管子农学

本文结合最新的考古学和民族学进展，在大量阅读前人有关论著及论文基础上，对《管子》中丰富的农学内容进行了全面而深入的考察。

《管子》中农学主要包含以下四个方面：土壤学方面；农业技术方面；农时方面；农学理论与农业生态保护方面。

其中农业技术又包含对农作物、农具、耕作和栽培技术、农田水利技术等的考察。

土壤学方面集中在对《地员》篇的考察。

《地员》篇和《禹贡》一样根据土壤质地和颜色做了类型划分，但同时又对土壤水份状况、味道、地形、地势、地下水与土壤的关系做了非常细致的考察；它尤其关注土壤与其之上的植被间的相互关系。

总之，它已认识到土壤与环境诸多因素间的密切关系，极具生态学意识。

它对土壤分类及性质认识远比《禹贡》、《周礼》深刻和全面。

《地员》篇是先秦有关土壤学的最重要著作之一。

农作物方面，着重考察了重要农作物“禾(狭义的)”、“稷”、“粟(狭义的)”、“黍”的关系，从作物种植时间角度，认为“禾”、“稷”、“粟”为同一作物的不同称呼。

并认为“五谷”的形成与先秦小农生产模式的形成有密切关系。

农具方面，认为“耒”、“耜”原是两种农具，春秋战国期间，“耜”的直柄变为“耒”的曲柄，因此“耜”又兼具“耒”的功能，使“耒”逐渐趋向消失。

战国以来，“耜”又逐渐演变成为“犁”，而仍习惯被称为“耜”的。

另外对耨、镈、铫、耰等农具也做了初步考察。

在耕作与栽培技术方面，考察了深耕、除草、播种、选种及施肥有关技术。

《管子》中对农田水利技术方面也很重视，通过对一些篇章的分析后认为，春秋中叶以后，中原地区的农田水利已防旱、排涝并重，这与目前不少学者认为春秋时期中原地区农田水利主要是排涝的观点不同。

另外认为《度地》篇是先秦最为卓越的有关水利技术和水力学现象的著作，是战国时期大规模的农田水利建设经验的总结。

农时方面主要有《玄宫》、《四时》、《五行》、《轻重己》四篇。

其中，《玄宫》、《五行》属于独特的十月太阳历农时系统；《四时》、《轻重己》属于正统的二十四节气月令系统。

四篇都应早于《吕氏春秋》十二纪，是《月令》系统形成的早期雏形。

农学理论方面，《管子》已初步具有了“三才”思想，但不甚系统。

农业生态保护方面，《管子》更多从“地宜”角度出发，具有很强实用性和经验直观性。

虽然不可能从现代生态学角度来论述生态保护，但它的某些篇章如《七法》中的“人民鸟兽草木之生，物虽甚多，皆有均焉，面未尝变也，谓之则”和《地员》中的“凡草木之道，各有谷造”等仍提出了具有现代生态学意识的生态思想。

品学论文网专业代写毕业论文、毕业设计、案例分析与数据统计、论文抄袭检测等等。

【Abstract】This thesis, which is linked with progress in archaeology and ethnology, on the basis of a great many reading about relevant works and theses, makes a comprehensive and profound research about the abundant agronomy knowledge of 《GuanZi》.The agronomy knowledge of 《GuanZi 》contains four aspects: soil science, agricultural technology? agricultural calendar, agricultural theory and agricultural ecology’s protection. The agricultural technology refers to the study of crops, farm tools, tillage and cultivation technology, farmland’s irrigation technology.Soil science focuses on the study of 《DiYuan》. It sorted the soil on the basis of soil’s nature and color as well as 《YuGong》. But meanwhile, It did close research of the relationship between soil and soil moisture station, flavor, terrain, topography, underground water. It paid close attention to the intimate relationship between soil and its upper plants. In short, it had clear understanding about relationship between soil and its environment and was filled with eclogical thoughts. Its soil’s classification and nature is more profound and comprehensive than that of 《YuGong》and 《ZhouLi》.《DiYuan》is one of the most important works in soil science at pre- Qin period.Referring to crops, the thesis studies the relationship of three important crops "He" (narrow sense),"Ji", "Su"(narrow sense), "Shu". At the angle of crops’planting times, It thinks that "He", "Ji", "Su" are the different names of a same plant. Also it thinks that the
formation of "five grains" relates to the formation of pre - Qin’s small farmer’s production pattern. As farm tolls, Lei and Si are originally two kinds of farm tools. During the Spring and Autmn -Warring States Period, the straight shaft of Si became the bent shaft of Lei * so Si had the same function as Lei, which made Lei disappear. From Warring States, Si gradually became to plough, but it was used to being named Si. Besides, the thesis preliminarily studies other farm tools, such as Nou,Bo,Yao, You and so on. At the aspect of tillage and cultivation technology, the thesisresearches relevant technology of deep plough, hoeing up weeds? sowing,seeds selection and applying fertilizer. IGuanZi) attaches importance to farmland’s irrigation technology. After analyzing a few works, the thesis makes a conclusion that after Middle Spring and Autumn period, combating drought and drainimg flooded fields technology have been used at central plain areas, which differs from many scholars’lately opinion that only draining flooded fields technology has been used in that period at central plain areas. At the same time, 《DuDi》is considered to be the most remarkable work about water conservancy technology and hydraulics study and to be the experienced summary of large scope of farmland’s water conservancy construction in Warring States.There are four works about agricultural calendar, 《XuanGong》, 《SiShi》, 《WuXing》,《QingZhongJi》, among which, 《XuanGong)and 《WuXing》belong to special agricultural calendar system of 10-months solar calendar; 《SiShi》and 《QingZhongJi》belong to traditional " YueLing" system of twenty ?four festivals. All of them are earlier than twelve - months writings of 《LuShiChunQiu》, which are early embryos of "YueLing" system.Concerning agricultural theory, 《GuanZi》have preliminarily formed "SanCai" idea, but it is not systematic. As agricultural ecology’s protection, 《GuanZi》starts from the angle of "DiYi" principle, which is practical and filled with experience. Although it is impossible to expound ecology protection from the angle of modern ecology, it’s certain articles, such as 《QiFa》and 《DiYuan》, had put forward some modern ecological thoughts.。