵士（Sir James William Scott ）1903年创办了省际保险公司（Provincial Insurance Company ），其后该公司发展为大省际集团（Provincial Group ）。
他的两个儿子、G2一代的塞缪尔·斯科特（Samuel Scott ）和弗朗西斯·斯科特（Francis Scott ）秉承父志，将大省际集团发展为一家国际金融机构。
四川省泸州高级中学2025届高考英语必刷试卷含解析
四川省泸州高级中学2025届高考英语必刷试卷考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。
选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。
2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。
3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．I shook hands and ________ greetings with the manager, who I impressed a lot.A．conveyed B．swapped C．exchanged D．switched2．The book ______ through the air to Aunt Dede and she began to read it aloud.A．got B．pushed C．sailed3．--- Hello, Tom. This is Mary speaking.--- What a coincidence! I_________ about you.A．just thought B．was just thinkingC．have just thought D．would just think4．_____ here, come and have a cup of tea.A．Passing B．To pass C．Pass D．Having passed5．I called her nearly ten minutes this morning, but I couldn’t ________.A．get through B．go through.C．live through D．look through6．U.S. President Barack Obama arrived in China’s economic center Shanghai on Sunday night, November 15th2009, ______a state visit to China.A．starting B．started C．to start D．having started7．— How do you think I can make up with Jack?— Set aside _______ you disagree and try to find _______ you have in common.A．what; what B．what; where C．where; what D．where; whether8．When caught _____ in the exam, he begged for the teacher’s pardon and tried ______ pu nishment.A．cheating; escaping B．to be cheating; to escapeC．cheating; to escape D．to be cheating; escaping9．Wolf Warrior 2, which ________ the “Award for Best Visual Effects” at the Beijing Film Festival, indicates China's film industry has come of age.A．wins B．wonC．has won D．had won10．________ has greater potential than flammable ice being mined from underneath the South China Sea when it comes to a global energy revolution.A．nothing B．neitherC．no one D．none11．He is a bad-tempered fellow, but he ________ be quite charming when he wishes.A．shall B．shouldC．can D．must12．At one time, she is fine, ________ at another, she is abnormal.A．and B．or C．but D．so13．—How about going sightseeing this Saturday afternoon?Sorry, I _______ my research report the whole weekend.A．will have written B．will be writingC．have written D．have been writing14．______ far in the contest, we are so disappointed.A．Not getting B．Not to getC．Not having got D．Not got15．After the fire，________________ would otherwise be a cultural center is now reduced to a pile of ashes.A．that B．itC．what D．which16．The reds and golds _____ into each other as the sun sank. What a beautiful sight!A．bumped B．pressedC．melted D．turned17．She was such a proud person that she would die she would admit she was wrong.A．since B．whenC．unless D．before18．Time is pressing．You cannot start your task _____ soon．A．too B．very C．so D．as19．If he ________ his teacher’s suggestion, he would have won the English Speech Con test.A．had followed B．should followC．was to follow D．followed20．I ________ able to catch the first flight home, but my watch betrayed me.A．were B．had beenC．would be D．would have been第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
when harry met sally
When Harry Met SallyWhen Harry Met Sally is a classic romantic comedy film released in 1989. Directed by Rob Reiner and written by Nora Ephron, the film stars Billy Crystal as Harry Burns and Meg Ryan as Sally Albright. The story revolves around their lives and the complicated nature of male-female friendships.Plot OverviewThe film opens in 1977 when Harry and Sally first meet as recent graduates of the University of Chicago. Harry offers Sally a ride to New York City, where they are both headed. Despite their initial differences and clashing personalities, they soon develop a close friendship.Over the next few years, Harry and Sally frequently cross paths, sometimes as friends and sometimes as strangers. They go through various stages of life, facing personal and professional challenges. Throughout it all, their friendship deepens.At one point, Harry and Sally have a discussion about whether men and women can really be friends without any romantic feelings. Harry believes that it is not possible, while Sally thinks it is. This becomes a recurring theme in the film.Fast forward to 1988, Harry and Sally are both in their thirties and are trying to navigate the dating scene in New York City. Despite their strong bond, they both struggle with their own romantic relationships. Harry goes through a divorce, while Sally experiences multiple failed relationships.Eventually, Harry and Sally realize their true feelings for each other and decide to give their romantic relationship a chance. They confess their love for each other on Ne w Year’s Eve during a particularly memorable scene in a crowded restaurant. The film ends with them happily together.Themes and Analysis。
Hayley Westenra
专辑英文名: Crystal歌手: Hayley Westenra版本: Japan Classical Favourites [FLAC]发行时间: 2006年03月22日地区: 新西兰语言: 英语简介:专辑介绍：2006年3月22日在海莉·薇思特拉推出英国特别版的《ODYSSEY》前，日本DECCA 公司先推出了她的日本特别版，更名为《Crystal - Classical Favourites》。
专辑收入新曲“The Water is Wide”，日剧《白色巨塔》主题“Amazing Grace”，以及古典歌剧热门曲“O Mio Babbino Caro”及“Scaborough Fair”，这两首曲目都曾被多位女高音大腕所演唱过，海莉此次演绎，应该是给自己一个新的起点。
歌手介绍：海莉·薇思特拉是新西兰女歌手。
1987年生。
声音风格以古典跨界为主，兼唱民歌、流行。
Odyssey是她第二张国际发行的唱片。
早年：海莉·薇思特拉是薇思特拉夫妇，吉尔和杰拉德薇思特拉的女儿，她有一个弟弟一个妹妹，分别叫索菲（Sophie）和伊萨克（Isaac）。
海莉出生于一个音乐世家。
她的祖母是一名歌唱家，祖父是一名钢琴师，并会弹奏手风琴。
她的音乐之路从六岁就开始了。
当时在她就读的小学的一次圣诞演出里她扮演“最小的星”（the Littlest Star）一角色，并有一出演唱部分。
在那次表演之后，一位老师发掘了她，联系了她的父母，并告之他们的女儿有着完美的天赋。
（事实上，她被经常叫做“女乔诗·葛洛班”。
）海莉的老师鼓励她学习一件乐器以提升她的乐感。
于是海莉便开始学习小提琴。
在学小提琴的同时，海莉还练起了钢琴甚至录音，并在七岁时就能辨出音符。
随后她开始了声乐学习，并燃起了对音乐剧的热情。
到11岁时，海莉已经上台演出过不下40次了。
12岁时，海莉去了一间专业的录音室录制了《Walking in the Air》。
马修·帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变
㊀2024年第1期No.1㊀2024四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)Journal of Sichuan University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition )总第250期Sum No.250ɦ历史学研究ɦ马修·帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变陈志坚摘㊀要:13世纪中后期,英格兰本笃修士马修㊃帕里斯及其后继者在圣奥尔本斯修道院创作了一系列行程地图㊂这些地图原是编年史抄本序章中的一部分,不仅包括自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的分段路线图,还包含作为此行程出发地与目的地 不列颠与巴勒斯坦的区域地图㊂长期以来,研究者多以传统的宗教进路来解读这些行程地图,视其为一种精神的朝圣之旅,认为作者旨在为那些不能亲临圣地的修士开启一次通往天上耶路撒冷的富有想象力的旅程㊂然而,以抄本古文字学与古抄本学方法考察这些行程地图可发现,它们不仅在外观上呈现出与传统基督教地图迥然不同的特征,还在很大程度上呼应了金雀花王朝统治者扩张领土以建立帝国的野心与欲求㊂不仅如此,基于新近复兴的古典地理学知识,这些行程地图的实用性㊁精确性与科学性也在一定程度上得到增强㊂关键词:马修㊃帕里斯;世界之布;行程地图;中世纪;世界观中图分类号:K561.32㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1006-0766(2024)01-0129-14作者简介:陈志坚,首都师范大学历史学院教授(北京㊀100089)①㊀Simon Lloyd and Rebecca Reader, Paris,Matthew (c.1200-1259),Historian,Benedictine Monk,and Polymath, in H.C.G.Matthew and Brian Harrison,eds.,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography :From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000,vol.42,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004,p.622.②㊀Richard Vaughan, The Handwriting of Matthew Pairs, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society ,vol.1,no.5(1953),p.389;Richard Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1958,pp.236-243;Suzanne Lewis,The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora ,Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.321-323;Evelyn Edson,Mapping Time and Space :How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World ,London:The BritishLibrary,1997,pp.118-120.13世纪的英格兰本笃修士马修㊃帕里斯(Matthew Paris)是一位历史学家,其本职工作是为其所属的圣奥尔本斯修道院(St Albans Abbey)创作一部编年史,即为后人所熟知的‘大编年史“(Chronica Maiora )㊂除此之外,马修还是一名地图制作者,他先后绘制了4种包含伦敦至阿普利亚(Apulia)的路线图(以下简称 路线图 )以及巴勒斯坦区域地图㊁不列颠区域地图在内的行程地图(以下简称 行程地图 )㊂马修的这些地图 具有重要意义,这并不是因为它们所具有的时代影响力,而是因为它们的独创性,马修正在尝试他那个时代不为人知的制图理念,而且这些制图理念在当时还没有被普遍理解 ㊂①在马修生活的年代,体现基督教宗教理念的T -O 地图居于主导地位,势头正盛㊂与之相比,马修的地图在基本方向㊁实用性与精确性方面呈现出极大的创新性㊂从某种意义上来说,马修是一名早熟的制图者,其地图所呈现的先进制图理念一直处于领先地位,直到中世纪末期波特兰海图(portolan chart)的诞生㊂自吉尔森于1928年将马修绘制的4种不列颠地图制版刊行以来,学者对于这些不列颠地图以及与之密切相关的行程地图给予了广泛关注㊂研究者首先对于行程地图的创作者及创作时间进行初步探讨并普遍认可抄本古文字学家理查德㊃沃恩通过分析马修的字体得出的结论,即认为 这些行程地图均是圣奥尔本斯修道院修士马修及其后继者创作的 ㊂②马修不仅是一位出色的编年史家,还是一921四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期位杰出的抄本缩微图画家,他在绘制抄本缩微图㊁地图㊁人物画像时擅长用稀释颜料对深色墨水勾勒的草图进行着色以制造一种水洗的效果,从而开创了一种 着色绘画 (tinted drawings)的风格㊂正因如此,在后来的艺术史中,这一类型的彩色绘画往往被称为 圣奥尔本斯流派 (School of St Albans)或 马修㊃帕里斯流派 (School of Matthew Paris)㊂有学者以绘画风格为标准对行程地图进行研究,也印证了沃恩的上述结论㊂①另外,行程地图的来源也从一个侧面佐证了上述观点 它们大都来自马修及其后继者所编纂的编年史抄本之中,部分来自圣奥尔本斯修道院官方文献汇编或者马修最好的合作伙伴兼衣钵继承人沃灵福德的约翰(John of Wallingford)的札记簿㊂②然而,在上述一致的观点之外,学者在很多问题上仍存疑问㊂例如,行程地图中包含的小单元,如路线图㊁不列颠区域地图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图,是独立的存在,抑或是一个有机的整体?马修及其后继者绘制这些行程地图的意义何在?它们又反映了制图者的何种观念?早期研究者倾向于否认路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图与不列颠地图之间的联系,认为它们只是因为抄本装帧而被偶然并置,彼此之间并无必然联系㊂例如,沃恩以及更早的研究者比兹利就持这种观点㊂③不仅如此,早期研究者还倾向于认为,行程地图与编年史插图具有同样的功能,是作者为了阐释㊁说明编年史文本而制作,目的是将编年史中提到的城市㊁城镇㊁河流㊁山脉等等风物具象化㊁空间化,从而帮助阅读者更好地理解编年史㊂持这一观点的主要有苏珊娜㊃刘易斯与伊芙琳㊃埃德森㊂④进入21世纪以来,研究者有了两类新发现㊂其一,学者逐渐认识到,路线图与区域地图并非编年史的附属物,编年史中所提及的很多地名如耶路撒冷㊁阿卡与开罗等,与地图上的地名并无一一对应关系㊂换言之,绘制地图并非为了向读者展示上述地名所在的位置,在很大程度上,路线图㊁区域地图与编年史是一种平行关系㊂⑤其二,学者通过进一步研究发现了路线图与区域地图之间的联系㊂例如,在阿普利亚地图的左上角,马修标记了如下文字: 此为通过阿普利亚去往阿克的路线㊂ 再如,在不列颠地图中也隐藏着伦敦与多佛之间的路线图,这在很大程度上可被视为路线图中的英格兰部分㊂再如,在西西里岛的最末端一个叫特拉帕尼(Trapes)的地方,马修标注道: 理查德伯爵从圣地返回时曾经过这里㊂ ⑥这些发现让绝大多数学者相信,路线图与区域地图之间存在联系,并构成一个有机的整体㊂以此为基础,学者开始构建这些路线图与区域地图的整体性意义㊂丹尼尔㊃康诺利提出了 想象的朝圣 的概念,认为路线图㊁巴勒斯坦地图与不列颠地图构成了一套完整的行程地图,从而为那些不能离开圣奥尔本斯修道院远行的修士打造了一次精神的朝圣之旅㊂康诺利还指出,这种行程地图与修道院回廊中所绘制的朝圣图有异曲同工之妙,但前者效果更佳,因为修士在阅读中自然会用手去翻动书叶,然后目光跟着路线图上下移动,口中默念着地图中的说明文字㊂到达阿普利亚所在叶面时,修士还可通过操作可折叠的侧翼,想象着后续的海上路线㊂如此一来,修士的手㊁眼㊁心㊁口等身体部位将会深度参与这一想象的朝圣之旅,从而在更大程度上营造出身临其境的031①②③④⑤⑥M.R.James, The Drawings of Matthew Paris, The Walpole Society ,vol.14(1925-1926),pp.1-26.有证据表明,沃灵福德的约翰曾对一幅从马修那里获得的不列颠地图增补了系列内容,参见Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.243;也有学者指出,Royal 抄本中的不列颠地图D 很有可能是马修的后继者为了呼应爱德华一世对苏格兰的领土主张而制作,参见Daniel K.Connolly, Copying Maps by Matthew Paris:Itinerary Fit for A King, in Palmira Brummett,ed.,The Book of Travels :Genre ,Ethnology ,and Pilgrimage ,1250-1700,Leiden:Brill,2009,pp.196-199.Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.247;C.R.Beazley,The Dawn of Modern Geography :A History of Exploration and Geographical Science from the Close of the Ninth to the Middle of the Thirteenth Century c .900-1260,vol.2,London:Henry Frowde,Amen Corner,1901,p.588.Lewis,The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora ,pp.324-325;Edson,Mapping Time and Space ,pp.123-124.P.D.A.Harvey,Medieval Maps of the Holy Land ,London:The British Library,2012,pp.74-75.Katharine Breen, Returning Home from Jerusalem:Matthew Paris ̓s First Map of Britain in Its Manuscript Context, Representations ,vol.89,no.1(Winter 2005),pp.73,77.陈志坚:马修㊃帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变2024年第1期氛围㊂①凯瑟琳㊃布林则更进一步,将往往被置于最后的不列颠区域地图理解为朝圣行程的返程部分,从而构建了一个更加完整的朝圣行程㊂②尽管在中世纪基督教制图观念占主导地位的大背景下,以精神朝圣的思路理解行程地图颇有阐释力,但仍无法完整地解释其中的一些元素,特别是相对于主流的基督教制图观念而言颇具创新性的部分,诸如:路线图以南为上,不列颠地图以北为上的朝向;路线图中精确标注里程的条状直线;对南意大利的关注程度远远胜过罗马;在巴勒斯坦地图中,对阿克城墙㊁城堡等军事防御设施描述的详细程度远远胜过耶路撒冷;4种不列颠区域地图自身存在的差异及流变等㊂近年来,有学者已意识到这些问题,并开始尝试在宗教观念之外的政治㊁历史语境中解读行程地图㊂如维多利亚㊃莫尔斯注意到地图的政治用途在13世纪的英国得到长足发展,并认为马修的路线图与区域地图在一定程度上展示了地图作为统治和知识象征的力量,或许正是在此意义上,西西里和阿克分别在南意大利与巴勒斯坦区域地图中被重点强调㊂③丹尼尔㊃伯克霍尔茨追溯了亨利三世与爱德华一世对地图的兴趣,并认为他们很有可能利用地图体现其对领土与权力的野心㊂④康诺利的最新研究表明,Royal 抄本中的不列颠地图D 实际上呼应了爱德华一世对苏格兰领土的主张㊂⑤由此可见,近年来学者的研究虽然开启了一个全新的研究路径,但相关研究成果或失之于简,仅是一个初步的判断;或无意做整体性探讨,仅涉及问题的一个方面㊂笔者拟以抄本古文字学(paleography)与古抄本学(codicology)方法考察马修绘制的行程地图,以期在梳理传统基督教制图观念的基础上揭示其全新的制图理念,并尝试评估金雀花王朝的政治诉求于此过程中所扮演的角色㊂一㊁马修㊃帕里斯其人及其行程地图马修㊃帕里斯,亦称巴黎人马修(Matthew the Parisian),出生于1200年左右,并于1217年进入圣奥尔本斯修道院成为一名本笃会修士㊂圣奥尔本斯修道院于公元793年由麦西亚国王奥法(Offa)捐资修建,到马修生活的年代,也已存在400余年㊂该修道院不仅具有悠久的历史,更以其撰史传统而闻名,这在很大程度上得益于其与王室的密切关系㊂1236年,马修继承了该修道院编年史家温多弗的罗杰(Roger of Wendover)的衣钵,就此开始了其撰史生涯㊂在马修领衔撰史期间,修道院与王室的关系变得更为密切㊂不仅国王亨利三世经常到访修道院,马修也经常被邀请参加宫廷重要活动㊂据记载,亨利三世曾于1244至1257年间先后8次到访修道院,每次都捐赠大量布帛㊁财物㊂1251年,亨利三世到访时送给修道院3块丝绸布料,并且还特意询问马修他已向修道院捐赠了多少块丝绸布料,以及修道院是否已遵照他的命令,在这些丝绸布料上都写上 英王亨利三世捐 字样㊂国王得到的答案是31块,而且没有其他国王捐过如此之多㊂不仅如此,马修还与亨利三世保持着良好的个人关系,常常出入宫廷,有资格与国王共桌就餐㊁亲密交谈,甚至可以当面向国王抱怨其遭遇的不公㊂另外,国王还是马修的赞助人,曾亲自委托他撰写‘忏悔者爱德华生平“一书㊂1247年,在威斯敏斯特大厅举行的一场盛大仪式上,亨利三世发现了马修,特地让他坐在自己身边,并要求他记录当日发生之事㊂随后,国王还邀请马修共进晚餐㊂1257年,马修在国王的宫廷里逗留了一周,在此131①②③④⑤Daniel K.Connolly, Imagined Pilgrimage in the Itinerary Maps of Matthew Paris, The Art Bulletin ,vol.81,no.4(1999),pp.598-599;Daniel K.Connolly,The Maps of Matthew Paris :Medieval Journeys through Space ,Time and Liturgy ,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2009,pp.1-2.Breen, Returning Home from Jerusalem, pp.63,87.Victoria Morse, The Role of Maps in Later Medieval Society:Twelfth to Fourteenth Century, in David Woodward,ed.,The History of Cartography ,vol .3,Cartography in the European Renaissance ,Part 1,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2007,pp.35,39,41-42.Daniel Birkholz,The King ̓s Two Maps :Cartography and Culture in Thirteenth-Century England ,New York &London:Routledge,2004,pp.12-13.Connolly, Copying Maps by Matthew Paris, pp.196-199.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期期间与国王形影不离,无论国王 在餐桌边,在宫殿里,还是在房间里 ,由此,他从国王那里获得了大量信息㊂①遵循着圣奥尔本斯修道院的撰史传统,并基于不断从宫廷中获得的第一手资料,马修写出了大量历史著作㊂在马修撰写的史著中,‘大编年史“与‘英吉利人史“(Historia Anglorum )最负盛名㊂从著述体例上讲,前者属于普遍史,涵盖自创世至1259年的世界历史,是马修在温多弗的罗杰所著编年史‘历史之花“(Flores Historiarum )的基础之上编纂而成的㊂后者则属于专门史,侧重讲述英吉利人的历史,其绝大部分史料来源于‘大编年史“,实际上是‘大编年史“中与英吉利人相关史料的汇编本㊂除此之外,马修后来还在‘英吉利人史“的基础上推出一个更加简略的版本,名为‘英吉利人史简编“(Abbreuiatio Compendiosa Chronicorum Anglie )㊂本文所涉及的行程地图便主要来自这几部著作的序章部分㊂但不幸的是,这些著作均未能以其原始的形制完整地流传下来,而是在不断被拆分㊁重组㊁装帧的过程中形成了新的抄本,并由不同的图书馆收藏㊂同样地,行程地图在此过程中亦难免被拆分㊁重组的命运,并最终以零散的状态分处于几个新抄本中㊂马修的‘大编年史“是一部三卷本史书,现分处于三个不同的抄本中㊂其第一卷涵盖自创世至1188年的历史,可见于剑桥大学基督圣体学院所藏引证号为Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 026的抄本之中(以下简称MS 026抄本)㊂该抄本的序章部分涵盖一套相对完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图1),包括自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图以及巴勒斯坦区域地图,但缺少不列颠区域地图㊂②其第二卷涵盖自1189至1253年的历史,可见于剑桥大学基督圣体学院所藏引证号为Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 016的抄本之中(以下简称MS 016抄本)㊂该抄本中的行程地图(以下简称行程地图2)包含不完整的自伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图以及一幅不列颠区域地图(以下简称地图B)㊂③其中,路线图仅残留自蓬特雷莫利(Pontremoli)至南意大利阿普利亚的部分㊂不仅如此,所有这些地图在MS 016抄本中均以半叶的形式存在㊂④其第三卷涵盖1254至1259年的历史,可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Royal MS 14C.VII 的抄本中(以下简称Royal 抄本)㊂该抄本序章部分包含一套完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图3),包括伦敦至南意大利阿普利亚的路线图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图以及不列颠区域地图(以下简称地图D)㊂除了‘大编年史“第三卷,Royal 抄本中还包含马修的‘英吉利人史“㊂⑤二者在很大程度上共享抄本前面的序章部分㊂除此之外,在一部名为‘增补册“(Liber Additamentorum )的圣奥尔本斯修道院自用文献中,还存有一套不完整的行程地图(以下简称行程地图4),它仅包含自伦敦至那不勒斯的路线图,可见于大英图书馆藏引证号为Cotton MS Nero D.I 的抄本(以下简称Nero 抄本)㊂⑥行程地图4虽然在风格上与行程地图1㊁2㊁3类似,但在形式和内容方面均相对简略,没有采用常规的一叶两栏形制,而是一叶三栏且忽略所有支线行程,仅绘制主线行程,很有可能是马修在正式绘制行程地图1㊁2㊁3之前的构思草图,后来作为备用资料被收录进修道院自用文献‘增补册“中,与修道院创始人‘奥法生平“(Vitae duorum Offarum )㊁‘历任修道院长生平“(Gesta Abbatum )等文献并列㊂不仅如此,马231①②③④⑤⑥David Carpenter,Henry III :The Rise to Power and Personal Rule ,1207-1258,New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2020,pp.171,454,521,541,551,615,715,521,399,403.Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 026,fols.ir -ivv.1928年,吉尔森(J.P.Gilson)汇集了马修绘制的与其行程地图相关的4张不列颠地图,并将其制成彩色图版出版㊂在该书中,吉尔森将4张地图简称为:地图A㊁地图B㊁地图C㊁地图D,笔者在本文中沿用这一约定俗成的简称㊂参见J.P.Gilson,ed.,Four Maps of Great Britain Designed by Matthew Paris about A.D.1250,Produced from Three Manuscripts in the British Museum and One at Corpus Christi College ,Cambridge ,London:Printed by Order of the Trustees,Sold at the British Museum and by Bernard Quaritch,Ltd,1928,p.3.2003年,基督圣体学院图书馆又对MS 016号抄本进行了重新装帧㊂此时,该抄本又被分为上下两册,抄本前面的序章部分单独装订成册,并被命名为MS 016I,后面的正文部分单独成册,并被命名为MS 016II㊂正文中所述行程地图㊁巴勒斯坦区域地图及不列颠地图部分,参见Cambridge,Corpus Christi College,MS 016I,fols.iiir -ivv.Royal MS 14C.VII,fols.157r -231r,2r -5v,8v -156v,British Library,London.Cotton MS Nero D.I,fols.183v -184r,British Library,London.陈志坚:马修㊃帕里斯的行程地图与中世纪地图制作者世界观的转变2024年第1期修绘制的另外两种不列颠地图明显也与行程地图密切相关,但由于种种原因已被单独装订在其他抄本中:其一,在马修以其‘英吉利人史“为基础缩编而成的‘英吉利人史简编“的序章部分,存在一幅马修绘制的不列颠地图(以下简称地图A),可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Cotton MS Claudius D.VI 的抄本中(以下简称Claudius 抄本)㊂①该地图与布鲁图斯(Brutus)至亨利三世的系列国王画像,以及自阿尔弗雷德大帝至亨利三世国王世系图等重要文件并列,共同构成抄本的序章部分;其二,在马修后继者沃灵福德的约翰曾拥有的一本札记簿中,亦存在一幅不列颠地图(以下简称地图C),可见于大英图书馆所藏引证号为Cotton MS Julius D.VII 的抄本中(以下简称Julius 抄本)㊂②该地图明显是由马修绘制,但从其所用色彩及内容看,仍属于较为初级的草图㊂沃灵福德的约翰肯定是从某种途径获得了这张地图并对其进行了一系列改造,包括继续在地图上标注地名,以及在地图背面空白处书写文字㊂最后,他还将该地图两次折叠后与其札记簿装帧在一起㊂该札记簿的核心内容是沃灵福德的约翰摘抄的系列编年史史料,主要摘自马修的‘大编年史“,在一定程度上反映了他向马修学习撰写编年史的实践㊂③二㊁世界之布:中世纪基督教主流制图观念中世纪的地图一般被称作 Mappamundi ㊂其中, mappa 一词在中世纪拉丁语中意为 桌布 或 餐巾 ,可意译为 地图 ;④而 mundi 则是 mundus 一词的拉丁文属格单数形式,意思是 世界的 (of the world)㊂如此一来,具有 世界地图 之意的 Mappamundi 一词其实可直译为 世界之布 ㊂这个词语在古典时代晚期的拉丁语中从来没有被使用过,彼时用来描述地图的词汇一般是 forma (图形)㊁ figura (图像)㊁ orbispictus (区域图)或者 orbisterrarumdescriptio (区域地理描述)㊂尽管在中世纪,世界之布的称谓是最常见的,但在谈及地图时,人们亦有一些其他的表达形式,如 inmaginesmundi (世界的图像)㊁ pictura (图像)㊁ descriptio (描述)㊁ tabula (图表),甚或赫里福德地图中使用的 estoire (历史)㊂⑤但在上述词汇中, 世界之布 词义最为稳定,自8世纪至中世纪末期一直被用来指代以基督教观念描绘世界的图像或文字㊂迄今为止,计有1100余幅这样的地图幸存了下来,其中大部分可见于中世纪的抄本之中,也有独立存在且尺寸相当大的地图,很可能是作为教堂或修道院的挂图使用,例如外形类似房屋山墙的赫里福德地图(Hereford Map),其最长㊁最宽处分别是1.59米和1.34米,是现存最大的 世界之布 ㊂⑥虽名为地图,但 世界之布 并不像今天的地图一样客观地反映空间的比例与尺寸,亦不能为人们出行提供精确的信息,而是一种集合了时间㊁空间㊁事件㊁概念㊁色彩㊁文本㊁意象等元素的复杂集合体,集中反映了基督教有关 神学㊁宇宙学㊁哲学㊁政治学㊁历史学㊁动物学㊁人种学 等知识的理念,是基督教徒眼中的世界形象㊂⑦一般而言,这些地图具有以下特点:它们不仅比例严重失调,以东为上,还呈现出T -O 的特殊形态;整个版面不仅充斥着自创世之日至末日审判的所有重要的圣经事件,还杂以各式各样的奇幻动物和恐怖种族;作为圣地的耶路撒冷一般被安放在地图中心位置,而末日审判的意象则往往被置于地图顶端,这表明 顶部 (新耶路撒冷)而非 中心 (地331①②③④⑤⑥⑦Cotton MS Claudius D.VI,f.12v,British Library,London.Cotton MS Julius D.VII,fols.50v -53r,British Library,London.Vaughan,Matthew Paris ,p.243.Jerry Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,New York:Viking Penguin,2013,pp.94-95.David Woodward, Medieval Mappaemundi, in J.B.Harley and David Woodward,eds.,The History of Cartography ,vol .1:Cartography in Prehistoric ,Ancient ,and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean ,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987,p.287.The Hereford Mappa Mundi Trustee Company Ltd,Hereford.Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,p.95.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)总第250期上耶路撒冷)才是中世纪朝圣者最终的目的地,也是手持 世界之布 的信徒目光最终驻留的地方;①世界之布不仅是空间的展开,还涉及时间,在地图上自东向西(自上而下)包含着一个从创世到救赎的完整叙事;世界之布虽以基督教神学世界观为核心,但也包含一定程度的古典知识,这是早期教父与古典天文㊁自然㊁地理知识成就达成妥协的结果㊂由此,在以下部分笔者将以T -O 形态㊁以东为上㊁中心与朝圣㊁象征主义意象㊁ 历史 叙事㊁奇幻动物与恐怖种族为重点,以赫里福德地图㊁埃布斯托地图(The Ebstorf Map)㊁②诗篇地图(The Psalter Map)㊁③梭利地图(The Sawley Map)④等中世纪地图为主要案例,撮述 世界之布 的典型特征㊂其一,T -O 形态㊂T -O 形态地图是中世纪最为经典的地图样式,其整体外观呈圆形,看起来像一个巨大的字母O,由此标识出地图的边界,其外围环绕着海洋㊂圆形内部的三大水系整体上呈现为一个巨大的大写字母T 形态,从而将圆形大陆分成三大块㊂T 字母横笔画左侧㊁右侧及竖笔画部分分别代表顿河㊁尼罗河和地中海㊂⑤在由字母O 与T 建构的空间之中,上方的半圆是亚洲,下方位于T 字母竖笔画左右两边的区域则是欧洲和非洲,这三大洲又分别代表诺亚(Noah)的三个儿子闪(Shem)㊁雅弗(Japheth)㊁含(Ham)及其后代最初定居的区域㊂⑥实际上,T -O 地图本身亦是古典文化与中世纪基督教观念相互妥协的产物㊂在古典晚期向中世纪过渡的关键期,部分早期教父如德尔图良(Tertullian)㊁圣西普里安(St Cyprian)和圣安布罗斯(St Ambrose)等都极端敌视古代的学术成就,而与此同时也有一部分早期教父如奥古斯丁(St Augustine)㊁圣哲罗姆(St Jerome)以及圣伊西多尔(Isidore of Seville)等则主张吸收与借鉴古典学术成就㊂例如奥古斯丁就认为, 如果缺乏对天㊁地㊁世界等要素的相关知识,我们就无法更好地理解圣经 ,他还声称, 为了更好地理解神的造物,在研习圣经的时间和历史时,也须了解空间与地理 ㊂圣哲罗姆遵从奥古斯丁的建议,在翻译圣经之余还撰写了一部名为‘地点之书“(Liber locorum )的著作,并在书中给出了巴勒斯坦和亚洲的区域地图㊂⑦圣伊西多尔则在借鉴古典历史学家萨卢斯特(Sallustius)关于三大洲的相关记载的基础上,首次提出了T -O 地图的构想,其著作‘论事物的本质“(De natura rerum )与‘关于词源学的二十卷书“(Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX )被认为是最早包含T -O 地图意象的作品㊂⑧因早期的T -O 地图在本质上只是一种简要的示意图,仅标注三大洲名称或诺亚三个儿子的名字,很少有其他地名,所以其在T -O 地图的整体分类法中也常常被称作是概要性三部分T -O 地图(Schematic Tripartite)㊂8至11世纪,T -O 地图继续吸收来自马克罗比乌斯(Macrobius)和奥罗修斯(Orosius)等古典学者作品中的知识,发展出了非概要性三部分T -O 地图(Nonschematic Tripartite)㊂这一新子类虽仍将有人居住的大陆分成三部分,但并不严格按照T -O 模式绘制,而是按照各部分的历史及其起源进一步细化与划分各自的区域㊂它们通常强调地中海,并倾向于将海岸线绘制成参差不齐的效果㊂⑨总之,T -O 地图是古典知识与中世纪基督教世界观不断融合的结果,早期教父吸收了古典时代学者将有人居住的世界分成三部分的描述,并将其与创世纪中的世界起源观念结合起来,奠定了中世431①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨包慧怡:‘感官地图上的灵魂朝圣之旅 中古英语长诗 珍珠⓪的空间结构“,‘外国文学评论“2007年第2期㊂Kloster Ebstorf,Ebstorf,Germandy (destroyed in 1943,20th replica).Additional MS 28681,f.9r,British Library,London.有时亦称 美茵茨的亨利地图 (Henry of Map),参见Cambridge,Corpus Chisti College,MS 66,p.2.Catherine Delano-Smith, The Intelligent Pilgrim:Maps and Medieval Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, in Rosamund Allen,ed.,Eastward Bound :Travel and Travellers ,1050-1550,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2004,pp.110-111;Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,p.105.Saint Bede,On Genesis ,trans.Calvin B.Kendall,Liverpool:Liverpool University Press,2008,p.24;Naomi Reed Kline,Maps of Medieval Thought :The Hereford Paradigm ,Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2003,p.13.Brotton,A History of the World in Twelve Maps ,pp.102-103.Burgerbibliothek,cod.417,f.88v,Bern;Kline,Maps of Medieval Thought ,p.13.Woodward, Medieval Mappaemundi, in Harley and Woodward,eds.,The History of Cartography ,vol .1,pp.343,347.。
50首经典英文歌曲
50首经典英文歌曲1. don’t cry–guns n’ roses这首歌曾唱哭了千万人。
总是能够触痛了心底最软的地方，心抽痛着,眼圈红了，却没有眼泪渗出，每多听一次就多一次的依恋…2. fade to black–metallic金属乐队也有很经典歌曲,相信国内有好多人都是听了这首歌的前奏才去学吉他的! metallic经典中的经典,也是metallic饱受争议的作品,因为当时有乐迷自杀就是出于这首歌，胆小别听哦~3. dreaming my dream–cranberries有着王菲一样变幻倚俪的唱腔，高雅离开了原本浩渺的苍穹来到人间，它带着冷漠的美艳，但又说着人身上的变动和永恒，爱尔兰的卡百利乐队就这样汲取了精灵与传说的浩渺气质，沟通了人间和天空的美，把人的故事，爱情，历史，死亡，社会都融进那飘忽而真切的女声中…(卡百利，本是蔓声浆果的藤蔓)4. dying in the sun–cranberries不断地重复着放这首歌,简短迂回的旋律,简短迂回的歌词。
平躺在这样的歌里,晕乎乎的,渴望在阳光下睡死…5. never grow old–cranberries 最近常听朋友们说时间过得好快~! 感觉自己在一天一天的虚度光阴! 不由得想起了这支歌~!6. far away from home–groove coverage德国新晋乐队,这首歌已被众多知名DJ誉为当今舞曲最为精华的传世之作，听了不下几百遍了，旋律好的很，女声好的很…7. knocking on heaven’s door–guns n’ roses(“野蛮师姐”主题曲)艾薇儿翻唱的和枪花版的都给人一种爽歪的感觉，当然女生版的更加恬静，睡觉之前是要听的奥。
8. imagine–john lennon约翰列侬是全世界最成功的摇滚乐队“甲壳虫”（或叫披头士）(beatles)的灵魂人物，这声音听来象预言者的祈祷，而歌词依然是固执的理想，或许列侬所要求的泰国绝对，太过纯洁，但作为梦，难道你我就不曾有过吗？9. yesterday–beatles这么经典的还说什么呢，电台点播率已经超过一亿次了，没听过的太逊了。
Aging of Population
Aging of PopulationLeonid A. Gavrilov and Patrick HeuvelineThis is a manuscript of our article in The Encyclopedia of Population. New York, Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.[Note: This original manuscript is slightly different from the final publication because of small editorial changes.]Reference to the published article:Gavrilov L.A., Heuveline P.“Aging of Population.”In: Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll (Eds.)The Encyclopedia of Population. New York, Macmillan Reference USA, 2003Available at:/servlet/ItemDetailServlet?region=9&imprint=000&titleCode=M333&ty pe=4&id=174029Aging of population(also known as demographic aging, and population aging) is a summary term for shifts in the age distribution (i.e., age structure) of a population toward older ages. A direct consequence of the ongoing global fertility transition (decline) and of mortality decline at older ages, population aging is expected to be among the most prominent global demographic trends of the 21st century. Population aging is progressing rapidly in many industrialized countries, but those developing countries whose fertility declines began relatively early also are experiencing rapid increases in their proportion of elderly people. This pattern is expected to continue over the next few decades, eventually affecting the entire world. Population aging has many important socio-economic and health consequences, including the increase in the old-age dependency ratio. Itpresents challenges for public health (concerns over possible bankruptcy of Medicare and related programs) as well as for economic development (shrinking and aging of labor force, possible bankruptcy of social security systems).Defining and measuring population agingAs the study of population aging is often driven by a concern over its burdening of retirement systems, the aging of population is often measured by increases in the percentage of elderly people of retirement ages. The definition of retirement ages may vary but a typical cutoff is 65 years, and nowadays a society is considered relatively old when the fraction of the population aged 65 and over exceeds 8-10%. By this standard, the percentage of elderly people in the United States stood at 12.6% in 2000, compared with only 4.1% in 1900 and a projected increase to 20% by the year 2030.A related measure of population aging is the elderly dependency ratio (EDR): the number of individuals of retirement ages compared to the number of those of working ages. For convenience, working ages may be assumed to start at age 15, although increasing proportions of individuals pursue their education beyond that age and remain, meanwhile, financially dependent, either on the state or, increasingly, on their parents or bank managers. The ratio of the elderly dependent population to the economically active (working) population is also known as old-age dependency ratio, age-dependency ratio or elderly dependency burden and is used to assess intergenerational transfers, taxation policies, and saving behavior.Another indicator of the age structure is the aging index (sometimes referred to as the elder-child ratio), defined as the number of people aged 65 and over per 100 youths under age 15. In 2000, only a few countries (Germany, Greece, Italy, Bulgaria, and Japan) had more elderly than youth (aging index above 100). By 2030, however, the aging index is projected to exceed 100 in all developed countries, and the index of several European countries and Japan are even expected to exceed 200. To date, aging indexes are much lower in developing countries than in the developed world, but the proportional rise in the aging index in developing countries is expected to be greater than in developed countries.These indicators of population aging are mere head-count ratios (HCR), that is, they simply relate the number of individuals in large age categories.These indicators fail to take into account the age distribution within these large categories, in particular among the elderly. When the fertility and mortality trends responsible for population aging have been fairly regular over time, the population growth is positively correlated with age (i.e., the oldest age groups are growing fastest). This implies that if the proportion of the population over age 65 is increasing, within that 65-and-over population the proportion over, say, age 80 is also increasing. As health, financial situation, and consumption patterns may vary greatly between 65 year-olds and 80 year-olds, simple ratios conceal important heterogeneity in the elderly population. Increasingly, attention is paid to the "oldest olds" (typically age 80 and over). A long-time subject of curiosity, the number of centenarians is growing even faster. Estimated at 180,000 worldwide in 2000, it could reach 1 million by 2030 (United Nations 2001).The second class of indicators for population aging is the group of statistical measures of location (median, mean and modal ages of population). The median age -- the age at which exactly half the population is older and another half is younger -- is perhaps the most widely used indicator. For the year 2000, the median age in the United States was 36 years, a typical age for most developed countries and twice the median age for Africa (United Nations 2001). Because it is more sensitive to changes at the right-hand tail of the age distribution (i.e., the oldest old ages), the mean age of population might in fact be preferred to the median age to study the dynamics of population aging.Since population aging refers to changes in the entire age distribution, any single indicator might appear insufficient to measure it. The age distribution of population is often very irregular, reflecting the scars of the past events (wars, depression etc.), and it cannot be described just by one number without significant loss of information. Were the age distribution to change in a very irregular fashion over the age range, for instance, much information would be lost by a single-index summary. Therefore, perhaps the most adequate approach to study population aging is to explore the age distribution through a set of percentiles, or graphically by analyzing the population pyramids. Demographers commonly use population pyramids to describe both age and sex distributions of populations. Youthful populations are represented by pyramids with a broad base of young children and a narrow apex of older people, while older populations are characterized bymore uniform numbers of people in the age categories.Figures 1-5 About HereDemographic determinants of population agingTo understand the demographic factors that cause population aging, demographers often refer to stable populations (Preston et al. 2001). This population model assumes that age-specific fertility and mortality rates remain constant over time, and this results in a population with an age distribution that stabilizes and eventually becomes time invariant as well. Conversely, this theoretical model suggests that any change in age structure, and population aging in particular, can only be caused by changes in fertility and mortality rates. The influence of changes in fertility rates on population aging is perhaps less intuitive than that of mortality rates. Everything else constant, however, a fertility decline reduces the size of the most recent birth cohorts relative to the previous birth cohorts, hence reducing the size of the youngest age groups relative to that of the older ones.The effects of changes in mortality rates on population aging appear more intuitive, but are in fact more ambiguous. If increases in the human life span are correctly linked to population aging, reductions in mortality rates do not necessarily contribute to population aging. More specifically, mortality declines among infants, children and persons younger than the population mean age tend to lower the population mean age. A moment of thought suggests that indeed a reduction of neonatal mortality (i.e., death in the first month of life) adds individual at age 0 and should lead to the same partial alleviation of population aging as an increase in childbearing.Population aging is thus related to the demographic transition, that is the processes that lead a society from a demographic regime characterized by high rates of fertility and mortality to another one with lower fertility and mortality rates. In the course of this transition, the age structure is subjected to different influences. In the typical sequence, the transition begins with successes in preventing infectious and parasitic diseases that benefit infants and young children most. The resulting improvement in life expectancy at birth occurs while fertility tends to remain unchanged, thereby producing large birth cohorts and an expanding proportion of children relative to adults. Other things being equal, this initial decline in mortality generates a younger population age structure.After initial and sometimes very rapid gains in infant and child mortality have been achieved, further mortality declines increasingly benefit older ages and are eventually accompanied by fertility declines. Both changes contribute to reverse the early effect of mortality decline on the age structure, and this synergy is known as the double aging process. This corresponds to the experience of most developed countries today, but further decomposition suggest that their history of declining mortality is the dominant factor in current aging (Preston, Himes and Eggers 1989). Mortality declines continue in these countries and the decrease in mortality rates among the oldest-old (85+ years) has actually accelerated since the 1950s (Gavrilov, Gavrilova, 1991). This latest phase of mortality decline, which is concentrated in the older age groups, is becoming an important determinant of population aging, particularly among women.The rate of population aging may also be modulated by migration. Immigration usually slows down population aging (in Canada and Europe, for example), because immigrants tend to be younger and have more children. On the other hand, emigration of working-age adults accelerates population aging, as it is observed now in some Caribbean nations. Population aging in these countries is also accelerated by immigration of elderly retirees from other countries, and return migration of former emigrants who are above the average population age. Some demographers expect that migration will have a more prominent role in population aging in the future, particularly in low-fertility countries with stable or declining population size. The effects of migration on population aging are usually stronger in smaller populations, because of higher relative weight (proportion) of migrants in such populations.Dynamics of population agingThe current level and pace of population aging vary widely by geographic region, and usually within regions as well, but virtually all nations are now experiencing growth in their numbers of elderly residents (for selected regions and countries, see Table 1). The percentage of world population aged 65 and over only increased from 5.2% in 1950 to 6.9% in 2000. In Europe, however, the proportion is 14.7% in 2000. For a long time, the highest proportions where found in Northern Europe (e.g., 10.3% in Sweden in 1950), but had moved South by 2000 (18.1% in Italy). The proportions of elderly arelower outside of Europe with the notable exception of Japan where it increased from 4.9% in 1950 to 17.2% in 2000. The age structure of the United States continues to be marked by the large birth cohorts of the baby boom (people born from 1946 through 1964), not yet aged 65. The proportion of the elderly population in the U.S., 12.3% in 2000, hence remains low compared to the developed-country standards. .Table 1 About HerePopulation aging has the following notable features:(1) The most rapid growth occurs in the oldest age groups – the oldest-old (80+ or 85+ years) and centenarians (100+ years) in particular. In other words, population aging is becoming “deeper” with preferential accumulation of particularly old and frail people.(2) Population aging is particularly rapid among women, resulting in “feminization” of population aging (because of lower mortality rates among women). For example, in the United States, there were 20.6 million older women and 14.4 million older men in 2000, or a sex ratio of 143 women for every 100 men. The female to male ratio increases with age reaching 245 for persons 85 and over.(3) Another consequence of lower female mortality is the fact that almost half of older women (45%) in 2000 were widows, thus living without spousal support.(4) Population aging also causes changes in living arrangements resulting in increasing number of older people living alone (about 30% of all non-institutionalized older persons in 2000 lived alone in the United States).(5) Since older persons have usually lower income and a higher proportion of them are living below the poverty line, population aging is associated with poverty, particularly in developing countries.Projections of population aging in the 21st centuryFuture population aging will depend on future demographic trends, but most demographers agree that the fertility and mortality changes that would be required to reverse population aging in the coming decades are very unlikely. According to current population forecasts, population aging in the first half of this century should exceed that of the second half of the 20thcentury. For the world as a whole, the elderly will grow from 6.9% of the population in 2000 to a projected 19.3% in 2050 (Table 1). In other words, the world average should then be higher than the current world record. All regions are expected to see an increase, although it should be milder in some regions, such as Africa where the projected increase is from 3.3% in 2000 to 6.9% in 2050. But in Latin America and the Caribbean, the increase should be from 5.4% in 2000 to 16.9% in 2050, higher than the current European average. The increase should be even more spectacular in China: from 6.9% in 2000 to 22.7% in 2050.If population aging is thus far from limited to the most developed regions, the countries of these regions will likely continue to experience the highest proportions ever known. The forecasts suggest 29.2% of elderly in the European population as a whole, but more than 30% in a number of specific European countries, and perhaps as much as 36.4% in Japan. Again, the forecasted increase from 12.3% in 2000 to 21.1% in 2050 appears less dramatic in the U.S. than in other most developed countries.There is of course some uncertainty with any forecast, but it is important to note that previous population forecasts underestimated rather than overstated the current pace of population aging. Before the 1980s the process of population aging was considered as an exclusive consequence of fertility decline and it was predicted that the pace of population aging would decrease after stabilization of fertility rates at some low levels. Rapid decline in old-age mortality observed in developed countries in the last decades of the 20th century significantly accelerated population aging. Now the old-age mortality trends are becoming the key demographic component in projecting the size and composition of the world's future elderly population. Current and future uncertainties about changing mortality may produce widely divergent projections of the size of tomorrow's elderly population. For example, the U.S. Census Bureau's middle-mortality series projection suggests that there will be 14.3 million people aged 85 and over in the year 2040, while the low-mortality (i.e., high life expectancy) series implies 16.8 million. Alternative projections, using assumptions of lower death rates and higher life expectancies, have produced estimates from 23.5 to 54 million people aged 85 and over in 2040 in the United States (see Kinsella, Velkoff, 2001).Social and economic implications of population agingWhile population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind (massive survival to old ages has become possible), it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure.The first challenge is associated with dramatic increase in the older retired population relative to the shrinking population of working ages, which creates social and political pressures on social support systems. In most developed countries, rapid population aging places a strong pressure on social security programs. For example, the U.S. social security system may face a profound crisis if no radical modifications are enacted. Cuts in benefits, tax increases, massive borrowing, lower cost-of-living adjustments, later retirement ages, or a combination of these elements are now discussed as the possible painful policies, which may become necessary in order to sustain the pay-as-you-go public retirement programs such as Medicare and Social Security.Population aging is also a great challenge for the health care systems. As nations age, the prevalence of disability, frailty, and chronic diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, etc.) is expected to increase dramatically. Some experts raise concerns that the mankind may become a “global nursing home” (Eberstadt, 1997).The aging of the population is indeed a global phenomenon that requires international coordination of national and local actions. The United Nations and other international organizations developed recommendations intended to mitigate the adverse consequences of population aging. These recommendations include reorganization of social security systems, changes in labor, immigration and family policies, promotion active and healthy life styles, and more cooperation between the governments in resolving socioeconomic and political problems posed by population aging.On the positive side, the health status of older people of a given age is improving over time now, because more recent generations have a lower disease load. Older people can live vigorous and active lives until a much later age than in the past and if they're encouraged to be productive, they can be economic contributors as well. Also the possibility should not be excluded that current intensive biomedical anti-aging studies may help to extend the healthy and productive period of human life in the future (de Greyet al., 2002).Word Count: 2,793BIBLIOGRAPHYAdministration on Aging. 2001. A Profile of Older Americans: 2001. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services.De Grey, Aubrey D. N., Leonid Gavrilov, S. Jay Olshansky, L. Stephen Coles, Richard G. Cutler, Michael Fossel, and S. MitchellHarman. 2002. “Antiaging technology and pseudoscience.” Science, 296: 656-656.Eberstadt, N. 1997. “World population implosion?” Public Interest, 129: 3-22.Gavrilov, Leonid A., and Natalia S. Gavrilova. 1991. The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach. NY, etc.: Harwood Academic Publ.. Kinsella, Kevin, and Victoria A. Velkoff. 2001. An Aging World: 2001. U. S.Census Bureau, Series P95/01-1, Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office.Lutz, Wolfgang, Warren Sanderson, and Sergei Scherbow. 2001. “The end of world population growth.” Nature 412: 543-545.Preston, Samuel H., Christine Himes, and MitchellEggers. 1989. “Demographic conditions responsible for populationaging.” Demography 26: 691-704.Preston Samuel H., Patrick Heuveline, and Michel Guillot. 2001.Demography. Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Oxford: Blackwell.United Nations 2001. World population prospects: the 2000 revision. New York: United Nations.Table 1. Dynamics of Population Aging in the Modern World Observed and Forecasted Percentages of the Elderly (65+ years) in Selected Areas, Regions, and Countries of the World: 1950, 2000 and 2050.Major Area, region and country 1950 20005.2%6.9%WorldAfrica 3.2% 3.3% Latin America and the Caribbean 3.7% 5.4% China 4.5% 6.9% India 3.3% 5.0% Japan 4.9%17.2% Europe8.2%14.7% Italy8.3%18.1% Germany9.7%16.4% Sweden10.3%17.4% U.S.A.8.3%12.3% Source: United Nations 2001.Figure 1. Youthful population.Figure 2. Aged population.Figure 3. Intermediate population.Figure 4. Projected extremely old population.Figure 5. Projected old population.。
Silence of the Lambs, (1991)
Silence of the Lambs, (1991)1991, R-rated, 118 minutesNovel by Thomas HarrisDirected by Jonathan DemmeAwards: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Nominated for Best Film Editing and SoundCastClarice Starling Jodie FosterDr. Hannibal Lecter Anthony HopkinsJack Crawford Scott GlennJames Gumb/Buffloe Bill Ted LevineDr. Fredrick Chilton Anthony HealdCatherine Martin Brooke SmithSergeant Boyle Charles NapierSenator Ruth Martin Diane BakerArdelia Mapp Kasi LemmonsFBI Director Hayden Burke Roger CormanPilcher Paul LazarRoden Daniel ButlerSergeant Tate Danny DarstSwat Commander Chris IsaakPaul Krendler Ron VawterLamar Tracey WalterFBI Instructor Lawerence BonneyAgent Burroughs Lawerence WrentzBarney Frankie FaisonCreditsDirector Jonathan DemmeProducers Kenneth Utt, Edward Saxon, Ron BozmanExecutive Producers Gary GoetzmanEditor Craig McKay A.C.E.Cinematographer Tak FujimotoProduction Designer Kristi ZeaScreenplay Ted TallyCostumes Colleen AtwoodSet Designer Karen O‟HaraArt Direction Tim GalvinChapter 2: Opening credits/The Yellow Brick RoadBiography for Jonathan Demme, (Director)Date of birth 22 February 1944, Baldwin, Long Island, New York, USA, Spouse Evelyn Purcell and Joan HowardTrade mark∙Frequently uses Tak Fujimoto, as his director of photography.∙Characters looking directly into the camera∙Frequently uses New Order songs in the score of his movies.Trivia∙Awarded honorary degree by Wesleyan University (June 3, 1990)Biography from Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia:Quirky, engaging filmmaker who looks at genre films from a skewed perspective. Aformer critic and publicist, he got his start, as did so many others, with prolific producerRoger Corman, writing and/or producing such epics as Angels Hard as They Come (1971)and Black Mama, White Mama (1972). He directed three films for Corman: Caged Heat(1974, which he also wrote), Crazy Mama (1975), and Fighting Mad (1976, which he also wrote), all sex-and-violence mellers, but leavened with an offbeat sense of humor. His first film on his own was Citizens' Band (1977), a piquant study of CB radio operators. Despite rave reviews, it did no business at all (one New York theater ran it for free and still nobody came), even after its title was changed to Handle With Care.After a superb Hitchcock-style thriller, Last Embrace (1979), came Melvin and Howard (1980), a fantasia on the life of would-be Howard Hughes beneficiary Melvin Dummar. Despite more glowing notices and two Oscars, it too was a complete bust. Demme's first brush with Big Hollywood Stars, the Goldie Hawn vehicle Swing Shift (1984) was a career low point, but he bounced back with the extraordinary Talking Heads concert film, Stop Making Sense (also 1984). His reputation (and the grosses) grew with the unhinged comedy-thrillers Something Wild (1986) and Married to the Mob (1988), as well as Miami Blues (1990), which he produced. (He also directed another performance film, Spalding Gray's Swimming to Cambodia in 1987.) His commercial breakthrough finally came with the outstanding nail-biter The Silence of the Lambs (1991), which earned him an Oscar as Best Director. Typical of Demme's generosity toward young filmmakers, he spoke of exciting new talent in the directing ranks while giving his thank-you speech. Since then he's directed an extremely personal documentary about a most unusual member of his family, Cousin Bobby (1992), executive produced Household Saints (1993), and tackled the difficult subject of AIDS in Philadelphia (1993). Copyright © 1994 Leonard Maltin, used by arrangement with Signet, a division of Penguin Putnam, Inc.Director - filmography1.Manchurian Candidate, The (2004)2.Agronomist, The (2003)3.Truth About Charlie, The (2002)4.Beloved (1998)5.Storefront Hitchcock (1998)6.SUBWAYStories: Tales from the Underground (1997) (TV)plex Sessions, The (1994)8.Philadelphia (1993)9.Cousin Bobby (1992)10.Silence of the Lambs, The (1991)11.Famous All Over Town (1988)12.Married to the Mob (1988)13."Trying Times" (1987) TV Series14.Swimming to Cambodia (1987)15.Something Wild (1986)16."Alive From Off Center" (1984) TV Series17.Stop Making Sense (1984)18.Swing Shift (1984)19.Who Am I This Time? (1982) (TV)20.Melvin and Howard (1980)st Embrace (1979)22.Columbo: Murder Under Glass (1978) (TV)23.Handle with Care (1977)24.Fighting Mad (1976)25.Crazy Mama (1975)26.Caged Heat (1974)Producer - filmography1.Manchurian Candidate, The (2004) (producer)2.Agronomist, The (2003) (producer)3.Beah: A Black Woman Speaks (2003) (producer)4.Adaptation. (2002) (producer)5.Truth About Charlie, The (2002) (producer)6.Maangamizi: The Ancient One (2001) (executive producer)7.Opportunists, The (2000) (executive producer)8.Beloved (1998) (producer)9.Uttmost, The (1998) (producer)10.Shadrach (1998) (executive producer)11.SUBWAYStories: Tales from the Underground (1997) (TV)12.Courage and Pain (1996) (producer)13.Into the Rope (1996) (producer)14.Mandela (1996) (producer)15.That Thing You Do! (1996) (producer)16.Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) (executive producer)17.Roy Cohn/Jack Smith (1994) (executive producer)18.One Foot On a Banana Peel, the: (1994) (producer)19.Philadelphia (1993) (producer)20.Household Saints (1993) (executive producer)21.Amos & Andrew (1993) (executive producer) (uncredited)22.Women & Men 2: In Love There Are No Rules (1991) (TV)23.Miami Blues (1990) (producer)24.Something Wild (1986) (producer)25.Hot Box, The (1972) (producer)26.Angels Hard as They Come (1971) (producer)Writer - filmography1.Truth About Charlie, The (2002) (screenplay)2.Stop Making Sense (1984)dies and Gentlemen, the Fabulous Stains (1981)4.Fighting Mad (1976)5.Caged Heat (1974)6.Hot Box, The (1972) (script)7.Black Mama, White Mama (1972) (story)8.Angels Hard as They Come (1971)Jodie Foster was the second choice that Jonathan Demme had for this role. Jodie came into an audition interview session and explained how this role was similar to the type of roles which she had been so successful at and that she was interested in this female character, which was a role reversal. Meaning that here we have a woman as a hero rather than a victim, pursuer rather than pursued.When Ted Tally was writing the screenplay for the film, he suggested Jodie Foster for role of Clarice Starling. Foster had been lobbying hard for the part from the start but when Jonathan Demme was hired to direct the film, he felt she was wrong for the part and wanted Michelle Pfeiffer instead. Pfeiffer turned the part down because she felt the film was too violent. Demme then agreed to meet Foster and hired her after only one meeting because he said he could see her strength and determination for the part that he felt was perfect for the character of Clarice. When Jonathan Demme took over as director, he offered the role of Clarice first to Michelle Pfeiffer and also to Meg Ryan. Robert Duvall was considered for the role of Hannibal Lecter,and Jeremy Irons turned it down. The role of Hannibal Lecter was originally offered to Brian Cox (who played the role in Manhunter (1986)).The inspiration for the Silence of the Lambs was the real life relationship between University of Washington criminology professor and profiler Robert Keppel and real life serial killer Ted Bundy. Bundy helped Keppel in his investigation of the Green River Serial Killings in Washington. While Bundy was executed 24 January 1989, the Green River Killings went unsolved until 2001 when Gary Ridgway was arrested. On 5 November 2003, Ridgway pleaded guilty to 48 counts of aggravated first degree murder in a King County, Washington (Seattle) courtroom.Jodie Foster, Jonathan Demme and Scott Glenn - and a few other cast and crew members - did a great deal of research at the FBI training facility in Quantico, Virginia. They studied under criminal profiling agents, learned about firearms and agent training, and sat in on a number of classes.Biography for Jodie Foster (Clarice Starling)Date of birth 19 November 1962, Los Angeles, California, USA, Birth name Alicia Christian Foster Height 5' 3½"Mini biography Jodie Foster started her career at the age of two. For four years shemade commercials and finally gave her debut as an actress in the TV series"Mayberry R.F.D." (1968). In 1975 Jodie was offered the role of the prostitute Iris inthe movie Taxi Driver (1976). This role, for which she received an Academy Awardnomination in the "Best Supporting Actress" category, marked a breakthrough in hercareer. In 1980 she graduated as the best of her class from the College LycéeFrançais and began to study English Literature at Yale University, from where shegraduated magna cum laude in 1985. One tragic moment in her life was March 30th,1981 when John Warnock Hinkley Jr. attempted to assassinate the President of theUnited States, Ronald Reagan. Hinkley was obsessed with Jodie and the movie TaxiDriver (1976) in which Travis Bickle, played by Robert De Niro, tried to shootpresidential candidate Palantine. Despite the fact that she never took acting lessons,she received two Oscars before she was thirty years of age. She received her firstaward for her part as Sarah Tobias in Accused, The (1988) and the second one forher performance as Clarice Starling in Silence of the Lambs, The (1991).Trivia∙Majored in literature at Yale; graduated magna cum laude in 1985∙Received honorary Doctorate from Yale University. [1997]∙John F. Hinckley Jr. claimed that he attempted to kill President Reagan in order to impress her.∙Graduated in 1980 as the class valedictorian from the private academy Lycée Français in Los Angeles.∙Made her acting debut in a Coppertone suntan lotion commercial when she was 3 years old. Has said that her only regret is that she would love to live life without knowing what it's like to be famous.∙Received an Honorary Degree from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts.∙Gave the Class Day speech at Yale in 1993 and received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from Yale in 1997.∙Got the role of Clarice Starling in Silence of the Lambs, The (1991) after Michelle Pfeiffer turned it down.∙Measurements: 34B-24-33 1/2 (Souce: Celebrity Sleuth magazine)∙Has been in a serious relationship with Cydney Bernard since they met in 1993 on the set of the movie Sommersby (1993).Biography from Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia: Intense, talented young woman whose determination and artistic daring have made her one of the top actresses in Hollywood. Foster's career began early; as a child model and performer, she was managed by her mother-who, among other accomplishments, got young Jodie a modeling job as one of the bare-bottomed tykes in the Coppertone ads. Her first film was Napoleon and Samantha (1972), a Disney outing that cast her as a runaway. By the time she was a teenager, Foster already had several Hollywood pictures to her credit, including One Little Indian (1973), Tom Sawyer (1973), Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1975), and Echoes of a Summer (1976), in addition to three interesting films: an early Martin Scorsese picture, Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), playing a tough tomboy; Bugsy Malone (1976), a gangster spoof cast entirely with children, in which she plays a tough dame who's pelted with whipped cream "bullets" in the finale; and Freaky Friday (1977), an amusing Disney comedy in which she switched identities with onscreen mom Barbara Harris. (She also costarred with Helen Hayes and David Niven in another 1977 Disney comedy, Candleshoe) Scorsese, impressed with Foster, cast her as a teenaged prostitute opposite Robert De Niro in Taxi Driver (1976). Foster's startling performance in that film brought her more attention than she ever could have imagined. In addition to earning an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress, her portrayal made Foster the object ofobsessive fixation for one John Hinckley, who attempted to assassinate President Reagan on her behalf. By then, Foster had enrolled at Yale University, where she studied literature (and not acting: Foster is an instinctual actress and has never received formal theatrical training). During school vacations, she managed to appear in several features, including Carny (1980), Foxes (1980), and The Hotel New Hampshire (1984), before graduating in 1985. Already fascinated by behind-the-camera work, Foster coproduced one of her starring vehicles, 1986's Mesmerized She delivered mature, accomplished performances in the little-seen Siesta (1987), Five Corners and Stealing Home (both 1988). But it was as a lower-class rape victim defending her character in The Accused (1988) that Foster galvanized audiences and won herself a Best Actress Oscar-a feat she repeated in 1991 for her portrayal of federal agent Clarice Starling in the megahit thriller The Silence of the Lambs making her one of Hollywood's hottest properties. Having made her directorial debut with an episode of TV's "Tales from the Darkside," she entered the feature-film arena with Little Man Tate (1991). As director and star, Foster turned in an exceptional job, telling the story of a child prodigy-a character with whom she could certainly empathize. Her cameo in Woody Allen's Shadows and Fog (1992) brought Foster back to a role she'd played at age 12: a prostitute. She costarred with Richard Gere in Sommersby (1993) giving another affecting performance, and appeared in 1994's Maverick. Foster scored another Best Actress nomination for her portrayal of a backwoodswoman in Nell (1994), the first film made by her own company, Egg Productions. She then directed Home for the Holidays.Copyright © 1994 Leonard Maltin, used by arrangement with Signet, a division of Penguin Putnam, Inc.Actress - filmography1.Tusker (2004) (voice)2.Flightplan (2005)3.Un long dimanche de fiançailles (2004) Elodie Gordes4.Panic Room (2002) Meg Altman5.Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys, The (2002) Sister Assumpta6.Anna and the King (1999) Anna Leonowens7.Contact (1997) Eleanor Ann 'Ellie' Arroway8.Nell (1994) Nell Kellty9.Maverick (1994) Mrs. Annabelle Bransford10.Sommersby (1993) Laurel11.Shadows and Fog (1992) Prostitute12.Little Man Tate (1991) Dede Tate13.Silence of the Lambs, The (1991) Clarice Starling14.Catchfire (1990) Anne Benton15.Rabbit Ears: The Fisherman and His Wife (1989) Storyteller16.Accused, The (1988) Sarah Tobias17.Stealing Home (1988) Katie Chandler18.Siesta (1987) Nancy19.Five Corners (1987) Linda20.Mesmerized (1986) Victoria21.Sang des autres, Le (1984) Hélène22.Hotel New Hampshire, The (1984) Frannie Berry23.Svengali (1983) (TV) Zoe Alexander24.O'Hara's Wife (1982) Barbara O'Hara25.Carny (1980) Donna26.Foxes (1980) Jeanie27.Candleshoe (1977) Casey Brown28.Casotto (1977) Teresina Fedeli29.Moi, fleur bleue (1977) Isabelle Tristan, AKA Fleur bleue30.Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane, The (1976) Rynn 31.Freaky Friday (1976) Annabel Andrews32.Bugsy Malone (1976) Tallulah33.Taxi Driver (1976) Iris Steensma34.Echoes of a Summer (1976) Deirdre Striden35.Secret Life of T.K. Dearing, The (1975) (TV) T.K.36.Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) Audrey37."Paper Moon" (1974) TV Series Addie Pray38.Smile, Jenny, You're Dead (1974) (TV) Liberty Cole39."Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice" (1973) Elizabeth H (1973)40.One Little Indian (1973) Martha McIver41.Rookie of the Year (1973) (TV) Sharon Lee42."Addams Family, The" (1973) TV Series Pugsly Addams43.Alexander, Alexander (1973) (TV) Sue44.Tom Sawyer (1973/I) Becky Thatcher45."Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan, The" (1972) (voice)Anne46.Kansas City Bomber (1972) Rita47.Napoleon and Samantha (1972) Samantha48.Menace on the Mountain (1970) (TV) Suellen McIver Producer - filmography1.Flora Plum (2005) (producer)2.Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys, The (2002) (producer)3.Waking the Dead (2000/I) (executive producer)4.Baby Dance, The (1998) (TV) (executive producer)5.Home for the Holidays (1995) (producer)6.Nell (1994) (producer)7.Mesmerized (1986) (co-producer)Director - filmography1.Flora Plum (2005)2.Home for the Holidays (1995)3.Little Man Tate (1991)4."Tales from the Darkside" (1984) TV SeriesThe opening scene was to be a woman crashing through a door and taking on a terrorist in a rehearsal situation, similar to the scene which follows this one, however,Jodie Foster was able to convince them that she needed to be seen intraining first.Jonathan Demme stated that Jodie was in such great physical shape forthis role, she was able to climb that rope fence with the same amount ofenergy on take twenty as she did on the first take.00:2:54 This gentleman running here is a real FBI agent who acted inthe film, the sign on the tree is what is really located here on theirtraining track, it was not a set decoration.0:03:03 The motto for the FBI is present on this tree, HURT, AGONY, PAIN, LOVE IT, of course this was the same motto for my failed marriage.0:03:29 Jodie Foster attended this school in Quantico, West Virginia, to learn how to (1) shoot, (2) finger printing and (3) autopsies and to meet the individuals who study here.Jodie Foster enrolled in John Douglas‟s class on Serial Killers and their patterns. What Jodie Foster learned by attending and visiting this school is that there are people in this world that really do want to make this world a better and safer place for all of us. They want to be part of the solution and not a part of the problem with society today. Jodie Foster herself stated that she is a service oriented personality. She always had to have good grades in school, she always had to be on time, never missing anything, and is she was late she would break out in hives. Which is nice because it matches the character of Clarice Starling in the film, there are several similarities to the character she is playing and Jodie Fosters real personality.0:04:13 John Douglas, an FBI agent who worked on this production as a consultant, stated that only about one out of a dozen agents is a woman, and so this is illustrated in the elevator shot.Jonathan Demme stated that he had a strong loyalty to the book, by Thomas Harris, which was his guiding point in making the film, and the strength that is seen on screen, comes from the book.Factual errors: Clarice claims to have double-majored in criminology and psychology at the University of Virginia. Criminology has never been a major offered at UVA.Continuity: Jack Crawford's collar pops in and out of his vest during a conversation with Clarice Starling.Biography for Thomas Harris (author)Date of birth 1940, Jackson, Mississippi, USAMini biography Thomas Harris was born in 1940 in Jackson, Mississippi, USA. He was raised in thenearby town of Rich where his father worked as a farmer. He earned his bachelor's degree in Englishfrom Baylor University in Texas in 1964. While attending school he also worked for the localnewspaper. After graduating, Harris traveled Europe for a time. Back in the USA, he worked for theAssociated Press out of New York. Not coincidentally, his duties for the press included coveringmurders and other crimes. This helped fuel his imagination in the fictional world and he began towrite macabre stories for magazines that began to show his attention for detail that would make hissubsequent novels so popular. In 1975 he wrote his first novel, Black Sunday, about a diabolical plotto kill thousands with a blimp during the Superbowl. Perhaps ahead of his time, the terrorism of 11September, 2001 led to many stadiums being turned into no-fly zones due to fears of a similar attack.The book was turned into a film - Black Sunday (1977) - a very short two years after being published.Following its success, he devoted his career entirely to fictional novelization. In 1981, Harris wrotehis first book in the Hannibal Lector trilogy, Red Dragon. Though the character of Lector did notbecome famous (or infamous, as the case may be) for another decade, the book did spark a loosely-based movie, Manhunter (1986), which was quickly dismissed at first, grossing back only about halfits cost. Then in 1988, Harris wrote another novel about the character Lector, The Silence of the Lambs. This time he gave the character more of a presence, although he still did not dominate the book. When this was turned into a film three years later as Silence of the Lambs, The (1991), it became an instant hit and swept the "big 5" at the Academy Awards, becoming only the third movie to do so. After the success of The Silence of the Lambs in both movie and book form, there became a growing demand among fans - and film producer Dino De Laurentiis - for there to be another chapter in the Hannibal Lector series. It took 11 years between novels, but Harris finally delivered again in 1999 with best-selling novel Hannibal. It was made into a film two years later in Hannibal (2001) and, although dismissed by some critics and fans for straying from the book in parts, it set opening records in box office sales for an R-rated film. Because of the large box office take and the fact that Anthony Hopkins, who won an Oscar for his role in the second Lector film, did not play Lector in Manhunter (1986), De Laurentiis and Harris came to terms to make a second version of the first book, this time properly titled Red Dragon (2002). This film version was more in keeping with the book thanthe first film was. Unable to escape from being known as the man who created Lector, Harris again agreed to make not only another novel on the character, but to write the material for the film adaptation as well. This will be known as Lecter Variation: The Story of Young Hannibal Lecter, The (2005) . Harris currently resides in Miami, Florida and Sag Harbor, New York, USA.TriviaWhile he was in Italy researching for his book "Hannibal", Thomas Harris attended to the trial of the serial killer known as the Monster of Florence.Writer - filmography1.Lecter Variations, The (2005) (announced)2.Red Dragon (2002) (novel Red Dragon)3.Hannibal (2001) (novel Hannibal)4.Silence of the Lambs, The (1991) (novel)5.Manhunter (1986) (novel Red Dragon)6.Black Sunday (1977) (novel)Chapter 3 (0:04:48) “You don‟t want Hannibal Lecter in your head”Then Secretary of Labor, Elizabeth Dole's, Washington, D.C. office doubled for that of the F.B.I. director's office in the movie. Scott Glenn's character of Jack Crawford was based on real-life detective John Douglas. Douglas spent time with Glenn to coach him.John Douglas explains that a serial killer kills and then he goes through a cooling off period. That period can last hours, days and years. The reason it can be an extensive period of time is because they have picked up trophies and souvenirs form the victims. That may include; body parts, clothing or jewelry. In between each of their kills, they will use their trophy item as source of fantasy to relive the crime that they have committed.0:05:19 When the FBI profiles a case, they spread out the victims photographs on the wall, which you are about to see on screen. They will look at the crime scene photos and the autopsies photos of the victims; they are looking for a clue a signature by the killer. Now Clarice should be used to these types of photographs in the office, as she would have studied such shots in school. 0:06:19 In the movie she is a graduate of the University of Virginia, so she is coming from the academic environment, Jodie Foster is a graduate of Yale University with a degree in Literature, now she is getting down to the dirt of the job.Scott Glenn is actually portraying John Douglas, the FBI agent who helped with this film. Jodie Foster stated that Scott is not at all like John. John was light, funny, has dimples, tall and handsome, but when you meet John Douglas you find it hard to believe that this is what he does for a living, when you meet Scott Glenn, you believe that this could be hiscareer.Biography for Scott Glenn (Agent Crawford)Date of birth 26 January 1941, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, Height 6' 2"Mini biography Scott Glenn was born January, 26, 1941, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As he grew up inAppalaches, his health was poor; he was bed-ridden for a year and doctors predicted he would limp for the rest ofhis life. During long periods of illness Glenn was reading a lot and "dreaming of becoming Lord Byron". Hechallenged his illness by intense training programs and eventually got rid of his limp. After school Glenn enteredWilliam and Mary College where he majored in English. He spent three years in the Marines and then tried tocombine his passion for storytelling with his passion for adventures by working for five months as criminalreporter in "Kenosha Daily Tribune". Glenn planned to become an author but found out he had "problems withdialogs", so he decided to overcome it by studying acting. In 1966 he headed to New York where he joined GeorgeMorrison acting class. He helped in directing student plays to pay for his studies and appeared onstage in La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club productions. Soon after arriving to New York, Glenn became a fan of martial arts. In 1968 he joined The Actors Studio and began working in professional theatre and TV. In 1970 James Bridges offered him his first movie work in Baby Maker, The (1970). Glenn left for L.A. where he spent seven "most miserable years of his life". He couldn't find interesting film roles and, doing brief TV stints, he felt "like a person who had to paint the Sistine Chapel with a house-painter's brush". On a brighter side, he worked episodically with Jonathan Demme (Angels Hard as TheyCome (1971), Fighting Mad (1976)), Robert Altman (Nashville (1975)) and Francis Ford Coppola (Apocalypse Now (1979 ). In 1978 Glenn got tired of Hollywood and moved his family to Ketchum, Idaho., where he worked as barman, huntsman and mountain ranger for two years (occasionally acting in Seattle stage productions). James Bridges once more changed the course of Glenn's life in 1980 when he offered him the role of Travolta's rival in Urban Cowboy (1980) and made him a star. Glenn's acting abilities and physical presence helped him to excel both in action (Silverado (1985), Challenge, The (1982)) and drama (Right Stuff, The (1983), Countdown to Looking Glass (1984) (TV), River, The (1984)) as he alternately played good guys and bad guys. In the beginning of the 90s his career was at its peak - he appeared in such indisputable masterpieces as Silence of the Lambs, The (1991), Hunt for Red October, The (1990)and Player, The (1992). Later he gravitated toward more kinky stuff, such as black Freudian farce Reckless (1995/I), tragicomedy Edie & Pen (1997) and Ken Loach's socio-political declaration Carla's Song (1996). Today Glenn alternates mainstream (Courage Under Fire (1996), Absolute Power (1997)), with independent projects (Lesser Prophets (1997) and Larga distancia (1998), written by his daughter Dakota Glenn) and TV (Naked City: A Killer Christmas (1998) (TV)). Spouse Carol Schwartz, 1967-present, two childrenBiography from Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia: Hollywood doesn't crank out many Westerns these days more's the pity for this muscular, craggy featured actor (and ex-Marine), who's shown he's a natural in the saddle in such oaters as Cattle Annie and Little Britches (1981), Silverado (1985), and the rodeo drama My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys (1991). Though active in the 1970s, with small parts in films ranging from Nashville (1975) and Apocalypse Now (1979) to Angels Hard as They Come (1971) and Fighting Mad (1976), Glenn made a major impression on viewers as the vicious barfly in Urban Cowboy (1980). (Months earlier, he'd impressed everybody else by rescuing three small children from drowning.) Since then, he's wisely varied his roles, appearing as a swordsman/boxer in The Challenge a tough-but-fair track coach in Personal Best (both 1982), astronaut Alan Shepard in The Right Stuff an alien man hunter in The Keep (both 1983), a sleazy land-grabber in The River (1984), an ailing ex-boyfriend in Miss Firecracker (1989), a determined sub captain in The Hunt for Red October (1990), a coolly efficient FBI agent in The Silence of the Lambs and a bigoted firefighter in Backdraft (both 1991). More recently he appeared in Tall Tale (1995). Glenn's sober-sided screen persona may limit his choice of roles; he has been warm and casual, but you'd be hard pressed to see him in a performance described as "light" or "breezy." Nonetheless, he merits our continued attention and appreciation.Copyright © 1994 Leonard Maltin, used by arrangement with Signet, a division of Penguin Putnam, Inc.Actor - filmography1."Gone But Not Forgotten" (2004) (mini) Peter Lake2.Homeland Security (2004/I) (TV) Joe Johnson3.Puerto Vallarta Squeeze (2003) Clayton Price4.Painted House, A (2003) (TV) Eli 'Pappy' Chandler5.Shipping News, The (2001) Jack Buggit6.Seventh Stream, The (2001) (TV) Owen Quinn7.Buffalo Soldiers (2001) Sgt. Lee8.Training Day (2001) Roger9.Vertical Limit (2000) Montgomery Wickst Marshal, The (1999) Cole11.Virgin Suicides, The (1999) Father Moodyrga distancia (1998) Senor Grem13.Naked City: A Killer Christmas (1998) (TV) Sgt. Muldoon14.Naked City: Justice with a Bullet (1998) (TV) Sgt. Muldoon15.Firestorm (1998) Wynt Perkins16.Lesser Prophets (1997) Iggy17.Edie & Pen (1997) Harry Hawkins18.Absolute Power (1997) Bill Burton, Service19.Carla's Song (1996) Bradley20.Courage Under Fire (1996) Tony Gartner21.Reckless (1995/I) Lloyd22.Tall Tale (1995) J.P. Stiles23.Flight of the Dove, The (1994) William Rickman24.Night of the Running Man (1994) David Eckhart25.Slaughter of the Innocents (1994) Stephen B26.Past Tense (1994) (TV) Gene Ralston27.Extreme Justice (1993) Dan Vaughn28.Shadowhunter (1993) (TV) Cain, John29.Women & Men 2: In Are No Rules (1991) Henry30.Backdraft (1991) John 'Axe' Adcox31.My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys (1991) 32.Silence of the Lambs, The (1991) Jack Crawford33.Hunt for Red October, The (1990) Mancuso34.Miss Firecracker (1989) Mac Sam35.Outside Woman, The (1989) (TV) Jesse Smith36.Intrigue (1988) (TV) Crawford37.Off Limits (1988) Col. Dexter Armstrong38.Verne Miller Story, The (1987) Verne Miller39.Man on Fire (1987) Creasy40.As Summers Die (1986) (TV) Willie Croft41.Wild Geese II (1985) John Haddad42.Silverado (1985) Emmett43.River, The (1984) Joe Wade44.Countdown to Looking Glass (1984) (TV) Michael Boyle45.Keep, The (1983) Glaeken Trismegestus46.Right Stuff, The (1983) Capt. Alan Shepard Jr.47.Challenge, The (1982) Rick48.Personal Best (1982) Terry Tingloff49.Cattle Annie and Little Britches (1981) Bill Dalton50.Urban Cowboy (1980) Wes Hightower51.Apocalypse Now (1979) Lt. Richard M. Colby52.More American Graffiti (1979) Newt53.She Came to the Valley (1979) Bill Lester54.Fighting Mad (1976) Charlie Hunter55.Nashville (1975) Pfc. Glenn Kelly56.Hex (1973) Jimbang57.Gargoyles (1972) (TV) James Reeger58.Angels Hard as They Come (1971) Long John59.Baby Maker, The (1970) Tad Jacks60."Edge of Night, The" (1956) Calvin (1969)Stunts - filmography1.Backdraft (1991) (stunts)0:07:48 Jodie Foster states that this was her favorite character she has ever played. This is a woman who is not very flashy, but someone you can respect, a person who speaks very carefully. Here is a set-up, Crawford sets Clarice up here. He states you don‟t want him in your mind, but that is exactly what is going to happen, it is what he dares not do with Lecter, so he sends a woman rookie。
雪莱
Collaborations with Mary Shelley
பைடு நூலகம்
History of a Six Weeks’ Tour 1817 Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus 1818 Proserpine 1820 Midas 1820
He is most famous for such classic anthology verse works as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud and The Masque of Anarchy, which are among the most popular and critically acclaimed poems in the English language. His major works, however, are long visionary poems which included Queen Mab (later reworked as The Daemon of the World), Alastor, The Revolt of Islam, Adonaï and the unfinished work The s Triumph of Life. The Cenci (1819) and Prometheus Unbound (1820) were dramatic plays in five and four acts respectively.
Ditails
Percy Bysshe Shelley was born on August 4, 1792, at Field Place, near Horsham in Sussex, into an aristocratic family. His father, Timothy Shelley, was a Sussex squire and a member of Parliament in 1810 he entered the Oxford University College In 1811 Shelley was expelled from the college for publishing The Necessity Of Atheism, which he wrote with Thomas Jefferson Hogg. In 1814 Shelley traveled abroad with Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, the daughter of the philosopher and anarchist William Godwin (1756-1836).
跨界新势力——专访新西兰女歌手HayleyWestenra（可编辑）
跨界新势力——专访新西兰女歌手Hayley Westenra昔庄宏逋当海莉薇斯特出现在记者面前的时刻保持拉在媒体专访区向记者们介绍自己年微笑.表情略晟生涩感??尤其是在上海轻时”听谁谁谁的作品和学习演绎风格大剧院专门为她举行的.与大剧院院长和时.我不禁哑然失笑倘若用我们这里的艺术总监同时落座的新闻发布会上。
记语言来描述的话, 现阶段还属于如者发现,虽然她一定能听懂两位领导在花似玉的女生阶段。
而现实的年轻状态被具体说什么.然而.她仍然很认真地倾听她自己的虚拟语气”一衬托.反而更让着.眼光追随着讲话者.并不时留意同声人觉得她的童心未眼了。
翻译的转述。
头项莎拉 ?布莱曼继承”.在上海的气度是相当高“新西兰国宝、“新生代跨界小天后的.在发布会现场.除了坐得满满当当的的闪亮名号, 的音乐会本身已足够媒体来宾外。
还有不少粉丝。
当向让人期待的??更何况. 年的月与会者介绍完演唱会信息后.三个粉丝小日于上海大剧院的亮相,是她在中国内姑娘为表示对她的欢迎.现场清唱了一曲地的首演。
的歌曲“河水湍湍”【此发赴沪举办的专场演唱】.这让她高兴异常。
当天,整个发会,是上海大剧院世博演出季的闭幕音乐布会的气氛相当不错。
会??由一个年轻的歌手来担纲这种级别例行发布会完毕后, 接受了和份量的演出.在大剧院正式运营至今以本刊记毒的专访。
来.也是不多见的。
这也从一个侧面充分年轻无界限或许是的最大优印证了的音乐实力。
势通常.即便是将演唱风格定位在“跨.. Ⅲ■■Ⅱ界”的歌手.都会有最初的出发点这里说.她属于很幸运的一类接使她积累了现场经验,并将所学演人??即从小就有着很好的嗓音夭赋。
而巧与实践相结台。
的意思是说.在本质上,蹄界实质上是一的演艺生涯顺风顺水。
种融台 .对演唱者而言,要么是以流且,获得了伯乐的慧眼识才。
因声音条行或者说通俗演唱来挑战跨界中的古典成件出众.自此.开始接受正规的声乐训的才气为螺体所高频率、太篇幅报道分:或者是将古典唱法的根基稍作调整, 练??不是朝某一个风格作定点式的培机遇便随之而来。
Arthur Hailey阿瑟·黑利及作品简介精编版课件
continue
• This way Warren Trent could maintain an independence of the hotel and still have a say in the affairs of it. Journey man had decided to send two of his executives on Thursday to study the books of hotel and then decide before the Friday afternoon deadline decided between Warren Trent and Curtis O'Keefe.Royall Edwards of St.Gregory had been appointed by Warren Trent to work with the two officers, if required all night, so that they complete the whole of study. However upset with the denial of entry to Negro man in Hotel, which became the headline of newspapers, Journeyman Union broke the deal. Warren Trent had no option but to give in to Curtis O'Keefe. To his utmost sue Friday noon, the bank manager who had turned down refinancing of the hotel, came with an offer, that an Individual, whose name could not be disclosed then, would be paying the mortgage and buying the major shares of the Hotel. Warren Trent would be the chairman, though Warren knew that he would be just a figurehead but as it was a better offer, so he accepted.
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我心属于你 海莉
守住我的心窗
所有的秘密
永远永远 只与你分享
似风儿轻语昵喃
微风拂过 我知道
永远永远 你会伴我身旁
爱随空气流动
共燃的热情 如火焰
来自心膛
犹如耀眼的光芒
爱指引你 穿过漫漫长夜
来到我身旁
帮你找到归路
Never let go for my heart’s sake
Cause my heart belongs to you
MY heart belongs to you....(4times)
Words and phrases
1. whisper：sough; a low rustling sound（飒飒声，沙沙声）；例如：the whisper of wind in the pines（风吹过松林间飒飒作响）
It guides you through the night
And leads you to me
So find your way back
And hold me, touch me
Let the love come rushing through me
I’m yours with every breath I take
这里简单介绍两个名词：Crossover（跨界音乐）和Odyssey（《长途漂泊》）。
到目前为止，跨界音乐的定义还不甚清晰，就形式而言大多为古典与流行的互相串联：如用流行音乐的表现方法演绎古典音乐，或用古典音乐的表现方法演绎流行，或自创一些融合古典与流行乐调的曲子，我们之前谈过的Enya（恩雅）其曲风就属于第三种情况，而另一大放异彩的跨界典范则是大家较为熟悉的Sarah Brightman（莎拉·布莱曼），在器乐演奏中我们上期刚刚感受过的“神秘园”也属于跨界音乐的一个分支。不难看出，跨界音乐融贯古今，比起流行音乐更内敛，较之古典音乐又更为活泼。
让我爱你爱得汹涌
声声呼吸 为你所有
永远永远
爱你 永不放弃
因为 心
因爱而生
爱你的心 永不放弃
因为我心属于你
歌手简介
在新西兰清秀如画的基督城，具有哥特式风格的“大教堂”被认为是这座“花园城市”的精神地标。或许，正是由于大教堂独有的情韵，才孕育了这位超凡脱俗的少女、赐予了她水晶质感的歌喉。继莎拉·布莱曼之后，“跨界”歌坛迎来又一位天使级歌后--Hayley Westenra（海莉·韦斯顿）……
cause my heart belongs to you
Don’t give up, but just give in
I will always be here waiting for you
Love will see us through
Hold me, touch me
Through the window of my soul
All the secrets that I hold
Will be yours to share for always, alwwind
The gentle breeze touches my skin
相比上一张专辑，《odyssey》的选材更为丰富多变，其中翻唱有恩雅的魔戒主题曲“May it be”（《但愿》）、莎拉·布莱曼的“What you never know”（《你从未知道的事》）、神秘园的“Prayer”（《祈祷》），以及她与世界重量级古典男高音波伽利合唱的“Dell’Amore Non Si Sa”（《不解风情》）。歌曲“My heart belongs to you”是本专辑的最后一支曲目，被认为是海莉“跨界音乐”演唱中流行风味最浓的保留单曲，描述一位少女挚诚炽热的情感却又流溢着古典范畴的纯净和清冽。
I’m yours with every breath I take
Forever and ever
Hold on, to love
cause deep down
That’s what we’re made of
Never let go for my heart’s sake
Let the love come rushing through me
I’m yours with every breath I take
Forever and ever
Hold on, to love
Cause deep down
That’s what we’re made of
你是我生命的全部
我愿为你倾其所有
接受我吧 不要拒绝
抱紧我 感触我
让我爱你爱得汹涌
声声呼吸 为你所有
永远永远
爱你 永不放弃
因为 心
因爱而生
爱你的心 永不放弃
因为我心属于你
永不放弃、完全屈服
我心一直为你守候
爱会帮我们渡过艰难险阻
抱紧我 感触我
现年18岁的海莉出生于新西兰一个音乐世家，6岁时父母发现了她的音乐天赋，海莉自此与音乐结下不解之缘，首学小提琴，后又涉足钢琴、手风琴，甚至音乐剧表演。清亮无瑕的绝美嗓音以及纯净无压的自然唱腔，让她小小年纪即刻吸引许多音乐家的关注，并从南半球的冠军歌手一跃成为国际歌坛最受瞩目的闪亮新星。
2003年，年仅15岁的海莉推出首张个人专辑《Pure》（《纯净》），《pure》售出超过200万张，成为新西兰有史以来销量最高的专辑。2005年8月，她的第二张专辑《Odyssey》（《长途漂泊》，又名《奇幻历险》）问世，这张专辑，海莉在保持原有水晶质感的基础上，演唱技巧更为丰满和圆滑。
Only you can feel the need
That builds and burns so deep inside me, inside me
As the moon lights up the sky
There’s a thousand reasons why
My heart will only beat for you
forever and ever
hold on , to love
cause deep down
That’s what we’re made of
Never let go for my heart’s sake
cause my heart belongs to you
I lie awake to hear you breathe
抱紧我 感触我
让我爱你爱得汹涌
声声呼吸 为你所有
永远永远
爱你 永不放弃
因为 心
因爱而生
爱你的心 永不放弃
因为我心属于你
躺下倾听你的呼吸
只有你能感觉我的需要
一种根植于心、融入于心的需要
就像夜色需要月光
自然而无需理由
我的每一次心跳只为你
You’re the reason that I live
So now all I’ve got to give
I give it to you
Just don’t fight the feeling
Hold me, touch me
Let the love come rushing through me
中文歌词：守住我的心窗，所有的秘密，永远永远，只与你分享。似风儿轻语昵喃，微风拂过，我知道，永远永远，你会伴我身旁。爱随空气流动，共燃的热情，如火焰来自心膛。犹如耀眼的光芒，爱指引你，穿过漫漫长夜，来到我身旁，帮你找到归路。抱紧我，感触我，让我爱你爱得汹涌……
Lyrics
My heart belongs to you By Hayley Westenra
我们已在论坛Easy English中向您提供了这张专辑的链接，如果喜欢，不妨轻敲键盘写下您的感受，大家一起分享。
本网小评
常说女儿心是用水做的，晶莹剔透、毫无保留，也只有女儿心才会对初涉人世的第一份挚爱无所顾忌，坦荡直露而无造作之嫌、细腻柔肠却又不失磅礴之气 --“守住我的心房，所有的秘密只愿与你分享；爱你，是永不放弃的信仰，心，为爱而生，为你而跃，为你而舞”。滑过情窦初开的年代，或许，心中的“秘密”将不再被视为心之珍宝；走过为爱而炽的岁月，或许，极致的言语也不会再轻易言吐……
2. hold on：not to give up（坚持；不放弃）
3. give in：yield（投降；屈服）
4. see through ：to provide unstinting support, cooperation, or management in good times and bad（帮…渡过难关）；如：We’ll see you through until you finish your college education.（我会帮助你直到你大学毕业。）
专辑《Odyssey》取自希腊史诗英雄人物“奥德赛”，奥德赛自特洛伊战争败阵后，带领部下历经10年航海返乡，航行过程中见识了千奇百怪的人间奇景，也经历了重重考验才安然度过危机回到妻儿身边，后“Odyssey”被引申为“长期漂泊或经历漫长思想探索历程”的代名词。对海莉而言，由第一张专辑到第二张的过渡亦是非常珍贵的心理历程，对于未来则是漫长的期待，因此新专辑被命名为《Odyssey》（《长途漂泊》）。
很自然的，会联想到恩雅那首娓娓道来的《永恒之花》不同的意境，不同的风格，甚至是不同的年龄演绎，所以，我们无法简单的界定和比较哪种爱更为伟大、更令人神往。但是，只要您曾经拥有过，在某个寂静的夜晚就让音乐和您一起回首、一起品味，那时，两种爱留给您的该是同样持久的感动吧……
And I know you’re with me always, always