演讲的语篇研究

Abstract
The close relationship between the address and language can be realized by discourse. Speech’s textual research has received wide attention of academia at domestic and abroad. Scholars from pragmatics, systemic functional grammar, stylistics, critical discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics and rhetoric, and many other perspectives conducted a systematic and comprehensive study. Throughout the research results, to understand the speech language play an important role in the different levels, but college graduation speeches are still worth further research and analysis of space. In view of this, this study used the research method of “small incision, deep analysis”. Therefore, the author selected address discourse from the English public speech discourse as the research object, which is the one of the subsystems. The rhetoric strategy of this kind of discourse analysis is from two aspects of style and culture.
Every college students have to undergo a graduation ceremony, President of the country is also invited to make a main speech, the aim is to express their best wishes and expectations of the country’s college students, and to inspire audiences, win the support.
With its distinctive point of view, commencement address has refined language, rhetoric and profound insights, spirits and encouraging. Stylistic rhetoric exists in all kinds of speech, especially in the commencement address, the President of the United States. This article from the perspective of linguistics, stylistics, based on the relevant theoretical knowledge of functional stylistics and scene stylistics, stylistic features of English speech can be divided into phonetic features, lexical features and syntactic features of three kinds, and to explore the role of main rhetorical devices in commencement address, including simile, metaphor, parallelism, contrast, allusions, alliteration, and so on. Article also through the study of colleges and universities in the United States President Barack Obama public speech language emanating through ideological and cultural charm, combining the theory of social culture, explore the graduation speech characteristics of the language and culture, with President Obama in the United States rose wonderful language of Rutgers university as an example, to reflect the rhetoric of vivid and interesting, appreciates the graduation speech culture charm.
[Key Words] rhetorical characteristics; cultural connotation; commencement address
摘 要
演讲和语言之间的密切关系可以通过语篇得以实现。演讲的语篇研究已经得到了国内外学术界的广泛关注，已经有学者从语用学、系统功能语法、文体学、批评语篇分析、认知语言学与修辞学等诸多视角进行了系统而全面的探索。综观其研究成果，对于理解演讲语篇的不同层面发挥了参考作用，但演讲语篇仍值得我们继续深入研究和分析。鉴于此，本文研究采用“小切口，深分

析”的研究方法。从演讲语篇中选取其中的一个子系统，高校英语毕业公众演讲的语篇为研究对象，对该类语篇的演讲策略从修辞和文化两个方面进行深入分析。
每位大学生都要经历毕业典礼，国家总统也是被邀请的演讲主要对象之一，总统发表高校毕业演说，其目的在于表达自己对国家大学生的美好祝愿与期望，鼓舞听众，打动人心，赢得支持。总统毕业演讲以其鲜明的观点，雅致的语言，强大的雄辩力和深刻的洞察力，令人精神振奋，鼓舞人心。文体修辞存在于各种演讲中，尤其是在美国总统毕业演讲中。此文从语言学文体学角度出发，结合功能文体学和情景文体学的相关理论知识，将英语演讲中的文体特征分为语音特征，词汇特征和句法特征三类，并探讨主要修辞手段在毕业演说中的作用，包括明喻、暗喻、排比、对照、典故、头韵等修辞手法。此文还通过研究美国总统奥巴马在美国高校的公众演说词所散发出的语言思想文化魅力,结合社会文化理论，以奥巴马总统在美国罗斯格大学中的精彩语言为例，探索毕业演讲词中的语言文化特点，来体现修辞的生动和耐人寻味，体味毕业演讲的文化魅力。
[关键词] 修辞特点；文化内涵；毕业演讲
Chapter One Introduction
When it comes to the Obama public address, people often mentioned his famous political speeches, such as his inaugural speech and so on. All the time people are attaching importance to the public speaking and putting a high value on it. It is universally acknowledged that public address brings political, cultural and social factors together, and also shows the speaker’s verbal and non-verbal features.
Colleges and universities public speaking is a very special language style, in order to convey to the audience his views as the main purpose, so the public speech must have a clear purpose, strong persuasive and strong motivational. The speaker by means of sound language, with the help of modal action publicly clarified his own point of view, the speech to the audience to achieve the purpose of preaching, so the audience to accept and understand the information is almost synchronization.
The U.S. President Barack Obama has a gift of public address, he has done extremely unique artistic charm and rich emotion, and always can win students' love and acceptance. His commencement address not only has the meaning of education and appreciation value, but also has more research value. He used a lot of figure of speech, for example, parallelism, rhetorical question, metaphor and other methods, in order to make the speech more appealing and persuasive.
This paper selected his commencement address(an universities in the United States –Rutgers university), from the perspective of linguistics, stylistics, based on the relevant theoretical knowledge of stylist

ics, functional stylistics and situation, with English speech stylistic rhetoric, divided into phonetic rhetoric, vocabulary rhetoric and syntactic rhetoric, seriously explore study of U.S. President Barack Obama used in university English address stylistic rhetoric, including allusions, quote, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, parallelism, antithesis, repetition, alliteration, and so on. This paper adopted quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis to reveal the language characteristics, in order to help readers to learn more from universities in the stylistic characteristics of speech art knowledge. It explores the public speeches of phonetic, vocabulary and syntax and rhetoric features, so as to further explore in the process of language reflects the cultural connotation, the spirit of the nation for college students to enjoy and learn.
Therefore, by researching this thesis, it is beneficial to the speaker speaking skills into full play, in order to realize the motivational speech for Chinese colleges and universities have a specific purpose. On presentation skills from lexical, syntactical and discourse level expression of choice, could improve university cultural exchange between the east and west, also can enhance the mutual understanding of colleges and universities. Guide readers to learn the art of speech, President Obama and some speeches in the language using skills, applied to the practice of his speech in the future, raise the level of speech in public.
Chapter Two The Research Theory and Method
English stylistics as a ramification of linguistics, mainly studied English colloquial writing style, not only include drama, poetry, but also include the English genre specific purpose. Stylistic analysis of English study the language features of English each genre, emphatically put forward each style has a unique form of expression, the expression for choice can achieve the effect of language. Stylistics research task is not enumerate several style names, but in the observation and description language characteristics of several main genres, namely the choice of their own pronunciation, vocabulary, sentence pattern and discourse structure, the purpose is to make scholars better understand what they express, at the right occasion, respectively.
2.1 A brief introduction of research theory
In the early 20th century, the study of literary style in rhetoric after the rise, especially in speech or the study of how to express and improve step by step to strengthen the rhetoric. Should be made clear that style to be limited to the structure of onlookers, here, we adopted a broader perspective. Traditionally, however, are more inclined to research on the application of the microstructure. Have a close relationship between writing and rhetoric, as we know, poetry, philosophy, science, and address, such as how to use the language is very important. Language is a powerful tool. Speech is the use of fluent and appropriate expression art of eloquence, th

e purpose of the speech is to persuade, call for the action and reaction. According to the related theory, he proposed by Aristotle produced three convincing proof.
According to the theory of Aristotle’s related research, the entire speech process includes five main stages, respectively, find materials based on overall planning and writing styles, memory, and presentation skills. All the entire layout of the introduction, the problem is put forward, the arguments presented and end of four parts. In the speech of this four parts, each part to resort to a means to persuade and namely, convert rationality, emotion and personality. According to Aristotle’s view, the part of division of labor is “the introduction”, which appealed to emotions, resorting to personal character. The question put forward reason, arguments presented reason. The end of the passage appealed to emotion and resort to character.
2.1.1 Phonetic rhetoric devices
English phonetics rhetoric, as the name implies, is living with the pronunciation of the English words of speech. Voice speech can give a person with sound smooth and rhythmic, read smoothly is a flowing aesthetic feeling, at the same time, inspiring readers, especially the audience endless association, “mountain stream find bosom friend”. The voices of the common figures of speech are alliteration, assonance, consonance and onomatopoeia.
Alliteration comes from Latins, the meaning is to reuse the same letters. Alliteration figures of speech is in a group, a word or words in a poem, in close to each other in two or more than two words, it’s with the same letter or sound at the beginning of syllables, mainly consonants.
Assonance refers to the number of adjacent syllable stress (and sometimes also is a stressed syllable) in the same or similar vowel sounds, and the final consonant different rhetorical devices. It is a crucial way to overlapping tone.
Consonance, derived from the Latin “harmony”, its structural characteristics in contrast to the alliteration. Consonance refers to two or more than two words in the ending consonant sounds.
Onomatopoeia is the imitation of the voices of the objective world and is the use of some words in English pronunciation similar to the nature and characteristics of the real human voice and use a speech.
2.1.2 Semantic rhetorical devices
Semantic rhetorical devices, the meaning of figures of speech mainly by means of semantic associations created and language features such as the change of the rhetorical devices. It mainly included simile, metaphor, and allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, zeugma, oxymoron, contrast and so on.
Simile is a figure of speech, in which makes a comparison between two unlike elements that have at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality that we associated with one to the other. For examp

le, as cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
Hyperbole, is often called overstatement or exaggeration, in order to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.
Personification gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal.
2.1.3 Syntactical stylistic devices
Sentence is the basic unit of the grammatical structure and the communication and exchange ideas too. Therefore, syntactic rhetoric is the key to speaking and writing, and is the key linked to all rhetorical process, such as semantic morpheme, the choice of words, phrases and adjustments, which are the material of rhetoric. Although it is appropriate, it also can guarantee the quality of communication. It isn’t a building, which is no express a complete thought of the use value. And sentence group, paragraphs, and chapters of rhetoric, are only the integral design of the buildings and the layout of the research, if there are no buildings - sentence, all the composition layout consideration scrutiny will perish. Thus, in the process of the communication, show the position and function of the sentence rhetoric. It mainly included repetition, parallelism, antithesis, rhetoric question and so on.
Repetition also called “over and over again”, is to talk the author. According to the needs of language expression, it expressed in the form of “repeat”, or an outlet some strong emotions, some important information of a kind of rhetorical devices. Using the “repeat” means mainly depends on the purpose of the huge response and enough attention. In English, the use of “repetition” is not only able to highlight certain language points and create atmosphere, but also can deepen the auditory and visual experience, enhance the language of music and rhythm and the formal beauty of language - neat, symmetry and balance, enhance the melody and language. “Repeat” also can be used as a kind of writing method, which is used to emphasize the views of the articles; Or in the layout of the entire article, connections to the meaning of context; Or arrangement argument, clear context, primary and secondary levels. “Repeat” language form is various, which have repeated the same words, synonyms and overlapping synonymous phrases. There are synonymous sentence. On the structure, “repeat” can be divided into continuity.
Parallelism is three or more related or similar, the same or similar structure and tone the same phrase or sentence, side by side to achieve the effect of a strengthening language potential. It can make the rhythm of the article to strengthen the organization better, more conducive to express strong feelings. Parallelism is not only to build momentum, and read catchy, but also full of rhythm beauty.
Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.
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