Philosophy and religions
Confucius
Confucius (551 BC-479 BC) Personal name: 丘 Styled 仲尼 Great thinker & educator A descendant of a noble family in the Song State Family decline
Confucius placed a high value on ethical cultivation and a harmonious relationship. Benevolence is in effect the spirit of “Harmony” (和)。 “Harmony” is one of the most important features of the Chinese traditional culture.
Confucius’ Educational Ideas
Private school Pupils included children of aristocrats as well as common people. Confucius changed the tradition that nobody but nobilities had the right to receive education. Travel about and instruct disciples More than 3000 disciples
educational circles
Only through painstaking efforts could one obtain knowledge “I am not born with knowledge” (吾非生而知之者) Be honest in the attitude toward learning “Know what you really understand and admit what you don’t know ” (知之为知之，不知为不知) Learn and constantly review what you learned. 学而时习之
介绍中国道教的英语作文
As a high school student with a keen interest in cultural studies, I find the exploration of Chinese religions particularly fascinating. One such aspect that has captured my attention is Taoism, an indigenous Chinese philosophy and religion that dates back to the 4th century BCE. This essay aims to delve into the essence of Taoism, its historical roots, and its impact on Chinese culture and society.Taoism, also known as Daoism, is a philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, which can be translated as the Way. The Tao is an underlying force that governs the universe and the natural world. It is an unnameable and formless principle that is both the source and the end of all existence. The central text of Taoism is the Tao Te Ching, attributed to the sage Laozi, who is revered as the founder of the religion.Growing up, I was always intrigued by the stories and legends that surrounded Taoist figures and their teachings. The concept of wu wei, or nonaction, is a principle that I find particularly intriguing. It does not mean doing nothing but rather acting in a way that is in harmony with the natural flow of things. This idea has influenced my approach to life, encouraging me to be more adaptive and less forceful in my interactions with the world.The historical roots of Taoism are deeply intertwined with Chinese culture. It emerged during a time of great philosophical ferment in China, known as the Hundred Schools of Thought. Taoism offered a different perspective from the more structured and hierarchical Confucianism, which was focused on social order and moral rectitude. Taoisms emphasis onsimplicity, spontaneity, and the importance of the individuals connection with nature resonated with many, especially during times of political turmoil and social unrest.One of the most captivating aspects of Taoism is its rich tradition of folk tales and myths. These stories often feature immortals, known as xian, who have achieved a state of spiritual transcendence through their practice of Taoist principles. These tales have been a source of inspiration for Chinese literature and art, and they continue to influence modern media, such as films and novels.Taoism has also had a profound impact on Chinese medicine and martial arts. The concept of qi, or life energy, is central to both fields. In traditional Chinese medicine, maintaining the balance of qi is seen as essential for health and wellbeing. In martial arts, the cultivation of qi is believed to enhance physical strength and mental focus. The practice of qigong, a system of coordinated body posture and movement, breathing, and meditation, is a testament to Taoisms influence on these disciplines.As I grew older and began to study Taoism more deeply, I was struck by the religions emphasis on the interconnectedness of all things. This holistic view of the universe has led me to appreciate the importance of environmental conservation and the need for sustainable living practices. The Taoist belief that humans are part of a larger ecosystem, rather than separate from it, has inspired me to consider the longterm consequences of my actions on the planet.In conclusion, Taoism is a multifaceted religion and philosophy that offers a unique perspective on life, the universe, and our place within it. Its teachings have shaped Chinese culture in profound ways, influencing everything from art and literature to medicine and martial arts. As a high school student, my understanding of Taoism has been both enlightening and transformative, encouraging me to live in harmony with the natural world and to seek balance in all aspects of my life.。
中英文学科专业名称对照
汉语发展史
Chinese Language and Literature
050121
戏剧影视文学
Television Drama and Literature
050122
台港暨海外华文文学
TaiwanLiterature，Hongkong Literature，Overseas Chinese Language
Basic Psychology
040203
应用心理学
Applied Psychology
0403
体育学
Physical education
040303
体育教育训练学
Physical Education and Training
05
文学
Literature
0501
中国语言文学
Chinese Language and Literature
050207
西班牙语语言文学
Spanish Languages and Literatures
050211
外国语言学与应用语言学
General and Applied Linguistics
0503
新闻传播学
Journalism and Communication
050301
新闻学
Journalism
030109
国际法学
International Law
0302
政治学
Political Science
030201
政治学理论
Political Theory
030202
中外政治制度
Chinese and Foreign Political Institution
中国文化概况课件Unit 1-3chapter 2 Philosophy and religions
Confucianism
The school takes the teachings of Confucius as its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of Confucius as its highest code (准则) of behavior. It advocates the benevolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance (仁、义、忠、恕), the doctrine of the golden mean (中庸) and values the ethical relations of men.
The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)
The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views. The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)
Legalism
Legalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度).
中国历史与文化 概论1
A SURVEY OF CHINESE CULTURE1 An overview2 Philosophy and religions3 Literature4 Arts5 Education6 Science and technology7 Sports8 Traditional festivals9 Culinary(烹饪) culture10 Dress and adornments11 Architecture12 Major tourist cities13 World heritage sites14 Travel tipsChapter OnNational DayOct 1 in honor of the founding of the PRC on Oct 1, 1949.National FlagOn Sep 27,1949, the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC; the red five-star flag as the national flag of the PRC. The red color→revolution, the yellow color →the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land. four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one →the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC.National EmblemOn June 18, 1950, the Second Session of the First CPPCC National Committee adopted the design and illustration of the national emblem. On Sep 20 that year, Mao Zedong ordered the promulgation公布of the national emblem.patterns of the national flag, the Tian’anmen Rostrum城楼, a wheel gear and ears of wheat→symbolizes the New-Democratic Revolution of the Chinese people since the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the birth of New China under the people’s democratic dictatorship专政led by the working class on the basis of the worker-peasant alliance.National AnthemMarch of the Volunteers:Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves!Let us amount our flesh and blood towards our new Great Wall!The Chinese nation faces its greatest peril,The thundering roar of our peoples will be heard!Arise! Arise! Arise!We are many, but our hearts beat as one!Selflessly braving the enemy’s gunfire, march on!Selflessly braving the enemy’s gunfire, march on!March on! March on! on!written in 1935 with lyrics by the poet Tian Han and music by the composer Nie Er, honoring those who went to the front to fight the Japanese invaders in northeast China in the 1930s. Decided upon as the provisional national anthem of the new China on Sep 27,1949, at the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC, the song was officially adopted as the national anthem of the PRC on Dec 4, 1982, by NPC.National CapitalOn Sep27, 1949, the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC unanimously adopted a resolution making Beijing capital of the PRC.Beijing: the nation’s political centre, its economic, scientific and cultural heart. Being one of the famous ancient capital cities in China, BJ has gone through great development and changes since the founding of the PRC in 1949.Places of historic interest and scenic beauty in BJ:Forbidden City: the Imperial Palace, the largest and best-preserved collection of ancient buildings in China.the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. located in the middle of Beijing, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five centuries: the home of the Emperor and his household, the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government.Temple of Heaven天壇;天坛: a platform for the Ming and Qing emperors to perform sacrifices and solemn rites.a complex of Taoist buildings situated in southeastern urban BJ, in Xuanwu District. IT was visited by the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for good harvest. It is regarded as a Taoist temple, although Chinese Heaven worship, especially by the reigning monarch of the day, predates Taoism.Summer Palace: the largest ancient preserved garden in China;Yihe yuan →“Gardens of Nurtured Harmony” a palace in BJ. is mainly dominated by Longevity Hill 长寿山and the Kunming Lake. It covers an expanse of 2.9 km2, 3/4 of which is water. The central Kunming Lake covering 2.2 km2was entirely man made and the excavated挖的soil was used to build Longevity Hill. In its compact 70,000 m2 of building space, one finds a variety of palaces, gardens, and other classical-style architectural structures.Ming Tombs: the stately and majestic mausoleums（陵墓）of 13 Ming Dynasty emperors;located some 50 km due north of urban BJ at a specially selected site. The site was chosen by the 3rd Ming Dynasty emperor Yongle (1402 - 1424), who moved the capital of China from Nanjing to the present location of northwest BJ.The Great Wall of China: a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacks during the rule of successive dynasties.it stretches over approximately 6,400 km from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur罗布泊in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia, but stretches to over 6,700 km in total. At its peak, the Ming Wall was guarded by more than one million men. It has been estimated that somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million Chinese died as part of the centuries-long project of building the wall.Geography Location and BoundaryLocated in the east of the Asian continent, on the western shore of the pacific Ocean, China has a land area of about 9.6 million km2, the 3rd largest country in the world, next only to Russia and Canada.From north to south, the territory of China stretches from the centre of the Heilongjiang River north of the town of Mohe to the Zengmu Reef at the southernmost tip of the Nansha Islands. From east to west, the nation extends from the confluence（交汇处）of the Heilongjiang River and Wusulijiang River to the Pamirs.China is bordered by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the east; Mongolia to the north; Russia to the northeast; Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the northwest; Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan to the west and southwest; and Myanmar缅甸, Laos and Vietnam to the south. Across the seas to the east and southeast are Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei文莱, Malaysia and Indonesia.The Chinese mainland is flanked to the east and south by the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. More than 7,000 islands scatter across the seas. The largest of these is Taiwan Island. The Diaoyu and Chiwei islands are located to the northeast of Taiwan Isl and. China’s southernmost island groups are called the Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha, Nansha and ZengmuTopography（地形）China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east. Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67% of Chinese territory, basins and plains 33%. Taking a bird's-eye view of China, the terrain gradually descends from west to east like four steps of astaircase.The first step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Southwest China. With an average elevation of about 4,000 m, it is known as the “roof of the world”. Its highest peak is called Mount Qo molangma. The surrounding snow-capped mountains are the origins of many of China’s large rivers.The second step includes the gently sloping Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Loess（黄土）Plateau, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Tarim Basin, the Junggar Basin and the Sichuan Basin, with an average elevation of between 1,000 m and 2,000 m.The third step, dropping to 500-1,000m in elevation（海拔), begins at a line drawn around the Greater Hinggan兴安岭, Taihang, Wushan and Xuefeng mountain ranges and extends eastward to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Here, from north to south, are the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain. Interspersed amongst the plains are hills and foothills.To the east, the land extends out into the ocean, in a continental shelf, the fourth step of the staircase. The water here is mostly less than 200 m deep、Rivers and LakesChina abounds in rivers. More than 1500 rivers each drain 1000km2 or larger areas. Most of the large rivers have their source on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and drop greatly between source and month. As a result, China is rich in water-power resources, leading the world in hydropower 水利发电potential, with reserves of 680 million kw.The Yangtze River is the longest river in China (6300 km), and the 3rd longest river in the world. Its source is in the Tanggula Mountain of Qinghai Province. It flows through 11 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. one of the main artery主干道of water transportation between eastern and western China. Many important ports and economic centres are located along it.C hina’s 2nd longest river, the Yellow River, rises in Qinghai Province and flows some 5464 km to the Bohai Sea. As the most heavily silt泥沙-laden river in the world, it has formed a raised-bed river（地上河）in middle and lower reaches. The Yellow River catchment流域area is an important production base for grains in China.S cattered through China are about 24800 natural lakes. Most of which are found on the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Freshwater lakes such as Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, and Hongze Lake mostly lie in the former area, while in the latter are saltwater lakes, such as QinghaiLake and Nam Co Lake.P oyang Lake, in the north of Jiangxi Province and with an area of 3583 km2, is the largest of its kind. Qinghai Lake, in northeast Qinghai Province and with an area of 4,583km2, is the largest one of its kind.m any man-made canals. The most famous is the Grand Canal（大运河）between BJ and Hang Zhou, 1,801 km in long. It passes through the city of Tianjin and four provinces (Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang) and links five major rivers: the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River and the Qiantangjiang River. The canal was open to navigation over 1000 yrs ago. It played an important role in facilitating trade between the south and the north and was regarded as the country’s transportation and information “highway” befor e the advent of the railways.Today, some of the canal’s sections have been widened, deepened or straightened out, and a number of water conservancy and ship locks have been added. This old canal still provides water transportation from north to south, irrigation water for the farmlands on both of its sides, and cruise tours to the delight of travelers from home and abroad.ClimateMost of China lies in the North Temperate Zone北温带, characterized by a warm climate and distinctive seasons, a climate well suited for habitation.Most of China has a continental monsoon(季风) climate. From Sep to April the following year, the dry and cold winter monsoons blow from Siberia and the Mongolian Plateau, resulting in cold and dry winters and great differences between the temperatures of north and south China. From April to Sep, warm and humid summer monsoons blow from the seas in the east and south, resulting in overalls high temperatures and plentiful rainfall, and little temperature difference between north and south China.In terms of temperature, the nation can be sectored from south to north into equatorial, tropical, subtropical, warm-temperate, temperate, and cold-temperate zones. Precipitation降水量gradually declines from the southeastern to the northwestern inland area, and the average annual precipitation varies greatly from place to place. In southeastern coastal areas, it reaches over1500 mm, while in northwestern areas, it drops to below 200 mm.An Outline HistoryChina has a recorded history of nearly 4000 ys and is one of the 4 homes of the world’s earliest civilizations.Chinese dynastic history can be divided into two periods: the ancient period (ancient times-1840) and the modern period (1840-present).The Ancient PeriodChinese history began with two legendary figures-Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their bribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes has gradually merged into one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang炎黄子孙.It was during the Xia Dynasty that the institution of slavery began. There are many legends describing the life of the people in this period, especially of the three sage（贤明的）kings after Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan—Yao, Shun and Yu. Yao made great contributions to the lunar calendar. His successor, Shun, was physically and intellectually gifted and was a man with great virtues. Yu was famous for conquering the floods. He inspired people to dig ditches to divert water away instead of building dams. He worked ceaselessly for 13 yrs and succeeded in controlling the floods. Legend has it that he was so busy that “thrice he had gone past his own house without even looking in”.Following the Xia Dynasty arose the Shang Dynasty（1600—1046 BC）, the Western Zhou Dynasty （1046—771 BC）, the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods（770—221 BC）.In 221 BC, Ying Zheng, the highly gifted, ambitious king of the Qin Kingdom ended the turmoil and chaos among dukes诸侯and kings in the Warring States Period. He established the 1st united, centralised, multi-ethnic feudal monarchy封建王朝—the Qin Dynasty（221—206BC）, styling himself “First Emperor”.The First Emperor unified the lge, the measurement system and the currency, set up the prefectures（郡）and counties system, constructed the famous Great Wall and built extravagant（奢侈的）palaces and mausoleums.The Han Dynasty（206 BC—AD 220）was established by Liu Bang, with its capital at Chang’an (now Xi’an). 2 periods: Western Han Dynasty（206 BC—AD 25）and Eastern Han Dynasty（AD 25—220）. The Han Dynasty survived for 426 yrs. By AD 220, China evolved into the 3 Kingdoms Period, in a tripartite balance（三国鼎立）of the Wei Kingdom（AD 220—265）, the Shu Kingdom（AD 221—263）and the Wu Kingdom（AD 222-280）.Following the Three Kingdoms Period were consecutively the Jin Dynasty（AD 265—420）, the 16 Kingdoms（AD 304—439）, the Southern and Northern Dynasties（AD—420-589）and the Sui Dynasty （AD 581—618）. By the year 618, the Tang Dynasty（AD 618—907）, the commonly-regarded glorious period in Chinese history, was founded by Li Yuan.Following the Tang Dynasty came the period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms（AD 907—979）. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a rebellion. His lieutenants（随从将领）clothed him in the yellow imperial gown and asked him to ascend the throne（登基）. Thus, the established the Song Dynasty （960—1279）.In 1209, Genghis Khan成吉思汗founded the Mongol Empire upon his unification of the scattered Mongol tribes. Kublai忽必烈, a grandson of Genghis Khan, swept southward across Central China in 1271 and founded the Yuan Dynasty（1271—1368）with Dadu（now Beijing）as the capital.In 1368 the Ming Dynasty（1368—1644）was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang(明太祖）. During the later period of the Ming Dynasty, a new military power in the nor theast of China arose. Led by Nu’erhachi（努尔哈赤）, their chieftain（首领）, the Manchu tribesmen on horsebacks fought with the Ming forces for 3 generations at the Great Wall, and finally established the Qing Dynasty（1616—1911）.·The Modern TimesThe Opium War（鸦片战争）was the turning point in Chinese history which marked the close of ancient period and the beginning of the modern history. From 1840 on, imperialists made continuous inroads（侵犯）into China, and China gradually became a country of semi-feudal, semi-colonial status.The Qing Dynasty, the last of China’s feudal dynasties, was finally overthrown by the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen（1866—1925）. One year later, the Republic of China was founded under his leadership. With the introduction of Marxism and Leninism into China and under the influence of the Oct Revolution in Russia, the May 4th Movement broke out in 1919, and in 1921 the Chinese Communist Party was founded, thus beginning a new period in Chinese history. After the anti-Japanese War and the Liberation War, the PRC was founded in 1949.Administrative DivisionsAccording to the Constitution of the PRC, China’s administrative units are currently based on a three-tier system（三级建制）, dividing the nation into provinces, counties and townships:(1) The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;(2) provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;(3) counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, minority townships, and towns.At present China has:23 provinces;5 autonomous regions are;4 municipalities;2 special administrative regions.PopulationChina, the most populous country in the world, had a total population of 1,307.56 million at the end of 2005, according to the “Statistical Communique of National Economic and Social Development（国民经济和社会发展统计公报）in 2006” published by the National Bureau of Statistics.Moreover, the population is high, with 135 people per km2 but unevenly distributed. The population density in coastal regions in east China is higher and that in the central and west China regions, the population becomes scarce. The distribution pattern was determined by economic conditions and geographic conditions.In 1949, a population of 541.67 million. With a stable society, production development, improvement of medical conditions, and a lack of awareness on the importance of birth control, China witnessed a rapid population increase to 806.71 million in 1969. Since the late 1970s, the Chinese government has been implementing the policy of family planning, or “one child policy”, hoping to control the population increase, improve population quality, promote the development of the economy and society, and protect the environment. The family planning policy has seen remarkable achievements.Distribution of the Ethnic GroupsFrom the hinterlands腹地of the north, to the lush茂盛的jungles in the south, from the mountains of Taiwan in the east, to the top of the world in the west, China serves as home to 56 ethnic groups.The largest group, the Han, makes up over 91.59% of China’s vast population, and the world uses the term of Han culture to refer to Chinese culture.The other 55 mino rity ethnic groups, nestled away in China’s vast frontiers, maintain their own rich traditions and customs. Great contributions have been made by the minority ethnic groups to China’s culture and science. Many of China’s beautiful poems, myths, folk tales,songs, and dances come directly from minority ethnic groups.Although small in number, the 55 minority ethnic groups are distributed extensively throughout China. They are widely dispersed, often inhabiting strategically important border regions. The regions where they are most concentrated are Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Guangxi, Ningxia, heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Ynnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hunan, Hebei, Fujian and Taiwan. Many minority ethnic peoples have traditionally established their villages in mountainous and pastoral areas, on high plateaus and in deep forests.Equality, unity, mutual assistance and common prosperity are the basic principles of the Chinese government in handling the relations between ethnic groups. In accordance with these basic principles, China practices a regional ethnic autonomy system, in which ethnic groups live in compact（密集的）communities and autonomous organs of self-government are established under the unified leadership of the state.The Political SystemThe Constitution of the People’s Republic of China is the fundamental law of the state.The NPC is the highest organ of state power. Local people’s congresses are local organs of state power. The Standing Committee of the NPC is the permanent organ of the NPC. The term of office of the NPC and its Standing Committee is 5 yrs. The NPC and its Standing Committee are empowered with the rights of legislation, decision, supervision, election and removal.The Communist Party is the sole party in power in China. there are 8 democratic parties in China. Multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is the basic political system in China.The State Council, or the Central People’s Government, of the PRC is the exec utive body of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration.The CPPCC is a united front 统一战线organization under the leadership of the CPC and an organ for various other political parties, mass organizations and personages of various social circles to take part in running of the state.Economic Development and ReformChina has become one of the world’s major economic powers with the greatest potential. In the 30 yrs following reform and opening-up in 1979 in particular, Chin a’s economy developed at an unprecedented rate, and that momentum（势头）has been held steady into the 21st century. In 2004, the government further strengthened and improved its macro control, and the economy entered its best ever development period of recent yrs. the GDP for 2010 amounted to 39798 billion RMB, 9.0% higher than the previous year.Economic reform and opening-up are the two fundamental state policies of China. They have not only promoted the sustained, swift and sound development of China’s nati onal economy, but also helped restructure its economic system. For the first 30 years of the PRC, the government practiced a planned economy system, whereby industrial production, agricultural production, and the stocking and selling of goods in commercial departments were all controlled by state plan.The variety, quantity and prices in every sphere of the economy were fixed by state planners. While this contributed to the planned, focused and steady development of China’s economy, it also sapped（削弱）its vitality and limited its growth. Economic reforms began with the rural areas in 1978, and were extended to the cities in 1984.In 1992, after some 10 yrs of reform in the clear direction of the establishment of a socialist market economy, the government set out the main principles of economic restructuring: encouraging the development of diversified economic elements whilst retaining the dominance of the public sector; creation of a modern enterprise system to meet the requirements of the market economy; a unified and open market system across China, linking domestic and international markets, and promoting the optimization of resources;Deng Xiaoping: The Chief Architect of China’s ReformDeng Xiaoping was the chief architect who led China’s reform. The r eform was designed to improve the socialist system, bring its benefits into full play and push forward the drive for modernization. Through a lifetime of service to the people, Deng has earned the respect and affection of millions of his fellow countrymen.。
中国历史文化概况(英文版)unit12religionandphilosophy
Unit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and CulturalContextChina, with its rich and diverse history, has been home to a variety of religious and philosophical beliefs that have shaped the nation's culture and values. In this unit, we will explore the major religions and philosophies that have influenced Chinese society throughout the ages.1. ConfucianismConfucianism, founded the great philosopher Confucius in the 6th century BCE, is not a religion in the traditional sense, but rather a moral and ethical philosophy that has profoundly impacted Chinese culture. At its core, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of relationships, respect for authority, and the pursuit of virtues such as benevolence, integrity, and propriety.The Five Relationships, as outlined Confucius, govern the interactions between individuals in society: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. These relationships are based on mutual respect and the fulfillment of one's role in society.2. TaoismTaoism, also known as Daoism, is a religious and philosophical tradition that originated in China around the same time as Confucianism. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, is credited with writing the "Dao De Jing," which outlines the principles of the Tao (the Way). Taoism emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with the natural world and espouses the concept of wu wei (nonaction).Taoism teaches that the Tao is the source of allexistence and that understanding and following itsprinciples, individuals can achieve balance, tranquility, and spiritual enlightenment. Taoist practices, such as meditation, breathing exercises, and the pursuit of immortality, haveleft a lasting impact on Chinese culture.3. BuddhismBuddhism was introduced to China from India during theHan Dynasty (202 BCE 220 CE) and quickly became one of the major religions in the country. Buddhism offers a path to enlightenment through the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama,the Buddha. Central to Buddhist philosophy is the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which guide followers towardthe alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana.4. Chinese Folk ReligionsChinese folk religions, also known as Shenism or traditional Chinese religion, are a collection of local beliefs, practices, and rituals that have been passed down through generations. These religions often revolve around the worship of ancestors, local deities, and natural phenomena. Chinese folk religions coexist with the major religions, and many Chinese people practice a blend of these beliefs.5. NeoConfucianismUnit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and Cultural Context (Continued)6. The Intersection of Philosophy and Daily LifeThe philosophical underpinnings of Chinese culture are not confined to the intellectual sphere; they are deeply integrated into the daily lives of the people. For instance, the concept of Yin and Yang, which originates from Taoist philosophy, is often applied to explain the balance and harmony in various aspects of life, from health and wellness to architecture and design. The principle of the Golden Mean, a Confucian ideal, guides individuals to seek moderation and avoid extremes in their actions and thoughts.7. The Role of Philosophy in Art and LiteratureChinese literature and art are imbued with philosophical ideas that reflect the values and aesthetics of the society. Poems, novels, and paintings often explore themes of nature,the transience of life, and the pursuit of the Tao. The works of famous poets like Li Bai and Du Fu are replete with references to Taoist and Confucian ideals. Similarly, traditional Chinese landscape paintings often seek to capture the essence of the Tao through the depiction of natural landscapes.8. The Impact of Philosophy on Government and SocietyThe philosophical systems of Confucianism and Legalism have had a profound impact on the governance of China throughout its history. Confucianism's emphasis on moral leadership and the cultivation of virtue influenced the development of the imperial examination system, which selecting government officials based on their knowledge of Confucian classics. Legalism, on the other hand, with its focus on strict laws and centralized control, has been a recurring theme in Chinese political thought, particularly during times of instability or when strong central authority was needed.9. The Evolution of Religious PracticesChinese religious practices have evolved over time, often blending elements from different traditions. For example, many Chinese people practice a syncretic form of religionthat includes elements of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, along with local deities and ancestors. Temples and shrinesdedicated to various deities can be found across the country, where people go to pay respects, seek blessings, and engagein rituals that are a mix of religious and cultural traditions.10. The Modern ContextIn the modern era, religious and philosophical beliefs in China have been influenced the rapid social and economic changes the country has undergone. The Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s saw a significant suppression ofreligious practices, but in the aftermath, there has been a revival of traditional beliefs and a growing interest in spirituality among the Chinese people. This resurgence is not without its challenges, as the government continues to maintain strict control over religious institutions.Unit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and Cultural Context (Continued)11. The哲Role of Philosophy in EducationPhilosophical teachings have long been a cornerstone of Chinese education. From the earliest times, children were taught the values and principles of Confucianism, which emphasized respect for elders, loyalty, and the importance of learning. The classical texts, such as the "Analects" and the "Great Learning," were central to the curriculum in ancient China. This educational philosophy fostered a society whereknowledge and the pursuit of wisdom were highly valued, and scholars were revered.12. The Spiritual Dimension of Chinese Religions13. The Influence of Chinese Philosophy on East Asian CulturesThe philosophical and religious ideas that originated in China have spread throughout East Asia, influencing the cultures of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The Confucian values of filial piety and social harmony are evident in the family structures and social norms of these countries. Similarly, Buddhist teachings have taken root in various forms across the region, shaping the artistic, literary, and moral landscapes of these societies.14. The Philosophical Response to Modern Challenges15. The Future of Religion and Philosophy in China。
中国文化概况哲学和宗教英文版
中国文化概况哲学和宗教英文版Chinese Culture Overview: Philosophy and ReligionPhilosophy:Confucianism is one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Founded by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period (771 - 476 BCE), it focuses on moral values,social hierarchies, and the importance of education. Confucianism emphasizes the cultivation of virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, and filial piety. It has greatly influenced the development of Chinese governance, family ethics, and education systems.Taoism, founded by Lao Tzu during the 6th century BCE, explores the concept of the Tao, meaning "The Way." It emphasizes living in harmony with nature and the pursuit ofself-realization. Taoism encourages individuals to live a simple and balanced life, while seeking to attain immortality through spiritual practices such as meditation and martial arts. Its teachings have had a profound influence on Chinese literature, art, and traditional medicine.Legalism, originating during the Warring States Period (475 - 221 BCE), takes a more pragmatic approach to governance and social order. It emphasizes strict laws, harsh punishments, and the idea that human nature is inherently selfish and corrupt.Legalism played an important role in shaping the centralized autocracy of ancient China and laid down the foundation for the Qin Dynasty's legalistic governance.Mohism, founded by Mozi in the 5th century BCE, promotes universal love and altruism. Mohism advocates for impartiality and rejecting the discrimination based on social status. The philosophy emphasizes the practical application of moral principles for the benefit of society, calling for the equal distribution of resources and pacifism.Religion:Religion in China is diverse and multifaceted. The major religions practiced in China include Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Islam, and Christianity.Taoism, as mentioned earlier, is both a philosophy and a religion. Taoist practices involve the worship of deities, participation in rituals, and the pursuit of immortality through meditation and alchemy. Taoist temples, many of which are located in natural landscapes, are important cultural and spiritual landmarks in China.Confucianism, although primarily a philosophy, incorporates certain religious elements. Ancestor worship is an integral part of Confucianism, as it emphasizes filial piety and respect for one's ancestors. Confucian temples and ancestral halls can befound throughout China, where rituals and ceremonies are conducted to honor and remember ancestors.Christianity arrived in China during the Tang Dynasty and has since grown steadily. Today, there are both official and unofficial Christian churches in China, with the officially recognized churches being regulated by the state. Chinese Christians practice their faith while incorporating Chinese cultural traditions, creating a distinct form of Chinese Christianity.In conclusion, Chinese philosophy and religion have significantly influenced the culture, values, and social structures of China. Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and other unique philosophies have shaped Chinese attitudes towards morality, governance, and spirituality. Similarly, a variety of religions have found their place in Chinese society, enhancing the diversity and richness of Chinese culture.。
霍金的简介英文版
霍金的简介英文版斯蒂芬威廉霍金，英国剑桥大学著名物理学家，20世纪享有国际盛誉的伟人之一，斯蒂芬威廉霍金简介Stephen William Hawking, born in Oxford, England on January 8, 1942, won CH (British Lord of Honor), CBE (British Empire mander Medal), FRS (Royal Society Member), FRSA (British Royal Art Association members) and other honors. He is a famous physicist at Cambridge University, one of the greatest physicists of modern times and one of the great men of the 20th century.He suffers from muscular atrophic lateral sclerosis (Luganle’s disease), generalized paralysis, can not speak, hand only three fingers can be active.From 1979 to 20xx, he was a professor of mathematics at Lucas. He was the most respected professor in Britain. Hawking’s main research field is cosmology and black hole, which proves the singularity theorem and black hole area theorem of general relativity, and puts forward the black hole evaporation theory and the boundless Hawking cosmic model. In the process of unifying the two basic theories of physics in the 20th century, Einstein founded the theory of relativity and Planck’s quantum mechanics to create an important step forward.斯蒂芬威廉霍金主要成就Stephen William Hawking’s research laid the groundwork for today’s understanding of the black hole and the origin of the universe, but according to himself, he said that he was in the animated The Simpsons and the science fiction episode Star Trek: Next Generation (Star Trek: The Next Generation) is also wonderful.Hawking emphasizes that the universe does not need a Creator or God in the Great Design, philosophy is dead, which means that mankind will be detached from ignorant self-slavery, denying that pure philosophy andreligion can really explain Naturally, it also shows that the major religions are only the ancient spiritual world to explore the unknown, the pursuit of immortal system, rather than the objective truth. With the progress of the times, human civilization is also catch up, not far behind, which is why generations of people of insight to the existence of life and the meaning of the universe. To solve these propositions should have been the task of the philosopher, but unfortunately the highly developed science makes the philosophy can not keep up. Hawking in the big design of the opening that philosophy is dead is the meaning.Hawking hopes to solve the mystery of the birth of the universe, the 1970s, Hawking quantum mechanics applied to explain the phenomenon of black hole, in the next 30 years, with quantum mechanics to explain the universe has bee more difficult. Hawking wanted to find a set of theories that could explain the universe as a whole to illustrate the birth of the billion years of the universe until now, but it has not been concluded for years even if it is infinitely close. According to his theory of quantum mechanics, the birth of the universe is the big bang produced, which is a pressed infinitely small but with large gravity of the material (also can be understood as the density of infinite) explosion products. The theoretical category of quantum mechanics can not explain how this process is going to be done. Why is it so? Hawking says that must have a theory that can describe small-scale gravity.The latest scientific breakthrough is Hawking’s colleague, Michael Smith of London’s Queen Mary’s College (Michael. Green) involved in the construction of the superstring theory, referred to as string theory, which states that all particles and natural forces are actually in shock In the universe like a small object, to solve the Hawking has always wanted to try to answer the gravity problem, this theory must be established in the universe must have 9,10 or even greater than 11 dimensions, and humanbeings in the three-dimensional world may only One of the real ones of the universe ...A large number of scientists around the world are doing experiments in space and earth to prove string theory and from experiments to support Hawking’s black hole theory and quantum theory. January 24, 20xx, the famous British scientist Professor Stephen Hawking once again with its black hole-related theory shocked the physics, in a recently published paper admitted that black hole does not exist, but gray hole indeed exist. In a paper entitled Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting For Black Holes, Hawking points out that black holes do not exist because they can not find the boundaries of black holes. In order to solve the firewall problem in the new theory set black hole does not exist, it does not really do not exist. The black hole of the boundary, also known as the horizon, the classic black hole theory that the black hole outside the material and radiation can enter the black hole through the horizon, and any material and radiation within the black hole can not wear out horizons.Hawking’s latest gray hole theory that material and energy in the black hole trapped after a period of time, will be re-released into the universe. He admitted in his essay that his initial knowledge of the horizon was flawed, and that light could cross the horizon. When the light flies the black hole core, its movement is like a person running on a treadmill, slowly through the outward radiation and shrink. The classical black hole theory argues that any matter and radiation can not escape the black hole, and quantum mechanics suggests that energy and information can escape from the black hole. Hawking also pointed out that the interpretation of this escape process requires a gravity And other basic forces of successful integration of the theory. In the past hundred years, no one in physics has tried to explain this process.For Hawking’s gray hole theory, some scientists expressed approval,it was skeptical. Joseph Polchinski, a theoretical physicist at the Cuban Institute of Theoretical Physics, points out that according to Einstein’s theory of gravity, the boundary of the black hole is present, but it differs from the rest of the universe Not obvious. In fact, as early as 20xx, Hawking had made a similar statement. On July 21 of that year, Hawking pointed out at the 17th International Symposium on General Theory of Relativity and Gravitation that the Black Hole was not pletely swallowed around it, as he and most other physicists had previously thought, Some of the information that is sucked into the depths of the black hole may be released at some point.In 1973, Hawking said he calculated by the conclusion that the black hole in the formation of the process of its quality reduction, but also continue to be in the form of energy to the outside world radiation. This is the famous Hawking radiation theory, the theory mentioned in the black hole radiation does not include the black hole inside the material of any information, once the black hole is concentrated and evaporated disappear, all of which information will disappear, which is the so-called The black hole paradox. This theory and quantum mechanics of the relevant theories appear contradictory. Because modern quantum physics finds that this material information is never pletely gone.For more than 30 years, Hawking tried to explain this contradictory view with various speculations. Hawking has said that the quantum movement of the black hole is a special case, because the gravity in the black hole is very strong, quantum mechanics at this time is no longer applicable. Hawking’s argument does not convince the scienti fic munity of skeptical scholars. It now appears that Hawking finally gave this year’s contradictory view of a more convincing answer. Hawking said the black hole never pletely shut itself - Hawking radiation, they in a long period of time gradually to the outside world to radiate more and more heat, thenthe black hole will eventually open themselves and release the material contained in the information.On August 16, 1616, Jeff Steinhauer, a professor at the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, proved the quantum effect of Hawking radiation in a paper published in the journal Nature Physics. He made a sound black hole instead of a light black hole, using a long tube with sound particles, the phonon horizon. In 20xx, Professor Steinhall found that the phonemes were randomly generated in the horizon. In his latest results, Steinhouse proved that these phonons were one of a pair of related phonons, thus proving the quantum effect of Hawking radiation.斯蒂芬威廉霍金社会活动April 12, 20xx, the famous British physicist Stephen Hawking in New York New World Trade Center Observatory announced a plan called breakthrough star plan, with the Russian businessman Yuri Milner, the US social networking site Facebook Founder Zuckerberg collaborated to build a new space exploration project, build a large number of miniature interplanetary spaceships and launch them at half the speed of light to the Centaur Alpha Star. The day was the sixth international manned space day established by the United Nations and the 55th anniversary of the first manned space flight.Milner said at a press conference that the initial investment in the Breakthrough Star program would be $ 100 million to develop a miniature interplanetary spacecraft using laser propulsion and to fly to Centauri in the current generation of time Star of the target.According to reports, plans to build a miniature interstellar spacecraft called nano-aircraft, which consists of a star puter chip as a hull. Milner at the press conference to show the star of the original product. The chip is only two or three centimeters square, a few grams of weight, but integrated camera, photon thruster, navigation andtransmission ponents, is a plete space exploration function of the aircraft, and manufacturing costs only equivalent to an iPhone.The chip will be installed on the name of light sail of the ultra-material cloth Peng, through the ground to launch high-energy laser power to promote, light sail can absorb laser energy, driven by micro-spacecraft forward. Because the quality of the spacecraft is very small, there is almost no resistance in space, in the continuous acceleration of the laser, the theoretical calculation shows its speed up to one fifth of the speed of light. If successful, this will allow the spacecraft to arrive near the Earth for about 20 years light-year-old Centaurian Alpha Star near. Centaur Alpha Star is one of the closest stars from the solar system, but the existing fastest spacecraft also need to spend 30,000 years to fly there.Today, we are determined to take a big step forward in exploring the universe, Hawking said at the press conference, because we are human beings, longing for flying is our nature.Chinese exp erts: Hawking’s spacecraft is still science fiction For Hawking’s plan, Chinese experts believe that the idea is good, but now has a science fiction color. Strictly speaking, Hawking’s spacecraft is not a ‘spacecraft’, just a few centimeters square of the flying objects, the envisaged laser propulsion technology in engineering is also very plex, space technology research expert Pang Zhi-ho said.。
中国文化英语教程Unit 7
To be continued>>>
Introduction
What is the significance of the Silk Road?
2) It also helped to promote the exchange of science and technology between east and west. 3) The Silk Road served as the main channel for ancient China to open up to the outside world, as well as for fresh impulses from other cultures to enter the country, which contributed a significant share to the shaping of Chinese culture.
• Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang’an in 126 BC.
• In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. • This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.
关于印度文化的英语作文
关于印度文化的英语作文India, a country of diverse cultures and traditions, has a rich and vibrant history that has been shaped by centuries of social, political, and religious evolution. This essay aims to explore the various facets of Indian culture, including its festivals, cuisine, attire, and the influence of its ancient philosophies on the modern world.Festivals: The Celebration of LifeOne of the most striking aspects of Indian culture is its multitude of festivals. These celebrations are not just religious occasions but are also a time for families and communities to come together. Diwali, the festival of lights, is perhaps the most well-known, symbolizing the victory of light over darkness and good over evil. It is marked by the lighting of oil lamps and the bursting of fireworks. Other significant festivals include Holi, the festival of colors, where people throw colored powders at each other; Eid, a celebration marking the end of Ramadan; and Navaratri, anine-night festival dedicated to the goddess Durga.Cuisine: A Melting Pot of FlavorsIndian cuisine is as diverse as its culture, with each region offering its own unique dishes and flavors. The use of spices is a common thread that runs through Indian cooking, with each spice having its own medicinal properties andenhancing the taste of the dish. North Indian cuisine is known for its tandoori dishes and rich gravies, while South Indian food is characterized by its use of rice and coconut. The diversity in Indian food is also evident in its vegetarian options, which are plentiful and delicious, reflecting the largely vegetarian population.Attire: A Sartorial SymphonyThe traditional attire of India is a reflection of its cultural heritage. For men, the dhoti and kurta are common in the north, while the lungi and veshti are worn in the south. Women's clothing varies from the saree, a long strip of cloth elegantly draped around the body, to the salwar kameez, a combination of a long shirt and loose trousers. The use of vibrant colors and intricate embroidery is a testament to the craftsmanship and artistry that goes into creating these garments.Philosophy and Spirituality: The Bedrock of Indian CultureIndia is the birthplace of several major world religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. The teachings of these religions have had a profound impact on Indian culture, promoting values such as non-violence, compassion, and tolerance. Yoga and meditation, which originated in India, have become popular worldwide as methods for achieving mental and physical well-being.Influence on the Modern WorldThe influence of Indian culture extends beyond its borders. Bollywood, the Indian film industry, is one of the largest centers of film production in the world and has a significant global following. Indian classical music anddance forms, such as Bharatanatyam and Kathak, are recognized for their artistic excellence and have influenced many modern dance and music styles.Challenges and PreservationDespite the richness of Indian culture, it faces challenges such as modernization and westernization, which threaten to erode traditional practices. However, there is a growing movement to preserve and promote India's cultural heritage. Efforts are being made to educate the younger generation about the importance of their cultural roots andto adapt traditional practices to modern times.ConclusionIn conclusion, Indian culture is a complex and intricate mosaic of traditions, beliefs, and practices that have been passed down through generations. It is a culture that is constantly evolving, yet remains deeply rooted in its history. As India continues to grow and develop on the global stage,it carries with it the richness of its cultural heritage, offering a unique perspective and contribution to the world's cultural diversity.This essay has attempted to provide a comprehensiveoverview of the various dimensions of Indian culture, highlighting its festivals, cuisine, attire, and philosophical underpinnings. The preservation and promotion of this rich cultural heritage are crucial for maintaining the identity and continuity of the Indian people in an increasingly globalized world.。
参观中国传统文化博物馆英语作文
参观中国传统文化博物馆英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Fun Adventure at the Chinese Culture Museum!Wow, I had the coolest experience last weekend! My mom and dad took me to this amazing museum all about Chinese culture and history. At first, I wasn't sure if I would find it interesting. But it ended up being so much fun - I learned a ton of awesome new things!The museum was huge, with room after room filled with all kinds of neat artifacts and exhibits. We started by watching a short movie that explained the long history of Chinese civilization going back thousands of years. Did you know that China is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth? My mind was blown!After the movie, we walked into the first exhibit hall. It was all about ancient Chinese inventions and technologies. There were models of kites, water clocks, compasses, umbrella parachutes, and even an early seismometer to detect earthquakes! The ancient Chinese were clearly super smart.My favorite thing was the section on the Four Great Inventions - papermaking, printing, the compass for navigation, and gunpowder. They had life-size dioramas showing how paper was made from mulberry tree bark and how wooden blocks were carved for printing books way before the printing press was invented in Europe. So cool!The next room covered philosophy, poetry, and the arts. Wow, China has produced some amazingChinese literature penguins and poets over the centuries! There were pages from old poetry books with beautiful calligraphy that must have taken forever to create. I saw paintings of landscapes, flowers, birds, and other nature scenes that were just breathtaking.It made me wish I could read and write Chinese characters. The lady working there wrote my name in Chinese calligraphy and I got to take it home! I can't wait to learn more about the language.After that was the ceramics and porcelain section. There were cases filled with vases, bowls, plates, and figurines made of delicate pottery from different dynasties. Some were plain and simple while others had the most intricate painted designs you can imagine. I loved the blue and white pieces with the cobalt decorations.We took a break to grab some lunch from the museum cafe. They had all kinds of tasty dumplings, noodle dishes, and other yummy Chinese foods. It made me want to learn how to use chopsticks properly! I can never get the hang of them but maybe I'll be a pro after more practice.Refueled, we headed to the section on Chinese philosophy, folk beliefs, and religions. I learned about the main philosophy traditions like Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and their different principles and goals. The Buddhism area had beautiful carved statues of Buddha along with other deities and spirits from Chinese folk mythology. My dad tried to explain some of the symbolism but I'll need to study it more.From there we explored exhibits on traditional Chinese clothing, festivals, music, and performing arts. I got to try on a replica of an ornate dragon dance costume - it was so elaborate and colorful! We watched a brief performance of the ribbon dance which was mesmerizing with the long silk ribbons flowing gracefully.As we headed toward the exit, we walked through galleries showcasing Chinese furniture, architecture, and gardens. They had a whole indoor recreated classical garden with a little pond,bridge, pavilion, and trimmed miniature trees and plants. I could have spent hours just sitting and relaxing in there.Finally, the museum had a whole section on Chinese martial arts! We watched a short kung fu demonstration where the performers did all sorts of incredible kicks and choreographed fight sequences. The most amazing part was the masters displaying skills like smashing concrete slabs with their bare hands and heading steel rods on their foreheads. After that macho display, I definitely want to take a martial arts class!We finished up in the museum store where I blew all my pocket money on some traditional Chinese toys like a bamboo whis篇2A Fun Day at the Chinese Culture Museum!Yesterday, my mom and dad took me to the Chinese Culture Museum in our city. I was super excited because I love learning about the awesome history and traditions of China! The museum is this huge building right in the center of town with lots of cool decorations on the outside. As we went in, I saw beautiful calligraphy on the walls and neat little gardens too.The first gallery we went to was all about Chinese festivals and celebrations. There were the most amazing displays showing the different holidays like Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival, the Qingming Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and more. For Chinese New Year, they had this epic recreation of a town getting ready to celebrate with lanterns, decorations, a lion dance costume, fireworks and everything! I learned that Chinese New Year is the biggest and most important holiday. Families get together, decorate their homes in red and gold, give money in red envelopes, and celebrate with feasts, fireworks and lion dances to scare away evil spirits and bring good luck. So cool!Then we went to the ancient clothes and fashion section. There were all these colorful silk dresses, robes and suits from different dynasties on display. Some had beautiful embroidery and symbols woven into the designs. There was even a replica of an emperor's robe and hat! I tried on a pair of silk shoes from the Ming Dynasty. They were so tiny because back then, smaller feet were considered more beautiful for women. But they looked really hard to walk in! My favorite was probably the stunning imperial dragon robe that could only be worn by the emperor. So fancy!Next up was an area dedicated to games and entertainment from China's past. I got to try playing some fun traditional games like Jianzi (kicking a weighted shuttlecock in the air with your feet), Diablo (spinning and catching a spool on a string) and Chinese Checkers (which actually comes from Germany, not China!). There were also cool displays showing plays from the Peking Opera with the elaborate costumes and masks. I would have loved to see a real opera performance!We took a break to get some tasty snacks from the museum cafe. I had savory Chinese donuts with black sesame filling - yum! Then it was off to explore the sections on Chinese literature, inventions, medicine and science. I was amazed to see ancient books, scrolls and printing presses on display that showed how developed reading, writing and printing was in China so long ago. Did you know that the oldest printed book in the world is from China and dates all the way back to 868 AD? The inventions area showcased the Four Great Inventions - the compass, gunpowder, printing and paper making - that China gifted to the world. We also saw tools used in traditional Chinese medicine like acupuncture needles and bowls for mixing herbs. I learned that acupuncture has been used for over 2,000 years to help the flow of "qi" or vital energy in the body. Wild!My favorite part was definitely the last area all about Chinese arts, crafts and architecture. Everything looked so beautiful and detailed! There were sections devoted to jade carving, bronze work, pottery, silk embroidery, calligraphy, painting and more. I saw a huge porcelain vase taller than me decorated with dragons and nature scenes. It must have taken forever for the artists to paint all those tiny, perfect details! I also loved seeing the models of famous Chinese architecture like the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Temple of Heaven, traditional courtyard houses and pagodas. The craftsmanship was insanely good. I tried my hand at writing some Chinese calligraphy with an inkbrush and it was super hard to get the strokes right! Those masters must have practiced for years.Before we left, I bought a little clay figurine of a Terracotta Warrior in the gift shop to remember the awesome trip. I had the best time learning about the incredible history and traditions behind Chinese culture. I can't wait to go back to the museum again soon - there's still so much left to explore! If you ever get a chance to visit too, you have to go. It's an amazing place to discover where many of the world's most incredible inventions, arts, and ideas all came from. China is so ancient and fascinating!篇3A Fun Day at the Chinese Culture Museum!Last Saturday, my mom and dad took me and my little sister to the big Chinese Culture Museum downtown. I was super excited because I love learning about ancient China and all the cool traditions. Museums are the best!When we got there, the museum was huge with tall pillars and bright red walls. There were awnings and pretty gardens all around. My dad said the architecture was built to look like an emperor's palace from the Qing Dynasty. Awesome!First, we went into the exhibit on Chinese inventions. There were tons of old artifacts and models showing the "Four Great Inventions" - the compass, gunpowder, printing, and paper making. I got to try using a replica of an ancient wooden printing press. It was really hard work!There was also a big model of an ancient clockwork armillary sphere used for astronomy. My little sister thought it looked like a jungle gym and wanted to climb on it. Haha, mom had to stop her.Next was the exhibit on Chinese jade. Jade is a special green stone that's really important in Chinese culture. There were all kinds of jade carvings, from little jewels and hair pieces to hugestatues of dragons and phoenixes. The most valuable one was a jade burial suit for an emperor that was worth like a bajillion dollars!Then we went upstairs to the Chinese clothing exhibit. They had costumes from different dynasties on display. I loved the bright colors and fancy silk gowns the emperors and empresses wore. There were wooden platform shoes for noblewomen that looked super uncomfortable. Glad I don't have to wear those to school!My favorite was the exhibit on ancient Chinese weapons and armor. There were racks of giant swords, spears, and battle axes used by brave warriors. The suits of armor looked almost alien with their spooky masks and studded plates. I asked my dad if I could get one to wear to class but he said no way!For lunch we ate at the museum cafe that served yummy dumplings, noodles, and other Chinese dishes. After eating, we walked through the traditional Chinese garden outside. There was a pretty pond with koi fish and arched bridges you could walk over. We also saw bamboo groves, blossoming plum trees, and a zigzag bridge over a creek.The last exhibit we went to was on Chinese festivals and holidays. There were displays about the Spring Festival andChinese New Year traditions like setting off firecrackers, eating reunion dinner, and giving out red envelopes with money inside. Sounded fun!For the Qingming Festival, they showed activities like tomb sweeping to honor ancestors. And for the Double Ninth Festival, there were paintings of people篇4A Fun Day at the Chinese Culture Museum!Wow, I had the best day ever at the Chinese Culture Museum last weekend! My mom and dad took me and my little sister there for a special family outing. I was so excited because I love learning about China's ancient history and traditions. The museum was huge with so many cool exhibits to explore. Let me tell you all about it!We started our visit by going to the calligraphy section. There were beautiful scrolls and artworks with Chinese characters painted on them using traditional brush and ink. The calligrapher demonstrated how they make those flowing strokes look so elegant. I tried my hand at it but just ended up with a messy ink blotch! The calligrapher said I need more practice. Calligraphy is really hard but I want to keep learning.Next up was the pottery section and that was definitely my favorite part. They had amazing vases, bowls, and sculptures made from different types of clay. Some were plain and simple while others had vibrant colors and intricate designs. I especially loved the ancient pottery pieces that were over 2,000 years old! Can you imagine something lasting that long? The coolest thing was watching the potter shaping a vase on the pottery wheel. She made it look so easy but I know it takes years of practice.Of course, no Chinese culture museum would be complete without displays about jade. Jade is a special green gemstone that has been treasured in China for centuries. There were tons of jade carvings in the shape of animals, landscapes, and even jewelry. My mom pointed out an intricately carved jade vase from the Qing Dynasty that was worth millions! I was afraid to even breathe on it. Jade is not only beautiful but also very valuable.Another highlight was the section on traditional Chinese clothing. We saw magnificent robes and dresses made of colorful silk with gorgeous embroidery. There were also displays showing the different styles of clothing throughout China's history. My little sister and I got to try on some fun historical costumes and dress up for pictures. I felt like an ancient Chinese princess!As we wandered around, I was in awe of all the cultural relics and artifacts spanning thousands of years of China's rich history. From bronze ritual vessels to jade burial suits, painted scrolls to terra cotta warriors, there were incredible treasures around every corner. Each item told a story about China's philosophies, beliefs, and ways of life dating back to ancient times.Of course, we had to check out the tea section which showcased the traditional Chinese tea culture. There were ornate teapots, cups, and tea accessories on display as well as information about the different types of tea leaves. We even got to sample a few varieties of tea like oolong, jasmine, and pu'erh. The tea master explained the proper way to prepare, smell, and taste the tea. It was an eye-opening experience and made me appreciate the art of tea drinking.To wrap up our museum journey, we visited the gardens outside which featured classic Chinese landscaping and architecture. There were beautiful pavilions, bridges, ponds, and pathways lined with sculpted penjing trees and bamboo. We saw Zen rock gardens raked into intricate patterns as well as serene spaces for meditation and reflection. Strolling through the tranquil gardens was the perfect way to decompress after taking in all that fascinating history and culture inside the museum.I had such an amazing time at the Chinese Culture Museum!I learned so much about China's ancient arts, crafts, traditions and way of life. From pottery to paintings, clothing to jade carvings, tea culture to classical gardens, there was just an endless amount of incredible sights to take in. My brain is still spinning from all the knowledge and history I absorbed. I can't wait to go back and explore the museum again someday. There's so much more to discover about the deep, rich cultural heritage of China!篇5A Super Fun Trip to the Chinese Culture Museum!Last weekend, my parents took me and my little sister to the Chinese Culture Museum in the city. I was so excited because I love learning about ancient China and all the cool traditions. The museum is this huge building with bright red pillars and awesome dragon statues out front. As soon as I saw it, I could tell it was going to be an amazing place!When we went inside, the first room we visited was all about Chinese calligraphy and paintings. There were beautiful scrolls and artworks hanging on the walls. My favorite was this giant canvas that showed a fierce dragon twisting through mistymountains. The painting looked so real, I felt like I could walk right into the magical scenery!Next, we entered the exhibit on traditional Chinese clothing and accessories. I saw the most colorful silk robes and dresses decorated with pretty floral patterns. Some even had embroidered dragons or phoenixes sewn into the fabric. My little sister really liked checking out the bejeweled hairpins and ornate fans. She tried on a bright pink children's jacket and looked so cute!After that room, we visited the area about Chinese festivals and celebrations. There were amazing displays set up to show the traditions of the Lunar New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, and more. For Lunar New Year, they had this big paper dragon puppet alongside firecrackers and red lanterns. And forMid-Autumn Festival, they had a table set with tasty-looking mooncakes and the ancient legend about Chang'e the moon goddess.One of the most fun parts was getting to try some festival activities ourselves. My dad and I got to paint our own miniature Chinese lanterns with red and gold paints. My little sister had a blast dressing up in a cute little traditional outfit to take picturesin a festival backdrop scene. We even learned the proper way to use chopsticks and pretended to have a New Year's meal!The section I found most fascinating was the one on ancient Chinese inventions and innovations. There were scale models showing off creations like the seed drill for planting crops, the mechanical clock, the compass for navigation, and movable type printing. I couldn't believe how smart the Chinese scholars and inventors were hundreds of years ago! My favorite displays were the crossbow ballista that could rapid-fire multiple bolts and the model of an early seismometer that detected earthquakes using swinging pendulums. So creative and ahead of their time!Another gallery highlighted the history of Chinese jade carvings and pottery works. All the intricate pieces were breathtakingly beautiful. There were jade sculptures of mythical beasts and deities as well as detailed scenes carved篇6A Fun Day at the Chinese Culture Museum!Last Saturday, my family and I went to the big Chinese Culture Museum in the city. I was so excited because I love learning about ancient China and all the cool traditions. Themuseum is HUGE with many different exhibits to explore. Let me tell you all about our amazing day!We started off by walking through the entrance that looked like an old temple gate with pretty red pillars and curvy roofs. Inside, there were tall rooms with displays showing household items that families used long ago. In one room, they had kitchen stuff like pots, bowls, chopsticks and stoves. The stoves weren't like our modern ones - they looked like big clay ovens! Some of the bowls were made of super thin porcelain and had paintings of flowers and birds. So pretty!Another room showed old clothes and accessories that people wore hundreds of years ago during the Qing Dynasty. There were bright silk dresses with gorgeous patterns and embroidery. The ladies' shoes had a funny curved shape and were so tiny! The guide explained that girls back then had to wrap their feet tightly to make them small, which seems really uncomfortable to me. I'm glad we don't do that anymore!My favorite part was walking through the recreated ancient village street. It looked just like an old village with little shops and houses. All the buildings had slanted roofs with curvy corners. There were shops selling things like tea, scrolls, fans and jade jewelry. I liked watching the ladies in traditional dressesdemonstrating how to make crafts like paper cutting and calligraphy ink painting. Everything felt so real, like stepping back in time!In the village, we attended a Chinese opera show and it was crazy! The singers had really high-pitched voices that almost sounded like screeching. Their singing told a funny story, but I couldn't really understand what was happening. Their costumes and face makeup looked super bright and colorful though. I've never seen anything like it before!After exploring the village, we went upstairs to look at old art and artifacts. One room had a giant statue of a fierce-looking Buddha sitting cross-legged. The guide said it was carved out of a single piece of wood - I can't imagine how long that must have taken! There were also displays of ancient jade carvings and intricate ceramics with blue and white patterns. Everything was so delicate and beautiful.In another room, there were examples of traditional Chinese medicine like acupuncture needles, jars of herbs and even dried animal parts - gross! The guide explained that long ago, doctors used to grind up things like antlers and bones into powders to use as medicine. I'm really glad we have modern pills nowadays instead of that weird stuff!My favorite thing of all was seeing the Terracotta Warriors exhibit. There were replicas of the life-size clay soldier statues that were buried with China's first emperor over 2000 years ago to protect him in the afterlife. Each warrior looked different with unique facial features and expressions. They were lined up in military formation, looking ready to fight invisible enemies. The tour guide said the real ones were discovered by accident by some farmers digging a well! How crazy is that?At the end of our museum visit, we went to watch a performance of Chinese acrobatics. The acrobats were so flexible and strong! They climbed up stacks of chairs, juggled plates while doing flips, and contorted their bodies into pretzel shapes.I have no idea how they bent and twisted like that without snapping in half! My favorite part was watching them create a human pyramid by standing on each other's shoulders and heads. Wasn't that awesome?After the acrobat show, we had to head home, but I was exhausted from such an exciting day of exploring. The museum brought China's past back to life in such an engaging way. I feel like I learned so much about my ancestral culture and history while having a ton of fun too. I can't wait to go back again sometime!。
爱因斯坦眼中的科学与宗教
爱因斯坦眼中的科学与宗教周三, 2007-03-28 21:11 —nicco1pointAlbert Einstein on: Religion and Science说实在的，爱因斯坦对于科学与宗教有很多的阐述，其中也不乏名言，如：science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.当然爱教授所指的宗教可不是我们想的那么简单啊！不信，就看看爱教授的观点吧！（下面有中文版）This section is from Science, Philosophy and Religion, A Symposium, published by the Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion in Their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life, Inc., New York, 1941.下面是英文原版：It would not be difficult to come to an agreement as to what we understand by science. Science is the century-old endeavor to bring together by means of systematic thought the perceptible phenomena of this world into as thoroughgoing an association as possible. To put it boldly, it is the attempt at the posterior reconstruction of existence by the process of conceptualization. But when asking myself what religion is I cannot think of the answer so easily. And even after finding an answer which may satisfy me at this particular moment, I still remain convinced that I can never under any circumstances bring together, even to a slight extent, the thoughts of all those who have given this question serious consideration.At first, then, instead of asking what religion is I should prefer to ask what characterizes the aspirations of a person who gives me the impression of being religious: a person who is religiously enlightened appears to me to be one who has, to the best of his ability, liberated himself from the fetters of his selfish desires and is preoccupied with thoughts, feelings, and aspirations to which he clings because of their superpersonalvalue. It seems to me that what is important is the force of this superpersonal content and the depth of the conviction concerning its overpowering meaningfulness, regardless of whether any attempt is made to unite this content with a divine Being, for otherwise it would not be possible to count Buddha and Spinoza as religious personalities. Accordingly, a religious person is devout in the sense that he has no doubt of the significance and loftiness of those superpersonal objects and goals which neither require nor are capable of rational foundation. They exist with the same necessity and matter-of-factness as he himself. In this sense religion is the age-old endeavor of mankind to become clearly and completely conscious of these values and goals and constantly to strengthen and extend their effect. If one conceives of religion and science according to these definitions then a conflict between them appears impossible. For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be, and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary. Religion, on the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action: it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts. According to this interpretation the well-known conflicts between religion and science in the past must all be ascribed to a misapprehension of the situation which has been described.For example, a conflict arises when a religious community insists on the absolute truthfulness of all statements recorded in the Bible. This means an intervention on the part of religion into the sphere of science; this is where the struggle of the Church against the doctrines of Galileo and Darwin belongs. On the other hand, representatives of science have often made an attempt to arrive at fundamental judgments with respect to values and ends on the basis of scientific method, and in this way have set themselves in opposition to religion. These conflicts have all sprung from fatal errors.Now, even though the realms of religion and science in themselves are clearly marked off from each other, nevertheless there exist between the two strong reciprocal relationships and dependencies. Though religion may be that which determines the goal, it has, nevertheless, learned from science, in the broadest sense, what means will contribute to the attainment of the goals it has set up. But science can only be created by those who are thoroughly imbued with the aspiration toward truth and understanding. This source of feeling, however, springs from the sphere of religion. To this there also belongs the faith in the possibility that the regulations valid for the world of existence are rational, that is, comprehensible to reason. I cannot conceive of a genuine scientist without that profound faith. The situation may be expressed by an image: science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.Though I have asserted above that in truth a legitimate conflict between religion and science cannot exist, I must nevertheless qualify this assertion once again on an essential point, with reference to the actual content of historical religions. This qualification has to do with the concept of God. During the youthful period of mankind's spiritual evolution human fantasy created gods in man's own image, who, by the operations of their will were supposed to determine, or at any rate to influence, the phenomenal world. Man sought to alter the disposition of these gods in his own favor by means of magic and prayer. The idea of God in the religions taught at present is a sublimation of that old concept of the gods. Its anthropomorphic character is shown, for instance, by the fact that men appeal to the Divine Being in prayers and plead for the fulfillment of their wishes.Nobody, certainly, will deny that the idea of the existence of an omnipotent, just, and omnibeneficent personal God is able to accord man solace, help, and guidance; also, by virtue of its simplicity it is accessible to the most undeveloped mind. But, on the other hand, there are decisive weaknesses attached to this idea in itself, which have been painfully felt since the beginning of history. That is, if this being is omnipotent, then every occurrence, including every human action, every human thought, and every human feeling and aspiration is also His work; how is it possible to think of holding men responsible for their deeds and thoughts before such an almighty Being? In giving out punishment and rewards He would to a certain extent be passing judgment on Himself. How can this be combined with the goodness and righteousness ascribed to Him?The main source of the present-day conflicts between the spheres of religion and of science lies in this concept of a personal God. It is the aim of science to establish general rules which determinethe reciprocal connection of objects and events in time and space. For these rules, or laws of nature, absolutely general validity is required--not proven. It is mainly a program, and faith in the possibility of its accomplishment in principle is only founded on partial successes. But hardly anyone could be found who would deny these partial successes and ascribe them to human self-deception. The fact that on the basis of such laws we are able to predict the temporal behavior of phenomena in certain domains with great precision and certainty is deeply embedded in the consciousness of the modern man, even though he may have grasped very little of the contents of those laws. He need only consider that planetary courses within the solar system may be calculated in advance with great exactitude on the basis of a limited number of simple laws. In a similar way, though not with the same precision, it is possible to calculate in advance the mode of operation of an electric motor, a transmission system, or of a wireless apparatus, even when dealing with a novel development.To be sure, when the number of factors coming into play in a phenomenological complex is too large, scientific method in most cases fails us. One need only think of the weather, in which case prediction even for a few days ahead is impossible. Nevertheless no one doubts that we are confronted with a causal connection whose causal components are in the main known to us. Occurrences in this domain are beyond the reach of exact prediction because of the variety of factors in operation, not because of any lack of order in nature.We have penetrated far less deeply into the regularities obtaining within the realm of living things, but deeply enough nevertheless to sense at least the rule of fixed necessity. One need only think of the systematic order in heredity, and in the effect of poisons, as for instance alcohol, on the behavior of organic beings. What is still lacking here is a grasp of connections of profound generality, but not a knowledge of order in itself.The more a man is imbued with the ordered regularity of all events the firmer becomes his conviction that there is no room left by the side of this ordered regularity for causes of a different nature. For him neither the rule of human nor the rule of divine will exists as an independent cause of natural events. To be sure, the doctrine of a personal God interfering with natural events could never be refuted, in the real sense, by science, for this doctrine can always take refuge in those domains in which scientific knowledge has not yet been able to set foot.But I am persuaded that such behavior on the part of the representatives of religion would not only be unworthy but also fatal. For a doctrine which is able to maintain itself not in clear light but only in the dark, will of necessity lose its effect on mankind, with incalculable harm to human progress. In their struggle for the ethical good, teachers of religion must have the stature to give up the doctrine of a personal God, that is, give up that source of fear and hope which in the past placed such vast power in the hands of priests. In their labors they will have to avail themselves of those forces which are capable of cultivating the Good, the True, and the Beautiful in humanity itself. This is, to be sure, a more difficult but an incomparably more worthy task. (This thought is convincingly presented in Herbert Samuel's book, Belief and Action.) After religious teachers accomplish the refining process indicated they will surely recognize with joy that true religion has been ennobled and made more profound by scientific knowledge.If it is one of the goals of religion to liberate mankind as far as possible from the bondage of egocentric cravings, desires, and fears, scientific reasoning can aid religion in yet another sense. Although it is true that it is the goal of science to discover rules which permit the association and foretelling of facts, this is not its only aim. It also seeks to reduce the connections discovered to the smallest possible number of mutually independent conceptual elements. It is in this striving after the rational unification of the manifold that it encounters its greatest successes, even though it is precisely this attempt which causes it to run the greatest risk of falling a prey to illusions. But whoever has undergone the intense experience of successful advances made in this domain is moved by profound reverence for the rationality made manifest in existence. By way of the understanding he achieves a far-reaching emancipation from the shackles of personal hopes and desires, and thereby attains that humble attitude of mind toward the grandeur of reason incarnate in existence, and which, in its profoundest depths, is inaccessible to man. This attitude, however, appears to me to be religious, in the highest sense of the word. And so it seems to me that science not only purifies the religious impulse of the dross of its anthropomorphism but also contributes to a religious spiritualization of our understanding of life.The further the spiritual evolution of mankind advances, the more certain it seems to me that the path to genuine religiosity does not lie through the fear of life, and the fear of death, and blind faith, but through striving after rational knowledge. In this sense I believe that the priest must become a teacher if he wishes to do justice to his lofty educational mission.中文翻译就讲究看吧，翻译的一般：要我们对什么是科学得出一致的理解，实际上并不困难。
中西文化概论-第七周
The Basic Features of Ancient Chinese Philosophy
1.Stress on spiritual existence 2.Stress on practice 3.Stress on morality 4.Stress on harmony 5. Stress on intuition
1.
The philosophy in pre-Qin times 21th century B.C.—221 B.C. （先秦子学）
The most influential schools: Confucianism Taoism Mohism Legalism
Confucianism:
Two main schools:
The School of Principle: “Rationalism” was eternal and was a spiritual existence prior to the world and that all things in the world were derived from “rationalism”. ( Zhou Dunyi , Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi) The School of Mind: “There is nothing outside the mind and no rationalism (or reason) outside the mind”; That “subjective consciousness is the origin of all things in the world”. (Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Shouren).
Orthodox philosophy:
英语作文中华文明
The Splendor of Chinese CivilizationChina, a country with a rich and profound history, has nurtured a civilization that is unique and exceptional in the world. Spanning over thousands of years, Chinese civilization has witnessed the rise and fall of dynasties, the evolution of technologies, and the development of profound philosophical and artistic traditions. This essay aims to delve into the essence of Chinese civilization, exploring its diverse aspects and contributions to global culture.The foundation of Chinese civilization can be traced back to ancient times, with the Yellow River civilization being one of the oldest in the world. The ancient Chinese were known for their agricultural skills, having domesticated crops like rice and wheat, and developing irrigation systems to support their crops. Thisagricultural base provided a solid foundation for the growth of Chinese civilization, leading to the emergence of cities, trade, and cultural exchanges.One of the most distinctive features of Chinese civilization is its written language. The Chinese script,with its unique characters and rich vocabulary, has been in use for over 3,000 years. This script has enabled the transmission of knowledge and culture across generations, preserving the wisdom of the ancients and fostering the creation of new ideas and works. The Chinese language has also influenced the languages of neighboring countries, marking the spread of Chinese civilization beyond its borders.Philosophy and religion have played a pivotal role in shaping Chinese civilization. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are the three major religions and philosophical systems that have influenced Chinese thought and culture. Confucianism, with its emphasis on morality, social order, and the importance of education, has been the official ideology of China for much of its history. Taoism, on the other hand, advocates a life of simplicity, harmony with nature, and inner peace. Buddhism, introduced from India, has also found a place in Chinese culture, contributing to the development of unique Buddhist art and philosophy.Art and architecture are other显著features of Chinese civilization. Chinese art, with its emphasis on brushworkand ink wash techniques, has produced masterpieces that are renowned worldwide. The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, and the Terracotta Army are just a few examples of the magnificent architecture that has been built by the Chinese over the centuries. These structures not only reflect the technological prowess of the Chinese but also their aesthetic sensibilities and cultural values.Science and technology have also played a crucial role in the development of Chinese civilization. The ancient Chinese were pioneers in many fields, including astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and agriculture. Their inventions, such as paper, the compass, gunpowder, and printing, have had a profound impact on global history. These inventions not only revolutionized the way people lived but also facilitated the spread of Chinese culture and knowledge to other parts of the world.In conclusion, Chinese civilization is a rich and diverse tapestry of history, culture, philosophy, art, science, and technology. It has withstood the test of time, evolving and adapting to the changing times while preserving its unique identity and values. Thecontributions of Chinese civilization to global culture are immense, and its influence can be seen in various aspectsof life worldwide. As we delve deeper into the essence of Chinese civilization, we gain a deeper understanding of not only the past but also the present and future of this remarkable civilization.**中华文明的辉煌**中国，这个拥有丰富而深远历史的国家，孕育了一种在世界上独一无二、卓越非凡的文明。
中国文化概况哲学和宗教 英文版
家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法
家)
12
The Development of Chinese Philosophy
Philosophy During the Pre-Qin Times ( 先秦子学)
feudal rule. Orthodox philosophy advocates that Heaven affects
human affairs and human behaviour finds responses in
Heaven (天人感应). the power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven
base on the teaching of Mozi cherishes universal love honors virtuous people, opposes fatalism (宿命论) and
aggressive wars upholds thriftiness and simple funerals
reached its apex ( 顶点) during the Sui and Tang
dynasties mainly discusses the relationship between the
subjective and the objective attempts to gain insight into the universe and
Outline origins from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties began to take definite shape during the Spring and
Chapter 2 Philosophy and Religions
• emphasises the importance of family and societal order. Children must respect and be dutiful to their parents. The younger must obey the elder. The junior must follow the senior. The servants must serve their rulers. The influence of Confucianism is so predominant that the word “Confucian” can directly represent traditional Chinese life and culture. Confucianism is not confined to China. Neighbouring countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, also embrace (信奉) Confucianism in their national life and culture.
A hundred schools of thought contend
• Thng States Periods (770---221 BC) were a time of great social change, stimulating various schools of thought, such as Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism, and Mohism; and scholars wrote, lectured and debated vigorously, creating a lively academic environment later described as “A hundred schools of thought contend”
如何更好地了解中国传统文化英语作文
如何更好地了解中国传统文化英语作文How to Better Understand Chinese Traditional CultureIntroductionChinese traditional culture is rich and diverse, with a history that spans thousands of years. It encompasses various aspects of life such as customs, arts, philosophy, and religion. In order to gain a better understanding of Chinese traditional culture, it is important to explore and immerse oneself in its various elements. This article will provide some tips on how to achieve a deeper appreciation and understanding of Chinese traditional culture.1. Study Chinese HistoryTo understand Chinese traditional culture, it is essential to study Chinese history. Chinese history is vast and complex, with many dynasties and historical events that have shaped the culture of the country. By studying Chinese history, one can gain insights into the traditions, customs, and beliefs of the Chinese people.2. Learn the Chinese LanguageLearning the Chinese language is another important step in understanding Chinese traditional culture. The Chinese languageis an integral part of Chinese culture, and by learning the language, one can gain a deeper insight into the nuances of Chinese culture. In addition, learning Chinese will enable you to read classical Chinese texts and appreciate traditional Chinese poetry and literature.3. Explore Chinese Art and LiteratureChinese art and literature are important components of Chinese traditional culture. By exploring Chinese art and literature, one can gain a better understanding of the values, beliefs, and aesthetics of the Chinese people. Visit museums and art galleries to see Chinese paintings, calligraphy, and sculptures, and read works of Chinese literature such as the "Four Books and Five Classics" to gain a deeper appreciation of Chinese culture.4. Attend Traditional Chinese FestivalsTraditional Chinese festivals are an important part of Chinese culture, and attending these festivals can provide valuable insights into Chinese traditions and customs. Participate in festivals such as Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival to experience traditional Chinese celebrations and rituals firsthand.5. Study Chinese Philosophy and ReligionChinese philosophy and religion have played a significant role in shaping Chinese traditional culture. Study the teachings of Confucius, Laozi, and other Chinese philosophers to gain insights into the moral and ethical values of the Chinese people. In addition, explore traditional Chinese religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism to understand the spiritual beliefs and practices of the Chinese people.6. Travel to ChinaOne of the best ways to immerse yourself in Chinese traditional culture is to travel to China. Visit historical sites such as the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, and the Terracotta Army to experience the rich history and heritage of China. Explore traditional Chinese villages, temples, and gardens to get a glimpse of traditional Chinese life and culture.ConclusionBy following these tips, you can gain a better understanding and appreciation of Chinese traditional culture. Study Chinese history, learn the Chinese language, explore Chinese art and literature, attend traditional Chinese festivals, study Chinese philosophy and religion, and travel to China to immerse yourself in the rich and diverse culture of China. Understanding Chinese traditional culture will not only broaden your cultural horizonsbut also deepen your appreciation of the beauty and complexity of Chinese civilization.。
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Hanfeizi’s trinity
• Hanfeizi believed that a ruler should govern his subjects by the following: • Fa ( 法"law or principle"): The law code must be clearly written and made public. All people under the ruler were equal before the law. Laws should reward those who obey them and punish accordingly those who dare to break them. Thus it is guaranteed that actions taken are systematically predictable. In addition, the system of law ran the state, not the ruler. If the law is successfully enforced, even a weak ruler will be strong. • Shu (術; literally "method, tactic or art"): Special tactics and "secrets" are to be employed by the ruler to make sure others don't take over control of the state. Especially important is that no one can fathom the ruler's motivations, and thus no one can know which behaviour might help them getting ahead; except for following the 法 or laws. • Shi (勢; literally "legitimacy, power or charisma"): It is the position of the ruler, not the ruler himself or herself, that holds the power. Therefore, analysis of the trends, the context, and the facts are essential for a real ruler.
•
The role of the ruler:
• The Legalists emphasized that the head of state was endowed with the "mystery of authority‖ (勢), and as such his decisions must always command the respect and obedience of the people. The state (country) comes first, not the individual. The emperor’s very figure brought legitimacy. • A good leader, by Han Fei's standards, must not only accept the advice of loyal ministers when shown to be in error, but must also extend courtesy to those beneath him or her and not be too avaricious. The adept ruler also understood the importance of strictness over benevolence
Shang Yang’s practice of legalism
• • • • Among the first adopters of Legalism was the statesman Shang Yang of the State of Qin. Shang Yang's law theories advocated the belief that all people are fundamentally flawed and that stringent laws and harsh punishments are required to keep them in order. As prime minister of the Qin under the rule of Duke Xiao of Qin, Shang Yang gradually transformed the state into a vigorously regulated machine, the sole purpose of which was the elimination of all rivals. The Qin Dynasty would eventually conquer six other feudal states and create what is regarded as the first true Chinese Empire after it overwhelmed all of the six other states together (Qi, Chu, Han, Yan, Zhao, and Wei) under the Qin Shi Huang Shang Yang swept away the aristocracy and implemented a meritocracy – those who achieved could reach high places and birth privilege was reserved exclusively for the ruler of the state. Previously the army had been controlled by nobles and constituted of feudal levies. Now generals could come from any part of society, provided they had sufficient skill. In addition, troops were highly trained and disciplined.
Philosophy and religions
Xunzi
• Originally a Confucianist • A great success both as a politician and teacher • He contradicts Mencius’s belief that man is innately good. • He argues that human nature is derived from an impersonal and amoral Heaven. Man’s emotions and desires lead to conflict. • He maintains that there is a difference between nature and conscious practice
The legalism
• Legalism is associated with the state of Qin • Two leading proponents of the school: Hanfeizi and Li Si, both Xun’s disciples • Legalism is also influenced by Mozi’s utilitarian doctrine • Legalism believes severe laws and harsh punishments are the only means of ensuring social order and stability •
• He argues that, just as a potter consciously creates a pot (an object and action not part of his own nature), so does a sage consciously create the rituals and regulations to be followed if morality is the goal. These creations are not part of one's nature, but rather stem from a departure from nature. • Xunzi states that "every man who desires to do good does so precisely because his nature is evil... Whatever a man lacks in himself he will seek outside" as the sage kings did when they referenced their personal experiments and ideas to create a means toward morality. • According to Xunzi, if people were naturally good, then leaving peoples and governments without laws and restrictions would cause no harm or disorder. Xunzi does not believe this state of affairs to be possible. • However, Xunzi believed that all people are born with the capacity to become good. 'If you do not know a man, look at his friends; if you do not know a ruler, look at his attendants.' Here he stresses the importance of environment. Environment is the important thing! Environment is the important thing!"