西方经济学中英文对照表
西方经济学字母含义大全
西方经济学字母含义大全西方经济学是一门研究西方社会经济活动的学科，包含了很多经济学术语和字母符号。
下面是西方经济学中常用的字母含义大全，希望能帮助大家更好地理解和学习经济学知识。
A- AD: Aggregate Demand（总需求）- AR: Average Revenue（平均收益）- AS: Aggregate Supply（总供给）- AVC: Average Variable Cost（平均可变成本）- APL: Average Physical Product（平均生产物）- APR: Annual Percentage Rate（年利率）- ADR: American Depositary Receipt（美国存托凭证）B- BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa（金砖五国）- B2B: Business-to-Business（企业对企业）- B2C: Business-to-Consumer（企业对消费者）- BOP: Balance of Payments（国际收支平衡）- BOE: Bank of England（英格兰银行）- BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics（劳工统计局）- BPM: Business Process Management（业务流程管理）C- CPI: Consumer Price Index（消费者物价指数）- CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate（年复合增长率）- CEO: Chief Executive Officer（首席执行官）- CFO: Chief Financial Officer（首席财务官）- CMO: Chief Marketing Officer（首席营销官）- CDO: Collateralized Debt Obligation（抵押贷款债务证券化）- CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility（企业社会责任）D- DSGE: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium（动态随机一般均衡）- DM: Developed Market（发达市场）- DC: Developing Country（发展中国家）- DCF: Discounted Cash Flow（现金流折现）- DSO: Days Sales Outstanding（应收账款周转天数）- DOL: Degree of Operating Leverage（经营杠杆度）E- GDP: Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值）- GNP: Gross National Product（国民总生产值）- CPI: Consumer Price Index（消费者物价指数）- PPI: Producer Price Index（生产者物价指数）- CPI-U: Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers（城市居民消费者物价指数）- COGS: Cost of Goods Sold（销货成本）- ECOFIN: Economic and Financial Affairs Council（经济金融事务理事会）- EC: European Commission（欧洲委员会）F- FDI: Foreign Direct Investment（外国直接投资）- FOMC: Federal Open Market Committee（联邦公开市场委员会）- FX: Foreign Exchange（外汇）- FRB: Federal Reserve Bank（美联储）- FDI: Flexible Manufacturing System（柔性制造系统）- FIFO: First In, First Out（先进先出）- FOB: Free On Board（离岸价）G- GDP: Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值）- GNP: Gross National Product（国民总生产值）- GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税和贸易总协定）- GL: General Ledger（总分类帐）- GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles（通用会计准则）- GFC: Global Financial Crisis（全球金融危机）H- HDI: Human Development Index（人类发展指数）- HICP: Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices（消费者物价调和指数）- HNP: Human Capital（人力资本）- HRM: Human Resource Management（人力资源管理）- HRT: Human Resource Technology（人力资源技术）- HML: High, Medium, and Low（高、中、低）I- IPO: Initial Public Offering（首次公开募股）- IRR: Internal Rate of Return（内部收益率）- IMF: International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）- ILO: International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）- ICT: Information and Communications Technology（信息和通信技术）- IAC: Import Adjustment Cost（进口调整成本）J- JIT: Just-in-Time（及时生产）- J-curve: J形曲线- JPY: Japanese Yen（日元）K- KPI: Key Performance Indicator（关键绩效指标）- KAM: Key Account Management（重点客户管理）- KPI: Knowledge Process Outsourcing（知识流程外包）L- LDC: Less Developed Country（欠发达国家）- LSE: London Stock Exchange（伦敦证券交易所）- LTV: Loan-to-Value Ratio（贷款价值比率）- LIBOR: London Interbank Offered Rate（伦敦银行同业拆借利率）- LLC: Limited Liability Company（有限责任公司）- LIFO: Last In, First Out（后进先出）- LAB: Labor（劳动）- LWP: Lost Workday Producer Rate（失业产能率）- LME: London Metal Exchange（伦敦金属交易所）M- MNC: Multi-National Corporation（跨国公司）- MOU: Memorandum of Understanding（谅解备忘录）- MBS: Mortgage-Backed Securities（抵押支持证券）- MNC: Multi-National Corporation（跨国公司）- M2: Money Supply M2（货币供应量M2）- MRP: Material Requirements Planning（物料需求计划）- MACD: Moving Average Convergence Divergence（移动平均线收敛背离指标）N- NGO: Non-Governmental Organization（非政府组织）- NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement（北美自由贸易协定）- NBER: National Bureau of Economic Research（美国国家经济研究局）- NPL: Non-Performing Loan（不良贷款）- NCND: Non-Circumvention Non-Disclosure（不规避不泄露）O- OTC: Over-The-Counter（柜台交易）- OPEC: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries （石油输出国组织）- OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织）- OEE: Overall Equipment Efficiency（设备整体效能）- ROI: Return on Investment（投资回报率）P- PPP: Purchasing Power Parity（购买力平价）- PE: Private Equity（私募股权）- PR: Public Relations（公关）- P/E Ratio: Price-to-Earnings Ratio（市盈率）- P/E: Price-to-Earnings Ratio（市盈率）- PAT: Profit-After-Tax（税后利润）- PPI: Producer Price Index（生产者物价指数）- PTA: Preferential Trade Agreement（优惠贸易协定）Q- QoQ: Quarter-on-Quarter（季度同比）- QE: Quantitative Easing（量化宽松政策）- QS: Quantity Surveyor（造价师）R- RF: Risk-Free（无风险）- R&D: Research and Development（研发）- ROA: Return on Assets（总资产回报率）- ROS: Return on Sales（销售利润率）- ROE: Return on Equity（股权回报率）- ROIC: Return on Invested Capital（投资资本回报率）S- SME: Small and Medium-sized Enterprise（中小型企业）- SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）- S&P: Standard & Poor's（标准普尔）- SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission（美国证券交易委员会）- SME: Small and Medium-sized Enterprise（中小型企业）- SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome（严重急性呼吸综合征）- SAP: Systems, Applications, and Products（系统、应用和产品）- SWAT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）T- TFP: Total Factor Productivity（全要素生产率）- TQM: Total Quality Management（全面质量管理）- TCO: Total Cost of Ownership（总拥有成本）- TNC: Transnational Corporation（跨国公司）- TCR: Transaction-Related Cost（交易相关成本）- TES: Technical Efficiency Score（技术效率评分）- TBC: Total Benefit-Cost Ratio（总效益成本比率）U- USA: United States of America（美利坚合众国）- U.K.: United Kingdom（英国）- USP: Unique Selling Proposition（独特卖点）- USB: Universal Serial Bus（通用串行总线）- UCP: Uniform Customs and Practice（统一海关批次）- UCC: Uniform Commercial Code（统一商法典）V- VAT: Value Added Tax（增值税）- VBM: Value-Based Management（价值导向管理）- VEB: Virtual Enterprise Bank（虚拟企业银行）W- WTO: World Trade Organization（世界贸易组织）- WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）- WBA: World Bank Group（世界银行集团）- WACC: Weighted Average Cost of Capital（加权平均资本成本）- WIP: Work-in-Progress（在制品）- WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get（所见即所得）X- X-M: Exports minus Imports（净出口）Y- YOY: Year-on-Year（同比）- YMCA: Young Men's Christian Association（青年基督教会）Z- ZBB: Zero-Based Budgeting（零基预算）- ZLB: Zero Lower Bound（零下限）以上是西方经济学中常用字母的含义，希望能帮助大家更好地理解和学习西方经济学知识。
西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)
1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会，商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移。
经济学中英文词汇对照表
accounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow’s impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本barriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set预算集capital :资本capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :张伯伦模型change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布—道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性dead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型Economic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率，效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :内生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性Factor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms‘demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品，免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车，免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值game theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen’s Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说identity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性内部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线，isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族kinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线labour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数，land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution:边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者—跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品macroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清，市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non—zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规范经济学objective function :目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market :寡头市场oligopoly model :寡头模型opportunity cost :机会成本optimal choice :最佳选择optimal consumption bundle :消费束perfect elasticity :完全有弹性optimal resource allocation :最佳资源配置optimal scale :最佳规模optimal solution :最优解optimization :优化ordering of optimization(social) preference :(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility :序数效用ordinary goods :一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity :产出弹性output maximization产出极大化parameter :参数Pareto criterion :帕累托标准Pareto efficiency :帕累托效率Pareto improvement :帕累托改进Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative :偏导数partial equilibrium :局部均衡patent :专利pay off matrix :收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve :感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition :完全竞争perfect complement :完全互补品perfect monopoly :完全垄断perfect price discrimination :完全价格歧视perfect substitution :完全替代品perfect inelasticity :完全无弹性perfectly elastic :完全有弹性perfectly inelastic :完全无弹性plant size :工厂规模point elasticity :点弹性post Hoc Fallacy :后此谬误prediction :预测preference :偏好preference relation :偏好关系present value :现值price :价格price adjustment model :价格调整模型price ceiling :最高限价price consumption curve :价格费曲线price control :价格管制price difference :价格差别price discrimination :价格歧视price elasticity of demand :需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply :供给价格弹性price floor :最低限价price maker :价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker :价格搜求者price taker :价格接受者price tax :从价税private benefit :私人收益principal—agent issues :委托—代理问题private cost :私人成本private goods :私人用品private property :私人财产producer equilibrium :生产者均衡product :产品product transformation curve :产品转换曲线product differentiation :产品差异product group :产品集团production :生产production contract curve :生产契约曲线production efficiency :生产效率production function :生产函数production possibility curve :生产可能性曲线productivity :生产率productivity of capital :资本生产率productivity of labor :劳动生产率profit :利润profit function :利润函数profit maximization :利润极大化property rights :产权property rights economics :产权经济学proposition :定理proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线public benefits :公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods :公共商品pure competition :纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure exchange :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断quantity—adjustment model :数量调整模型quantity tax :从量税quasi—rent :准租金rate of product transformation :产品转换率rationality :理性reaction function :反应函数regulation :调节，调控relative price相对价格rent :租金rent control :规模报酬rent seeking :寻租rent seeking economics :寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocation :资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale :规模报酬revenue :收益revenue curve :收益曲线revenue function :收益函数revenue maximization :收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险satiation :饱和，满足saving :储蓄scarcity :稀缺性law of scarcity :稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination :二级价格歧视second derivative :--阶导数second—order condition :二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices :影子价格short—run :短期short—run cost curve :短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium :短期均衡short—run supply curve :短期供给曲线shut down decision :关闭决策shortage短缺shut down point :关闭点single price monopoly :单一定价垄断slope :斜率social benefit :社会收益social cost :社会成本social indifference curve :社会无差异曲线social preference :社会偏好social security :社会保障social welfare function :社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium :稳定的均衡Stackelberg model :斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis :静态分析stock :存量stock market :股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitution effect :替代效应substitution parameter :替代参数sufficient condition :充分条件supply :供给supply curve :供给曲线supply function :供给函数supply schedule :供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry :对称性symmetry of information :信息对称tangency :相切taste :兴致technical efficiency :技术效率technological constraints ；技术约束technological progress :技术进步technology :技术third—degree price discrimination :第**价格歧视total cost :总成本total effect :总效应total expenditure :总支出total fixed cost :总固定成本total product :总产量total revenue :总收益total utility :总效用total variable cost :总可变成本traditional economy :传统经济transitivity :传递性transaction cost :交易费用uncertainty :不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性unstable equilibrium :不稳定均衡utility :效用utility function :效用函数utility index :效用指数utility maximization :效用极大化utility possibility curve :效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier :效用可能性前沿value :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product :边际产量价值variable cost :可变成本variables :变量vector :向量visible hand :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学wage :工资wage rate :工资率Walras general equilibrium :瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras’s law :瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterion :福利标准Welfare economics :福利经学Welfare loss triangle :福利损失三角形welfare maximization :福利极大化zero cost :零成本zero elasticity :零弹性zero homogeneity :零阶齐次性zero economic profit :零利润。
完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照
完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照XXX and ChineseAAccounting - 会计Accounting cost - 会计成本Accounting profit - 会计利润Adverse n - 逆向选择n - 配置n of resources - 资源配置Allocative efficiency - 配置效率Antitrust n - 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity - 弧弹性n - 假设Asymmetric n - 非对称性信息Average - 平均Average cost - 平均成本Average cost pricing - 平均成本定价法Average fixed cost - 平均固定成本Average product of capital - 资本平均产量Average product of labour - 劳动平均产量Average revenue - 平均收益Average total cost - 平均总成本Average variable cost - 平均可变成本BBarriers to entry - 进入壁垒Base year - 基年XXX - 双边垄断Benefit - 收益Black market - 黑市Bliss point - 极乐点Boundary point - 边界点Break even point - 收支相抵点Budget - 预算Budget constraint - 预算约束Budget line - 预算线Budget set - 预算集CCapital - 资本Capital stock - 资本存量Capital output。
- 资本产出比率Capitalism - 资本主义XXX - 基数效用论Cartel - XXXCeteris paribus n - “其他条件不变”的假设Ceteris paribus demand curve - “其他因素不变”的需求曲线Chamberlain model - XXX模型Change in demand - 需求变化XXX - 需求量变化XXX - 供给量变化Change in supply - 供给变化Choice refers to the act of XXX。
西方经济学中英文对照表
西⽅经济学中英⽂对照表词汇表(备查)微观经济学词汇宏观经济学词汇微观经济学(Microeconomic)需求（D）Demand供给（S）Supply价格（P）Price产量（Q）Quantity均衡（E）Equilibrium弹性（E）Elastic ity平均A verage边际Marginal成本Cost收益Revenue总Total效⽤Utility边际效⽤（MU）长期平均成本(LAC)短期平均成本(SAC)总成本（TC）固定成本(FC) Fixed cost)平均固定成本（AFC）可变成本（VC）V ariable cost）平均可变成本（A VC）平均成本（AC）边际成本（MC）平均收益（AR）边际收益（MR）边际产品（MR）Marginal Revenue劳动（L）Labor force收⼊（I）Income宏观经济学(Macroeconomics) 国民⽣产总值Gross National Product 国内⽣产总值Gross Domestic Product总需求（AD）Aggregate demand总供给（AS）Aggregate supply消费（C）Consumption投资（I）Investment政府⽀出（G）Government expenditure出⼝Exports净出⼝（Nx）Net Export货币Money边际消费倾向（MPC）Marginal propensity of consume 边际储蓄倾向（MPS）Marginal propensity of save 边际进⼝倾向(MPm) Marginal propensity to import汇率Exchange rate预期Expectation。
西方经济学英汉单词对照表
埃奇沃思盒状图Edgeworth box diagram埃奇沃思模型Edgeworth’s model肮脏浮动 dirty floating奥地利学派 Australian School奥尔多自由主义学派 Ordo Liberal School奥肯定理Okun’s law奥意财政学派 fiscal school in Austria and Italy巴罗模型 Barro model《巴塞尔协议》 Basel agreement半变动成本 semi-variable cost包销 exclusive sales保护关税 protective tariff保护就业论 employment argument for protectionism保护贸易说 theory of protective trade保护幼稚工业论 infant-industry argument保留价格 reservation price保留需求 reservation demand保险单 insurance policy保证金交易 margin trading鲍莫尔模型Baumol’s model鲍莫尔—托宾模型Baumol-Tobin model鲍莫尔最大销售收益假说Baumol’s hypothesis of maximal sell returns 鲍文—布莱克多数投票模型Bowen-Black majority voting model贝叶斯标准 Bayes criterion贝叶斯静态博弈static Bayesian games贝叶斯纳什均衡Bayesian-Nash equilibrium比较财政学comparative public finance比较富有弹性 relatively elastic比较管理学 comparative management比较静态均衡comparative static equilibrium比较利益理论 theory of comparative advantage比较缺乏弹性 relatively inelastic比例均等牺牲 proportional sacrifice比例税负 proportional tax-bearing比例税率 proportional tax rate必需品 necessities必要增长率 required rate of growth庇古税 Pigovian taxes庇古效应 Pigou effect边干边学 learning-by-doing边际报酬递减规律 law of diminishing marginal returns边际产量 marginal product边际产量递减diminishing marginal product边际产品价值value of marginal product边际成本定价法 marginal cost pricing边际储蓄倾向 marginal propensity to save（MPS）边际革命 marginal revolution边际公共支出倾向 marginal public expenditure propensity边际技术替代率marginal rate of technical substitution边际技术替代率递减diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际进口倾向 marginal propensity to import（MPM）边际量 marginal quantity边际贫穷 marginal poor边际社会成本marginal social cost（MSC）边际社会纯产值marginal society pure production value边际社会收益 marginal social benefit（MSB），marginal social revenues 边际收益 marginal revenue边际收益产品marginal revenue product边际税率 marginal tax rate边际税收倾向 marginal tax propensity边际私人成本 marginal personal cost边际私人收益 marginal private benefit（MPB）边际替代率 marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减 diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际外部成本 marginal external cost边际外部性 marginal externality边际外在损害marginal external damage边际物质产品marginal physical product边际消费倾向 marginal propensity to consume边际效用 marginal utility边际效用递减diminishing marginal utility边际效用均等 equi-marginal utility边际效用学派 Marginal Utility School边际要素成本 marginal cost of actors边际有效税率 marginal effective tax rate边际有效税率模型 marginal effective tax rate model边际欲望 marginal desire边际转换率 marginal rate of transformation边沁·杰里米 Bentham，Jeremy贬值的贸易条件效应 effects of devaluation on terms-of-trade变相货币 disguised money标准基期法 method of standard period标准商品 standard goods标准投资利润率法 method of standard profit rate of investment表外业务off-balance-sheet activities of banks禀赋点 endowment point拨款的替代效应 substitution effect of grant伯格森 Bergson，A.伯格森—萨缪尔森的社会福利函数Bergson-Samuelson’s social welfare function伯格森社会福利函数 Bergson social welfare function博弈论 game theory博弈树 game trees补偿贸易 compensation trade补偿性财政政策 compensatory fiscal policy补偿性税收政策compensatory tax policy补偿需求函数 compensated demand function补偿原理 compensation principal补偿政策 compensatory policy不变成本 fixed cost不变的利率 constant rate of interest不变加成经济周期模型business cycle model of constant added value不变价格 constant price不变弹性 constant elasticity不诚实投票 insincere voting不纯公共物品 impure public goods不动点定理 fixed point theorem不对称信息 asymmetric information不发达国家 underdeveloped countries不加速通货膨胀的失业率 non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment（NAIRU）不可兑换货币 inconvertible currency不可分散风险 undispersible risk不可抗力 force majeure不可置信的威胁 incredible threat不平衡增长 unbalanced growth不确定性 uncertainty不体现的技术进步disembodied technical change不完全竞争 incomplete competition不完全替代品 imperfect substitutes不完全信息模型 imperfect-information model不完全预期的通货膨胀 imperfectly anticipated inflation不稳定均衡 unstable equilibrium不相关选择的独立性 irrelevant alternative independence不正常的通货膨胀 invalidated inflation布劳威尔不动点定理Brouwer’s fixed-point theorem布雷顿森林货币体系 Bretton woods monetary system部分归属制 partial imputation system部分海损 partial loss部分损失冲销机制 partial loss-off-setting mechanism部分转嫁 partial shiftingCES生产函数 CES production functionCIF 术语 cost，insurance and freight（CIF）财产税 taxation on properties财产替代效应substitution effect of property财富替代效应 wealth substitution effect财富转让税 wealth transfer taxes财政补贴政策 policy of fiscal subsidy财政部观点 Treasury view财政乘数 fiscal multiplier财政赤字 fiscal deficit财政赤字效应 effect of financial deficit财政冲力 fiscal impulse财政刺激 fiscal stimulus财政发行currency issue for fiscal purpose财政杠杆 fiscal leverage财政关税 revenue tariff财政红利 fiscal dividend财政幻觉 fiscal illusion财政交换说 exchange theory of public finance财政联邦制，财政联邦主义 fiscal federalism财政年度 fiscal year财政收入 fiscal revenue财政收入集中率 centralization ratio of financial revenue财政特权 fiscal privilege财政投资 fiscal investment财政投资政策 policy of fiscal investment财政拖累 fiscal drag财政牺牲说 fiscal sacrifice theory财政性通货膨胀 fiscal inflation财政优惠 fiscal incentives财政与货币政策混合fiscal-monetary policy mix财政政策效应 effect of fiscal policy财政支出 fiscal expenditure财政支出的长期收入模型 long-term revenue model of financial expenditure 菜单成本 menu costs策略补偿 strategic complementary策略互动 strategic interaction策略替代 strategic substitutability差别关税 differential duty差别信息 different information差价税 variable levy差异产品 differentiated products差异原则 difference principle产出 output产出关联理论industries relativity theory产出效应 output effect产品差异 production differentiation产品的生命周期 product cycle产品转换曲线 product transformation curve产权理论 theory of property rights产权收益率，产权报酬率 return on equity（ROE）产权学派 Property-right Economics产业内贸易 intra-industry trade产业内贸易指数 intra-industry trade index颤抖手均衡trembling-hand perfect equilibrium长期边际成本 long-run marginal cost（LMC）长期菲利普斯曲线 long-run Phillips curve长期竞争性均衡 long-run competitive equilibrium长期均衡 long-run equilibrium长期劳动合同论long-term labor contract theory 长期贫穷 hardcore poor长期平均成本 long-run average cost长期停滞 secular stagnation长期停滞理论 secular-stagnation theory长期消费函数 long-run consumption function长期性失业 chronic unemployment长期资本流动 long capital flow长期总成本long-run total cost（LTC）偿债基金 debt service funds偿债能力 debt paying ability偿债能力系数 debt coverage ratio常务董事会 board of managing directors厂商 firm厂商均衡equilibrium for a business firm厂商信誉论 firm reputation theory场外交易市场 OTS markets超保护贸易政策ultra-protective trade policy 超保护贸易主义theory on super-protectionism超额利润 excess profit超额需求 excess demand超级 301条款 super301 clause超级乘数 super multiplier沉淀成本 sunk cost成本不变行业 constant cost industry成本递减行业 decreasing cost industry成本递增行业 increasing cost industry成本函数 cost function成本会计 cost accounting成本加成定价 markup pricing成本平价 cost parity成本—收入比较法 cost to revenue comparative method成本弹性 cost elasticity成本推进通货膨胀 cost-push inflation成本—效益分析 cost-benefit analysis成本最小化问题 cost minimum problem承兑交单 documents against acceptance（D/A）承诺成本 committed cost承诺行动 commitment乘数原理 multiplier principle程序操纵 agenda manipulation持久收入储蓄动机permanent-in-come savings motive持久收入的边际消费倾向 marginal propensity to consume out of permanent income 持久收入假说 permanent income hypothesis持平产出 break-even output持平收入 break-even income持有期收益率 holding period benefits持有收益 holding gains持有损失 holding losses持有正义论 theory of holding justice赤字货币化 monetization of deficit赤字性支出 deficit spending赤字预算 budget with deficit赤字债务化 debtization of deficit充分乘数 full multiplier充分就业 full employment充分就业产量 full-employment output充分就业的预算盈余full-employment budget surplus充分就业目标 objective of full employment充分就业失业率full-employment unemployment rate充分就业盈余full-employment surplus充分就业预算赤字 full employment budget deficit充分生产 full production冲击乘数 impact multiplier出口补贴 export subsidy出口导向型增长 export-lead growth出口鼓励 export promotion出口税 export duties出口替代 export substitution出口信贷 export credit出口性通货膨胀 exported inflation出口依存度degree of dependence upon export出售污染权 sales for pollution rights初级内向 primary inward-looking初级外向 primary outward-looking储备货币 reserve currency储备—进口比率 reserve-import ratio储备头寸 reserve position储备资产增减额 change in reserves储蓄的利率弹性 elasticity of interest rate for saving储蓄负利率 negative interest rates of savings储蓄过度理论 over saving theory储蓄函数 savings function储蓄率 savings ratio储蓄银行 savings bank储蓄增长率 increase ingrate of savings传统货币理论traditional monetary theory创新经济周期理论 innovation business-cycle theory纯粹集权经济 pure command economy纯粹交易 pure exchange纯粹垄断 pure monopoly纯地租 pure rent纯公共物品 pure public goods纯古典制 pure classical system纯货币理论 pure monetary theory纯经济福利net economic welfare pure economic welfare 纯贸易条件 net barter terms of trade纯时间偏好率 rate of pure time preference纯私人物品 pure private goods纯再分配模型pure redistribution model次级内向 secondary inward-looking次级外向 secondary outward-looking次优理论 second-best theory次优政策 second-best policy刺激—反应公式stimulas-reaction formula从价税 ad valorem duty从量税 specific duty存货投资周期inventory investment cycle存款保险 deposit insurance存款准备金政策policy of reserve requirement存量分析 stock analysis存量和流量 stock and flow代理银行制度 agent banks system代议制民主 representative democracy丹尼森法则Denison’s law单独浮动 independent floating单峰偏好 single-peaked preference单个消费者的均衡equilibrium for the individual consumer 单利 single interest单式税则 single tariff单向外在性 unilateral externality单项否决权 line item veto单一产品出口型经济export-enclave economy单一经济学 mono-economics单一银行体制 unit banks单因素贸易条件 single factor terms of trade刀刃均衡 knife-equilibrium道·琼斯平均数 Dow Jones Average道德风险 moral hazard道德选民 ethical voter道尔顿转移原则Dalton transfer principle德尔菲预测法Delphi forecasting method等边际原理 equilibrium principle等产量线 isoquant curve等成本线 iso-cost line低成本价格领导制low cost price leadship低收入国家 low income countries低水平均衡陷阱理论low-level equilibrium trap theory抵消关税 atching duty抵押市场 mortgage market抵押债券 mortgage bond地点套汇 arbitrage in space地方公共物品 local public goods地方税 local tax地方政府的分层蛋糕模型layer cake model of local government地区工资税和折扣 regional pay-roll taxes and rebates第三级价格歧视third class price discrimination蒂布假说 Tiebout hypothesis蒂布均衡 Tiebout equilibrium蒂布模型Tibet’s model蒂布迁移 Tiebout migration点弹性 point elasticity电汇汇率 telegraphic transfer rate电子货币 electronic money调研预测法 investigation and research forecasting method盯住利率指标pegged interest rate indicator东南亚国家联盟Association of Southeast Asia Nations（ASEAN）动态分析 dynamical analysis动态均衡 dynamic equilibrium动态外部经济 dynamic external economics动态无效性 dynamic inefficiency动物本能 animal spirits独立品，不相关商品independent goods短期菲利普斯曲线 short-run Phillips curve短期货币市场 short-term money market短期金边债券 short-dated gilt-edged security短期竞争性均衡 short-run competitive equilibrium短期均衡 short-run equilibrium短期可变成本 short-run variable cost短期政府债券 short tap短期资本流动 short capital flow短期总供给曲线 short-run aggregate supply curve短缺的累积性效应 cumulative effect of shortage对冲干预 sterilized intervention对数曲线预测法logarithmic curve forecasting method对通货膨胀的需求 demand for inflation对外净投资 net foreign investment对外贸易 foreign trade对外贸易乘数 foreign trade multiplier多部门增长模型 multisector growth model多重均衡 multiple equilibrium多峰偏好 multiple-peaked preference多数规则 majority voting rule多数人专制 tyranny of the majority多数投票规则增长论 growth theory for majority voting rule多样化 diversification多种货币保值 insurable value of currencies恩格尔法则 Engel law恩格尔曲线 Engel curveFOB 术语 FOB（free on board）发信号 signaling发行的银行 issuing bank发展国家观 developmental state发展极 development poles发展经济学 development teconomics发展危机 development crisis发展援助 development aid，development assistance发展中国家 developing countries法币 lawful money法定存款准备金率rate of reserve requirements of bank deposit 法定货币 fiat money法定利率 legal interest rate繁荣通货膨胀 boom inflation反补贴税 countervailing duty反垄断 antitrust反倾销 anti-dumping反倾销论 anti-dumping argument反倾销税 anti-dumping duty反三角兼并 reverse triangular反通货膨胀 disinflation反通货膨胀对策counter-inflation policy反托拉斯法 Antitrust laws反向外援 reverse foreign aid反应方程 reaction function反增长论 theory of disgrowth反周期的 counter cyclical反周期货币政策规则 counter cycle monetary policy反周期政策anti-cyclical policy，counter-cyclical policy范围经济 economics of scope范围经济度degree of economics of scope防止污染的财政补贴 subsidies for preventing pollution防止污染的直接管制政策direct regulatory policy for preventing pollution 放松规制 deregulation放松银根政策 easy money policy飞跃式白金时代 galloping platinum age非独裁性 non-dictatorship非公开失业 non-open unemployment非关税壁垒 non-tariff barriers（NT-Bs）非合作均衡 noncooperative equilibrium非货币投资过度理论 over-non-money investment theory非价格竞争 non-price competition非竞争性 nonrival非均衡 disequilibrium非劳动力 not in the labor force非累进部门 non-progressive sector非排他性 nonexclusive非调节性货币政策non-adjusting monetary policy非完全信息 imperfect information非系统风险 non-systemic risk非相机处置支出(不可任意支配的支出) nondiscretionary expenditure非选择性公共产品non-optional public goods非银行金融机构 non-bank financial institutions非知识效应 non-cognitive effects非中性技术进步 non-neutral technical progress非洲开发银行African development bank非自决的财政政策 non-discretionary fiscal policy非自愿失业involuntary unemployment菲利普斯曲线 Phillips curve费尔德斯坦曲线 Feldstein curve费雪交易方程式Fisher’s transaction equation费雪效应 Fisher effect费用—收益比较法cost to benefit comparative method费用—效应比较法cost to effect comparative method分层蛋糕模型 layer cake model分类所得税 classified income tax分类综合所得税classified and aggregate income tax分配 distribution分配的边际产品理论 marginal product theory of distribution分配公正 distributive justice分配决定论 distribution determination theory分配性时滞方程distributed lag equation分配正义论 distributing justice theory分批装运 partial shipment分权问题 assignment problem分权型财政管理体制 decentralized financial management system分权型税收管理体制 decentralized tax administrative system分散化 decentralization分散性指标 dispersion index分数投票 point voting分税原则 principle for tax assignment分税制 tax-sharing system分享经济 participation economy丰收悖论 paradox of foison风险承担的成本 cost of risk-taking风险分摊 risk spreading风险控制 risk control风险市场 market for risk风险下的选择 choice under risk风险型决策 risk decision风险厌恶度量 risk aversion measure风险溢价 risk premium风险中性 risk neutral封闭经济 closed economy封闭市场价格 price in the close market峰值 peak value弗莱堡学派 Freiburg School弗里德曼货币需求函数Friedman’s demand function for money服务贸易 service trade浮动汇率 floating exchange rate浮动汇率制floating exchange rate system浮动利率 floating interest rate浮动利率的抵押贷款floating rate mortgage福利国家welfare country， welfare state福利经济学的两条基本定理two fundamental theorem of welfare economics 福利经济学第二定理 second fundamental theorem of welfare economics福利经济学第三定理third fundamental theorem of welfare economics福利经济学第一定理first fundamental theorem of welfare economics 福利开支 welfare expenditure福利效应 wealth effect辅助税种 secondary tax付款交单 documents against payment（D/P）负储蓄 dissaving负担率 burden rate负金钱外在性 negative pecuniary externalities负排挤效应 negative crowding out effect负税率 negative tax rate负税人 tax bearer负所得税的福利效应 welfare affection of negative income tax负所得税制system of negative income tax负外部效应 negative externality负效用 disutility负有效保护率 negative rate of effective protection负债管理 liability management负债业务 liability business负债资产比率 debt-to-asset ratio负真实利率 negative real rate of interest附加技术进步的生产要素factor augmenting technical progress附加税 tax supplements附加预期的菲利普斯曲线 expectations-augmented Phillips curve复合需求 joint demand复利 compound interest复利现值系数 present value interest factor复利终值系数future value interest factor复式记账法 double entry method复式税则 complex tariff复式预算 double-entry budgeting副产品 by product赋税乘数 tax multiplierGDP缺口 GDP gap高峰负荷价 peak-load pricing高就业盈余 high employment surplus高能货币 high-powered money戈森定律Gossen’s law格雷欣法则Gresham’s law格罗夫斯—列耶机制Groves-Ledyard mechanism个人可支配收入 disposable personal income工人错觉模型worker-misperception model工资差异 wage differentials工资的补偿性差别 equalizing differences in wages工资—工资螺旋式上升 wage-wage spiral工资理论 wage theory工资谈判理论theory of wage bargaining工资—物价螺旋式上升 wage-price spiral工资下降刚性downward rigidity of wages工资下限假设 wage floor assumption工资与物价指导线 wage and price guidelines工资粘性假设wage sticky assumption工资指数化 indexation of wage工作决策的收入效应 income effect in the decision to work工作决策理论 theory of the decision to work工作决策中的替代效应 substitution effect in the decision to work工作量折旧法 depreciation of units-of-output method公共部门借款 public sector borrowing公共部门借款需求public sector borrowing requirement公共部门经济学 economics of public sector公共部门均衡 public sector equilibrium公共部门失灵 public sector failure公共财产资源 common property resource公共采购 public procurement公共产品的供应 provision of public goods公共产品的供应模型 models of provision of pubic goods公共产品的私人提供 private provision of public goods公共产品定价法price method for public goods公共产品论 theory of public goods公共产品与公共基金的私人成本public goods and private costs of public funds 公共定价 public pricing公共负储蓄 negative public savings公共工程 public works公共工程支出 public project expenditure公共供给 public provision公共管制 public regulation公共集体行动 public collective action公共经济 public economy公共经济学 public economics公共领域 public domain公共企业 public enterprises公共企业部门 public enterprise sector公共生产 public production公共事业 public utility公共事业定价 public utility pricing公共物品的帕累托效率条件 Pareto efficient condition of public goods公共物品国家观 public goods state公共物品配置的边际效用理论marginal utility of public goods allocation公共需求理论 public demand theory公共选择学派 School of Public Choice公共支出的分配效应 distribution affect of public expenditure公共支出的宏观经济学模型 macroeconomic models of public expenditure 公共支出的可行限量 feasible limitation of public expenditure公共支出的收入效应 income effect of public expenditure公共支出的制度极限 constitutional limits to public expenditure公共支出的自然极限 natural limits to public expenditure公共支出的最高限量 maximum limitation of public expenditure公共支出负担 public expenditure incidence公共支出归宿法 public expenditure incidence approach公共支出规模 scale of public expenditure公共支出弹性 elasticity of public expenditure公共支出替代效应 substitution effect of public expenditure公共支出效率理论 public expenditure effective theory公共支出增长理论law of rising public expenditure公开失业 open unemployment公开市场操作 open market operation公民权利和保护性国家 civil rights and the protective state公募发行 public placement公募拍卖方式 auction technique公平与效率交换trade-off between equality and efficiency公平原则 equity criterion公式弹性计划 formula flexibility plan公司清算 corporate liquidation公司新目标论 theory of company’s new aim公司重组 corporate reorganization公有制悲剧 tragedy of the commons公债错觉 debt illusion公债的流动性效应 liquidity effect of public debt公债的资产效应assets effects of public debt公债发行规模 scale of public debt issuing公债非中性government bonds non-neutrality公债负担 public debt burden公债管理政策 management policy of public debt公债货币化monetization of public debt公债间接发行indirect issuing of public debt公债认购者负担public debt sub scriber’s burden公债收益 public debt yield rate公债再融资refinancing the public debt公债中性 government bonds neutrality公众利益法 public interest approach功利主义 utilitarianism功利主义的社会福利函数social welfare function of utilitarianism功能财政论 functional fiscal approach供给表 supply schedule供给冲击 supply shock供给弹性 elasticity of supply供给规律 supply law供给价格预期弹性 expectation elasticity of supply price供给量 supply quantity供给学派 Supply-Side Economics供求混合推进型通货膨胀supply and demand-push inflation共同产权资源common-property resources购买保险 purchase of insurance购买力控制control of purchasing power购买力平价 purchasing power parity购买力调节 adjustment of purchasing power购买性支出 government purchase on goods and service孤立状况下商品的相对均衡价格equilibrium relative commodity price in isolation 古典二分法 classical dichotomy古典供给曲线classical aggregate supply curve古典经济学家 classical economists古诺—纳什均衡 Cournot-Nash equilibrium古诺双寡头模型Cournot duopoly model谷底 trough股份公司 stock company股票平均价格 share average price股票指数 share index股票指数期货 stock index futures股票指数期货期权 option on stock index futures股票指数期权 stock index option股息课税的传统观点traditional view of dividend taxation固定比价 fixed parity固定的机会成本 constant opportunity cost固定投入比例生产函数 fixed-proportions production function雇佣成本指数 employment cost index雇员社会缴款e mployees’ social contributions雇主社会缴款employers’ social contribution雇主实际社会缴款employers’ actual social contributions寡头价格 oligopoly price拐角解 corner solution关键货币 key currency关税 customs duties关税报复 tariff retaliation关税的生产效应 production effect of a tariff关税的消费效应 consumption effect of tariff关税配额 customs quota，tariff quotas关税水平 tariff level关税同盟 customs union关税与贸易总协定general agreement on tariffs and trade（GATT）关系集团 relation group关于政府的机械论观点 mechanistic view of government官僚和配置的低效率bureaucrats and allocative inefficiency 官僚效用函数 utility functions of bureaucrats管理浮动 managed floating管理价格通货膨胀 administered inflation管理经济学 managerial economics管理科学学派management science school管理通货论 theory on managing currency in circulation管理信息系统 management information system管理者 bureaucrat管理者企业论managerial theory of the firm管制 regulation管制公众利益论 public interest theory of regulation管制经济论 economic theory of regulation广义货币供给量supply of broad money归属制 imputation system规范分析 normative analysis规范经济学 normative economics规划现金流量税 blueprints cash-flow tax规模报酬 returns to scale规模报酬不变constant returns to scale规模报酬递减 decreasing returns to scale规模报酬递增increasing returns to scale规模不经济 diseconomics of scale规模经济 economics of scale规制的俘获理论capture theory of regulation规制俘虏 regulatory capture滚雪球效应 snowball effect国别配额 country quotas国防经济学 economics of defence国际避税 international tax avoidance国际避税地international tax avoidance haven国际财政 international public finance国际财政学international public finance国际公平 international equity国际货币基金组织international monetary fund国际货币制度 international monetary system国际价值理论 theory of international value国际交换比率 international exchange rate国际金本位制 international gold standard system国际金汇兑本位制 international gold exchange standard system国际金融 international finance国际金融公司international finance corporation国际金融机构 international financial institution国际经济学 international economics国际开发协会 international development association国际流动性 international liquidity国际清算银行 bank for international settlements国际商品协定 interregional commodity agreement国际收支international balance of payment国际收支不平衡disequilibrium of international payment国际收支差额 measures of the balance of payments国际收支调整的货币分析法 monetary approach to balance of payments国际收支调整的弹性分析法 elasticity approach to balance of payments国际收支调整的吸收分析法absorption approach to balance of payments国际收支金融和资本项目capital and financial items of international balance of payments国际收支平衡表 balance of payment presentation国际收支说 theory of balance of payments国际收支调整 adjustment of international balance of payments国际收支政策搭配说 policy mixture of balance of payments adjustment国际双重课税international double taxation国际双重征税免除international double taxation exemption国际税收关系 international tax relation国际税收协定 international tax convention国际逃税 international tax evasion国际投资头寸表 international investment position国际信用工具 international credit instruments国际银行业务便利international banking facility（IBF）国际债券发行市场international bond issuing market国际债券交易市场international bond trading market国际支付工具 instrument of international payment国际支付凭证 international payments drafts国际支付手段 means of international payment国际资本流动international capital flow国际资本往来capital account balance国际租赁 international leasing国家财政论 state-finance theory国家的银行state’s bank国家风险 country risk国家公平 national equity国家效率 national efficiency国家信用 sovereign credit国民储蓄 national savings国民储蓄率 national savings rate国民待遇 national treatment on international taxation and regulation国民经济平衡表 balance sheet of national economy国民生产总值 gross national product国民生产总值平减指数 GNP deflator国民生产总值物价折算指数 GNP implicit price deflator国民失业率civilian unemployment rate国民账户体系 system of national accounts（SNA）国内税 internal taxes国内信用增加额指标 domestic credit increment indicator 国外税收抵免 foreign tax credit国债偿还public debt redemption ，public debt refunding 国债偿债率 government debt－service ratio国债负担率 public debt-to-GDP ratio国债交易 government debt transaction国债流通市场 circulation market for treasury debts国债派生市场 derivative market for treasury debts国债市场 public debt market国债依存度 public debt dependency过境贸易 transit trade过境税 transit duties哈伯格模型 Harberger model哈伯格三角形 Harberger triangle哈罗德—多马模型Harrod-Domar model哈罗德中性 Harrod neutral哈特曼模型 Hartman model海关估价 customs valuation海萨尼转换 Harsanyi transformation海上风险 perils of the sea含卖出权债券 option tender bond函数系数 function coefficient合理货币供给量rational supply of money合理生产区域 rational production area合理消费率 rational consumption rate合谋 collusion合意的资本存量desired capital stock合作博弈 cooperative game赫芬达尔指数 Herfindal index赫克歇尔和俄林模型Heckscher-Ohlin model黑市与灰市black market and gray market横向联合 horizontal integration宏观经济均衡 macroeconomic equilibrium宏观经济稳定观 macroeconomic stabilization state宏观经济增长波动 macroeconomic growth cycle宏观经济政策目标objectives of macroeconomic policy宏观税负 tax macro-incidence后向联系 backward linkage弧弹性 arc elasticity互补品 complementary goods互补外部性 reciprocal externality互投赞成票 logrolling环比加权实际 GDP chain-weighted real GDP黄金非货币化 demonetization of gold黄金率 gold rule黄金输出点 gold export point黄金输入点 gold import point黄金输送点 gold transport points灰色系统预测法gray systematic forecasting method回程效应 returning effect回归模型预测法 forecasting method of regression model回归预测法regression forecasting method回流效应理论 back wash effect回收期方法 retrieve period method汇率超调 exchange rate over shooting汇率错位 foreign exchange rate misalignment汇率的货币论 monetary approach to exchange rate汇率的资产组合平衡模式 portfolio balance model of exchange rate汇率风险 exchange rate risk汇率管制 exchange rate control汇率决定的一般均衡说general equilibrium approach of exchange rate determination 汇率决定的资产市场说 asset-market approach of exchange rate determination汇票 bill of exchange混合兼并 conglomerate merger混合经济 mixed economy混合税 mixed duties混合物品 mixed goods或有商品 contingent commodities货币保值 insurable value of currency货币贬值 currency devaluation货币超中性 money super neutrality货币成本 cost of money货币成长理论 money growth theory货币乘数 money multiplier货币抽象说abstraction theory of money货币的资产需求asset demand for money货币对外价值 external value of money货币发行 currency issue货币发行收入 seigniorage revenue货币非中性假说 non-neutral money hypothesis货币非中性论 theory on non-neutrality of money货币供给内生性 endogeneity of money supply。
经济学专业术语(中英文对照)
经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。
课程中英文翻译对照表
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材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engineering电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and 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Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程Forestry Engineering森林工程Forest Engineering木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学Environmental Science环境工程Environmental Engineering生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering食品科学Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Science of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Science of Command作战指挥学Combat Command军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligence密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学）Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training) 军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Management Science管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理学Science of Business Administration会计学Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival ScienceC++ 程序设计Programming With C++Java程序设计Java ProgrammingVLSI测试与可测试性设计Testing and Testable Design of VLSI Systems安全信息系统概论Introduction to Secure Information Systems编译程序高级教程Compilers:An Advances Course变革管理Change Management并行处理Parallel Process博士学位英语Doctoral English Program程序的形式验证Formal Verification of Programs抽象代数Abstract Algebra处理器体系结构前沿Frontier Processors Architecture代数拓扑Algebraic Topology当代西方财务管理理论与实务Contemporary Corporate Finance-Theory and Practice 德语（二外）German电子商务与网络营销Electronic Commerce and Cyber-Marketing多媒体计算机技术Multimedia Computer Technology多媒体计算机技术及应用Multimedia:technologies&Applications泛函分析Functional Analysis分布式操作系统Distributed Operating Systems分布式多媒体计算机系统Distributed Multimedia Computer Systems风险投资与创业计划Venture CapitalVenture Capital and Business Plan复变函数与积分变换Function of Complex Variable and Integral Transform高等数理统计Mathematical Statistics高级管理学Advanced Management高级计算机网络Advanced Computer Networks高级人工智能Advanced Artificial Intelligence高级软件工程Advanced Course on Software Engineering高性能计算机系统High Performance Computer Systems管理会计学Management Accounting管理信息系统Management Information System管理学基础Basic Management广义相对论基础Introduction to General Relativity规划论Mathmatical Programming国际企业管理International Enterprise Management国家税收The National Tax会计学Accounting会计学原理Principles of Financial Accounting机器人学概论Introduction to Robotics计算机控制理论及应用Computer Controll Theory and Application计算机视觉Computer Vision计算机算法设计与分析The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms计算机体系结构Computer System Architecture计算机通信网络安全Computer Communication Network Security计算机图形学Computer Graphics计算机图形学在生命科学中的应用Computer Graphics and applications in life sciences 计算机网络Computer Networks计算机网络导论Computer Network Introduction计算机网络设计与性能分析Computer Network Design and Performance Analysis计算机网络体系结构Computer Networks Architecture计算机系统性能评价Performance Evaluation of Computer Systems计算语言学Computational Linguistics技术创新管理Technology Management技术和工程哲学Philosophy of Technology and Engineering近世代数Modern Algebra纠错编码理论Coding Theory矩阵分析Matrix Analysis决策分析Decision Analysis科技战略导论Introduction of Science & Technology Strategy科学技术史History of Science and Technology科学社会学Sociology of Science科学社会主义理论与实践Theory and Practice of Scientific Socialism科学哲学导论Introduction to Philosophy of Science可持续发展的理论与实践Sustainable Development in Theory and Practice可计算性与计算复杂性Computability and Complexity of Computing李群和李代数Lie Groups and Lie Algebras量子场论Quantum Field Theory量子力学Quantum Mechanics量子统计Quantum Statistical Mechanics论语研读The Study on the Analects of Confucius美学理论与鉴赏Aesthetic Theories and the Appreciation of Art密码学Cryptography面向对象程序设计--C++ Object-Oriented Programming模式识别Pattern Recognition and Inteligence System企业资源计划（ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning情报研究与信息咨询Information Research and Information Consultation群论Group Theory人工智能理论与实现Artificial Intelligence Theory and Implemention人工智能原理The principles of Artificial Intelligence认知心理学Cognitive Psychology日语（二外）Japanese软件工程software Engineering软件开发和程序设计方法学Software Development and Programming Methodology神经计算Neural Computing审计学Auditing生产与运作管理Production and Operation Management实验心理学Experimental Psychology数据库技术Database Technology数理逻辑Mathematical Logic数学模型及其应用Mathematical Models and Its Applications数学物理方程Differential Equations in Mathematical Physics数值分析Numerical Analysis数值计算方法Numerical Computing Methods数值线性代数Numerical Linear Algebra数字集成系统设计Design of Digital Integrated System数字图书馆研究Digital Libraries数字图象处理Digital Image Processing硕士学位英语MS English Program随机过程Stochastic Processes随机数学概论Introduction to Mathematics of Randomness投资学Financial Investments图书馆自动化系统The Library Automation System图与网络流理论Graph Theory and Network Flow Theory微分方程数值解Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations微分几何Differential Geometry微分流行Differentiable Manifolds微观经济学基础Fundamentals of MicroEconomics文献信息学理论与实践Theory and Practice of Documentary Information系统辨识System Identification先进计算机和软件技术系统讲座Topics in advanced computer and software technology 现代计算机代数Modern Computer Algebra现代情报学理论与方法Introduction of Modern Information Science现代数字通信Modern Digital Communication现代数字信号处理Advanced Digital Signal Processing现代通信原理Modern Communication System Principles现代图书馆学理论与方法Linear Algebra Theory现代西方哲学Western Contemporary Philosophy线性代数学Theories and Methods of Mo线性系统控制理论Linear System Control Theory项目管理Project Management心理多元统计分析Multivariate Statistic Analysis for Psychology心理评估Psychological Assessment心理学研究方法Research Method of Psychology信号检测与估计Signal Detection and Estimation信息工程Information Engineering信息经济学Information Economy信息论与编码Information Theory and Coding信息政策与法律Information policy and law信息咨询理论与方法Theory and Method of Information Consultation形式语言与自动机理论Formal language and Automata theory形式语义学引论Introduction to Formal Semantics遥感图像处理Remote Sensing Image Processing应用概率论Applied Probability Theory应用软件开发工具Computer aided tools for system modeling&programming应用统计学Applied Statistics英美社会与文化Society and Culture in Britain and America营销管理Marketing Management有限元方法的数学基础The Mathematical Bases of Finite Element Methods语音交互技术基本原理Fundamental of Speech Interaction Technology运作管理Operation Management战略管理Strategic Management战略信息管理Strategic Information Management张量分析Matrix and Tensor Analysis证券投资概论Introduction to Security Investment智能控制理论基础及应用Intelligent Control-Fundamentals and Applications中国现代作家研究Modern Chinese Writers Study中外伦理思想流派Thoughts of Ethics in West and East自然辨证法Dialectics of Nature自然辨证法与科技革命Dialectics of Nature and Scientific and Technical Revolution 组合数学Combinatorial Mathematics组合优化Combinatorial Optimization最优化计算方法Optimization Computing Methods最优化算法Algorithms for Optimization最优控制理论Optimum Control Theory生物物理学Biophysics真空冷冻干燥技术Vacuum Freezing & Drying Technology16位微机16 Digit MicrocomputerALGOL语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言C LanguageCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCOBOL语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境C Language & Unix EnvironmentC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计C ourse Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN语言FORTRAN LanguageIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCLSI设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningPASCAL大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALX射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly Languages板壳理论Plate Theory板壳力学Plate Mechanics半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semiconductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semiconduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor薄膜光学Film Optics报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业设计Graduation Thesis编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation变分法与张量Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & Neo-Ro 表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Wave Spectrum材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料力学Mechanics of Materials财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance & Banking财政与信贷Finance & Credit操作系统Disk Operating System操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织学Industrial Organization Technoooligy场论Field Theory常微分方程Ordinary Differentical Equations超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology成组技术Grouping Technique齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col船舶操纵Ship Controling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechamic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构力学Structual Mechamics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propeling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration创造心理学Creativity Psychology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment 磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-Volume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese。
西方经济学英文术语解释
AAbility-to-pay principle(of taxation)(税收的)支付能力原则按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担的原则。
纳税人支付能力依据其收入或财富来衡量。
这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。
Absolute advantage(in international trade) (国际贸易中的)绝对优势A国所具有的比B国能更加有效地(即单位投入的产出水平比较高等)生产某种商品的能力。
这种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。
因为B国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益(comparative advantage)。
Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。
Actual，cyclical，and structural budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。
实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。
结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税人、支出和赤字等指标。
周期预算基于所预测的商业周期(及其经济波动)对预算的影响。
Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期(expectations)。
Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种(固定)汇率制度。
在该制度下，各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。
当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候，这种汇率便不时地趋于调整。
在1944—1971年期间，世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度，称为“布雷顿森林体系”。
Administered(or inflexible)prices 管理(或非浮动)价格特指某类价格的术语。
按照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够维持不变。
(见价格浮动，price flexibility)Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。
经济学各学科专业名称中英文对照
02经济学Economics
0201理论经济学Theoretical Economics
020101政治经济学Political Economy
020102经济思想史History of Economic Thought
020103经济史History of Economic
020206国际贸易学International Trade
020207劳动经济学Labor Economics
020208统计学Statistics
020209数量经济学Quantitative Economics
020210国防经济学National Defense Economics
经济学各学科专业名称中英文对照02经济学economics0201理论经济学theoreticaleconomics020101政治经济学politicaleconomy020102经济思想史historyofeconomicthought020103经济史historyofeconomic020104西方经济学westerneconomics020105世界经济worldeconomics020106人口资源与环境经济学populationresourcesandenvironmentaleconomics0202应用经济学appliedeconomics020201国民经济学nationaleconomics020202区域经济学regionaleconomics020203财政学含税收学publicfinanceincludingtaxation020204金融学含保险学financeincludinginsurance020205产业经济学industrialeconomics020206国际贸易学internationaltrade020207劳动经济学laboreconomics020208统计学statistics020209数量经济学quantitativeeconomics020210国防经济学nationaldefenseeconomics
西方经济学名词解释(中英互译)
1.经济学：研究资源如何最佳配置使人类需要得到最大满足的一门社会科学。
Economics: A social science that studies how resources are best allocated to maximize the satisfaction of human needs.2.微观经济学的基本家假设条件：⑴“合乎理性的人”的假设条件：每一个从事经济活动的人都是利己的。
⑵完全信息的假设条件：商业双方都知道对方的信息，也都知道对方知道的信息。
（双方可以替代为多方）3.需求：是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
Demand: The quantity of the good that consumers are willing and able to buy at all possible price levels in a given period.4.需求函数：表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系。
Demand function: represents the interrelationship between the quantity demanded of a good and the various factors that affect that quantity demanded.5.需求定律：需求曲线具有一个明显的特征，它是向右下方倾斜的，即它的斜率为负值。
它们都表示商品的价格和需求量之间成反方向变动的关系。
Law of demand: The demand curve has a distinctive feature that it slopes down to the right,i.e., it has a negative slope. They both indicate a relationship between the price of a commodity and thequantity demanded that moves in the opposite direction.6.供给：是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
西方经济学重要术语英文译名对照表
Average revenue
平均收益
Average variable cost
平均可变成本
Balance of internatonal payment
国际收支平衡
Balanaced budget
平衡预算
Balanaced budget multiplier
平衡预算乘数
Barriers to entry
总供给
Aggregate supply (AS) curve
总供给曲线
Allocation of resources
资源配置
Allocative efficiency
配置效率
Antitrust law
反托拉斯法
Arc elasticity
弧弹性
Asset
资产
Asymmetric information
支出法
Explicit cost
显性成本
Export
出口
External diseconomies
外部不经济
External effects
外部影响
External economies
外部经济
Extermalities
外在性
Factor demand curve
要素需求曲线
Factor market
就业理论
Entrepreneur
企业家
Entrepreneurship
企业家才能
Envelope curve
包络曲线
Equation of cost
成本方程
Equilibrium
均衡
Equilibrium growth
经济学术语中英文对照
economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给current account 经常帐户 (美作:checking account)current-account holder 支票帐户 (美作:checking-account holder) cheque 支票 (美作:check)bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本 (美作:checkbook)endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币 (美作:bill)to pay (in) cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation (货币)贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃stock exchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴output 产出,产量producer 生产者,制造者productive, producing 生产的products, goods 产品consumer goods 消费品article 物品,商品manufactured goods, finished goods 制成品,产成品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods 半成品by-product 副产品foodstuffs 食品raw material 原料supply 供应,补给input 投入productivity 生产率productiveness 赢利性overproduction 生产过剩。
西方经济学中英文词汇对照表
西方经济学词汇表AAbility-to-pay principle(of taxation)(税收)支付能力原那么按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担原那么。
纳税人支付能力依据其收入或财富来衡量。
这一原那么并不说明某经济状况较好人到底该比别人多负担多少。
Absolute advantage(in international trade) (国际贸易中)绝对优势A国所具有比B国能更加有效地(即单位投入产出水平比拟高等)生产某种商品能力。
这种优势并不意味着A 国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。
因为B国还可能有一种我们所说比拟优势或曰比拟利益(comparative advantage)。
Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动理论。
Actual，cyclical，and structural budget 实际预算、周期预算和构造预算实际预算赤字或盈余指是某年份实际记录赤字或盈余。
实际预算可划分成构造预算和周期预算。
构造预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下政府税人、支出和赤字等指标。
周期预算基于所预测商业周期(及其经济波动)对预算影响。
Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期(expectations)。
Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种(固定)汇率制度。
在该制度下，各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定或曰“钉住〞汇率。
当某些根本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据时候，这种汇率便不时地趋于调整。
在1944—1971年期间，世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度，称为“布雷顿森林体系〞。
Administered(or inflexible)prices 管理(或非浮动)价格特指某类价格术语。
按照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在假设干种交易中能够维持不变。
(见价格浮动，price flexibility)Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。
西方经济学名词解释 英文版
Macroeconomics 宏观经济学The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors.研究国民收入的各方面。
Microeconomics 微观经济学The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as individual firms, households, and consumers.研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。
GDP 国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product)The total market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period.一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。
It is often seen as an indicator of the standard of living in a country.Gross Domestic Product＝consumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exportsEconomic Growth 经济增长steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in real as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate is a measure of the rate of change that a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national product (GNP) can also be used if a nation's economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds onto the economic growth rate by taking into account the effect that inflation has on the economy. The real economic growth rate is a "constant dollar" and therefore a more accurate look at the rate of economic growth because the real rate is not distorted by the effects of extreme inflation or deflation.GDP deflator GDP指数In economics the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the change in prices of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period.Nominal GDP 名义GDPA gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation.Real GDP 实际GDPThis inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. Often referred to as "constant-price", "inflation-corrected" GDP or "constant dollar GDP". Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can account for changes in the price level, and provide a more accurate figure.Potential output 潜在产量/潜在GDPIn economics, potential output (also refered to as "natural real gross domestic product") refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term.GDP Gap GDP缺口The forfeited output of an country's economy resulting from the failure to create sufficient jobs for all those willing to work. A GDP gap denotes the amount of production that is irretrievably lost. The potential for higher production levels is wasted because there aren't enough jobs supplied.（与书异）Net Exports 净出口The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open economy. In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home country's goods and services exceeds the home country's spending on foreign goods and services.Recession 经济衰退A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's GDP.Notes:Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle. A recession generally lasts from six to eighteen months. Interest rates usually fall in recessionary times to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates at which to borrowDepression 经济萧条A severe and prolonged recession characterized by inefficient economic productivity, high unemployment, and falling price levels. In times of depression, consumer's confidence and investments decrease, causing the economy to shutdown.Value Added 附加值The enhancement a company gives its product or service before offering the product to customers. This can either increase the products price or value.（与书异）Gross National Product – GNP 国民生产总值An economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. GNP is a measure of a country's economic performance, or what its citizens produced (i.e. goods and services) and whether they produced these items within its borders.Disposable Income 可支配收入The amount of after-tax income that is available to divide between spending and personal savings. This also known as your take home pay.Unemployment Rate 失业率The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.Labor force 劳动力the group of people who have a potential for being employed.Frictional Unemployment 摩擦性事业Unemployment that is always present in the economy, resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information.Structural Unemployment 结构性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the basic composition of the economy. These changes simultaneously open new positions for trained workers.Cyclical Unemployment 周期性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the business cycle.Natural Unemployment 自然失业率（与书异）The lowest rate of unemployment that an economy can sustain over the long run. Keynesians believe that a government can lower the rate of unemployment (i.e. employ more people) if it were willing to accept a higher level of inflation (the idea behind the Phillips Curve). However, critics of this say that the effect is temporary and that unemployment would bounce back up but inflation would stay high. Thus, the natural, or equilibrium, rate is the lowest level of unemployment at which inflation remains stable. Also known as the "non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment" (NAIRU).Notes:When the economy is said to be at full employment, it is at its natural rate of unemployment. Economists debate how the natural rate might change. For example, some economists think that increasing labor-market flexibility will reduce the natural rate. Other economists dispute the existence of a natural rate altogether!Frictional unemployment — This reflects the fact that it takes time for people to find and settle into new jobs. If 12 individuals each take one month before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as a single unemployed worker. Technological change often reduces frictional unemployment, for example: the internet made job searches cheaper and more comprehensive.Structural unemployment —This reflects a mismatch between the skills and other attributes of the labour force and those demanded by employers. If 4 workers each take six months off to re-train before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as two unemployed workers. Technological change often increases structural unemployment, for example: technological change might require workers to re-train.Natural rate of unemployment —This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment. It is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, seeing as some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%, or on its meaning — some associate it with "non-accelerating inflation.The estimated rate varies from country to country and from time to time.Demand deficient unemployment — In Keynesian economics, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rate is most likelydue to insufficient demand in the overall economy. During a recession, aggregate expenditure is deficient causing the underutilization of inputs (including labour). Aggregate expenditure (AE) can be increased, according to Keynes, by increasing consumption spending (C), increasing investment spending (I), increasing government spending (G), or increasing the net of exports minus imports (X−M).{AE = C + I + G + (X−M)}Okun's Law 奥昆法则A relationship between an economy's GDP gap and the actual unemployment rate. The relationship is represented by a ratio of 1 to 2.5. Thus, for every 1% excess of the natural unemployment rate, a 2.5% GDP gap is predicted.Inflation 通货膨胀The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Deflation 通货紧缩steadily falling pricesA general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation, deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression. Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀Extremely rapid or out of control inflation.Inflation rate 通货膨胀率In economics, the inflation rate is the rate of increase of the average price level (a measure of inflation). If one likes analogies, the size of a balloon is like the price level, while the inflation rate is how quickly it grows in size. Alternatively, the inflation rate is the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money.Consumer Price Index (CPI) 消费价格指数The CPI, as it is called, measures the prices of consumer goods and services and is a measure of the pace of US inflation. The US Department of Labor publishes the CPI every month.Demand－pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀inflation due to high demand for GDP and low unemployment, also known as Phillips Curve inflation.Cost－push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀nowadays termed "supply shock inflation", due to an event such as a sudden increase in the price of oil.Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation".Indexing 指数化The adjustment of the weights of assets in an investment portfolio so that its performance matches that of an index.Linking movements of rates to the performance of an index.Notes:1. Indexing is a passive investment strategy. An investor can achieve the same risk and return of an index also by investing in an index fund.2. Types of rates that could be linked to the performance of an index are wage or tax rates.Phillips Curve 菲利普斯曲线An economic concept developed by A. W. Phillips stating that inflation and unemployment have a stable and inverse relationship. The theory states that with economic growth comes inflation, which in turn should lead to more jobs and less unemployment. The concept has been proven empirically and some government policies are directly influenced by it.第二章Aggregate Demand 总需求The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Alsoknown as "total spending".Notes:Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M)C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services.I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods.G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services.X = Exports of goods and services.M = Imports of goods and services.Aggregate Supply 总供给The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising prices are usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "total output".Notes:A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by the price level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.Exogenous Variable 外生变量A variable whose value is determined outside the model in which it is used.An economic variable that is related to other economic variables and determines their equilibrium levels. For example, rainfall is exogenous to the causal system constituting the process of farming and crop output. An exogenous variable by definition is one whose value is wholly causally independent from other variables in the system.Endogenous Variable 内生变量A value determined within the context of a model.An economic variable which is independent of the relationships determining the equilibrium levels, but nonetheless affects the equilibrium.Consumption 消费in economics, direct utilization of goods and services by consumers, not including the use of means of production, such as machinery and factories (see capital). Consumption can be divided into public and private sectors.Investment 投资An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be sold at a higher price. In the financial sense investments include the purchase of bonds, stocks or real estate property. Government Purchases 政府购买Expenditures made in the private sector by all levels of government, such as when a government entity contracts a construction company to build office space or pave highways. A component of Keynesian expenditures, government purchases can be used as a tool for a government to influence the business cycle and provide economic stimulation when it is deemed necessary. Keynesian Economics 凯恩斯经济An economic theory stating that active government intervention in the marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the government's job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation.Classical Economics 古典经济学Classical Economics refers to work done by a group of economists in the 18th and 19th centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. Famous economists of this thinking include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill.Equilibrium of AD and AS 总供给和总需求的均衡supply and demand result in an equilibrium price (the interest rate)Stagflation 滞胀A condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation.第三章Fiscal Policy 财政政策Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates, and government spending, in an effort to control the economy.Government spending 政府支出consists of government purchases, including transfer payments, which can be financed by seigniorage (the creation of money for government funding), taxes, or government borrowing It is considered to be one of the major components of gross domestic product.Multiplier Effect 乘数效应The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold on reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.The multiplier effect depends on the set reserve requirement. The higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the money supply, which results in a lower multiplier effect for every dollar deposited. The lower the reserve requirement, the larger the money supply, which means more money is being created for every dollar deposited.Crowding Out Effect 挤出效应An economic theory explaining an increase in interest rates due to rising government borrowing in the money market.Notes:Governments often borrow money (by issuing bonds) to fund additional spending. The problem occurs when government debt 'crowds out' private companies and individuals from the lending market. Increased government borrowing tends to increase market interest rates. The problem is that the government can always pay the market interest rate, but there comes a point when corporations and individuals can no longer afford to borrow.Marginal propensity to consume （MPC）边际消费倾向refers to the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) that occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents.Mathematically, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) function is expressed as the derivative of the consumption (C) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to consume is measured as the ratio of the change in consumption to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. One minus the MPC equals the marginal propensity to save.Marginal propensity to save (MPS) 边际储蓄倾向refers to the increase in saving (non-purchase of current goods and services) that results from an increase in income. For example, if a family earns one extra dollar, and the marginal propensity to save is 0.35, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents. It can also go the other way, referring to the decrease in saving that results from a decrease in income. It is crucial to Keynesian economics and is the key variable determining the value of the multiplier. Mathematically, the marginal propensity to save (MPS) function is expressed as the derivative of the savings (S) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to save is measured as the ratio of the change in saving to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. It is the opposite of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In the example above, the marginal propensity to consume would be 0.65. In general MPS = 1 - MPC.Money Supply 货币供给（与书异）The entire quantity of bills, coins, loans, credit, and other liquid instruments in a country's economy. Money supply is divided into three categories--M1, M2, and M3--according to the type and size of account in which the instrument is kept. The money supply is important to economists trying to understand how policies will affect interest rates and growth.M1The category of the money supply that includes all physical money like coins and currency. It also includes demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts. M1 is the narrowest idea of "money." This is used as a measurement for economists trying to quantify the amount of money in circulation.M2A category within the money supply that includes M1 in addition to all time-related deposits, savings deposits, andnon-institutional money-market funds. M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. Economists use M2 when looking to quantify the amount of money in circulation and trying to explain different economic monetary conditions.M3The category of the money supply that includes M2 as well as all large time deposits, institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets. This is the broadest measure of money it is used by economists to estimate the entire supply of money within an economy.（书没有）Fiat Money 【美】（根据政府法令发行的）不兑现纸币Money that a government has declared to be legal tender, despite the fact that it has no intrinsic value and is not backed by reserves. Most of the world's paper money is fiat money.Legal tender 合法货币；偿付债务时债主必须接受的货币is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtue of law.Transactions demand交易性需求is the demand or foreign currency. It is used for purposes of business transactions and personal consumption. transactions demand is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Speculative demand 投机性需求is the demand for financial assets, such as securities, money or foreign currency, or financing. It is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Liquidity Preference Theory 流动性偏好理论The hypothesis that forward rates offer a premium over expected future spot rates. Proponents of this theory believe that, according to the term structure of interest rates, investors are risk-averse and will demand a premium for securities with longer maturities. A premium is offered by way of greater forward rates in order to attract investors to longer-term securities. The premium received normally increases at a decreasing rate due to downward pressure from the decreasing volatility of interest rates as the term to maturity increases. Also known as "liquidity preference hypothesis."Interest Rate 利率The monthly effective rate paid (or received if you are a creditor) on borrowed money. Expressed as a percentage of the sum borrowed.Nominal Interest Rate/the money interest rate名义利率The interest rate unadjusted for inflation. Not taking into account inflation gives a less realistic number.Real Interest Rate 实际利率The amount by which the nominal interest rate is higher than the inflation rate. The real rate of interest is approximated by taking the nominal interest rate and subtracting inflation. The real interest rate is the growth rate of purchasing power derived from an investment.Intermediate targets 中间目标An intermediate target is a variable (such as the money supply) that is not directly under the control of the central bank, but that does respond fairly quickly to policy actions, is observable frequently and bears a predictable relationship to the ultimate goals of policy.Open Market Operations 公开市场业务The buying and selling of government securities in the open market in order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. Purchases inject money into the banking system and stimulate growth while sales of securities do the opposite. Notes: Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy. (The discount rate and reserve requirements are also used.) The U.S. Federal Reserve's goal in using this technique is to adjust the federal funds rate--the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other.Discount Rate 贴现率The interest rate that an eligible depository institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank. This type of borrowing from the Fed is fairly limited. Institutions will often seek other means of meeting short-term liquidity needs. The Federal funds discount rate is one of two interest rates the Fed sets, the other being the overnight lending rate, or the Fed funds rate.Lender of Last Resort 最后的贷款者/偿付者An institution, usually a country's central bank, that offers loans to banks or other eligible institutions that are experiencing financial difficulty or are considered highly risky or near collapse. In the U.S. the Federal Reserve acts as the lender of last resort to institutions that do not have any other means of borrowing and whose failure to obtain credit would dramatically affect the economy.Notes: The lender of last resort functions both to protect individuals who have deposited funds, and to prevent panic withdrawing from banks who have temporary limited liquidity. Commercial banks usually try not to borrow from the lender of last resort because such action indicates that the bank is experiencing financial crisis. Critics of the lender-of-last-resort methodology suspect that the safety it provides inadvertently tempts qualifying institutions to acquire more risk than necessary - since they are more likely to perceive the potential consequences of risky actions to be less severe.Reserve Requirements 法定准备金Requirements regarding the amount of funds that banks must hold in reserve against deposits made by their customers. This money must be in the bank's vaults or at the closest Federal Reserve Bank.Notes: Set by the Fed's Board of Governors, reserve requirements are one of the three main tools of monetary policy. The other two tools are open market operations and the discount rate. Also known as required reserves.第四章Supply-side economics 供给经济学A theory of economics that reductions in tax rates will stimulate investment and in turn will benefit the entire society.Laffer Curve 拉弗尔曲线Invented by Arthur Laffer, this curve shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue collected by governments. The chart below shows the Laffer Curve:The curve suggests that, as taxes increase from low levels, tax revenue collected by the government also increases. It also shows that tax rates increasing after a certain point (T*) would cause people not to work as hard or not at all, thereby reducing tax revenue. Eventually, if tax rates reached 100% (the far right of the curve), then all people would choose not to work because everything they earned would go to the government.Notes: Governments would like to be at point T*, because it is the point at which the government collects maximum amount of tax revenue while people continue to work hard.Tax revenue税收is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the peopleBudget deficit 联邦预算赤字The amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues.Unemployment benefits 失业救济are sums of money given to the unemployed by the government or a compulsory para-governmental insurance system. Depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person, those sums may be meager, covering only basic needs (thus a form of basic welfare), or may compensate the lost pay somewhat proportionally to the previous earned salary. They often are part of a larger social security scheme. Unemployment benefits are generally given only to those registering as unemployed, and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work and do not currently have a job.Capital Stock 资本存量The common and preferred stock a company is authorized to issue, according to their corporate charter.Notes: Capital stock are normally listed on a company's balance sheet. In financial statement analysis, an increasing capital stock account tends to be a sign of economic health since the company can use the additional proceeds to invest in projects or machinery that will increase corporate profits and/or efficiency.i ncomes policies 收入政策are wage and price controls used to fight inflation.第五章Mercantilism 重商主义is the economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends upon its supply of capital and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. The amount of capital, represented by bullion（金条）, is best increased through a favourable balance of trade. Mercantilism suggests that the government should advance these goals by playing an active, protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs. The economic policy that flourished in the early modern period is often referred to as the mercantile system.Trade deficit or surplus 贸易逆差或顺差The difference in the value of a nation's imports over exports (deficit) or exports over imports (surplus).Trade Surplus 贸易顺差/ export surplus出口顺差A nation's excess of exports over imports during a given time frame.Zero-Sum Game。
经济学基础术语中英对照.doc
经济学基础术语中英对照经济学词汇Aaccounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital :资本capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :张伯伦模型change in demand :需求变化change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct approach :直接法direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型EEconomic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率，效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :内生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry barriers :进入壁垒entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性FFactor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms’demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed input :固定投入fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品，免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车，免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值Ggame theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说Iidentity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income effect :收入效应income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性内部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线，isoprofit curve :等利润曲线isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族Kkinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线Llabour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数，land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution :边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品Mmacroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost :边际成本marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清，市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly regulation :垄断调控monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non--zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规范经济学Oobjective function :目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market :寡头市场oligopoly model :寡头模型opportunity cost :机会成本optimal choice :最佳选择optimal consumption bundle :消费束perfect elasticity :完全有弹性optimal resource allocation :最佳资源配置optimal scale :最佳规模optimal solution :最优解optimization :优化ordering of optimization(social) preference :(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility :序数效用ordinary goods :一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity :产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter :参数Pareto criterion :帕累托标准Pareto efficiency :帕累托效率Pareto improvement :帕累托改进Pareto optimality :帕累托优化Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative :偏导数partial equilibrium :局部均衡patent :专利pay off matrix :收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve :感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition :完全竞争perfect complement :完全互补品perfect monopoly :完全垄断perfect price discrimination :完全价格歧视perfect substitution :完全替代品perfect inelasticity :完全无弹性perfectly elastic :完全有弹性perfectly inelastic :完全无弹性plant size :工厂规模point elasticity :点弹性post Hoc Fallacy :后此谬误prediction :预测preference :偏好preference relation :偏好关系present value :现值price :价格price adjustment model :价格调整模型price ceiling :最高限价price consumption curve :价格费曲线price control :价格管制price difference :价格差别price discrimination :价格歧视price elasticity of demand :需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply :供给价格弹性price floor :最低限价price maker :价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker :价格搜求者price taker :价格接受者price tax :从价税private benefit :私人收益principal—agent issues :委托--代理问题private cost :私人成本private goods :私人用品private property :私人财产producer equilibrium :生产者均衡producer theory :生产者理论product :产品product transformation curve :产品转换曲线product differentiation :产品差异product group :产品集团production :生产production contract curve :生产契约曲线production efficiency :生产效率production function :生产函数production possibility curve :生产可能性曲线productivity :生产率productivity of capital :资本生产率productivity of labor :劳动生产率profit :利润profit function :利润函数profit maximization :利润极大化property rights :产权property rights economics :产权经济学proposition :定理proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线public benefits :公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods :公共商品pure competition :纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure exchange :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model :数量调整模型quantity tax :从量税quasi—rent :准租金Rrate of product transformation :产品转换率rationality :理性reaction function :反应函数regulation :调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent :租金rent control :规模报酬rent seeking :寻租rent seeking economics :寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocation :资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale :规模报酬revealed preference :显示性偏好revenue :收益revenue curve :收益曲线revenue function :收益函数revenue maximization :收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险satiation :饱和，满足saving :储蓄scarcity :稀缺性law of scarcity :稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination :二级价格歧视second derivative :--阶导数second—order condition :二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices :影子价格short—run :短期short—run cost curve :短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium :短期均衡short—run supply curve :短期供给曲线shut down decision :关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point :关闭点single price monopoly :单一定价垄断slope :斜率social benefit :社会收益social cost :社会成本social indifference curve :社会无差异曲线social preference :社会偏好social security :社会保障social welfare function :社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium :稳定的均衡Stackelberg model :斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis :静态分析stock :存量stock market :股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitutes :替代品substitution effect :替代效应substitution parameter :替代参数sufficient condition :充分条件supply :供给supply curve :供给曲线supply function :供给函数supply schedule :供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry :对称性symmetry of information :信息对称tangency :相切taste :兴致technical efficiency :技术效率technological constraints ；技术约束technological progress :技术进步technology :技术third—degree price discrimination :第三级价格歧视total cost :总成本total effect :总效应total expenditure :总支出total fixed cost :总固定成本total product :总产量total revenue :总收益total utility :总效用total variable cost :总可变成本traditional economy :传统经济transitivity :传递性transaction cost :交易费用uncertainty :不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性unstable equilibrium :不稳定均衡utility :效用utility function :效用函数utility index :效用指数utility maximization :效用极大化utility possibility curve :效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier :效用可能性前沿Vvalue :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product :边际产量价值variable cost :可变成本variable input :可变投入variables :变量vector :向量visible hand :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学Wwage :工资wage rate :工资率Walras general equilibrium :瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law :瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterion :福利标准Welfare economics :福利经学Welfare loss triangle :福利损失三角形welfare maximization :福利极大化Zzero cost :零成本zero elasticity :零弹性zero homogeneity :零阶齐次性zero economic profit :零利润。
高鸿业版《西方经济学》名词中英对照
Absolute advantage 绝对优势Absolute income hypothesis of consumption 绝对收入消费理论Acceleration principle 加速原理Action lag 政策时滞Active deposit 活期存款Adaptive expectation 适应性预期Adverse selection 逆向选择Aggregate analysis 总量分析Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate demand curve 总需求曲线Aggregate supply 总供给Aggregate supply curve 总供给曲线Allocation of resources 资源配置Antitrust law 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity 弧弹性Asset 资产Asymmetric information 信息不对称性Auctioneer 拍卖人Automatic stabilizer 自动稳定器Autonomous planned investment 自主投资Average cost 平均成本Average fixed cost 平均固定成本Average product 平均产量Average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向Average propensity to saving 平均储蓄倾向Average revenue 平均收益Average total cost 平均总成本Average variable cost 平均可变成本Balance of international payment 国际收支平衡Balanced of budget 平衡预算Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数Balanced-output 均衡产出Bank reserves 银行准备金Barter 物物交换Base year 基年Black market 黑市Bonds 债券Breakeven point 收支相抵点Budget deficit 预算赤字Budget surplus 预算盈余Budget line 预算线Built-in stabilizers 内在稳定器Business cycle 经济周期Business fluctuation 经济波动Capital 资本Capital deeping 资本深化Capital market 资本市场Capital widening 资本广化Capital-output ration 资本产出比Cardinal utility theory 基数效用论Cartel 卡特尔Central bank 中央银行Checking account 支票账户Classical economics 古典经济学Clearing market 市场出清Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobweb model 蛛网模型Collusion 串谋Commercial bank 商业银行Common resource 公共资源Common stock 普通股票Comparative cost theory 比较成本说Comparative static analysis 比较静态分析Compensated budget line 补偿预算线Competition 竞争Competitive market 竞争性市场Complement goods 互补品Complete information 完全信息Condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件Condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件Constant cost industry 成本不变行业Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变Consumer price index 消费价格指数Consumer sovereignty 消费者统治Consumer surplus 消费者剩余Consumer preference 消费者偏好Consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡Consumption demand 消费需求Consumption function 消费函数Contract curve 契约曲线Corporate income tax 公司所得税Corporation 公司Cost function 成本函数Cost-benefit analysis 成本收益分析Cost-push inflation 成本推动的通货膨胀Cournot model 古诺模型Credit 信贷Cross price elasticity of demand 需求的交叉价格弹性Crowding out 挤出效应Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业Decreasing cost industry 成本递减行业Decreasing returns to scale 规模收益递减Deflation 通货收缩Demand 需求Demand curve 需求曲线Demand for money 货币需求Demand function 需求函数Demand price 需求价格Demand schedule 需求表Demand-pull inflation需求拉动的通货膨胀Depreciation 折旧Depression 萧条Derived demand 引致需求Devaluation 贬值Differentiated oligopoly industry 差别寡头行业Diminishing returns 边际报酬递减Discount rate 贴现率Discounting 贴现Discretionary 相机抉择Discretionary fiscal policy 斟酌使用的财政政策Disequilibrium 非均衡Disinvestment 负投资Disposable personal income 可支配收入Distribution 分配Distribution theory of marginal production 边际生产率分配论需求向下倾斜规律Durable goods 双头垄断Dynamic analysis 动态分析Dynamic models 动态模型Easy money policy 扩张性货币政策Economic development 经济发展Economic efficiency 经济效率Economic growth 经济增长Economic man 经济人Economic model 经济模型Economic profit 经济利润Economic rent 经济租金Economic stabilization 经济稳定政策Economics of information 信息经济学Economies of scale规模经济Edgeworth box 埃奇沃斯盒Effective demand 有效需求Effects of fiscal policy 财政政策效果Effects of monetary policy 货币政策效果Efficiency 效率Elastic demand 有弹性的需求Elasticity 弹性Elasticity if demand 弹性需求Endogenous growth 内生增长Endogenous variable 内生变量Engel’s curve 恩格尔曲线Engel’s law 恩格尔定律Entrepreneur 企业家Entrepreneurship 企业家才能Envelope curve 包络曲线Equation of cost 成本方程Equation of exchange 交易方程Equilibrium 均衡Equilibrium growth 均衡增长Equilibrium of capital market 资本市场的均衡Equilibrium output 均衡产出Equilibrium price 均衡价格Equilibrium quantity 均衡数量Euler theorem 欧拉定理Excess reserve 超额准备金Excess reserves ratio 超额准备金率Exchange 交换Exchange contract curve 交换的契约曲线Exchange rate 汇率Exclusion principle 排他性原则Existence of general equilibrium 一般均衡的存在性Exogenous variable 外生变量Expansion path 扩展线Expectation 预期Expected utility 期望效用Expenditure method 支出法Explicit cost 显性成本Export 出口External diseconomies 外部不经济External economies 外部经济External effects or externalities 外部影响（外在性）Factor demand 要素需求Factor demand curve 要素需求曲线Factor demand curve of firm 厂商对要素的需求曲线Factor demand curve of market 市场对要素的需求曲线Factor market 要素市场Factor supply 要素供给Factors of production 生产要素Federal reserve system 联邦储蓄体系Final goods 最终产品Financial derivatives 金融衍生品Financial market 金融市场Firm 厂商Fiscal budget 财政预算Fiscal policy 财政政策Fiscal restrain 财政紧缩Fixed cost 固定成本Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率Fixed input 不变投入Flexible exchange rate 浮动汇率Flow 流量Foreign exchange外汇Foreign trade 对外贸易Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数Free rider 搭便车者Free trade 自由贸易Frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业Full employment 充分就业Full employment budget surplus 充分就业预算盈余Functional finance 功能财政Future 期货Galloping inflation 奔腾的通货膨胀Game theory 博弈论GDP deflator 国内生产总值平减指数General equilibrium 一般均衡General equilibrium position 一般均衡状态Giffen goods 吉芬商品Gini coefficient 基尼系数Golden rules of economic growth 经济增长的黄金率水平Government expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数Government purchase 政府购买Government regulation 政府管制Gross domestic product 国内生产总值Gross investment 总投资Gross national product 国民生产总值High-powered money 高能货币Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀h-o model h-o模型ideal output 理想的产量identity between saving and investment 储蓄-投资恒等式imperfect competition 不完全竞争implicit cost 隐性成本imports 进口impossibility theorem 不可能定理income 收入income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性income method 收入法income theory 收入理论income velocity of money 货币的收入流通速度increasing cost industry 成本递增行业increasing returns to scale 规模收益递增index number 指数indifference curve 无差异曲线indirect taxes 间接税individual analysis 个量分析induced investment 引致投资industry 行业inefficiency of monopoly 垄断的低效率inelasticity 缺乏弹性inferior good 抵档品inferior goods 劣等品inflation 通货膨胀innovation 创新input 投入input-output 投入-产出input-output analysis 投产出分析inside lag 内在时滞instrument of fiscal control 财政政策工具instrument of monetary control 货币政策工具monetary policy tool 货币政策工具insurance 保险interest 利息interest rate 利率interest rate elasticity elasticity 利率弹性intermediate cycle 中周期intermediate goods 中间产品international division of labor 国际分工inventory investment 存活投资investment 投资investment demand 投资需求investment function 投资函数investment multiplier 投资乘数investment taxes credit 投资税抵免invisible hand theorem 看不见手定理involuntary unemployment 非资源失业is curve is曲线is-lm analysis is-lm分析isocost line 等成本线isoquant line 等产量线Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学Keynesian revolution 凯恩斯革命Keynesian trop凯恩斯陷阱Keynesianism 凯恩斯主义Keynes’s law 凯恩斯定律Kinded demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Laspeyre’s formula 拉斯拜尔公式Labor 劳动Labor theory of value 劳动价值论Laissez faire 自由放任Land 土地Land price 土地价格Law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律Least-cost production 最低成本生产Liabilities 负债Life cycle hypothesis 生命周期假说Life cycle hypothesis of consumption 消费的生命周期假说Liquidity preference 流动性偏好Liquidity trap 流动性偏好陷阱Lm curve lm曲线Long cycle 长周期Long run 长期Long run consumption decision 长期消费决策Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线Lottery ticket 彩票Low inflation 温和的通货膨胀Luxury 奢侈品Macroeconomics 宏观经济学Marginal cost 边际成本Marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率Marginal efficiency of investment投资的边际效率Marginal product 边际产量Marginal productivity 边际生产率Marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向Marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向Marginal rate of substitution of commodities 边际商品替代率Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率Marginal revenue 边际收益Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品Marginal tax rate 边际税率Marginal utility 边际效用Market 市场Market failure 市场失灵Market structure 市场结构Menu cost菜单成本Mercantilism 重商主义Microeconomics 微观经济学Misery index 痛苦指数Mixed economy 混合经济Model 模型Monetarism 货币主义Monetary base 基础货币Monetary illusion 货币幻觉Monetary policy 货币政策Monetary-fiscal policy mix 政策的混合使用Money 货币Money markets 货币市场Money multiplier 货币乘数Money supply 货币供给Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争Monopoly 垄断Monopoly 卖方垄断Monopsony 买方垄断Moral hazard 道德风险Moral suasion 道义上的劝告Mortgage credit 抵押贷款Multiplier 乘数Multiplier effect 乘数效应Multiplier theory 乘数利率Multiplier-acceleration interaction 乘数加速数相互作用Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡National income 国民收入Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率Natural supply 自然供给Necessity 必需品Net domestic product 国内净生产值Net exports 进出口Net investment 净投资New-classic school 新古典学派New-classical growth model 新古典增长模型Nominal GDP 名义GDPNormal goods 正常物品Normal profit 正常利润Normative economics 规范经济学Okun’S law 奥肯定律Oligopoly 寡头垄断Oligopoly market 寡头市场Open market operation 公开市场操作Opportunity cost 机会成本Optimality of general equilibrium 一般均衡最优性Optimum plant size 最优生产规模Option 期权Ordinal utility theory 序数效应论Outside lag 外在时滞Paassche’s formula 帕煦公式Parameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托最优Partial equilibrium 局部均衡Payment or expenditure 支出Perfect competition market 完全竞争市场Perfect elasticity 完全弹性Perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性Permanent income hypothesis 永久收入假说Permanent income hypothesis of income 永久收入消费假说Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入Personal income 个人收入Personal income tax 个人所得税Philips curve 菲利普斯曲线Point elasticity 点弹性Positive economics 实证经济学Potential GDP 潜在GDPPrecautionary demand 预防需求Preference 偏好Present value 现值Price discrimination 价格歧视Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性Price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性Price expansion path 价格扩展线Price index 价格指数Price rigidity 价格刚性Price stabilization 价格稳定Price theory 价格理论Price-consumption curve 价格消费曲线Principal-agent 委托-代理Prisoner’s dilemma 囚徒困境Private cost 私人成本Private goods 私人物品Producer 生产者Producer surplus 生产者剩余Product differentiation 生产差别Product function 生产函数Product markets 产品市场Production market 产品契约曲线Production group 生产集团Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线Productivity 生产率Profit 利润Progressive tax 累进税Proportional tax 比例税Prosperity 繁荣Public choice 公共选择Public debt 公债Public goods 公共物品Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Pure oligopoly industry 纯粹寡头行业Quantity equation of exchange 货币数量交易方程Quantity theory of money 货币数量论Quasi-rent 准租金Quotas 配额Rate of rediscount policy 再贴现率政策Rational expectation 理性预期Rational man 理性人Real business cycle 实际经济周期Real GDP 实际GDPReal interest rate 实际利率Real wages 实际工资Recession衰退Regressive tax 累退税Relative income hypothesis 相对收入假说Relative income hypothesis of consumption 相对收入消费理论Rent 租金Rent-seeking 寻租Replacement investment 重置投资Reputation 信誉Required reserves or legal reserve 法定准备金Reserve 准备金Reserve rate 准备率Revenue 收益Rigid price 刚性价格Risk 风险Risk averter 风险回避者Risk lover 风险爱好者Risk neutral 风险中立者Saving 储蓄Say’S law 萨伊定律Scarcity 稀缺Second best 次优Security market 证券市场Service 劳务Short cycle 短周期Short run 短期Single rule 单一规则Social cost 社会成本Social walfare function 社会福利函数Speculative demand 投机需求Supply-side economics 供给学派Stability of general equilibrium 一般均衡的稳定性Stagflation 滞胀Staggered contracts 交错合同Static analysis 静态分析Static model 静态模型Sticky price 黏性价格Sticky wages 黏性工资Stock 股票Structural inflation 结构性通货膨胀Structural unemployment 结构性失业Subprime lending crisis 次贷危机Subsidy 津贴Substitutes 替代品Substitution effect 替代效应Supply 供给Supply curve 供给曲线Supply curve of capital 资本供给曲线Supply curve of factor 要素供给曲线Supply curve of labor 劳动供给曲线Supply curve of land 土地供给曲线Supply economics 供给经济学Supply function 供给函数Supply schedule 供给表System of material product balances 物质产品平衡体系System of national accounts 国民经济核算体系Tariff 关税Tatonnement process 试探过程Tax multiplier 税收乘数Taylor rule 泰勒规则Technological advance 技术进步The financial crisis 金融危机The precautionary motive 预防性动机The rate of unemployment 失业率The speculative motive 投机动机The transactional motive 交易动机Theory of economics of scale 规模经济理论Tight-money policy 紧缩性货币政策Time deposit 定期存款Time inconsistency 时间不一致性Tobin’s q theory 托宾的q 说Total cost 总成本理论Total fixed cost 总固定成本Total product 总成本Total revenue 总收益Total utility 总效用Total variable cost 总变动成本Transaction demand 交易需求Transactions cost 交易成本Transfer payment 转移支付Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数Treasury bills 国库券Uncertainty 不确定性Undiftributed profit 未分配理论Unemployment 失业Unintended investment 非意愿投资Uniqueness of general equilibrium 一般均衡的唯一性Unitary elasticity 单一弹性Utility 效用Utility function 效用函数Utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线Value of marginal product 边际产品价值Value-added tax 增值税Variable cost 可变成本Variable input 可变投入Velocity of money 货币流通速度Voluntary of unemployment 自愿失业Vulgar economics 庸俗经济学Wage 工资Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯一般均衡Wealth 财富Welfare 福利Welfare economics 福利经济学Wholesale price index 批发价格指数。
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词汇表(备查)
微观经济学词汇
宏观经济学词汇
微观经济学(Microeconomic)
需求（D）Demand
供给（S）Supply
价格（P）Price
产量（Q）Quantity
均衡（E）Equilibrium
弹性（E）Elastic ity
平均A verage
边际Marginal
成本Cost
收益Revenue
总Total
效用Utility
边际效用（MU）
长期平均成本(LAC)
短期平均成本(SAC)
总成本（TC）
固定成本(FC) Fixed cost)
平均固定成本（AFC）
可变成本（VC）V ariable cost）
平均可变成本（A VC）
平均成本（AC）
边际成本（MC）
平均收益（AR）
边际收益（MR）
边际产品（MR）Marginal Revenue
劳动（L）Labor force
收入（I）Income
宏观经济学(Macroeconomics) 国民生产总值Gross National Product
国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product
总需求（AD）Aggregate demand
总供给（AS）Aggregate supply
消费（C）Consumption
投资（I）Investment
政府支出（G）Government expenditure
出口Exports
净出口（Nx）Net Export
货币Money
边际消费倾向（MPC）Marginal propensity of consume 边际储蓄倾向（MPS）Marginal propensity of save
边际进口倾向(MPm) Marginal propensity to import
汇率Exchange rate
预期Expectation。