The Global Expansion of Capital Logic
living with Culture Diversity四级作文
living with Culture Diversity四级作文Generally speaking, cultural diversity mainly refers to the richness and diversity of human culture in its forms of expression. Diversity is the premise of the charm of world culture. In 20XX, the 31st General Conference of UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration of Cultural Diversity at its headquarters in Paris. The Declaration reaffirmed the belief that the most effective way to alleviate conflicts among cultures and civilizations is equal communication and dialogue among cultures. Today, with the development of globalization, how to maintain cultural diversity has increasingly become an unavoidable topic in our life. Originally, cultural diversity is the "original ecology" of the world: the cultures of all ethnic groups in the traditional and discrete social development stage are basically formed and developed in a relatively closed environment, so they also have their own characteristics. However, with the acceleration of human globalization and the global expansion of capital, the original world pattern has been broken day by day. In Marx's words, "national history has increasingly become world history". The monistic logic of modernity has increasingly become the development factor that changes people's daily life. High efficiency, standardization and uniformity have replaced the individualized pursuit of culture, and the diversity of human cultural development has been eliminated. Globalization poses a serious threat to cultural diversity. In a sense, the problem of cultural diversity comes with the historical rhythm of globalization and modernity. Globalization has aggravated the tension betweendifferent cultural systems. On the world stage, every country and nation expects to display its own cultural charm. However, the actual situation of cultural development is: one side with a strong culture adopts "cultural hegemony" or "cultural colonization" for the weak culture, and tries to impose its own cultural values on the other side, resulting in the inevitable cultural conflict. Today, many countries, especially developing countries, often struggle between "cultural universality" and "cultural individuality". Cultural diversity is not only the expression of cultural individuality and particularity, but also the display of human common cultural quality. Only by respecting cultural diversity, independence, heterogeneity and integrity can we feel the diversity of world cultures. The constant value of culture often permeates cultural diversity, so we must resist, correct and balance the single logic of capital and market with cultural diversity. We can't let modernization and industrialization replace cultural progress and spiritual wealth. The modernization practice of human beings has promoted the exchange and communication of global cultures, but it is impossible to completely abolish the nativity of cultural production and consumption, because the diversity of human needs and the richness of ideal desires can only be expressed and satisfied by the diversity of cultures. The cosmopolitanism of culture cannot exist without nationality, and diversity is the foundation of the survival and development of the whole national culture. Only by sticking to the position of cultural diversity can the world's culture "add value" and our world become more and more meaningful. Today, in the context ofcultural diversity, there is a need for creative communication between different cultures. Mr. Fei Xiaotong once stressed that the cultures of all nationalities in the world should be "beautiful, beautiful, beautiful and common, and the world is the same." Truthfully speaking, the ultimate function of cultural diversity is to promote human beings themselves. In the era of economic globalization, we need an "identity" that can represent the nation, show its cultural characteristics, and have distinctive regional cultural characteristics, so as to achieve mutual appreciation and praise between cultures based on cultural self-confidence. Perhaps only in this way can the trend of cultural integration, symbiosis, interaction and development be formed.。
逻辑翻译学视角下科技文本中后置定语的翻译策略研究——以《气候变化和空..
Translation Strategies for Translating Postmodifiers in Scientific Text from the Perspective of Logic Translation Theory: A Case Study of the Translation of Climate Changeand Air PollutionByZhang XiaojieUnder the Supervision ofAssociate Professor Zheng YouqiSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Master of Translation and InterpretingDepartment of EnglishCollege of Liberal ArtsNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyJune, 2019AcknowledgementsI would like to express my sincere appreciation to those who have given me invaluable help during the writing of this report.First and foremost, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor, Associate Professor Zheng Youqi, for his constant encouragement during these two years and instructive advice on this report. Associate Professor Zheng has offered a lot of valuable suggestions during the preparation for the report. He has also revised my draft carefully and offered clear instruction. Without his patient instruction and insightful criticism, it would not have been possible for me to complete this report.In addition, I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all the teachers who have taught me for their patient instructions in many courses and their precious suggestions. What I learned from their classes has helped me lay the foundation for this report.Last but not least, my gratitude extends to my beloved parents for providing support and care for me in my whole life. They have given me strong support when I was confronted with difficulties in writing the report.ContentsAbstract ........................................................................................................................ I II 摘要 (V)Chapter One Introduction (1)1.1 Research Background (1)1.2 Motivation and Significance of the Research (2)1.3 Layout of the Report (3)Chapter Two Task Description (5)2.1 Project Profile (5)2.2 Process of the Project (5)2.2.1 Preparation for Translation (5)2.2.2 Process of Translation (6)2.2.3 Revision after Translation (7)Chapter Three Literature Review (8)3.1 Differences of Attribute between Chinese and English (8)3.2 Translation Strategies for Postmodifier in English. (9)Chapter Four Theoretical Framework (11)4.1 Development of the Logic Translation Theory (11)4.2 Application of the Logic Translation Theory in the Translation of thePostmodifier (12)Chapter Five A Case Study (14)5.1 Translation of the Adjective Phrase as Postmodifier (14)5.1.1 Inversion (14)5.1.2 Division (15)5.2 Translation of the Non-Finite Verb as Postmodifier (16)5.2.1 Inversion (17)5.2.2 Division (18)5.2.3 Amplification (19)5.3 Translation of the Attributive Clause as Postmodifier (20)5.3.1 Inversion (20)5.3.2 Amplification (21)5.3.3 Division (23)5.4 Translation of the Prepositional Phrase as Postmodifier. (24)5.4.1 Inversion (24)5.4.2 Conversion (25)5.4.3 Amplification (25)5.4.4 Division (26)Chapter Six Conclusion (28)References (30)Appendix 1 Source Text and Target Text (32)Appendix II Technical Terms (94)攻读学位期间的研究成果 (95)AbstractThere are many postmodifiers in English for Science and Technology (EST), which imply the logic in the original text. EST is characterized by strong professionalism, compact structure, strict logic, concise writing, objective expression, exact content, a large amount of information and emphasis on the existence of facts. Therefore, translators must restore its logical rigor with accurate and standardized expressions. In this translation task, Chapter One, Chapter Two and Chapter Three are selected as the source text from the book Climate Change and Air Pollution. Today, climate change and air pollution are major concerns around the world. These chapters describe the history and the impact of climate change and air pollution, and the international conferences held to address the problems caused by climate change. This report lists four forms of English postmodifiers from the three chapters, namely, adjective phrases as postmodifiers, non-predicate verb phrases as postmodifiers, attributive clauses as postmodifiers, and prepositional phrases as postmodifiers. Under the guidance of logic translation theory, four common translation strategies are used in the translation of these four kinds of postmodifiers, namely conversion, amplification, inversion and division. Logic plays an important role in the process of interlingual transformation, which runs through the process of translation. From words, sentences, paragraphs to the whole text, the more accurately the translator grasps the semantic logic of the source language, the easier it is to understand the meaning of the original text. When a translation is organized, it is the key to express the original meaning accurately and smoothly. Only in this way can the translator successfully transfer source language thinking to target language thinking, and skillfully use the logic of the target language to organize the translation.The report is divided into six chapters. The first chapter demonstrates the research background, the motivation and significance of the research and the layout of the report. The second chapter mainly describes the process of the project. Theliterature review is mentioned in the third chapter, including the differences of attribute between Chinese and English and the translation strategies of postmodifiers in English. The fourth chapter depicts the development and application of the logic translation theory. The fifth chapter, as the main body of the report, poses some proper translation strategies to solve different kinds of problems. The last chapter is a summary of the study.Key Words: Logic translation theory; Postmodifier; Translation strategy; Climate Change and Air Pollution摘要科技英语中后置定语出现频繁，体现原文的逻辑思维。
大卫·哈维空间理论研究——基于当代资本主义经济危机批判
摘要大卫·哈维空间理论研究——基于当代资本主义经济危机批判资本增殖的逻辑支配着资本主义社会的发展，在资本扩张的过程中，资本主义遭遇过一次又一次的危机，但是却能够一次又一次地从危机之中挣脱出来并持续存在和发展，这就说明资本主义拥有一套能够修复自身危机的独特方法，这种方法就是资本主义的“时间—空间”修复策略。
哈维指出，资本主义的生产方式必然会导致资本过度积累引发经济危机，危机以多种空间表现形式呈现在人们眼前，而资本主义的空间生产机制利用时空修复策略不断消化和吸收过度积累的资本，从而缓解资本主义经济危机，这就是当代资本主义能够不断经历危机并长久发展的秘密所在。
但是，资本主义的空间生产机制只是暂时性地缓解和修复了资本主义的困境，并不能够从根本上避免和消除资本主义的危机问题，而且，这种时空修复策略在缓解危机的过程中会产生一系列的负面影响，给资本主义带来空间正义的缺失。
因此，如何看待并评价空间生产对资本主义发展的意义和作用，就成为当代西方学者关注的一个重要话题，大卫·哈维就在这个思想转型的背景之下展开对空间问题的探索和研究。
他在马克思历史唯物主义的基础上融合空间的维度，站在历史—地理唯物主义的视角上，用自己的空间理论对当代资本主义社会展开分析和批判。
基于此，哈维整体上把握住资本主义经济、政治和文化的症结所在，从现实的批判和理想的规划两个层面探索资本主义的替代性方案，以实现辩证乌托邦，从而达到希望的空间。
本文以空间理论为逻辑主线，通过分析当代资本主义经济危机的空间表现形式，解释当代资本主义的空间生产机制，将哈维的空间理论和政治与社会理论贯穿起来并做出系统的梳理，旨在利用大卫·哈维的空间理论探讨如何理解当代资本主义经济危机，并深入分析哈维对资本主义政治、经济和文化等方面的批判。
第一章主要阐述了马克思主义传统的资本主义经济危机理论，也就是哈维理论建构的时代背景和理论渊源。
第二章分析了当代资本主义经济危机的空间表现形式，资本主义在不断追求利润最大化时造成了不平衡地理发展以及后现代的文化、城市和生态转变。
英文原著分级书单 经济学
英文原著分级书单经济学
- 《23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism》：挑战传统思维，这本书将彻底颠覆你了解到的所有经济常识，揭示一些背后真相。
- 《Age of Discovery: Navigating the Risks and Rewards of Our New Renaissance》：旨在探索新文艺复兴时期世界边界，并为我们提出了这样的问题：我们是如何更加广泛地分享了这史无前例的发展进程所带来的好处？
- 《Alibaba: The House that Jack Ma Built》：中国企业巨头的崛起，这本书在2016年被《经济学人》推荐为年度好书之一，同年即被翻译成中文出版。
- 《Almighty Dollar》：从美元滚动到各处的惊奇旅程，逐步揭示以下问题：当今世界经济是一个充满无形资产的时代。
- 《Capitalism Without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy》：当今世界经济是一个充满无形资产的时代。
这些书籍可以帮助读者深入了解经济学的原理和应用，不同的书籍适合不同阶段的读者，你可以根据自己的阅读水平和兴趣选择适合自己的书籍。
《经济学家》英文书籍
《经济学家》推荐的英文书籍及简介《经济学家》（The Economist）是一份国际性的经济与商业周刊，涵盖了全球范围内的政治、商业、科技、金融等多个领域的报道和分析。
以下是一些根据《经济学家》推荐的英文书籍及简介，注意这只是一个示例，而且由于时间有限，我无法提供最新的推荐。
你可以查阅最新一期或他们的书评专栏获取更多信息。
1.《Sapiens:A Brief History of Humankind》－作者：Yuval NoahHarari简介：这本书以生动的语言概括了人类历史的发展，从早期的人类社会到现代文明。
作者提出了一些深刻的见解，涉及文化、宗教、科技等方面。
2.《The Great Convergence:Information Technology and the NewGlobalization》－作者：Richard Baldwin简介：本书探讨了信息技术是如何改变全球经济和社会格局的。
作者分析了数字化时代的新趋势，以及它对全球化和国际贸易的影响。
3.《The Third Pillar:How Markets and the State Leave theCommunity Behind》－作者：Raghuram Rajan简介：作者讨论了市场和国家之间的权衡，以及社区在这个平衡中的角色。
他提出了一种重新思考社会政策的方式，强调了社区在现代社会中的重要性。
4.《The Code of Capital:How the Law Creates Wealth andInequality》－作者：Katharina Pistor简介：本书解析了资本主义中法律的角色，以及法律如何塑造了财富的分配和不平等。
作者通过法律视角分析了资本主义体系的一些关键问题。
5.《The Narrow Corridor:States,Societies,and the Fate of Liberty》－作者：Daron Acemoglu,James A.Robinson简介：这本书由《为什么国家失败》的作者撰写，研究了国家、社会和自由之间的关系。
qfii的英文书籍
qfii的英文书籍摘要：1.QFII 简介2.QFII 的英文书籍推荐3.英文书籍对QFII 的重要性4.如何选择适合自己的QFII 英文书籍正文：QFII，即Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor，是指具备一定资格的外资机构投资者。
在我国资本市场对外开放过程中，QFII 制度是一项重要的政策创新。
这一制度旨在吸引外资进入我国资本市场，提高资本市场的国际化水平，促进资本市场的发展。
对于想要了解QFII 的投资者，英文书籍是一个很好的学习途径。
这里为您推荐几本关于QFII 的英文书籍，帮助您深入了解这一投资机制。
1.“QFII in China: Rules and Regulations”作者：Lawrence H.Summers本书详细解析了中国的QFII 制度，包括规则和法规，对于想要了解QFII 基本运作的投资者具有很高的参考价值。
2.“The QFII System in China: A Study of Its Development, Implementation and Impact”作者：Mark J.Mobius摩根士丹利投资管理公司的创始人Mark J.Mobius 在本书中深入研究了中国的QFII 制度，探讨了其发展、实施和影响。
3.“Investing in China through the QFII Program: A Guide for International Investors”作者：Andrew Sheng, Fan Zhang本书为国际投资者提供了一份投资中国资本市场的指南，详细解释了如何通过QFII 计划进行投资。
阅读英文书籍对于QFII 投资者来说具有重要意义。
首先，英文书籍可以帮助投资者了解国际市场和投资理念，提高投资决策水平。
其次，英文书籍可以让投资者更好地了解QFII 制度在国际市场的地位和发展趋势。
NTC的正确使用及介绍
from E urope for the WorldApplicationNoteSemiconductor and Electronics CompanyFor further information contact:eupecUsing integrated NTC with reliable isolationThe integration of temperature sensors for thermal measurements directly on the ceramic level has simplified thermal measurements in inverters significantly. However the closer dis-tance to power electronics could make additional isolation effort necessary.1. Internal structureThe NTC is located on the same ceramic substrate as the IGBT and diode chips are. The module is filled with silicon gel for isolation purpose and under normal operation conditions the requirements for isolation voltages are met. The NTC isolation capability is tested with2,5kV AC in final test for 1 minute for 100% of module production.Figure 1 – Cross section of a ceramic2. Definition of safe isolationAccording to EN 50178 proper isolation levels have to be guaranteed for all parts of a piece of equipment, that can be touched by a person. This isolation also has to be maintained dur-ing any potential failures that may occur. This isolation against high voltage can be achieved by different means- double / reinforced isolation in a partial discharge free manner,- a protective shield and other measurements.The standard EN 50178 describes all requirements in detail.3. ConclusionsSince the NTC inside the module, could be exposed to a high voltage level (during a short circuit, for example) in accordance, with EN 50178 this isolation has to be done externally. Figure 2 shows the worst case situation during failure mode in a power module with inte-grated temperature sensor. After an electrical overstress the bond wires could melt off and the resulting arc produces high energy plasma. The direction of expansion of plasma is un-predictable for all bonded connections. The NTC might be touched by plasma, which could mean, that the NTC might be exposed to high voltage level.Figure 2 – Worst failure case4. Measures for reliable isolationThere are various different ways to realize proper isolation, e.g.:-The complete equipment is covered with an appropriate isolation material.-The control logic could be shifted to high voltage level. Then an extra isolation for the NTC is not necessary. The isolation is done once for the entire logic circuit.-The NTC is integrated in a comparator circuit, which is isolated from the control logic by an opto coupler.-The NTC signal is converted to a digital format and the isolation to the logic level is ac-complished through an opto coupler or signal transformer.In some instances the isolation capability of NTC sensor itself might be sufficient. However, since each application is unique and internal design criteria vary from customer to customer, each usage needs to be evaluated separately, to determine if all applicable safety require-ments are met.For further information contact:eupecFor further information contact:eupec5. Temperature measurement with NTCThe NTC can be used for static overheat protection. A protection of short term overtempera-ture on junction level is not possible since the position of thermistors has to be on every chip for that purpose. An estimation of NTC temperature can be made with following background:- The NTC has nearly case temperature level.- As an estimated correction factor for higher temperature level, a value of approximately 10K can be added to heatsink-temperature level depending on cooling efficiency and utili-zation of module.The value of the thermistor T T can be calculated from the nearest chip to NTC and maximum power dissipation with following equation:thJCJ T R P K T T *10max −+=The current that detects the resistance value is heating up the thermistor itself. As an exam-ple, for T T =100°C the resistance value of the thermistor is given with nominal R T =500 Ω in the datasheet. The thermal conductivity of the NTC is R thT =145 K/W. With that value, a pull-up resistor can be defined:TTTthT up pull R T R R U R −∆∗∗=−0If temperature rising of the thermistor itself is limited with ∆T T =1 K the allowable maximum power losses for the thermistor of 7 mW are acceptable. If feeding voltage U 0 is 5V than a pull-up resistor is calculated with 837 Ω. A resistor of 820 Ω can be chosen. Calculated with that value, a voltage of less than 1,9 V should be used as threshold for the comparator for turn-off the device. The overheat protection function can be designed by using an analog-logic circuit.If the thermistor current is too small, detected voltage has also a small value, then the accu-racy of the detection will be lower. On the other hand, if the current is too high, temperature rising of the thermistor itself will be higher, then accuracy of the detected temperature is lower. Therefore, 3 to 4 mA of current are recommended as an optimum.For further information contact:eupecThe time constant for the thermistor is about 2 seconds. Since thermal chip time constant is much smaller and time constant of the entire cooling system is much higher, the NTC is de-signed for detection of intermediate and long term overload conditions.102030405060708090100110120130140150Figure 1: NTC valuesA temperature / resistance value table in linear graph is given in figure 1. In addition to that the curve can be described with the analytic function:)]11(*exp[*1212T T B R R −=with B= 3375K, R 1= 5k Ω, T 1=298K, T 2 temperature in Kelvin.。
UNIT TWO
UNIT TWOText A The Age of GlobalityBig is in, and "very big" is very in. Barely a week goes by without another large and often astonishing merger. There is hardly time to recover from Citibank and Travelers, with its frontal challenge to New Deal banking rules, before Daimler-Benz and Chrysler take to the road, shaking the automotive and financial world. In between, a couple of huge banks get together, and Germany's dominant publisher sweeps in to acquire perhaps the most famous name in American books. What seemed to be the megamergers of yesteryear begin to look more like minis.The scale and audacity of these combinations are impressive, of course. But they also make people vaguely uneasy. Are these combinations becoming too powerful, too dominant—simply too big? The cross-border mergers provoke a deeper anxiety: will the tidal wave of transactions wash away national character? The question is particularly pointed for "Daimler Chrysler." After all, Chrysler was enough of a national champion to be bailed out by the federal government in 1978; and somehow it seemed altogether fitting that rescuer-in-chief Lee Iacocca would also take on the project of refurbishing another national icon, the Statue of Liberty. For its part, Daimler-Benz is the very epitome of German engineering prowess and its Mercedes cars the embodiment of prestige on wheels.The $38 billion proposed combination underlines a momentous fact: the world is entering a new type of capitalism. Karl Otoo-Pohl, the former head of the German Bundesbank, calls it "the era of very big companies." And those very big companies, in turn, reflect the fact that the world economy is undergoing fundamental change.For several years now, "globalization" has been the mantra for the expansion of international trade and foreign investment and the integration of markets. But we are now beginning to see a reality beyond globalization—the world of "globality." This is not so much a process as a condition, a world economy in which traditional and familiar boundaries are being surmounted or made irrelevant. Companies and investors operate in a 24-hour world. Currency traders see the same information at the same time, and can act on it simultaneously, where they are in Singapore, London or New York (assuming only that they are all awake at the same time). Billions of dollars move at the push of a button. Global branding is the great game. Work is networked among North America, Europe and Asia via computer. And even the very idea of a corporate headquarters is beginning to become a metaphysical concept; increasingly, the corridors in which managers run into each other are not physical but electronic.The forces creating this new globality are the very imperatives that are driving the mergers. One is the demand by money mangers—themselves competing to retain and attract assets—for quarterly performance and earnings growth that will propel stock prices upward. It is they, ultimately, who are calling the tune these days. Outside the United States and Britain, this has become known as the "Anglo-Saxon model of shareholder value.”Daimler's path to the altar began five years ago, when it made the crucial decision to put itself under the sway of the "Anglo-Saxons" by listing itself on the New York Stock Exchange. To do so, it began to use U.S accounting standards that revealed that, contrary to its German accountants, it wasn't doing very well at the time. Since then, Daimler has remade itself from a clumsy conglomerate into a firm focused solely on the automotive industry. Its further quest forshareholder value has now led it to Chrysler. And the much higher stock price with which it has been rewarded for its conversion to the Anglo-Saxon faith provides the currency it is using to pay for the deal.The second driver is in the marketplace itself. The borders that constrained commerce—but also protected companies from the full brunt of competition—are eroding. Governments are retreating from the control of the commanding heights of their economies: they are privatizing and deregulating. Barriers to trade and investment are coming down rapidly. Ever-cheaper communications and ever-faster computers, along with the Internet, are facilitating the flow of goods and services, as well as knowledge and information. Increasingly, companies are integrating their global strategies with global capital markets.All this greatly widens opportunities. It also greatly intensifies competition. This—along with the demands of investors—means that pressures for performance will become ever more relentless. The result is the propensity to merge—in order to improve corporate performance, protect and enhance the company's competitive position, build and protect broadly based brands and gain all the advantages of scale in wider markets.For Daimler-Benz and Chrysler, the merger is about assembling the right parts to win in the global automotive market. This is a merger driven by industrial logic and growth strategy, rather than by the cost-cutting that often underpins mergers. Chrysler is basically a North American company, strong in lower-priced cars, very strong in sport utility vehicles, but weak internationally. Daimler's Mercedes makes it pre-eminent in the upper part of the automotive market—but not in the Unite States. On its own, Chrysler has little hope of building its non-U.S. franchise, while Daimler suffers from being a minor player in the innovative—and huge—U.S. market. Neither is strong in Asia. Together, they become a full-range auto company, capable of competing in almost every arena, equipped to deploy huge cash flow and technology around the world.The way the deal is being done is also noteworthy, underlining how the world's capital markets are being integrated. Chrysler shareholders are not going to receive cash; they are going to end up with shares in the German company. Five years ago, such a financial structure would have been, at best, most improbable and almost certainly unacceptable to investors.Putting a deal like this together is nevertheless an immense undertaking. Getting it closed is more than challenging. But the hardest part will be making it work. At the outset of mergers, the tendency is to downplay the differences in style, corporate, values and national character. But history indicates that those differences often turn out to be more problematic than initially anticipated. Even with the best of intentions—and the most attractive incentives—friction, at the very least, is inevitable, and managing such friction is a major taskOne of the problems of the new globality is that it encourages scale and yet at the same time requires greater emphasis on managerial creativity, entrepreneurial values and initiatives and responsiveness to the market. Surely one of the most important challenges for the new company will be to avoid squelching those characteristics in the course of integrating the two operations. The point is to become more flexible, fast-moving and adaptive, not less.A huge risk in this new era of megamergers is to be blindsided in the quest for global scale. Yes, the competitive playing field is much wider than ever before. But that does not mean that national values, tastes and character have disappeared—whether within companies themselves or among their customers. A company, big or small, that misses that reality is quite likely toproduce less value.ExercisesIII. Multiple choices1. The main theme of this passage is____.A. International business mergers have entered a new eraB. The Daimler-Chrysler merger is the biggest in historyC. Transnational companies are more efficient than domestic companiesD. The amalgamation of automobile companies is an inevitable trend2. “Big is in” means______.A. large things are more important than small ones.B. big cars are better than small ones.C. it is fashionable to form large business companies.D. small things are always on the outside.3. The scale and audacity of these combinations are impressive, o f course. “Audacity” means____.A. brazennessB. boldnessC. speedinessD. modesty4. International business mergers “make people vaguely uneasy” because_____.A. they will lead to price increases.B. the world is entering a new type of capitalism.C. the world economy is undergoing fundamental change.D. they may do away with national characteristics.5. The metaphor the author used to describe the merger trend is _______.A. The Statue of Liberty.B. A tidal wave.C. Prestige on wheels.D. The great game.6. The “globalization” is called a “mantra” mainly because ________.A. it is vague but it sounds impressive.B. it was coined by Lee Iacocca.C. it is a Buddhist term.D. mantra is easier to pronounce than globalization.7. “Calling the tune” means_______.A. going into the music business.B. putting cassette players in motor cars.C. exercising control.D. boosting stock prices.8. “Daimler’s path to the altar” compares the company’s merger process to______.A. a religious conversion.B. wedding preparations.C. visiting a church.D. Anglo-Saxon architecture.9. All of the following are factors that facilitate the flow of goods and services EXCEPT______.A. ever-cheaper communicationsB. the InternetC. ever-faster computersD. modern logistic10. The benefits of a merger are the following EXCEPT___.A. to enhance the company’s competitive position.B. to improve corporate performance.C. to build and protect broadly based brands.D. to cut down price.11. “Assembling the right parts” is an apt description of the Daimler-Chrysler merger because _____.A. the merger was driven by industrial logic and growth strategyB. they have achieved advantages of scaleC. the move was the correct corporate strategyD. it reminds us that they are automobile companies12. A huge risk in this new era of megamergers is _______.A. to be in the quest for global scaleB. to be optimisticC. to be blindD. to stick to the old tradition13. The new globality requires emphasis on _____.A. managerial creativityB. entrepreneurial valuesC. initiatives and responsiveness to the marketD. all of the above14. In a much wider competitive playing field, we should not neglect ______.A. national valuesB. characterC. tastesD. all of the above15. The author’s attitude to globality is ________.A. optimisticB. cynicalC. contradictoryD. pessimistic。
景观空间生产研究——逻辑、机制与实践
39景观空间生产研究——逻辑、机制与实践Primary Exploration on the Production of Landscape Space—Logic, Mechanism and Practice摘 要：近年来，景观空间逐渐成为中国空间规划冲突与协调的焦点，学界也逐渐开始关注景观空间的资本运营。
首先介绍了列斐伏尔“空间生产”思想理论缘起与脉络；其次，从人与自然关系的政治经济逻辑、空间生产的机制、注重差异性和社会公平的创造性实践3个层面梳理了“空间生产”思想的基本内容，界定“景观空间生产”概念并归纳6个主要研究议题；最后运用宏观经济数据初步分析了我国景观空间生产实践，表明其受政策驱动的特征及其经济周期性的特点。
旨在呼吁景观学界加强对资本全球化扩张过程中负面效应的关注，倡导通过“生态—政治”辩证思维方法提升景观规划的执行力和可操作性。
关 键 词：风景园林；景观；空间生产；列斐伏尔；哈维；机制；差异性；社会公平文章编号：1000-6664(2017)03-0039-06中图分类号：TU 986 文献标志码：A 收稿日期：2016-06-05； 修回日期：2016-10-12Abstract: The landscape space has gradually become the key point of the conflict and cooperation in space planning while the academic circle has begun to pay more attention to the capital operation of landscape space. This paper first reviewed Lefebvre's "production of space" theory. Secondly, it organized the main content of "space production" ideology by three aspects: the political and economic logic between human and nature, spatial production mechanism and the creative practice which promoting differentiations and social justice. The preliminary definition of the core content of the "Landscape Space Production" was made, and it summarized six main research topics. Finally, this article analyzed the Chinese landscape production practice by macroeconomic data analysis, indicating that the production of landscape space is driven by politics accompanied with economic cyclical feature. This research advocates to alleviate the negative impact of capital globalization expansion and enhance execution and operability by "Ecology-Politics" method during landscape planning.Key words: landscape architecture; landscape; spatial production; Lefebvre; Harvey; mechanism; differentiation; social equity从1个多世纪前的城市美化运动与自然主义的探索，到近现代风貌型城市消费空间的塑造，直至最近兴起的以丰富的自然资源发展创新经济的“波兹曼模式”，景观空间的生产早已跨越了“生活容器”的单纯指向，而成为一种具有丰富内涵的、带有强烈的资本吸纳或催化效应的过程。
投资银行业的哲学-Robert·Lawrence·Kuhn
投资银行业的哲学*选自Robert Lawrence Kuhn《投资银行学》附录投资银行是经营货币与资本的企业。
其主要作用是为了联结资金使用者和资金供给者，为发行者和投资者创造最佳的金融效益。
投资银行业是有效地分配和交换资金的中介渠道。
据此，投资银行业自称是资本主义市场的起关健作用的机制，因为，它促使形成的资源分配决策体现了自由市场制度的特色。
投资银行家认为，是他们在很大程度上支配着世界经济。
而投资银行业实际上是干什么的呢？它的定位在于促成交易，属于服务性行业。
它不生产任何产品，也不出售任何商品，然而，它实质上正好在左右着从事这一工作的所有企业。
它的主要产品是融资建议和融资能力。
1投资银行通过融资，赋予企业以活力，以便能使其持股人发展、扩大并变得更富裕。
有些人认为，投资银行业是商业运转必不可少的轴心，是公司和工业的生命原动力，是经济生产率的市场催化剂。
而另一些人则认为，投资银行业属于寄生性行业，它靠客户牺牲生产率来养活；它报酬太高而生产力低下，因而是资本主义市场的累赘。
显然，这是相互矛盾的看法。
*本附录得益于Robert Lawrence Kuhn的“A Philosophy of Investment Banking”，参见Robert Lawrence Kuhn主编的“The Library of Investment Banking（1990），Volume I（Investing and Risk Management），DowJones-Irwin出版公司。
1人身体的能力是体力，有体力可以干体力活；投资银行的能力是能发挥金融能力。
实际上，投资银行的各个方面都显示其具有的金融能力的重要性。
但是，这种能力并不简单地等同于人的体力，金融能力是质量比数量更重要，具体的说，就是投资银行的远见与明智比其规模与力量更重要。
这篇文章便要解决这一矛盾。
我们的目的是为了辨明投资银行业的基本性质，从而确定其基本价值。
18世纪的英国文学
❖Gulliver’s Travels records the pretended four voyages of Gulliver, and his adventures in four strange countries.
❖A Modest Proposal is a more bitter satire on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people.
the guiding principle or slogan is Ration/Reason, natural right and equality
Ration became standard for measurement of everything.
The Enlightenment Movement
❖ 2.The rise of English novel: an important phenomenon of the period.
❖ 3. Gothic novels emerged and flourished in the last decade of the 17th century, which combine both elements of horror and romance.
趴趴英语作文
趴趴英语作文A Stroll Through EnglishEnglish is a remarkably versatile and dynamic language that has evolved over centuries to become one of the most widely spoken and influential tongues in the world today. As a native speaker or a diligent learner of this language it is fascinating to explore its rich history its complex grammar its diverse vocabulary and its myriad of cultural associations. In this essay I invite you to join me on a stroll through the captivating landscape of the English languageWe begin our journey by considering the origins of English which can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxon tribes that migrated to the British Isles in the 5th century AD. These Germanic peoples brought with them the precursor to modern English a language known as Old English. This early form of the language was significantly different from the English we know today with a complex system of grammatical cases and a vocabulary largely derived from Germanic root words. Nevertheless the foundations of the language were laid and over the subsequent centuries English would undergo aremarkable transformationOne of the key events that shaped the development of English was the Norman Conquest of 1066. When William the Conqueror and his Norman forces invaded England they brought with them the French language which then exerted a profound influence on the evolving English tongue. Many French loanwords were incorporated into the language during this period resulting in the rich and diverse vocabulary that characterizes modern English. Words like'government' 'justice' and 'cuisine' entered the lexicon reflecting the cultural impact of the Norman occupation. This linguistic fusion of Anglo-Saxon and Norman French elements gave rise to Middle English a transitional form of the language that persisted until the late medieval period.As we move forward in time the English language continued to evolve at a rapid pace. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century helped to standardize spelling and grammar while the Renaissance period saw a flowering of English literature and poetry. Great writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer William Shakespeare and John Milton left an indelible mark on the language crafting new words and phrases that have become integral to our contemporary usage. It was also during this era that English began to emerge as a global language with the expansion of the British Empire to distant shores.The modern English we speak today is the product of these profound historical transformations. It is a language of unparalleled richness and complexity with a vocabulary estimated to exceed one million words. This vast lexical inventory is a reflection of English's status as a truly international language drawing upon influences from around the world. From Yiddish to Mandarin from Swahili to Sanskrit English has incorporated loanwords and idioms from a dazzling array of source languages. This linguistic diversity is one of the great strengths of the English language allowing it to adapt and evolve to meet the needs of an increasingly globalized world.Yet despite this remarkable flexibility English also exhibits a remarkable consistency and coherence. The basic grammatical structures of the language have remained remarkably stable over the centuries. The subject-verb-object sentence structure the use of articles and prepositions the conjugation of verbs all point to an underlying logic and rationality that gives English its distinctive character. This balance between innovation and tradition is what makes English such a captivating and rewarding language to study and master.As we conclude our stroll through the world of English we should also acknowledge the immense cultural significance of this language. More than just a means of communication English is a repository ofhistory art literature and social values. The works of Shakespeare the poetry of the Romantic era the novels of the Victorian age all bear the indelible stamp of the English language. To engage with this literary heritage is to gain access to the very heart of Western civilization.Moreover English has become the lingua franca of global commerce science technology and diplomacy. It is the language of international air traffic control United Nations deliberations and corporate boardrooms around the world. In this sense English has become the language of globalization a common tongue that facilitates cross-cultural exchange and collaboration. Proficiency in English is now seen as an essential skill for success in the 21st century economy.As we conclude our journey through the world of English we are left with a profound sense of wonder and appreciation for this remarkable language. From its humble Anglo-Saxon origins to its current status as a global phenomenon English has proven itself to be a dynamic flexible and endlessly fascinating medium of human expression. Whether you are a native speaker or a dedicated learner there is always more to discover in the rich tapestry of the English language. So let us continue to explore its depths to savor its nuances and to marvel at its incredible versatility. For in doing so we open ourselves up to new worlds of meaning and understanding.。
8. Globalization’s Dual Power
8. G lobalization’s Dual PowerAt the edge of a new century, globalization is a double-edged sword: a powerful vehicle that raises economic growth, spreads new technology and increases living standards in rich and poor countries alike, but also an immensely controversial process that assaults national sovereignty, erodes local culture and tradition and threatens economic and social instability.A daunting question of the 21st century is whether nations will control this great upheaval or whether it will come to control them.In some respects globalization is merely a trendy word for an old process. What we call the market is simply the joining of buyers and sellers, producers and consumers and savers and investors. Economic history consists largely of the story of the market's expansion: from farm to town, from region to nation and from nation to nation. In the 20th century, the Depression and two world wars retard ed the market's growth. But after World War II ended, it reaccelerated, driven by political pressures and better technology.The Cold War, from the late 1940s through the 1980s, caused the United States to champion trade liberalization and economic growth as a way of combating communism. A succession of major trade negotiations reduced average tariffs in industrialized countries to about 5 percent in 1990 from about 40 percent in 1946.After two world wars, Europeans saw economic unification as an antidote to deadly nationalism. Technology complemented politics. Even before the Internet, declining costs for communication and transportation — from jet planes, better undersea telephone cables and satellites — favored more global commerce. By the early 1990s, world exports (after adjusting for inflation) were nearly 10 times higher than they had been four decades earlier.Globalization continues this process but also departs from it in at least one critical respect. Until recently, countries were viewed as distinct economic entities, connected mainly by trade. Now, this is becoming less true. Companies and financial markets increasingly disregard national borders when making production, marketing and investment decisions.As recently as 1990, governments — either individually or through such multilateral institutions as the World Bank —provided half the loans and credits to 29 major developing countries (including Brazil, China, India, South Korea and Mexico), according to the Institute for International Finance, a banking industry research group in Washington.A decade later, even after Asia's 1997-98 financial crisis, private capital flows dwarf governmental flows. In 1999, private flows (bank loans, bond financing, equity investment (权益投资) in local stock markets and direct investment by multinational companies) totaled an estimated $136 billion to these 29 countries, compared with government capital flows of $22 billion, according to the institute.Meanwhile, multinational companies have gone on an international acquisition binge. In the first half of 1999 alone, the value of new cross-border mergers and acquisitions passed $500 billion in both advanced and developing countries.The total roughly matched the amount for all 1998 ($544 billion) and was almost seven times larger than the 1991 levels ($85 billion), according to the World Investment Report by the United Nations. The recent takeover struggle between British and German wireless giants — Vodafone AirTouch PLC and Mannesmann AG — is exceptional only for its size and bitterness.Behind the merger boom lies the growing corporate conviction that many markets have become truly global. By trying to maximize their presence in as many nations as possible, companies seek to achieve economies of scale —that is, to lower costs through higher sales and production volumes — and to technological changes that can now occu stay abreast of r almost anywhere.In addition, companies increasingly organize production globally, dividing product design, component manufacturing and final assembly among many countries.But it is not just multinational companies, seeking bigger sales and profits, that drive globalization. Governments do, too. In Europe, the relentless pursuit of the "single market" is one indicator. This reflects a widespread recognition that European companies will be hard-pressed to compete in global markets if their local operations are hamstrung by fragmented national markets.Among poorer countries, the best sign of support is the clamor to get into the World Trade Organization. Since 1995, seven countries —Bulgaria, Ecuador, Estonia, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Mongolia and Panama — have joined. And 32 (the largest being China) are seeking membership. There is a belief that global trade and investment can aid economic development by providing new products, technologies and management skills.It's no myth. Countries succeed or fail mainly based on their own workers, investment and government policies. But engaging the wider world economy can help.Consider Asia. Despite its financial crisis, rapid trade expansion and economic growth sharply cut the number of the desperately poor. From 1987 to 1998, those in the region, including China, with incomes of $1 or less a day dropped to 15 percent from 27 percent of the population, the World Bank estimates.Meanwhile, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa(撒哈拉以南的非洲，俗称黑非洲)— whose embrace of the world economy has been late or limited — fare d much less well. In Africa, for example, the World Bank reckons that 46 percent of the population lived on less than $1 a day in 1998, exactly what the percentage was in 1987.Well, if globalization is so good, why is it also so risky? The answer is that two problems could neutralize its potential benefits.The first is economic instability. The global economy may be prone to harsher boom-bust cycles than national economies individually. The theory that international trade and investment raise living standards works only if investment funds are well used and if trade flows do not become too lopsided.The Asian financial crisis raised questions on both counts. In the early 1990s, most of Asia thrived because it received vast flows of foreign capital as bank loans, direct investment in factories or stock-market investment in local companies.The ensuing spending boom in turn aided Europe, Japan and the United States by increasing imports from them. Then the boom abruptly halted in mid-1997 when it became apparent that as a result of "crony capitalism," inept government investment policies and excess optimism, much of the investment had been wasted on unneeded factories, office buildings and apartments.What prevented the Asian crisis from becoming a full-scale global economic downturn has been the astonishing U.S. economy.Its relentless growth helped the rest of the world by purchasing more and more of their exports. Since 1996, the U.S. current-account deficit in its balance of payments国际收支— the broadest measure of the country's international trade —has more than doubled, from $129 billion to an estimated total of $330 billion in 1999.The world economy, as Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers has repeatedly said, has been flying on one engine. The trouble is, as Mr. Summers has also warned, this cannot go on forever.The great danger is that the world has become too dependent on American prosperity and that a slowdown or recession— reflecting a decline in the stock market, a loss of consumer confidence or higher interest rates — might snowball into a international slump.By economic forecasts, Europe and Japan are going to do better. In 2000, the European Union's gross domestic product will grow 2.8 percent, up from 2.1 percent in 1999, according to projection s by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris.Japan is project ed to grow 1.4 percent, the same as the OECD (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development经济合作与发展组织)is predicting for 1999 but a big improvement from the 2.8 percent drop in 1998. If the forecasts materialize— and the OECD's growth estimates for Japan exceed most private forecasts — they will restore some balance to the world economy and relieve fears of a global recession.Asia and Latin America can continue to recover without relying solely on exports to the United States. But until that happens, no one can be certain that Asia's financial crisis has truly ended. It remains possible that abrupt surges of global capital, first moving into Asia and then out, will have caused, with some delay, a larger instability.Globalization's other problem is political, cultural and social. People feel threatened by any kind of economic change — and change from abroad naturally seems especially alien and menacing.The street protesters at the Seattle meeting of the World Trade Organization in early December may have lacked a common agenda or even a coherent case against trade. But they accurately reflected the anxiety and anger that globalization often inspires. So do European fears of genetically modified food or nationalistic opposition to cross-border mergers.What is local and familiar is suddenly being replaced or assaulted by something that is foreign and unfamiliar. And even if trade helps most people, it will usually create some losers. In the United States, workers in some high-cost industries — steel and autos, most conspicuous ly — suffered from intensified import competition.Just because globalization is largely spontaneous —propell ed by better communications and transportation — does not mean that it is inevitable or completely irreversible. Governments can, in subtle and not-so-subtle ways, shield local industries and workers against imports or discriminate against foreign investors. If only a few countries do, their actions will not matter much.Global capital and trade will go where they are most welcome and productive. Indeed, it is precisely this logic that has persuaded so many countries to accept globalization. If they don't, someone else will. Judged by their behavior, most governments believe they have more to gain than to lose.But this does not mean that a powerful popular backlash, with unpredictable consequences, is not possible. In a global recession, too many sellers will be chasing too few buyers. A plausible presumption is that practical politicians would try to protect their constituents from global glut s. If too many countries did, globalization could implode.It's a scary prospect. Economic interdependence cuts both ways. Under favorable conditions, it helps everyone; under unfavorable conditions, it hurts everyone. Globalization's promise may exceed its peril — but the peril is still real. Both await the new century. One of the great dramas will be to see which prevails.。
计算机英语 复习题1
《计算机英语（1）》Review2012-12目录一、单项选择题 (1)1.1 专业常识部分 (1)1.2 课后的单项选择题汇总 (3)1.3 课后语法练习 (8)二、判断正误 (10)三、根据课文填空 (11)四、术语翻译 (11)BACAA DDCDB CADDA ACCAD BACDCCCCDD BCBBA ACBDD CDDDC DCCAB DABDC ABCCD CDABB DC一、单项选择题1.1 专业常识部分1、____ refers to the parts of the computer that you can see and touch.A. SoftwareB. HardwareC. HardshipD. Instruction2、primary memory which is stored on chips located ____.A. on the motherboardB. outsideC. inside the processorD. on the CPU3、The display screen is the most common ____ device used to show you what the computer is doing.A. inputB. printingC. outputD. electronic4、Windows gives you more control over the ____ you work.A. operationB. wayC. energyD. power5、The most important program on any computer is ____.A. Operating SystemB. VirusC. softwareD. Office 20006、There are mainly ____ separate products that form the Microsoft Office Suite。
国际艺术金融的投资逻辑
Investment Logic of International Art Finance 国际艺术金融的投资逻辑
我国的艺术金融仍处于刚刚起步的发展阶段，而西方发达国家的艺术金融已有至少上百年的历史。
从英国铁
英国铁路养老基金
在20世纪70年代，受石油危机的影响，许多国
家遭遇第二次世界大战后最严重的经济危机。
当
在国外，经营艺术品质押融资业务的机构包括
拍卖公司和金融机构。
艺术品质押的最主要特点在
艺术品信托是指委托人将其持有的资金委托给受托人，由受托人以自己的名义，按照委托人的
保险制度的初衷就是集合群体之力来覆盖少数个体的风险。
因为艺术品本身就面临各种风险，。
大卫·哈维空间政治哲学中的地理不均衡发展理论研究
中文摘要在十九世纪之前，由于种种原因，空间概念不同程度地遭到了各学科理论界的漠视。
进入十九世纪，伴随着资本主义积累形式的巨大转变，资本与空间的关系被日益拉近，全球化随之兴起，这使得人们在生产和生活的各个领域都有着十分强烈的空间体验，在这种背景下，西方理论界出现了空间政治哲学转向。
作为其中的代表人物，美国学者大卫·哈维（David Harvey）以坚定的马克思主义信念，汲取和研判新马克思主义学者的理论思潮，逐步建构了其空间政治哲学思想。
地理不均衡发展理论是哈维空间政治哲学思想中最重要的组成部分，这种理论建立在哈维对于资本主义空间生产即“空间规模生产”和“地理差异生产”分析和研究的基础之上，他认为此二者是地理不均衡发展产生的自然——先天因素；而资本主义空间生产是通过“时空压缩”与“时空修复”手段而进行的全球范围内的资本积累活动，这是造成地理不均衡现象进一步恶化的社会——后天原因。
地理不均衡发展理论的形成得益于哈维早期实证主义地理学的训练而延伸出的“三种空间”以及后期通过人文主义地理学转向而延伸出的“历史——地理唯物主义理论”的基奠，他以马克思历史唯物主义和辨证唯物主义为方法论，对有关不均衡发展的彼此重合但又相对独立的理论流派进行了系统性的分析和解读，提出了具有元理论诉求的“统一场论”，开辟了通往地理不均衡发展一般理论的理论通道。
通过对于地理不均衡发展“统一场论”的整体把握和分解研究，不难发现“统一场论”中包含着两条基本的逻辑主线，即资本逻辑与权力逻辑。
其中，资本逻辑是作为基础而存在的，它是资本主义地理扩张的始作俑者，正是由于资本积累固有的矛盾与危机并未在地理扩张过程中得到根本的解决，所以，地理不均衡发展现象被进一步制造出来，在全球化空间生产时代，这主要表现在城市规模空间与全球化规模空间中的地理不均衡发展。
通过研究，我们进一步发现，对于地理不均衡发展与资本主义发展关系的分析并不能建立在单向的历史轨道之上，要将二者理解为交替存在、互相催生、彼此影响的辩证的资本逻辑演化过程。
全球最具影响力的思想家重磅作品推荐
全球最具影响力的思想家重磅作品推荐思想家，研究思想、思维和思考模式并且形成思想体系的人。
以下是店铺为大家整理的关于全球最具影响力的思想家重磅作品推荐，欢迎阅读!全球最具影响力的思想家重磅作品推荐1====戴维·尤里奇=====《领导力密码》全球人力资源大师，美国密歇根大学商学院教授，也是RBL集团合伙人。
在美国《商业周刊》举行的调查当中，他是最受欢迎的管理大师，排在约翰•科特、彼得•德鲁克等人之前，并多次荣获领导力专业领域“终身成就奖”，曾为超过半数的《财富》200强企业提供咨询或研究服务。
是国际畅销书《人力资源最佳实务》、《人力资源记分卡》的作者。
2====特姆彭纳斯=====《跨越文化浪潮》特姆彭纳斯(Fons Trompenaars)，毕业于宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院，是跨文化管理的开创者和倡导者之一，曾先后在18个国家开设了1000多次跨文化管理培训课程，现任特姆彭纳斯/汉普顿-特纳跨文化管理公司的总经理。
该公司致力于国际管理咨询与培训服务，服务客户囊括了摩托罗拉、壳牌、庞巴迪、喜力等世界一流企业，为企业经营管理做出了卓著的贡献。
3====克莱顿·克里斯坦森=====《创新者的处方》《创新者的课堂》克莱顿·克里斯坦森(Clayton Christensen)是当今最具影响力的创新大师，现为哈佛商学院教授，并为创见公司(Innosight)、罗斯帕克投资顾问公司、创见研究所的联合创始人，著有5 本著作，包括《纽约时报》畅销书《创新者的窘境》《创新者的处方》以及《创新者的课堂》等。
4====唐·泰普斯科特=====《数字化成长3.0》唐·泰普斯科特(Don Tapscott)是全球著名的新经济学家和商业策略大师，被誉为“数字经济之父”以及“趋势大师”。
他是世界上最受追捧的商业演讲人之一，《财富》500强企业中超过半数的CEO曾聆听过他的演讲。
他是网络新生代创新网络的总裁、多伦多大学约瑟夫·罗特曼管理学院的兼职教授，著有11本全球畅销书籍，其中包括《维基经济学》、《数字化成长》和《数字化经济》等。
重审“资本四大支柱”的机会
u n s c r a m b l e96重审“资本四大支柱”的机会The Opportunity to Review the "Four Pillars of Capital"文 Fredu n s c r a m b l e行业报告解读97家族的资本由四大部分组成，既金融资本、智慧资本、文化资本和社会资本四部分组成。
也就是有形资产仅是家族传奇遗传的一部分，而更多的在家族代际传承的，也更为关键的因素，就是家族的文化，价值观以及财富的使命。
由斯通哈吉·弗莱明公司服务的大多数家族，都有着深入的代际计划，因此他们所关心的、所担心的主题依然保持一贯，并未出现实质性的改变。
财富的使命、领导力，还有下一代的参与，依然是财富家族们最关心的问题。
在风险方面，家族内部纠纷依然视为对财富传承的最大威胁，远超过短期市场波动所带来的影响。
这项为期三个月的调查，收到了全球183位不同家族、不同世代家族成员，以及家族顾问的问卷回复。
相比上一次在2018年进行的调查，该系列调查的第四份报告仍指出了一些细微变化。
看来，疫情正在加速更多的家族职责向下一代传递，或者说更确定了年轻一代在家族中的领导地位。
毫无意外的家族们也重新评估了各项家族优先事务排序。
其中就包括了社会资本重要性的提升，开展了更多、更有针对性的慈善活动。
斯通哈吉·弗莱明家族治理及传承业务主管，联名合伙人马修. 弗莱明称，“我们的调查发现，逾三分之一的家族认为，他们的优先事务排序出现了永久性挑战，这也是疫情的直接性影响之一。
这些改变，也将影响到这些家族重新定义财富的使命，我们很高兴看到更多的家族重新评估了传承计划。
”这次调查中，有71%的家族宣称，将由年轻世代在家族中承担更为突出的角色。
尽管相比2年前的调查，全球财富家族更加严肃的、更正规化的审视评估各种家族风险。
但是调查中发现，依然有仅半数的超高净值家族仍未采用结构性的风险甄别分析。
英语的造字的逻辑 -回复
英语的造字的逻辑-回复the logic of coinage in English [The Logic of Coinage in English]The English language is a fascinating blend of various influences, with a vocabulary that is constantly evolving and expanding. One particular aspect that contributes to this expansion is the process of coinage, where new words are created. The logic behind the coinage of English words is intricate and multifaceted, encompassing a range of linguistic, cultural, and historical factors. In this article, we will delve into the steps involved in the logic of coinage in English.Step 1: Identifying a NeedThe first step in the logic of coinage is identifying a need for a new word. This need can arise from various sources, such as technological advancements, cultural shifts, or simply the lack of an existing term to adequately express a concept or idea. For example, with the advent of smartphones, concepts such as "selfie," "app," and "emoji" emerged to fulfill the need for new vocabulary.Step 2: ConceptualizationOnce a need has been recognized, the next step is to conceptualizethe new word. This involves understanding the essence of the concept or idea that the word will represent. Additionally, the word should ideally be concise, memorable, and widely understood. For instance, the word "texting" was coined to describe the act of sending text messages, capturing the essence of the activity in a straightforward manner.Step 3: Word FormationThe actual process of forming the new word is the key step in the logic of coinage. It involves drawing upon existing linguistic resources to create the desired term. There are several ways in which new words can be formed, including blending, compounding, derivation, and borrowing.- Blending: This process involves combining two or more words to create a new word. For example, "brunch" is a blend of "breakfast" and "lunch."- Compounding: In compound formation, two or more words are joined together to create a new word. "Blackboard," for instance, is a compound of "black" and "board."- Derivation: Derivation involves adding affixes, such as prefixes or suffixes, to existing words to create new ones. "Unhappiness" isderived from the adjective "happy" by adding the prefix "un-."- Borrowing: Borrowing occurs when words from other languages are adopted into English. "Sushi" and "karaoke" are examples of borrowed words from Japanese.Step 4: Usage and AcceptanceAfter a new word is coined, its usage and acceptance by the linguistic community play a crucial role. For a word to become a permanent and widely recognized part of the English language, it needs to be consistently used by speakers and writers. Over time, if the word gains popularity and is consistently accepted, it enters dictionaries, further solidifying its position in the language.Step 5: Adaptation and EvolutionLanguage is a dynamic entity, constantly adapting and evolving. The logic of coinage acknowledges this by allowing for the adaptation and evolution of new words. This can manifest in various forms, such as changes in pronunciation, spelling, or meaning. For instance, the word "internet" was initially capitalized, but over time, it evolved into its current lowercase form.In conclusion, the logic of coinage in English involves a multi-stepprocess, starting from identifying a need for a new word and conceptually understanding it, to forming the word using linguistic resources, gaining acceptance through usage, and allowing for adaptation and evolution over time. This intricate process reflects the dynamic nature of language and contributes to theever-evolving vocabulary of the English language.。