评价方法习题综述

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评价方法综述

是系统工程中有限方案多目标决策分析的一种常用方法，可用于效益评价、卫生决策和卫生事业
管理等多个领域。本法对样本资料无特殊要求，
使用灵活简便，故应用日趋广泛。
七、秩和比法
秩和比（Rank Sum Ratio，RSR）指行（或列）秩
次的平均值，是一个非参数统计量，具有0~1连续变
量的特征。在综合评价中，秩和比综合了多项评价指标的信息，表明多个评价指标的综合水平， RSR值
越大越优。
秩和比法指利用RSR进行统计分析的一组方法。其基本思想是：在一个行列矩阵中，通过秩转换，获得无量纲统计量；在此基础上，运用参数统计分析的概念与方法。
八、数据包络分析（DEA）
该方法以相对效率概念为基础，根据多指标投入和多指标
评价方法综述
对某事件进行多因素综合评价的过程，实质上就是科学研究与决策的过程，原则上应包括设计、收集资料和分析资料几个基本阶段，实施中应着重注意以下几个基本环节。
①选择恰当的评价指标(evaluation indicator)
②确定各评价指标权重
研究步骤
③合理确定各单个指标的评价等级(evaluation grade)及其界限
综合评价矩阵：构造隶属函数
隶属函数：偏大型、偏小型、中间型
评价模型的选择：根据因素及评语个数综合决定主因素决定型、主因素突出型、
取小上界和型、加权平均型等
权重：主观性较强自己定义计算方法根据经验直接赋值利用层次分析法等
应用：等级的评判、方案的选择或排序等级的评判：最大隶属度原则方案的选择或排序：不同等级赋分值，结合评价结果的隶属度向量归一化后算加权平均分注意：评语集可以是等级或表示等级的形容词也可以是方案另：如果知道评判结果及综合评判矩阵，反过来也可以利用该法计算权重

研究生综合英语下学期习题文档综述

Unit6P1721The press has been asked to respect the ___of the Royal Family during this very difficult time.A individualismB privacyC isolationD insulation2 The pharmaceutical company attracted a___ amount of funding for research into a cure for cancer.A considerateB conservativeC countlessD considerable3 A conference might help create new marketing ideas or provide a(n)___for discussion of problems.A arenaB playgroundC stadiumD stage4 His book is the cultural___ of the year.A incidentB accidentC eventD affair5 The mountaintop provides a spectacular view of Innsbruck and tis____.A environmentsB surroundingsC circumstancesD vicinities6 Finance during marriage___ is a very big issue particularly with regards to the mortgage and household bills.A separationB divisionC allocationD detachment7 E d′s already____ health deteriorated after he left the hospital.A invalidB faintC fragileD crisp8 A man driven by____ is capable of anything.A respectB embarrassmentC conceitD jealousy9 Glenn started acting____ after his wif e′s funeral.A popularB peculiarC particularD persistent10 If a vitamin is frequently absent from the a(n)___ may develop.A efficiencyB sufficiencyC deficiencyD proficiencyP1741 Corbett could scarcely understand some of the accents and______ himself with gazing around. (content)2 An annual_______ of the World Bank was held in Geneva last week. (convention03 Do you need to be_______ to play basketball well? (tall)4 She felt_____ calm in front of the crowd. (curious)5 The_______ for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was adopted in 1950 to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. (convention)6 Many of the essays are political in_______.(content)7 Broc k′s attorney has yet to_______ the will. (execute)8 A few______ neighbors came out to see what was going on. (curious)9 The state will______ him in 24 hours unless his appeal is granted. (execute)10 First impressions really do________. (count)11 We will be_____ with a respectable result in tomorrow′s match. (content)12 Italian neo-realism breaks with film_______ of the past. (convention)13 A linesman had his flag up so the kick did not______. (count)14 For the next four years they defied______ by living as man and wife when they were not. (convention)15 Finding a replacement is going to be a(n)_____ order. (tall)完型P174：(10个)contradictory worldly sophisticated glamorous crimesubject safest sheer chaotic violenceThe culture of New City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the cit y′s size and variety, and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its______ size and cultural influence, New York has been the______ of many different, and often______, portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and______ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and______ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorses e′s Taxi Driver, New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for virtually every conceivable viewpoint on big city life.In the early years of film New York City was characterized as urbane and______. By the cit y′s crisis period in the 1970s, however, filns like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection, Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and______. With the cit y′s renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex and the City showed life in the city to be______ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of______ dramas, such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city their subject, even as New York has become the______ large city in the United States in the last two decades,完型P180：(15个)More willful movie star feather images disappointed realize prodigyPacific homeland intentions impatient magazines excited / hopeful failedMany years ago my mother bought a beautiful swan in shanghai for much______ than its worth. After losing everything in China, she sailed across the______ Ocean with the swan and her dream for a new life in America. But upon her arrival, the swan was pulled away by the immigration officials and only a swan_____ was left for her . Now my mother was old. For many years she had kept the feather for me which was carried from her______ with all her good_______.My mother once believed that one could______any dream in America. She believed that her daughter, I, could be a(n)______ of certain type. At first, she wanted to train me into a child______ just like Shirley Temple. Then she had me do various tests she had read in different______ about amazing children. However, she was_______ every time by my answer.At the beginning,I was as_______ as my mother, if not more. I imagined myself as many different_______. As the time went by ,the hoping prodigy in me became more expectations. But one sad night in front of the mirror, I suddenly saw a new me-an angry, powerful and______ girl. I made up my mind to be myself for the rest of my life!P182:1 sumApple has spent huge______ in its drive to penetrate new markets.The city problem can be______ up in three words: too many people.I wrote a letter______ the main points we had discussed.2 boas tHank was____ that he could drink a case of beer by himself.Each luxury home______ an indoor pool and three-car garage.After they had drunk a lot of wine, they started to become loud and_____3 worthThe new computer system has already proved its_______We had only three day_______ of food left.Leeds United were_____ winners of the copetition.4 trickyIt would be very_____ to try to stabilize the region without the support of other countries.Pretending he doesn’t remember is an old______ of hisA _____ look crossed his face when Patsy mentioned the money.It was a piece of political_____ that enraged the opposition.5 adoreHe _____ his wife and children.They knelt in_______ of their gods.Have you seen their new baby—she simply_____The elderly actress can still pull in_____ audiences6 reproachYou’re got nothing to_____ yourself for—it was his own decision.She gave her danghter a _______ glance.He listened to his wife’s bitter_____7 blinkLucy _______ at him in astonishment.Lynn laughed, ________ to try to wosh the dust from his eyesHe kept giving quick_______ to try to wosh the dust from his eyes.8 reflectionI could see my _______ in his glassesI was dazzled by the sunlight______ off the wet road.A moment________ will show the stupidity of this argument.TV shows sometimes_______society more liberal views on sex.P2021 There is little point putting a(n) ______ door in a frame that will rot in 10 years.(destroy)2 A woman______ him for a well-known actor, and asked him for his autograph.(take)3 In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as ______, courage, discipline and love of ones country.(selfish)4.Democracy, no matter______ is sill the best method of government.(perfect)5.Max walked past her, without acknowledging her presence by the slightest_____ in his expression.(alter)6.Whether she is victim or ______ remains unknown.(trait)7.A(n)_____ amount of research was done here by our science department.(consider)8.She may be stupid, but shes not a (n)_______.(lie)9.We are a multi-national corporation with140,000______worldwide.(employ)10.As the story______ ,we learn more about Maxs childhood.(fold)11.The new theory is a(n)_______ of Corbins theory of personality development.(refine)12.Andrew Carnegie was a true______, giving away millions to charity.(philanthropy)13.The _______ was sent to prison for 10years.(crime)14.Lisa is deaf in one ear and ______ blind.(part)15.His modesty is ________.(proverb)P210held scrunched watched reduced importunitiesstuck ordered wretchedness racked vanityordered recall frequented motionless examinedDue to a dock strike, I was ______ in Vera Cruz on my way from Mexico City to Yucatan. To kill time, I sat down in the coolness of the plaza and______ a drink.A red-haired beggar attracted my attention. He was skinny. His ragged clothes barely______ together. He stood at the tables, one after another, silent and immobile, with______ in his eyes. When he came to me, I shook my head.In the eveing , I was again that beggar standing _______ before one table after another. It occurred to me that I had come across him before. But I couldn’t tell when and where.The second day at Vera Cruz wore on. I ______ for the beggar and _____ him very carefully. I _______ my brains,trying to remember when I might have met him, but could______ none of the circumstances.A policeman who tried to protect the public from the _______ of the beggars gave him a whack. And suddenly I remembered everything except his______.Twemty years ago, I was in Rome and often went to a restaurant_______ by some American and British art students and writers. He was only a boy among them then, good-looking but with enormous ______ and with an ambition to be a writer. Being arrogant, he was not popular among us. I could never imagine that he had been______ to this frightful misery. I found him and went up to him.“Do you remember Rome?” I said.He didn’t move, nor spoke a word; it was as if I were not standing before him. I pressed a note in his hand. But he _____ it up and flicked it into the air.P2111.PutThe ship_____ in at Bombay and remains there for a day._____ your name at the top of each answer sheet.It is hard to_____ into words how I feel now.2.rentI pay the ______ at the beginning of every month.Did you know you can_____ a fax machine from the telephone company?3.frequentThe bar was _____ by actors from the nearby theater.As a ______business traveler, I have spent many nights in hotel rooms4.grindHe dropped a cigar butt and _____it into the carpet with his heel.These huge stones were once used for_____ wheat into flour.5.tipA serv i ce charge is included on the bill, so_____ isn’t necessary.Doctor Gordon frlt my neck with the_____ of his fingers.Here s a good_____ :If you spill red wine on your carpet, pour salt on it to prevent staining.6.censureIn particular, they have been______ for failing sufficiently to take into account the needs of local people. Costs will have to be kept down if severe if public_____ is to be avoided.7.gleamA Rolls Rovce was parked outside, ______in the sunshine.A few faint______ of sunshine lit up the gloomy afternoon.8.waneHer interest in the project is on the_____His popularity in the state began to _____ almost immediately after the election.9.dismayThe thought of having to earn her own living ______ her.Arriving late for school, we found to our______ that the headmaster was waiting for us at the gate.10.throwNever trust those who_____ over their friends when they are in danger and difficulty.That was a very long______ -at least 80 yards.11.wearSusanna was ______ a black silk dress.Check the equipment for______ and tear.As the evening______ on, she became more and more nervous.12.protestA small group of demonstrators staged a peaceful______ outside the UN Headquarters.Thousands of people blocked the street,______ against the new legislation.P2291.She was a woman of uninspiring appearance and a dreadful bore_____(to boot)2. Society does not exist in a _____, it is influenced by Government policies, the environment and culture. (vacuum)3 Your efforts will be_____ and you will find that you no longer have to bother about the boring details of everyday life(reward)4The _____ police had offered for any information leading to his arrest is twenty times the average national wage(reward)5We ended the year with a _____ profit of 9.7 million, which represents earings of just 5%(net)6Elderly people were still slowly______ the hotel steps when the parade started(negotiate)7The_____ are that he will commit the same crime again(the odds)8The little company battled its way to success, despite the enormous_____(the odds)9______ accidents have decreased in frequency in recent years(fatal)10The government opened______ with the IMF for another loan(negotiate)P2301. black and white in black and whitePart of the problem is that we only see the issue as_____Once its down________, you cant forget it.I still get a thrill seeing re-tuns of old_____ movies on Saturday afternoon televison.2. on the scene behind the scenes set the sceneThe accident victim died before the ambulance arrived______Foster ______ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect.Women make their contribution in the word either in high-profile or______3.make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no differenceHe told me he should have been more careful, but that it would_______The lighting will______ to how wel people can the picture.Will exercise_____________to my chances of getting far?A few kind words at the right time__________4work on work out work againstIf you ______ it steadily you should win thrugh in the endCriticizing the security procedures usually _____ making them sffsctive.Why don’t you leave him here till you see how things________5spread out spread through spread toBuddhism _______ China from India.Felix watched his men________ to cover the whole area.A mass movement against forced labor_______ the state.P2391Migrant workers are to be______ near the place where they work(accommodate)2He treated us as______ individuals who had to learn to make up our own minds about important issues.(autonomous)3Parking near the school causes severe traffic_______(congestion)4People and corporations are______ entities under the law(equivalent)5We should go a step further to_______ scientific and technological advances with economic development(integrate)6The choice of research design________ to the substantive results.(make a difference)7The_______area of Boston is a major center for technology manufacturing, publishing, banking,, and finance.(metropolitan)8Words listed in this book______ frequently.(occurrence)9Last night Mr.brown was______ the final details of his 4 billion giveaway.(work on)10A(n)______ employee is one who is employed for an unlimited length of time(permanent)P2401The man signaled for me to______ the children together.(gather)2They started out by looking at the computer screens which_____ the images.(display)3Why bother baking a potato when a packet of_____ is at hand?(crisp)4If you_____ information or evidence, you collect it, especially over a period of time and after a lot of hard work (gather)5The gates are_____ by a computerized system(control)6He was_____ and well groomed but not very clever.(smart)7An audio-visual_____ gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship.(display)8The autumn sky is clear and the air is_____(crisp)9______ bombs and weapons are guided by computers and lasers so that they hit their targets accurately.(smart)10The work______ arrived to repair the broken fence.(party)P241Management include congestion collection courseprivate system rapidly until applicationIntelligent Transport Systems(ITS) is the name to the______ of computer and communication technologies to transport problems. In a(n) ______ changing society the emphasis on road technology imporovements to assist in road_____ has been identified. The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the_______ of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s. The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the_____ of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s. The European Union picked up the theme, and referred to it as Road Transport Informatice. In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes______ the USA gave it the name ITS. Intelligent Transport systems_______ wider application of technology to transit systems as well as ______ cars and highways. Benefits given by ITS to any transportation______ that introduce it are:improved safety, improved traffic efficiency, reduced______ ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. P2601City officials have slowed the development by stalling building permits for the area.A delayingB installingC threatening Dissuing2Sales of the new drug have been stopped, pending further research.A asking forB looking forC seeking forD waiting for3We had a difficult time during the financial crisis, but eventually things turned out all right.A were acceptableB becameC pulled outD carried on4The young emperpor had at his disposal a very powerful light jinfantry army with experiencedA with his willB under his controlC within his powerD to his surprise5He has been down on his luck lately, his company went bankrupt and his girlfriend broke up with himA waiting for his fortuneB gambling on his fortuneC suffering from bad luckD dragged down by luck6 Predictions of a disastrous slump in industry were proved unfounded by strong demand and continually increasing sales.A declineB ruinC damageD dump7In the first five years of reform, the country s GDP soared by almost 40%A sufferedB increasedC sacrificedD inclined8He skimped for years to pay back the money that he borrowed for his college educationA did withoutB skinnedC laboredD saved9When I was on the dole, I got 505per week from the government and spent 2.5 on rentA drugB dopeC welfareD pension10Mr. Wilson wanted new recipients to be eligible for aid for only one year, but some Democrats wanted two years.A able to get helpB able to offer helpC unmarried in order to get aidD bachelors in order to helpP2611 Thousands of spectators_______ into the stadium to see the game.(cram)2 Tell the students to blow up the______ and then tape the straw to it.(balloon)3Most river tourists travel in big noisy rigs, which______ through all but the biggest rapids without difficulty(crash)4 Jill______ her clothes into the bag(cram)5He lost control of his car at the first bend and ______(crash)6We _____ in as much sightseeing as possible during our stay in New York.(cram)7The company s debt has______in the past year.(balloon)8You can_____ at our place if you cant get a ride home(crash)9We ll have to get our of this situation before the _____ goes up(balloon)10As house sales have______, so has spending in department-store on items like furniture, carpets and electrical appliances(slump)11It is believed that the proceeds from the sale will go into a _____ fund for the children(trust)12The hardest thing is finding a car dealer you can______!(trust)13I was fortunate enough to have very_____ parents(liberal)14The post-war______ sent unemployment figures soaring to twice the expected level.(slump)15That decision did not win her much support from____ and moderates.(liberal)16When he is 25,the trustees will give him full control of his____ fund(trust)P267Aligned interest unfortunately expected variousPushed up flattening use appreciation residentialAo as to demand economics lower appreciationHousing prices have been_______ to unprecedented levels. It is a common idea that a significant part of the_______ for housing is based on an expectation of future________. The more prices go up, the more people want to buy_______ reap the gains from_____ future price appreciation. The pushes prices up even more. Can anything be done?Some municipalities provide_______ types of assistance to new homeowners._______ this increases demand even more. Increasing taxes does not solve the cost of the housing problem either.Basic______ that either a reduction in demand or an increase in the supply of housing will____ housing prices, so a rise in ______ rates should moderate________ and it appears that housing prices are_______ out in some areas. As to increasing supply, land_____ restrictions are tight in many desirable______ areas , and political forces are______ against relaxing these restrictions due to limited land resources and traffic problems.So what id the answer to high prices of home?P2681ownThe yacht was intended for the king s______ useYou wont know the cost of______ a car until you have______ oneHe studied these subjects on his_____2dynamicShe s ______ and determined.Markets are ______ and for ever changing.Group____ is the study of group behavior, especially the interactions that occur among persons in small groups involved with business or social activities3fixEllis was able to quickly find and______ the problemHe s going to ______ a time when I can see himMany of those changes could just be a temporary______4feedSeveral children were _____bread to the ducks.Figures are_____ into the computer, which then predicts the likely profitThe grain just rotted and all they could use it tor was animal_____5appreciationIt helps children to develop an ______ of poetry and literatureI m very______ of all the support you ve given meThere has been little _____in the value of property recently6remainThe refugees were allowed to ______in the UKI rescued the_____ of my slipper from the dogThe three parties will meet next month to work out ______ differences7endIt is hoped that the talks will bring an _____to the violenceIt has three pairs of legs, each_____ in a large claw.Being out of work and having two young children, they found it impossible to make____ meet8stockShe owned 3000 worth of_____ and shares.The blue shirts are out of _______The same questions seem to be asked every time, and he gives his_____ answers9billThey sent us a ______ for the work they had doneThe senator introduced a _____ that would increase the minimum wageYou will be______ monthly for the service.10ZoneSan Francisco and Tokyo are both located in earthquake______Look at the way she s playing. She really in the ______ nowThe former dockyard has been______ for tourist useP2871The academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of a long-standing national consensus about the value of educationA agreementB controversyC confidenceD reputation2She gave a staggeringly good performance in the TV program as a police officer investigating a murderA eventuallyB crediblyC amazinglyD famously3The President expects that the research team will work together to explore the complex issues in an open and collegial manner to find a solution.A concertedB polishedC competitiveD cooperative4A monk who lives in a monastery or temple has a relaxed and peaceful life of contemplation.A complainB thinkingC contemptD discovery5Iron began to supersede bronze for tool making about 3000 years agoA blockB replaceC interveneD relegate6She was stating out over the lake, composing a poem in her mind.A illustrationB creatingC visionD courage7Not all countries appoint a poet laureate but most countries have many poetsA chairmanB nomineeC honoredD member8We cannot predict with any accuracy how current discoveries and scholarship will influence future generationsA prizeB inventionC intelligenceD learning9We also have an obligation to ensure that the scholarly work of the academy is widely disseminated.A spreadB appreciatedC recommendedD recognized10It would take nearly a book in itself to explain the scope, rigor and stress of those testsA vigorB strictnessC traditionD pursuitP2881To solve a problem you have to understand its______ causes(underlie)2Once we ve had the disease, we areusually ____for life(immunize)3I was rather quiet as I didn’t feel I had much wisdom to ____ on the subject(impaart)4A broad and balanced education is a(n)_______ for raising standards(imperative)5The fort was ______ to attack from the north(vulnerability)6Their ideas ______ quickly across Europe.(diffusion)7Economic concerns are_______ in many voters minds(foremost)8 I went to a(n)_________ lecture this morning(scholar)9The report _______ the difficult issues at the heart of scientific policy(illumination)10He is a man of ambition and ________(eloquent)P2951But brace yourself for what you ll findA prepareB hugC patD ready2We are graduating tooo few skilled workers to meet the burgeoning demand for themA vitalizedB surplusC increasingD shrinking3America has compensated for its failure to adequately educate the next generation by importing brainpower A machinery B talent C technology D equipment4The global competition for science and engineering talent is intensifyingA intensiveB deterioratingC tightD strengthening5President Bush s education-reform initiative may be exacerbating the problemA reinforcingB exaggeratingC worseningD reversing6 Enrollments of US students in science and engineering majors have stayed flat.A unchangedB increasingC broadenedD fluctuaing7Reversing this slide will require stronger federal leadership and more money A trend B decline C growth D impact8The upshot: The US now ranks below 13 other countriesA progressB outlineC resultD briefing9Science graduates simply have too many lucrative alternative to teachingA profitableB comfortableC attractiveD plain10It could ultimately squander its leadership of the world economyA consolidateB prohibitC wasteD maintainP2951sweepThey want to make _______ changes to education policiesBert______ the path in front of the house2addressThe new President delivered his inaugural _______ in CreoleOur products_______ the needs of serious users3stunRedfern _______ the crowd with a last-minute goalYou look absolutely_______ in that dress4ironicYour car was stolen at the police station! How ________________ his cold got better on the last day of his holiday5contendThree armed groups are________ for powerShe is a strong _______for the Teacher of the Year6depressThe whole experience was very_______The thought of taking the exam again_______ him7figureGovernment______ underestimate the problemFrom the way he behaved, I _______ that he was drunk8rankDuring the war Harold had risen to the _____ of majorThe tasks have been _______in order of difficulty9qualifyFree school lunches are given to children who ______If you don’t speak German, you are not_____ to comment10majorThere are two _____political parties in the USHe is_______ in Political Science。

物理教研活动综述范文(3篇)

第1篇一、活动背景随着我国教育改革的不断深入，物理学科教学面临着前所未有的挑战。

为了提高物理教学质量，促进教师专业成长，我校物理教研组于近日开展了为期一周的物理教研活动。

本次活动旨在通过研讨、交流、反思，提升教师教育教学水平，推动物理学科教学发展。

二、活动内容1. 专家讲座本次活动邀请了知名物理教育专家进行专题讲座，讲座内容涵盖了物理学科教学的新理念、新方法、新技巧。

专家结合实际案例，深入浅出地讲解了如何提高物理课堂教学效果，如何培养学生的物理思维能力和创新精神。

2. 课堂观摩活动期间，我校物理教研组开展了课堂观摩活动。

各备课组分别展示了各自的教学设计、课堂组织、教学评价等方面的特色。

观摩课结束后，老师们进行了深入的研讨，共同分析课堂亮点和不足，为今后的教学提供了有益的借鉴。

3. 教学研讨针对物理学科教学中存在的问题，教研组组织了专题研讨。

老师们结合自身教学实践，就物理概念、实验、习题等方面进行了深入探讨。

研讨过程中，大家积极发言，共同分享教学经验，为提高物理教学质量献计献策。

4. 教学反思活动期间，老师们认真撰写教学反思，总结自己在教学过程中的收获和不足。

通过反思，老师们明确了今后的努力方向，为提高自身教学水平奠定了基础。

三、活动成果1. 教学理念更新通过本次活动，老师们对物理学科教学有了更深入的认识，更新了教学理念。

大家一致认为，物理教学应注重培养学生的物理思维能力和创新精神，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高课堂教学效果。

2. 教学方法改进在活动中，老师们学习了新的教学方法，如小组合作、探究式学习等。

这些方法有助于提高学生的参与度，培养学生的自主学习能力，使物理教学更加生动有趣。

3. 教学能力提升通过课堂观摩、教学研讨等活动，老师们相互学习、取长补短，教学能力得到了显著提升。

他们在教学设计、课堂组织、教学评价等方面取得了新的突破。

4. 教学氛围浓厚本次活动激发了老师们对物理教学的热情，形成了浓厚的教研氛围。

小学生数学作业探究【文献综述】

毕业论文文献综述小学教育小学生数学作业探究一、前言在新课标推行的今天，人人学有价值的数学是我们所追求的目标。

近年来，我国中小学教育改革虽然取得了长足的进步，但在传统观念的束缚下和升学考试的压力下，数学作业中长期存在的一些问题仍然没有得到解决。

如重数量、轻质量的培养，作业批改没有得到及时的反馈，本课题将从数学作业的设计、批改两个方面来进行研究，从而为学生提供自主的舞台，让他们主动参与，主动发现、探索，在开放性的作业中发现知识问题，同时在积极的作业批改的过程让他们更有自信，使他们体验成功的喜悦，感受幸福人生，从而掌握知识。

“作业是开拓学生思维、培养和训练学生各方面能力的主战场。

没有作业的教学好比纸上谈兵，讲的带劲、听的有趣，用起来却茫然。

”新课程要求作业不再完全是课堂教学的附属。

而是重建与提升课程意义及人生意义的重要内容。

目的是使学生在知识的不断发展中，在知识与能力的不断互动中，在情感、态度、价值观的不断碰撞中成长。

作业作为帮助学生巩固和消化所学知识，并转化为技能的重要环节，其重要性不容忽视。

[1]随着社会的不断进步，小学生智力的迅速发展，必然要求在作业的设计中加入新的元素，而不是单纯靠题海战术，继而在作业批改的时候也要推陈出新，寻找一种或者几种更高效多益的策略也是刻不容缓的，既是教师对学生学习状况的及时了解，同时也对学生的学习心理状态有一定的影响，这使得本课题的研究具有一定的理论作用和实践意义。

二、国外研究进展与现状早在17世纪的欧洲，夸美纽斯在他的著作《大教学论》中就已经对课外作业的重要性和安排方法做了精辟论述，指出：“所教科目若不常有适当的反复和练习，教育便不能达到彻底之境界”。

[2]他要求教师讲完新课后让学生复述所讲内容，要求学生把所学的知识再教给别人，通过实际应用把知识巩固在记忆里。

在国外，作业问题研究是比较活跃的研究领域。

早期苏联的教学论专家们就曾对作业的方法与策略作过专门的论述。

凯洛夫曾指出“家庭作业是教学工作的有机组成部分。

小学语文课外作业研究文献综述

小学语文课外作业研究文献综述一、“作业”的概念1作业在《辞海》中，对“作业”的解释为“为完成生产、学习等方面的既定任务而进行的活动。

”这是一个很宽泛的概念，被人们在生产和生活的诸多领域使用。

在《实用教育大词典》中对作业的定义是：“为完成学习任务由学生独立从事的学习活动，包括课内作业与课外作业两种，是课堂学习的继续，常用来巩固、消化、理解或迁移课上已学过的知识，是课堂教学工作的延续，是教学工作的重要组成部分。

对巩固学习成果、培养能力、发展智力、养成良好学习习惯都有着重要意义”。

2家庭作业《实用教育大辞典》中认为，家庭作业也称课外作业，是学生根据教师的要求，在上课以外的时间独立进行的学习活动。

也有学者撰文对家庭作业进行了解释。

朱仲敏指出家庭作业“是教师设计的、由学生在家里完成的一种学习任务。

它是课堂教学的补充和延续，对于巩固课堂教学、提高学生的学业成绩起着重要的作用。

”美国学者库伯给作业下的定义是：由老师布置的、要求学生在课外时间在学校或在家里完成的、与课堂教学内容相关的学习任务。

通过以上文献对“家庭作业”的概念界定，笔者认为，家庭作业就是教育引领者（教师、家长等）根据教学要求和教育目标设计的，供学生在家里完成的学习活动。

3课外作业《教育大辞典》中把作业分为课堂作业和课外作业。

课外作业是“根据教师要求，学生在课外时间独立进行的学习活动，布置及检查课外作业是教学组织形式之一。

一般认为，它是课堂教学的延伸，有助于巩固和完善学生在课内学到的知识、技能，并培养学生的独立学习能力和学习习惯。

”在《中国教育百科全书》中对“课外作业”的定义是：课外作业是课内作业的继续，是教学工作的有机组成部分；学生作业的目的，在于巩固和消化所学的知识，并使知识转化为技能技巧。

作业的种类主要有预习和复习作业、口头作业、书面作业、实践活动作业等。

也有学者在学术论文中提出，课外作业，又称家庭作业，是指中小学教师布置给学生回家在晚上或课余时间做的功课。

员工关系管理实务-综述题练习题(员工冲突解决)

处理员工间的冲突员工是企业的重要组成部分，良好的员工关系可以使员工在心理上获得满足，提高其工作意愿和积极性，也在一定程度上保障着企业战略和目标的有效执行。

在员工相处过程中，由于每个人的技能、价值观、期望和工作风格等存在差异，冲突在所难免。

调和员工冲突，是管理者的工作职能之一，也是极其重要的一个环节。

处理不当，轻则团队松散、成员隔阂，重则员工离职、损失人才。

显然，杰克与麦克之间的冲突，就是典型的员工双方的冲突。

杰克认为麦克欺人太甚，故意把持住一些重要的信息，而他正需要这些信息来充实报告；同时他认为老板必须尽快行动。

从这一事件来看，双方的矛盾冲突已经初见端倪，这造成团队之间充满紧张与敌意，如果不加以调和，矛盾很有可能会被激化。

面对这样的情况，管理者应如何解决问题呢？作为管理者，当我们介入员工之间的矛盾时应该注意以下几个问题：一、创造良好氛围，前期设定规则企业中的人际关系受到多方面的管控，既有命令、制度等强制性的调控，也有教育、道德等说服性的调控。

管理者在进行员工管理之前，应该首先制定好相应的规章制度，建立和谐健康的企业文化，这两者皆是是企业稳定运行，员工和谐发展的前提。

鼓励员工之间加强沟通交流，团队成员之间积极配合，这也可以潜移默化地改善员工间的人际关系。

同时，在选人用人方面，管理者应擦亮眼睛，发掘每一位员工的优势，合理分配工作，营造良好的工作氛围，努力避免恶性冲突的发生。

二、理清问题所在，共享事实资料矛盾已然存在，冲突在所难免，这种情况下管理者首先要做的就是尽快了解下属间矛盾冲突产生的原因，其程度如何以及影响范围有多大。

管理者应该及时与冲突双方面谈沟通，让员工自己来告诉管理者问题出在哪里，认真倾听处在冲突中的员工的心声；作为管理者，应以尊重、有同理心和追求客观事实的态度认真倾听员工的看法。

在这个过程中，要让员工注意尊重事实的表述，要求他们讲出具体的行为细节，列出事实，矛盾双方不要用过于绝对，否定对方的语句。

中编综述练习题(答案全)

一、单项选择题1、开辟人类历史新纪元的是（）A第一次世界大战B俄国十月革命 C世界反法西斯战争的胜利 D.新中国的成立2、首先进行反法西斯战争的国家是（）A 法国B 中国C 苏联D 美国3、中国新民主主义革命必须实现的首要任务是（）A 反对帝国主义，打破外国垄断资本的控制B反对官僚资本主义、没收官僚资本C反对封建主义，进行土地制度的彻底改革D反对民族资本主义、改造民族资本4、第三条道路主张的实质是（）A走旧民主主义的道路B走新民主主义的道路C走封建主义的老路D走武装斗争的道路5、蒋介石反动政权的经济基础是（）A反动资本B民族资本C私人资本D官僚资本6、1919 年以后中国反帝反封建革命斗争的主力是（）A 农民阶级B工人阶级C小资产阶级D民族资产阶级7、1919 年以后中国反帝反封建革命斗争的领导力量是（）A小资产阶级B工人阶级C农民阶级D民族资产阶级8、官僚资本的垄断活动，首先和主要的开始于（）A金融业 B商业C工商业 D农业9、1919 ～1949 年新中国成立以前，中国社会的最主要矛盾是（）A农民阶级和地主阶级的矛盾B资产阶级和无产阶级的矛盾C中国人民同外国帝国主义的矛盾D中国人民同本国封建主义的矛盾二、多项选择题1、中国民族资本主义经济的特点是（）A民族资本主义经济在国民经济中所占比重很小B在民族工业中，工业资本所占的比重小，商业资本和金融资本所占的比重大C缺乏重工业的基础，不能构成一个完整的工业体系和国民经济体系D民族资本所经营的工业，规模狭小，经营分散，技术设备落后，劳动生产率低E民族资本主义经济和封建势力也有千丝万缕的联系2、在1921年至1949年时期，中国存在着三种主要的阶级政治力量，它们是（）A地主阶级和买办性的大资产阶级B市民阶级C民族资产阶级D外国势力E无产阶级、农民阶级和城市小资产阶级3、反法西斯战争的胜利使战后的世界政治形势，出现了新情况（）A德、意、日三个法西斯国家被彻底打败B民族解放运动蓬勃兴起C美国在战争中发了横财，成为资本主义世界的霸主D社会主义冲破一国范围在多国赢得胜利4、民族资本主义经济发展受到的障碍主要有（）A外国资本的压迫B官僚资本的排挤C封建生产关系的束缚D军阀官僚政府的压榨5、在中国共产党产生以后，中国社会存在的三种主要建国方案是（）A地主阶级与买办性的大资产阶级的方案B农民阶级的方案C民族资产阶级的方案D工人阶级和其他进步势力的方案E城市小资产阶级的方案6、在1919年至1949年新中国成立以前，压在中国人民身上的“三座大山”是（）A帝国主义B封建主义C官僚资本主义D民族资本主义E资本主义三、思考题1、中国的新民主主义革命是在什么时代条件下和国际环境中发生和发展的？这给中国革命带来了哪些影响？中国的新民主主义革命发生的时代条件和国际环境主要是，第一，资本主义国家由自由资本主义发展到帝国主义阶段，帝国主义列强疯狂争夺殖民地，引发了第一次世界大战；第二，俄国爆发了十月革命，开辟了人类历史的新纪元。

文献综述练习题

文献综述练习题一、引言文献综述是在研究论文中，对已有的高质量研究进行整理、归纳和评价的过程。

通过文献综述，我们可以了解到已有研究的理论基础、研究现状以及尚待解决的问题，为我们的研究提供参考和指导。

本文旨在通过练习题的方式，帮助读者提高文献综述的写作能力。

下面将给出三个练习题，并对每个练习题进行解答。

二、练习题一：人工智能在医学领域的应用近年来，人工智能在医学领域的应用得到了迅猛发展。

请你对人工智能在医学领域的应用进行文献综述，并结合具体案例进行分析和讨论。

解答：1. 人工智能在医学影像诊断中的应用a) 通过深度学习算法对医学影像进行分析和诊断b) 人工智能辅助下的医学影像诊断的准确性和效率的提升c) 相关案例分析：利用人工智能辅助下的医学影像诊断技术进行肺癌早期筛查的研究。

2. 人工智能在医疗决策支持系统中的应用a) 利用人工智能技术对大量病历数据进行分析和处理b) 通过数据挖掘和机器学习算法为医生提供决策参考c) 相关案例分析：人工智能在帕金森病诊断和治疗中的应用。

3. 人工智能在药物研发和个性化治疗中的应用a) 利用人工智能技术加速药物研发的过程b) 根据患者基因信息和临床数据进行个性化治疗c) 相关案例分析：人工智能在肿瘤个性化治疗中的应用。

三、练习题二：可持续发展与环境保护可持续发展与环境保护是当前全球关注的焦点。

请你对可持续发展与环境保护的相关领域进行文献综述，并从不同角度进行分析和评价。

解答：1. 可持续发展与能源领域a) 可再生能源的发展与应用b) 能源消耗与碳排放的减少c) 相关案例分析：可持续能源在农村电气化中的应用。

2. 可持续发展与城市规划a) 低碳城市规划与建设b) 城市交通与环境保护c) 相关案例分析：德国弗劳恩霍夫建筑中心的可持续城市规划。

3. 可持续发展与生态保护a) 生态系统保护与恢复b) 生物多样性保护与可持续利用c) 相关案例分析：保护与利用亚马逊雨林的可持续发展模式。

综合评价方法课件含例题分析

（骆伯胜等，2004）
交换性元素指标（mmol/kg）
Ca Mg
有效微量元素（mg/kg） Cu Zn Mn B
Mean 4.19 1.08 0.47 0.77 5.49 0.12
Min 0.12 0.03 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 Max 31.74 18.09 12.57 17.06 200.3 0.70
Wm Rm / Ri
i 1
i 1
i 1
某地区酸性土壤各指标权重的计算结果
（骆伯胜等，2004）
pH 有机质
全量养分 NPK
速效养分 NPK
Байду номын сангаас
0.01 0.09 0.15 0.07 0.01 0.11 0.02 0.09
交换性元素
有效微量元素
Ca Mg Cu Zn Mn B
0.10 0.04 0.16 0.07 0.06 0.03
3、综合评价结果受评价指标所赋权重大小的影响
提纲
单击此处编辑母版文本样式单击此处编辑母版文本样式
引言介绍一种综合评价方法综合评价应注意的若干问题小结
提纲
单击此处编辑母版文本样式单击此处编辑母版文本样式
引言介绍一种综合评价方法综合评价应注意的若干问题小结
种植区划
气候
土壤
烟叶
其他
基于生态因素的共性分区
基于生物因素的个性分区
通常采用Delphi法（专家打分法，专家征询法）
这里介绍一种基于平行相关关系的定量分析方法：（1）求指标间的相关系数，建立相关系数矩阵
r11 r12 r1m
R
r21
r22
r2m
rm1 rm2

(完整版)评价方法综述

谈论方法综述综合谈论是指对以多属性系统结构描述的对象系统作出全局性、整体性的评价，即对谈论对象的全体依照所给的条件，采用必然的方法给每个谈论对象赐予一个谈论值，再据此择优或排序。

常用的综合综合谈论方法能够分为以下几大类：〔1〕定性谈论方法，包括专家会议法、德尔菲法(Delphi 法)。

这类方法具有操作简单，能够利用专家的知识，结论易于使用的优点，但是主观比较强，多人谈论是结论难收敛，适合于不能够或难以量化的大系统，简单的小系统。

〔2〕技术经济解析方法，包括经济解析法和技术谈论法，分别经过价值分析、本钱效益解析、价值功能解析，采用NPV(Net Present value)、IRR(Internal Rate of Retum)等指标和经过可行性解析、可靠性谈论等。

该方法含义明确，可比性强，但是建立模型比较困难，只适用谈论因素少的对象。

〔3〕多属性决策方法 (Multi Attribute Decesion-makingMethod ，简称 DADM) ，这类方法经过化多为少、分层序列、直接求非劣解、重排次序法莱排序与谈论，拥有描述精确，能够办理多决策者、多指标、动向的对象的优点，但由于隶属刚性的谈论，无法涉及模糊因素的对象。

〔4〕系统工程法，包括评分法、关系矩阵法和层次解析法(Analytic Hierarchy Proeess，简称 AHP) ，前两者拥有方法简单、简单操作的优点，但只能用于静态谈论； AHP 法的可靠度比较高，误差小，但谈论对象的因素不能够太多(平时不多于9个)。

〔5〕模糊数学方法，包括模糊综合谈论、模糊积分、模糊模式鉴识等，能战胜传统数学方法中的“唯一解〞的弊端，依照不同样可能性得出多个层次的问题解，但不能够解决谈论指标间相关造成的信息重复问题，隶属函数、模糊相关矩阵等确实定方法有待进一步研究。

〔6〕物元解析方法与可拓谈论，能够解决谈论对象的指标存在不相容性和可变性的问题。

综合评价法例题

综合评价法例题摘要：一、综合评价法概述1.定义与作用2.基本原理二、综合评价法的基本步骤1.确定评价目标2.建立评价指标体系3.确定权重分配4.确定评价标准5.采集数据与计算6.综合评价与应用三、综合评价法的案例分析1.案例介绍2.评价指标与权重分配3.数据采集与计算4.评价结果与应用四、综合评价法的应用领域1.企业管理2.项目评估3.产品竞争力评价4.教育资源配置5.环境保护与可持续发展五、综合评价法的优缺点分析1.优点2.缺点3.改进方向六、总结与展望1.综合评价法在我国的发展现状2.发展趋势与挑战3.研究建议与展望正文：一、综合评价法概述综合评价法是一种通过构建评价指标体系，对多个评价对象在某一特定领域进行综合评价的方法。

它在企业管理、项目评估、产品竞争力评价、教育资源配置等领域具有广泛的应用。

综合评价法具有以下特点：1.系统性：综合评价法从多个角度对评价对象进行全面分析，体现了评价的系统性。

2.客观性：通过采集客观数据进行评价，减少主观因素对评价结果的影响，提高评价的客观性。

3.定量与定性相结合：综合评价法既考虑定量指标，也考虑定性指标，实现定性与定量评价的有机结合。

二、综合评价法的基本步骤1.确定评价目标：明确评价对象和评价目的，为后续评价提供方向。

2.建立评价指标体系：根据评价目标，选取具有代表性、可量化的评价指标，构成评价指标体系。

3.确定权重分配：根据评价指标的重要性，合理分配权重，以体现各指标在综合评价中的地位。

4.确定评价标准：依据评价目标和评价指标，制定评价标准，用于判断评价对象是否达到预期目标。

5.采集数据与计算：收集评价对象的相关数据，按照评价指标体系进行计算。

6.综合评价与应用：根据计算结果，对评价对象进行排序或分值评定，为决策提供依据。

三、综合评价法的案例分析（案例内容略）四、综合评价法的应用领域1.企业管理：综合评价法可用于对企业绩效、核心竞争力等方面的评估。

2.项目评估：对工程项目、科研项目等进行综合评价，为投资决策提供依据。

总结(习题)汽车理论期末考试综述

•青岛大学车辆工程系
4
汽车理论
三、利用功率平衡 (1) 某一汽车总重量 38.8kN ，传动效率 0.85 ， CDA=2.77m2 ，求汽车在滚动阻力系数为 0.02 的道路上行驶，发动机发出的功率为 68.2kW 时，汽车所能达到的最高车速？ (2) 某一轿车重 G 为 21.24kN ，传动系的效率 ηT 为 0.85 ，车辆空气阻力系数 CD 为 0.38 ，迎风面积 A 为1.86m2，试求汽车以最高车速 uamax为100km/h在滚动阻力系数 f 为 0.02 的道路上行驶时，发动机应选择多大的功率？
ab max E f g
=6.5m/s2
•青岛大学车辆工程系
19
汽车理论
4.5解（4）
单回路：双回路：a) 1失效时：
G
F1 F 2 P
G F P

F P
1
2
G
F 2 1 F G 21 G 0.7G 1 1 P P 2 2
•青岛大学车辆工程系
6
汽车理论
四、求动力装置参数
1.某四轮轿车为前轮驱动，要求设计其动力装置参数。已知条件如下：滚动阻力系数f=0.015；空气阻力系数CD=0.36，迎风面积A=1.98m2；满载质量1000kg；发动机输出功率为最大时，与之对应的发动机转速np=4800rpm，发动机最大输出转矩60Nm；变速器无直接档，最高档传动比ig4=0.9；传动效率0.9，滚动半径0.245m。（1）设计此车的主减速器传动比，要求最高车速在发动机的最大输出功率点获得。已知最高档工作时，与发动机最大输出功率对应的驱动力为708N。（2）假定附着力足够，最大爬坡度的设计要求值为18 度。根据已知条件和所确定的主传动比，变速器的第一档传动比至少为多大（不计风阻）？

关于初中语文教科书练习系统中课后习题研究的文献综述

关于初中语文教科书练习系统中课后习题研究的文献综述摘要：新课改以来，国家对教材的重视程度越来越高，正值部编本教材的大力推行，教育学界关于初中语文教科书的研究日渐丰富。

研究者们对教科书编写以及选文内容的研究较为集中，可是对于练习系统中的课后习题的研究却比较少，重视不够。

而随着当下语文教材理论的迅速发展，现在练习系统中课后习题呈现已经不再是单一的复述、默写或笼统地呈现语文知识，而是课文内容的重要载体，变成语文教材中必不可少的知识环节。

笔者希望通过对近十年初中语文练习系统中课后习题的相关文献进行分析、归纳和总结，以期对初中语文教材练习系统中课后习题研究的方向做出指引与参考。

关键词：初中语文；教材；练习系统；课后习题一、问题的提出语文教科书是语文教学活动进行的重要工具，近年来关于语文教科书的研究日渐丰富，学者们对教科书编写以及选文内容的研究较为集中，而对涉及如何利用练习系统以更好的为教学服务的研究却比较少。

关于中学语文教科书的构成要素的组成，顾黄初、顾振彪认为，它的内部结构包含四个系统，分别为选文系统、助读系统、知识系统、练习系统。

[顾黄初.语文教材的编制与使用[M].南京：江苏教育出版社，1996．]练习系统在语文教学当中扮演着重要的角色，它的利用可以很好的指导学生利用教科书来学习。

顾黄初和顾振彪在其合著的著作《语文课程与语文教材》中提到练习系统的主要作用是助学，尽管也包含一些知识，但目的在于帮助学生更加科学有效地学习新的知识，从而提高能力。

[顾黄初,顾振彪.语文课程与语文教材[M].北京：社会科学文献出版杜，2001．]因此，在教科书研究中我们也应把指导学生如何利用练习系统列为重要的研究内容。

由于语文课程具有模糊性、非线性的特点。

相较于其他课程而言，语文课程内容的逻辑性并不强。

这使得语文教师在教学实践中，使用练习系统时还存在着许多的误区。

首先就是不重视甚至是不使用练习系统指导自己的教学。

即使有的教师意识到课后习题用以指导教学的作用，但处理的方式却并不恰当，有的老师直接让学生直接对照教材全解，像这种教师不分侧重点、学生不动脑思考的这种学习方式，只会导致练习系统失去其作用，成为学生应试的堡垒。

SFA方法综述

SFA方法和因子分析法综述（姬晓鹏，管理科学与工程，1009209018）1.1 DEA方法和SFA方法的区别1.数据包络分析（DEA）数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis)简称DEA,采用线性规划技术，是最常用的一种非参数前沿效率分析法。

它由A.Charnes和W.W.Cooper[1]等人于1978年创建的，以相对效率为基础对同一类型的部门的绩效进行评价。

该方法将同一类型的部门或单位当作决策单元(DMU)，其评价依据的是所能观测到的决策单元的输入数据和输出数据。

输入数据是指决策单元在某种活动中所消耗的某些量，如投入资金量、原料量等，输出数据是指决策单元消耗这些量所获得的成果和产出，如产品产量、收入金额等。

将各决策单元的输入输出数据组成生产可能集所形成的生产有效前沿面，通过衡量每个决策单元离此前沿面的远近，来判断该决策单元的投入产出的合理性，即技术效率[2]。

一般的评价方法比较同一类型的决策单元的效率，需要先对决策单元的输入输出指标进行比较，并通过加权得到一个综合评分，然后通过各个决策单元的评分来反映其效益优劣。

数据包络分析法则巧妙地构造了目标函数，并通过Charnes－Cooper变换（称为－变换）将分式规划问题转化为线性规划问题，2C无需统一指标的量纲，也无需给定或者计算投入产出的权值，而是通过最优化过程来确定权重，从而使对决策单元的评价更为客观。

对建筑设计企业进行评价的问题，很适于数据包络分析法的评价模型。

DEA方法也存在着一些缺点：首先，当决策单元总数与投入产出指标总数接近时，DEA方法所得的技术效率与实际情况偏差较大；其次，DEA方法对技术有效单元无法进行比较；此外，由于未考虑到系统中随机因素的影响，当样本中存在着特殊点时，DEA方法的技术效率结果将受到很大影响。

彭晓英等用因子分析法对指标进行筛选和综合，再采用DEA方法进行评价，解决了DEA方法对指标数量限制的问题，并对煤炭资源型城市的生态经济发展进行了评价[3]。

【流行病学试题及答案】第八章系统综述和Meta分析

【流行病学试题及答案】第八章系统综述和Meta分析第八章系统综述和Meta分析一、作业习题(一)单项选择题[A1型题]1. The most common method of sensitivity analysis is:A. Regression analysisB. Correlation analysisC. Stratified analysisD. Heterogeneity testE. ANOVA analysis2. Meta分析的适用指征包括A. 需要做一项紧急决定，而又缺乏时间进行一项新的试验B. 有关药物和其他治疗，特别是副作用评价方法的研究C. 目前没有能力开展大规模的临床试验引用偏倚D. 研究结果矛盾时E. 以上均正确3. 如果各独立研究的结果是同质的可以采用下列哪种方法计算合并后的综合效应A. 随机效应模型B. 固定效应模型C. 混合效应模型D. A、B、C均可E. A、B、C均不可4. The aim of the heterogeneity test is:A. Check all the authenticity of the results of independent researchB. Check all the reliability of the results of independent researchC. Check all the sensitivity of the results of independent researchD. Check all the consolidation of the results of independentresearchE. Check all the representation of the results of independent research(二)多项选择题1. 可以用于测量发表偏倚的方法有A. 失安全数B. 敏感性分析C. 异质性检验D. 漏斗图E. 森林图2. Meta分析中常见的偏倚包括A. 英语偏倚B. 发表偏倚C. 文献库偏倚D. 引用偏倚E. 多次发表偏倚3. 评估一个研究的外部真实性其外推人群包括A. 实际人群B. 研究人群C. 其他有关人群D. 目标人群E. 职业人群4. 评估一个研究的质量至少应包括下列哪些方面A. 资料来源B. 精确度C. 外部真实性D. 内部真实性E. 方法学质量(三)名词解释1. Systematic review2. Meta-analysis3. Methodological quality4. Funnel plots5. Precision6. External validity(四)简答题1. 简述一个好的系统综述应该具备的主要特征。

仪器分析习题综述

1、（第一章）某分析方法测得7个空白信号值为4.5、4.9、5.1、4.7、5.5、4.3、5.3；以此方法平行检测浓度为5ug/mL 的标准磷液，所得信号值为14.7、14.5、14.8、14.4；试计算此分析方法测定磷的检出限是多少。

解：由空白信号值算出平均值为4.9，S0=0.432，5ug/mL 的磷标液的平均信号为9.7（扣除空白信号值）由灵敏度计算公式,可算出b2300，用乙醇配制成0.0080%的溶液，用1cm 比色皿在307nm 波长处测得吸光度A值为0.400，求其百分吸收系数和摩尔吸收系数？3、（紫外）维生素B12的水溶液在361nm 处的百分吸收系数是207，盛于1cm 吸收池中，若测得溶液的吸光度为0.621，求溶液的浓度。

4、（紫外）精密称取含维生素B12的样品20.0mg ，用水溶解并稀释至1000mL ，盛于1cm 比色皿中，在361nm 处测得吸光度A 为0.409，试求样品中维生素B12的质量分数。

5、（紫外）用硅钼蓝法测定SiO2，以含SiO2为0.020mg/mL 的标准溶液作参比，测得含0.100mg/mLSiO2的标准溶液吸光度为0.842。

在相同条件下，测得待测溶液的吸光度为的浓度。

6、（紫外）7、（紫外）称取某苦味酸胺样品0.0248g ，以95%乙醇溶解后定容至1.0L ，在380nm 波长处以1.0cm 的比色皿测得其吸光度值为0.668；已知在380nm 处，该苦味酸胺溶液的摩尔吸收系数为1.5×104 L ﹒mol-1﹒cm-1。

试求该苦味酸胺物质的相对分子质量为多少？ 8、（紫外）比较下列化合物中，哪一种产生的吸收光谱的波长最长，哪一种的最短？ 9、（紫外）甲基红的酸式体（HIn ）和碱式体（In −）的最大吸收波长分别为528nm 和400nm ，在不同实验条件下以1cm 比色皿测得吸光度如下表，求甲基红的浓度cx 。

浓度（mol/L ）酸度A 528A 4001.22×10−5 0.1mol/L HCl 1.783 0.0771.09×10−50.1mol/L NaHCO3 0.00 0.753 cxpH = 4.181.4010.16610、（紫外）以示差分光光度法测定高锰酸钾溶液的浓度，用含锰10.0mg/mL 的标准溶液作为参比溶液，该溶液对水的透光率为20.0%。

常用评价方法综述

0.085 0.198 0.595 0.119
0.036 0.322 0.536 0.107
标准化
0.313 0.438 0.188
1/(1+5+7+3) = 0.063 0.044 = (1/5)/(1/5+1+3+1/3)
0.063 0.044 0.085 0.036
0.313
0.438 0.188
x0 1 x0 2 X 0 , X 1 , , X n x m 0 x1 2 x1 1 x n 1 x n 2 x n m
1 0.94 0.8 0.92 0.78 1 0.92 0.79 0.94 0.41 1 1.01 0.10 3.17 0.64 1 0.82 0.54 0.66 0.44 1 2.41 1.17 12.05 6.58 1 0.70 1.03 1.02 0.82
实例分析
某服装厂生产某种服装，欲了解顾客对该种服装的欢迎程度。现采用模糊综合评价法来解决这个问题。 1、确定模糊综合评判指标取U＝{花色，式样，价格，耐用度，舒适度} 2、建立综合评判的评价集取V＝{很欢迎，欢迎，一般，不欢迎}
3、进行单因素模糊评判，并求得评判矩阵 R1=(0.2,0.5,0.3,0.0) R2=(0.1,0.3,0.5,0.1) R3=(0.0,0.1,0.6,0.3) R4=(0.0,0.4,0.5,0.1) R5=(0.5,0.3,0.2,0.0) 4、建立评判模型，进行综合评判
灰色关联分析法
思想和原理灰色关联分析法基本步骤
应用案例详解
思想和原理
灰色关联分析法是华中科技大学邓聚龙教授于20世纪70年代创立的灰色系统理论中的一种方法，其作用是确定评价过程中的主要影响与次要影响。

教育学文献综述

学科分类号（二级） 88014 文献综述报告题目市先锋小学四年级数学家庭作业现状调查姓名唐秋成学号104010041院、系教育科学与管理学院专业 10教育学指导教师（职称/学历）冯丽婷（讲师/硕士）市先锋小学四年级数学家庭作业现状调查文献综述摘要：家庭作业是教师进行教学活动一个非常重要的环节，也是学生巩固所学容和教师获取反馈信息的重要手段。

家庭作业质量的优劣，直接反映出学生掌握知识的程度，也反映出教师教学效果的好坏。

数学作业是对课堂教学的一种补充，可以进一步完善课堂教学中的不足，以及对学生数学知识掌握情况的查缺补漏。

对学生学好数学至关重要。

鉴于此，本文对省市先锋小学四年级学生数学家庭作业情况进行了调查研究，探寻学生家庭作业中存在的问题，为促进新课程改革的深入进行提供有益的借鉴。

关键词：家庭作业；数学；小学；作业类型；有效性一、概念界定作业，《辞海》解释为“为完成生产、学习等方面的既定任务而进行的活动。

”而《教育大辞典》则把完成学习任务的作业分为课堂作业和课外作业两大类。

《教育大辞典》把完成学习任务的作业分为课堂作业和课外作业两大类，课外作业是指学生在课外时间进行的独立的学习活动。

《中国中学教学百科全书——教育卷》也指出，课外作业是课堂教学的继续可以巩固所学的知识，坚持自己对知识的掌握程度，发现并且完成过程中所遇到的困难或者是新的问题。

因此，课堂作业主要是指教师在上课时布置学生当堂进行操练的各种练习，课外作业是学生在课外时间独立进行的学习活动，也称为家庭作业。

数学家庭作业是数学课堂教学的一个重要部分，它是数学教学容的延伸，是培养学生数学能力的重要措施，是学生最基本的数学学习活动之一，有效的数学作业能及时强化学生课堂所学容，培养学生积极的学习态度；也有利于教师调整教学策略、提高教学效果。

数学作业有效性首先是作业设计的有效性，作业的设计应该以生为本，根据学生的心理特点和课程实际，让作业不再是强加给学生的负担，而是学生成长的一种自觉的学习需要、生活需要、人生需要。