Research on Experimental and Application for the High Efficient Enrichment of the Low-grade Pre

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实验研究英文分类

实验研究（experimental research）是一种科学研究方法，旨在通过实验验证或推翻特定假设或理论。

以下是实验研究的英文分类：
实验室实验（Laboratory experiment）：在受控的环境中，对一组变量进行操纵以观察其效果。

现场实验（Field experiment）：在真实的生活环境中，对一组变量进行操纵以观察其效果。

案例研究（Case study）：对一个或多个个体进行深入研究，以了解特定情况或问题的详细情况。

实验性研究（Experimental research）：对一组变量进行操纵以观察其效果，通常在控制的环境中进行。

观察性研究（Observational research）：观察和研究一个群体的自然行为或情况，通常不进行干预。

以上内容仅供参考，请根据实际情况选择合适的实验研究类型。

[美]R·格伦·哈伯德《宏观经济学》R.GlennHubbard,AnthonyP

Macroeconomics R. GLENN HUBBARD COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ANTHONY PATRICK O’BRIEN LEHIGH UNIVERSITY MATTHEW RAFFERTY QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle RiverAmsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City So Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei TokyoAbout the AuthorsGlenn Hubbard Professor Researcher and Policymaker R. Glenn Hubbard is the dean and Russell L. Carson Professor of Finance and Economics in the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University and professor of economics in Columbia’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and a director of Automatic Data Processing Black Rock Closed- End Funds KKR Financial Corporation and MetLife. Professor Hubbard received his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1983. From 2001 to 2003 he served as chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers and chairman of the OECD Economy Policy Commit- tee and from 1991 to 1993 he was deputy assistant secretary of the U.S. Treasury Department. He currently serves as co-chair of the nonpar-tisan Committee on Capital Markets Regulation and the Corporate Boards Study Group. ProfessorHubbard is the author of more than 100 articles in leading journals including American EconomicReview Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Journal of Finance Journal of Financial EconomicsJournal of Money Credit and Banking Journal of Political Economy Journal of Public EconomicsQuarterly Journal of Economics RAND Journal of Economics and Review of Economics and Statistics.Tony O’Brien Award-Winning Professor and Researcher Anthony Patrick O’Brien is a professor of economics at Lehigh University. He received a Ph.D. from the University of California Berkeley in 1987. He has taught principles of economics money and banking and interme- diate macroeconomics for more than 20 years in both large sections and small honors classes. He received the Lehigh University Award for Distin- guished Teaching. He was formerly the director of the Diamond Center for Economic Education and was named a Dana Foundation Faculty Fel- low and Lehigh Class of 1961 Professor of Economics. He has been a visit- ing professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and Carnegie Mellon University. Professor O’Brien’s research has dealt with such issues as the evolution of the U.S. automobile industry sources of U.S. economiccompetitiveness the development of U.S. trade policy the causes of the Great Depression and thecauses of black–white income differences. His research has been published in leading journals in-cluding American Economic Review Quarterly Journal of Economics Journal of Money Credit andBanking Industrial Relations Journal of Economic History Explorations in Economic History andJournal of PolicyHistory.Matthew Rafferty Professor and Researcher Matthew Christopher Rafferty is a professor of economics and department chairperson at Quinnipiac University. He has also been a visiting professor at Union College. He received a Ph.D. from the University of California Davis in 1997 and has taught intermediate macroeconomics for 15 years in both large and small sections. Professor Rafferty’s research has f ocused on university and firm-financed research and development activities. In particular he is interested in understanding how corporate governance and equity compensation influence firm research and development. His research has been published in leading journals including the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Journal of Corporate Finance Research Policy and the Southern Economic Journal. He has worked as a consultantfor theConnecticut Petroleum Council on issues before the Connecticut state legislature. He has alsowritten op-ed pieces that have appeared in several newspapers including the New York Times. iii Brief Contents Part 1: Introduction Chapter 1 The Long and Short of Macroeconomics 1 Chapter 2 Measuring the Macroeconomy 23 Chapter 3 The Financial System 59 Part 2: Macroeconomics in the Long Run: Economic Growth Chapter 4 Determining Aggregate Production 105 Chapter 5 Long-Run Economic Growth 143 Chapter 6 Money and Inflation 188 Chapter 7 The Labor Market 231 Part 3: Macroeconomics in the Short Run: Theory and Policy Chapter 8 Business Cycles 271 Chapter 9 IS–MP: A Short-Run Macroeconomic Model 302 Chapter 10 Monetary Policy in the Short Run 363 Chapter 11 Fiscal Policy in the Short Run 407 Chapter 12 Aggregate Demand Aggregate Supply and Monetary Policy 448 Part 4: Extensions Chapter 13 Fiscal Policy and the Government Budget in the Long Run 486 Chapter 14 Consumption and Investment 521 Chapter 15 The Balance of Payments Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Policy 559 Glossary G-1 Index I-1ivContentsChapter 1 The Long and Short of Macroeconomics 1WHEN YOU ENTER THE JOB MARKET CAN MATTER A LOT ........................................................ 11.1 What Macroeconomics Is About........................................................................... 2 Macroeconomics in the Short Run and in the Long Run .................................................... 2 Long-Run Growth in the United States ............................................................................. 3 Some Countries Have Not Experienced Significant Long-Run Growth ............................... 4 Aging Populations Pose a Challenge to Governments Around the World .......................... 5 Unemployment in the United States ................................................................................. 6 How Unemployment Rates Differ Across Developed Countries ......................................... 7 Inflation Rates Fluctuate Over Time and Across Countries................................................. 7 Econo mic Policy Can Help Stabilize the Economy .. (8)International Factors Have Become Increasingly Important in Explaining Macroeconomic Events................................................................................. 91.2 How Economists Think About Macroeconomics ............................................. 11 What Is the Best Way to Analyze Macroeconomic Issues .............................................. 11 Macroeconomic Models.................................................................................................. 12Solved Problem 1.2: Do Rising Imports Lead to a Permanent Reductionin U.S. Employment. (12)Assumptions Endogenous Variables and Exogenous Variables in EconomicModels ........................................................................................................ 13 Forming and Testing Hypotheses in Economic Models .................................................... 14Making the Connection: What Do People Know About Macroeconomicsand How Do They KnowIt .............................................................................................. 151.3 Key Issues and Questions of Macroeconomics ............................................... 16An Inside Look: Will Consumer Spending Nudge Employers to Hire................................ 18Chapter Summary and Problems ............................................................................. 20 Key Terms and Concepts Review Questions Problems and Applications Data Exercise Theseend-of-chapter resource materials repeat in all chapters.Chapter 2 Measuring the Macroeconomy 23HOW DO WE KNOW WHEN WE ARE IN ARECESSION ........................................................... 23Key Issue andQuestion .................................................................................................... 232.1 GDP: Measuring Total Production and Total Income ..................................... 25 How theGovernment Calculates GDP (25)Production and Income (26)The Circular Flow of Income (27)An Example of Measuring GDP (29)National Income Identities and the Components of GDP (29)vvi CONTENTS Making the Connection: Will Public Employee Pensions Wreck State and Local Government Budgets.................................................................... 31 The Relationship Between GDP and GNP........................................................................ 33 2.2 Real GDP Nominal GDP and the GDP Deflator.............................................. 33 Solved Problem 2.2a: Calculating Real GDP . (34)Price Indexes and the GDP Deflator (35)Solved Problem 2.2b: Calculating the Inflation Rate ..........................................................36 The Chain-Weighted Measure of Real GDP ....................................................................37 Making the Connection: Trying to Hit a Moving Target: Forecasting with “Real-Time Data” .................................................................................. 37 Comparing GDP Across Countries................................................................................... 38 Making the Connection: The Incredible Shrinking Chinese Economy ................................ 39 GDP and National Income .............................................................................................. 40 2.3 Inflation Rates and Interest Rates ....................................................................... 41 The Consumer Price Index .............................................................................................. 42 Making the Connection: Does Indexing Preserve the Purchasing Power of Social Security Payments ................................................................ 43 How Accurate Is theCPI ............................................................................................... 44 The Way the Federal Reserve Measures Inflation ............................................................ 44 InterestRates .................................................................................................................. 45 2.4 Measuring Employment and Unemployment .. (47)Answering the Key Question ............................................................................................ 49 An Inside Look: Weak Construction Market Persists.......................................................... 50 Chapter 3 The Financial System 59 THE WONDERFUL WORLD OFCREDIT ................................................................................... 59 Key Issue and Question .................................................................................................... 59 3.1 Overview of the Financial System ...................................................................... 60 Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries ................................................................ 61 Making the Connection: Is General Motors Making Cars or Making Loans .................... 62 Making the Connection: Investing in the Worldwide Stock Market . (64)Banking and Securitization (67)The Mortgage Market and the Subprime Lending Disaster (67)Asymmetric Information and Principal–Agent Problems in Financial Markets...................68 3.2 The Role of the Central Bank in the Financial System (69)Central Banks as Lenders of Last Resort ..........................................................................69 Bank Runs Contagion and Asset Deflation ....................................................................70 Making the Connection: Panics Then and Now: The Collapse of the Bank of United States in 1930 and the Collapse of Lehman Brothers in2008 (71)3.3 Determining Interest Rates: The Market for Loanable Funds and the Market forMoney .......................................................................................... 76 Saving and Supply in the Loanable Funds Market ........................................................... 76 Investment and the Demand for Loanable Funds ............................................................ 77 Explaining Movements in Saving Investment and the Real Interest Rate (78)CONTENTS .。

准实验研究的英语

准实验研究的英语IntroductionExperimental research is a type of research design that involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable. However, in some situations, experimental research may not be feasible or ethical. In such cases, researchers may opt for quasi-experimental research, which is a type of research design that lacks the random assignment of participants to groups. This article explores quasi-experimental research, its types, advantages, and disadvantages.Types of Quasi-Experimental Research1. Pre-Experimental DesignsPre-experimental designs are the simplest type of quasi-experimental designs, and they involve measuring the dependent variable before and after an intervention. There are three types of pre-experimental designs: one-shot design, one-group pretest-posttest design, and static group comparison design.a. One-shot design: In this design, the researcher measures the dependent variable after the intervention. However, there is no control group, and hence, it isdifficult to determine whether the observed change is dueto the intervention or other factors.b. One-group pretest-posttest design: In this design,the researcher measures the dependent variable before and after the intervention. However, there is no control group, and hence, it is difficult to determine whether theobserved change is due to the intervention or other factors.c. Static group comparison design: In this design, the researcher compares the dependent variable in a group that received the intervention and a group that did not receive the intervention. However, the groups are not randomly assigned, and hence, there may be differences between the groups that may affect the results.2. Quasi-Experimental DesignsQuasi-experimental designs involve the manipulation ofan independent variable, but the participants are not randomly assigned to groups. There are four types of quasi-experimental designs: nonequivalent control group design,time-series design, interrupted time-series design, and regression-discontinuity design.a. Nonequivalent control group design: In this design, the researcher compares the dependent variable in a group that received the intervention and a group that did not receive the intervention. However, the groups are not randomly assigned, and hence, there may be differences between the groups that may affect the results.b. Time-series design: In this design, the researcher measures the dependent variable at multiple time points before and after the intervention. However, there is no control group, and hence, it is difficult to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.c. Interrupted time-series design: In this design, the researcher measures the dependent variable at multiple time points before and after the intervention. However, there is a control group, which allows the researcher to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.d. Regression-discontinuity design: In this design, the researcher selects participants based on a cutoff score on a continuous variable. Participants who score above the cutoff score receive the intervention, while those who score below the cutoff score do not receive the intervention. This design allows the researcher to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.Advantages of Quasi-Experimental Research1. Ethical ConsiderationsIn some situations, experimental research may not be ethical. For example, it may not be ethical to manipulate an independent variable that may harm participants. Quasi-experimental research provides an alternative to experimental research, which allows researchers to study the effect of an intervention without compromising the ethical considerations.2. Real-World SettingsQuasi-experimental research is often conducted in real-world settings, which enhances the ecological validity ofthe research findings. This means that the researchfindings are more likely to be applicable to real-world situations.3. Cost-EffectiveQuasi-experimental research is often less costly than experimental research. This is because it does not involve random assignment of participants to groups, which can be time-consuming and costly.Disadvantages of Quasi-Experimental Research1. Lack of ControlQuasi-experimental research lacks the control associated with experimental research. This means that there may be other factors that may affect the results, which may make it difficult to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.2. Selection BiasQuasi-experimental research may suffer from selection bias. This is because participants are not randomly assigned to groups, which may result in differences between the groups that may affect the results.3. Internal ValidityQuasi-experimental research may suffer from internal validity issues. This is because there may be other factors that may affect the results, which may make it difficult to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.ConclusionQuasi-experimental research is a type of research design that lacks the random assignment of participants to groups. It is often used in situations where experimental research may not be feasible or ethical. Quasi-experimental research has advantages such as being ethical, conducted in real-world settings, and cost-effective. However, it also has disadvantages such as lack of control, selection bias, and internal validity issues. Researchers should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of quasi-experimental research before deciding on the research design to use.。

专业八级模拟611

专业八级模拟611(总分：134.92，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTURE(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.（分数：15.00）解析：definition [听力原文]Good morning, everyone, today"s lecture is the very first of a series of lectures on culture shock. So I"d like to spend some time discussing with you the nature of culture shock and the six stages of the adaptation process so as to help you better understand and adapt to a new cultural environment.First of all, what is culture shock? I believe most people are familiar with the idea of culture shock. In theory, culture shock is defined as troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. The "shock" in culture shock emphasizes the pain and doubt that a person experiences when faced with a significantly new experience.In practice, people usually use the term culture shock whenever they tell a story about problems. Chinese meet when they go abroad or when they want to describe problems foreigners have when they come to China. It can be easily understood that when a person is living in his home culture, he knows what people mean when they speak and act. He is able to interpret situations and knows how to respond. The world makes sense. However, when he leaves that familiar environment, he is deprived of familiar cues, familiar behaviors and meanings that reassure him that he understands the world. Suddenly meanings are not clear, and the person does not know how to respond. He feels disoriented. This is perfectly normal and occurs in situations other than moving to a new culture. When put into any significantly new and challenging situation, the person faces risks and has opportunities. The risk is that the person will not adapt successfully. If the person is not able to endure the pain and overcome the problems, he may abandon the new situation and return to a life that is more familiar and comfortable. If that is not possible, he may continue to live inthe new situation, but in a way that causes continuing difficulties for himself and others. If the person adapts successfully, he changes as a person. He acquires new skills, new attitudes, and a new outlook on the world.It is not easy to predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. So before going abroad, learning about the process of adaptation will help you better understand what is happening to you, though it will not prevent culture shock. Typically people experience the following stages as they adapt to a new cultural situation.Stage one: Excitement about the new situation.Except for refugees and others who are pushed to leave home against their will, most people who go abroad to live temporarily or permanently in a new culture do so willingly. They have some specific purpose in mind such as furthering their education, pursuing economic or professional opportunities, or simply experiencing something new. Especially when friends and relatives put a positive value on going abroad, when they give it high prestige or think they will also benefit, then the person who is going usually anticipates the experience with a great deal of excitement. The excitement of this stage typically continues through the early period after arriving in the new culture. Everything seems to be wonderful. The expectations the person has for the new experience have not yet been tested. The newcomer is using standards from his home culture to evaluate the situation in the new culture. But eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture strategies for dealing with problems not only do not work, but make the problem worse. And this marks the end of the first stage and the beginning of the second.Stage two: Confusion when faced with the hidden aspects of culture.At the beginning of the confusion stage, the person in an unfamiliar culture often experiences a sudden decline in mood or spirit. Often at this stage, newcomers misread or misinterpret the behavior and speech of the local people. Part of the problem may be limited language skills, but more important is a tendency to interpret meanings according to the home cultural grammar. Stage three: Frustration when old ways of dealing with situations fail to work.At this stage the confusion, self-doubt and depression of the second stage usually decline and are replaced by more negative attitudes such as frustration and anger about the new culture. Instead of blaming or doubting himself, the newcomer starts to put the blame for his difficulties on the new culture and its people. He may become suspicious and believe that the host country people around him always have negative reasons for doing what they do. In a way, this is a change for the better, because it shows that the newcomer is paying more attention to what the people around him are actually doing. And this will lead him to start the long climb up toward feeling as positive about himself and the new culture as he did the day he left home.Stage four: Growing effectiveness as new skills are acquired.During the third stage the person is feeling bad but is acting in a more assertive way to deal with the new culture. In time these efforts pay off and the person becomes more effective. The person is gaining cross-cultural skills and has added important new skills to his cultural software and has some confidence that he can deal with new situations as they arise.Stage five: Appreciation as new skills and attitudes enable the person to live more fully in the new situation.In this stage the person moves beyond effectiveness in the new culture to an attitude of appreciation. He is developing a more personal understanding of the new culture and values it. The person is able to live a full life, experiencing the full range of human feelings in the new culture. He is becoming more creative, expressive and able to take initiative and responsibility. Stage six: Increased ability to deal with new and novel situations.When a person has successfully adapted to a new culture, he has learned how to learn culture. That is a valuable attribute for anyone living in the global village. The person is now ready for new cross-cultural experiences.Now, to sum up, in today"s lecture we have elaborated on the nature, causes and results of culture shock, which was a commonplace phenomenon experienced by people going abroad. The subsequent discussion on the six stages of the adaptation process focuses on what is happening to people going abroad, a good knowledge of these stages can help people understand what is going on, so as to ease the confusion and frustration of the initial stages and accelerate the acquisition of the ability to appreciate and deal with the new cultural environment.[解析] 由文章开头看出讲座首先从理论的角度定义了culture shock这一概念。

StatementofResearchInterestsandGoals

Statement of Research Interests and GoalsJun ChenDepartment of Physics and AstronomyMcMaster UniversityApril2011For the past7years,I have been focusing on research on experimental nuclear physics and astrophysics as a graduate student and a post-doctoral fellow.I have also been working on nuclear structure data evaluation and stellar reaction rate evaluations as part of my post-doctoral research for the past two years.The following sections summarize my research eﬀort in these areas as well as my future goals.1Experimental Nuclear Physics and AstrophysicsComputer Simulation of Nuclear Detectors In nuclear physics,computer simulations using the Monte-Carlo method are useful for testing the performance of a detector and for predicting nuclear events, especially,when experimental tests are expensive,or if beam time is not available.They can also serve as a benchmark for experimental results.For my master’s thesis project,I made simulations of silicon detectors using the GEANT4toolkit,including a compact disk-like double-sided strip detector(CD detector)used as an end detector in the SHARC array(Silicon Highly-segmented Array for Reactions and Coulex)in conjunction with the TIGRESSγ-ray spectrometer at TRIUMF.Nuclear Reactions andγ-ray Spectroscopy I have performed experiments using radioactive beams to study the nuclear states of astrophysical interest in26Si for my Ph.D.thesis project.One was performed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory(NSCL)in Michigan State University using the(p,d) transfer reaction in inverse kinematics with a radioactive27Si beam,impinged on a polypropylene foil(C3H6). The Doppler-broadened de-excitationγ-rays were detected in a highly-segmented Germanium detector array (SeGA)in coincidence with the particle detection.γ-γcoincidence matrix was constructed for extracting transition cascades and levels.Most of the analysis codes were written by me using C++and ROOT library. Our result conﬁrmed most of the bound states in26Si and made improvement in calibration of future studies.A second experiment was performed at the CRIB facility at RIKEN using(p,p)elastic scattering with a radioactive25Al beam on a thick C3H6foil.By employing the thick target method,compound resonant states up to E cm=3.5MeV above the proton threshold were scanned with a single beam energy.Elastically scattered protons were detected in three sets of∆E-E silicon telescopes,which together with the two PPAC (Parallel-Plate-Avalanche-Counter)detectors,provided the scattering geometry for energy conversion in diﬀerent reference frames and for the energy-loss correction of the proton energy in the target and detectors. Experimental resonant cross-sections were obtained from the proton spectrum and wereﬁt using the R-Matrix diﬀerential cross-section formula.Resonant parameters such as resonance energies,spin-parity assignments1and widths were extracted from thisﬁt to the resonances that were prominent in the excitation function. Most of the program coding for the data analysis was written by me using C/C++and Fortran.Apart from my research projects,I have been also involved in other experiments such as direct measurements with radioactive ion beams at TRIUMF,and indirect measurements with transfer reactions and in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy at Yale University and the University of Tsukuba.Experimental Nuclear Astrophysics My interest is in stellar reaction rates of key reactions in explo-sive environments,such as in nova and supernova explosions.These reaction rates provide very important clues for understanding the nucleosynthesis in our galaxy.My PhD thesis project was on the25Al(p,γ)26Si reaction rate,which strongly inﬂuences the production of galactic26Al at nova temperatures.The goal was to reduce the existing large uncertainty in this rate,which therefore provides more accurate inputs for network calculations of nucleosynthesis in these environments.2Nuclear Structure Data EvaluationI have been working on nuclear structure data evaluation for the data project of the National Nuclear Data Center(NNDC)at Brookhaven National Laboratory(BNL)since2009.So far,I have completed evaluations on the nuclear structure of nuclei in the mass chains A=33,35,37(partial contribution)and44.In these evaluations,detailed evaluated level properties and related information are presented,including adopted values of level andγ-ray energies,decay data(energies,intensities and placement of radiations),and other spectroscopic data.I have also developed some computer programs which have been used to facilitate the evaluation process.3Stellar Reaction Rate EvaluationAs I am interested in stellar reaction rates,it was a natural step for me to do some evaluations of stellar reaction rates which are closely coupled to our group’s experimental program.This eﬀort falls under the umbrella of the astrophysical reaction rate evaluation project at Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL).I have evaluated and updated some important astrophysical reaction rates,such as the23Mg(p,γ)24Al which serves as a bridge between the NeNa cycle and the MgAl cycle in O-Ne classical novae,the29P(p,γ)30S which is a key reaction that aﬀects the production and destruction of29Si and30Si in nova outbursts,and 25Al(p,γ)26Si.4Future GoalsI am very interested in experimental nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics,particularly in nuclear struc-ture and astrophysical reaction rates.I have been involved in several experiments in such areas to date. There is still a large unknown territory to be explored.One of my goals is to study the nuclear structure of the nuclei in the astrophysically important reactions and their rates using improved experimental techniques and conditions.Another goal of mine is to evaluate and update the nuclear structure of additional mass chains,as well as new stellar reaction rates.2。

高三英语学术研究方法单选题30题

高三英语学术研究方法单选题30题1. In a literature review, which of the following is the most important step?A. Collecting a large number of sourcesB. Selecting relevant and reliable sourcesC. Reading the sources quicklyD. Copying the content of the sources directly答案：B。

本题考查文献综述中最重要的步骤。

选项A 收集大量来源固然重要，但质量更关键；选项C 快速阅读来源可能会忽略重要信息；选项 D 直接复制来源内容是学术不端行为。

选项 B 选择相关可靠的来源是确保文献综述质量的关键步骤。

2. When conducting a literature review, how should you handle contradictory information from different sources?A. Ignore it and focus on the consistent informationB. Choose the information that supports your hypothesisC. Analyze and try to reconcile the differencesD. Just randomly pick one of the pieces of information答案：C。

在进行文献综述时，面对不同来源的矛盾信息，选项A 忽略它只关注一致信息可能会导致研究不全面；选项B 只选择支持假设的信息会使研究有偏差；选项 D 随机挑选信息是不科学的。

选项C 分析并尝试调和差异是正确的处理方式。

3. What is the purpose of citing sources in a literature review?A. To show off your knowledgeB. To increase the word count of your reviewC. To give credit to the original authors and support your argumentsD. To make the review look more complicated答案：C。

a preliminary study与a pilot study

a preliminary study与a pilot study什么是“a preliminary study”和“a pilot study”的含义与区别，以及它们在研究设计和数据收集中的作用。

引言：在科学研究中，进行一项全面的研究需要耗费大量的资源和时间。

为了在研究过程中节省资源和时间，并更好地确定研究方法和可行性，研究人员通常会选择进行“a preliminary study”（初步研究）或“a pilot study”（试验性研究）。

本文将详细解释这两个概念的含义和区别，并阐述它们在研究设计和数据收集中的作用。

正文：１．什么是“a preliminary study”？Preliminary study，又被称为“feasibility study”（可行性研究），是指在进行一项全面的研究之前，进行的一项小规模研究。

它的主要目的是帮助研究人员更好地了解研究主题的背景和相关要素，确定研究方法的可行性和有效性，并获取初步的数据结果。

通过进行“a preliminary study”，研究人员可以在正式的研究中减少错误，并最大限度地提高研究设计的质量和可靠性。

进行“a preliminary study”的典型情况包括：（1）确定研究问题和研究目标：通过初步调查和文献综述，研究人员可以更好地了解研究主题，并确定研究问题和目标。

（2）测试和改进研究方法：在进行正式研究之前，研究人员可以通过“a preliminary study”来测试和改进研究方法，以确保研究工具和程序的有效性和可靠性。

（3）获取初步数据和分析：研究人员可以利用“a preliminary study”来收集初步的数据，并进行初步分析。

这有助于他们了解研究可能遇到的问题和挑战，并进行相应的调整和改进。

２．什么是“a pilot study”？Pilot study，又称为“feasibility study”（可行性研究）、“mock study”（模拟研究）或“dry run”（试运行），是指在正式进行一项研究之前进行的一项小规模试验研究。

a的研究和应用英语

a的研究和应用英语
"A研究和应用"英语翻译为 "Research and Application of A"。

这里的"A"指代一个具体的主题或对象，可以是科学研究中的某个领域、技术、理论、方法等。

下面是一些示例：
1. 环境保护技术的研究和应用 (Research and Application of Environmental Protection Technologies)
2. 人工智能的研究和应用 (Research and Application of Artificial Intelligence)
3. 电动车技术的研究和应用 (Research and Application of Electric Vehicle Technology)
4. 新药研发的研究和应用 (Research and Application of New Drug Development)
5. 空气质量监测技术的研究和应用 (Research and Application of Air Quality Monitoring Technologies)
请根据具体的"A"进行翻译，以确保准确表达主题内容。

新兴交叉学科研究报告英语

新兴交叉学科研究报告英语Interdisciplinary Research in Emerging FieldsIntroduction:Interdisciplinary research refers to the collaboration and integration of knowledge and expertise from multiple disciplines to solve complex problems and address emerging issues. This type of research has gained significant attention in recent years due to the need for innovative solutions to tackle the challenges of the modern world. This report aims to explore the concept of interdisciplinary research in emerging fields and the benefits it provides.Definition of Emerging Fields:Emerging fields are areas of study that are relatively new and still evolving. These fields often arise in response to societal, technological, or environmental changes. Examples of emerging fields include nanotechnology, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and sustainable development.Importance of Interdisciplinary Research in Emerging Fields: Interdisciplinary research is particularly valuable in emerging fields due to the complexity and multifaceted nature of the problems they deal with. Traditional disciplines often lack the expertise and perspectives needed to fully understand and address these issues. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, researchers can leverage diverse knowledge and methodologies to provide more comprehensive and innovative solutions.Benefits of Interdisciplinary Research:1. Holistic Understanding: By integrating different disciplines, interdisciplinary research enables a more holistic understanding of complex issues. This comprehensive perspective allows researchers to identify connections and interdependencies that may be missed in a single discipline approach.2. Innovation and Creativity: The combination of different expertise and perspectives in interdisciplinary research often leads to innovative and creative solutions. The diversity of ideas and approaches fuels groundbreaking discoveries and breakthroughs.3. Bridging Gaps: Interdisciplinary research helps bridge gaps between different disciplines, fostering collaboration and communication. This promotes knowledge transfer and enhances the exchange of ideas, leading to cross-disciplinary synergy.4. Addressing Grand Challenges: Many emerging fields are associated with grand challenges, such as climate change and global health. Interdisciplinary research offers the opportunity to tackle these challenges from multiple angles and significantly contribute to their resolution.5. Real-World Applications: Interdisciplinary research often focuses on real-world problems, leading to practical and applicable outcomes. This makes interdisciplinary research in emerging fields highly relevant and impactful.Challenges and Considerations:Interdisciplinary research also faces several challenges and considerations. These include:1. Communication and Terminology: Different disciplines may use different vocabularies and terminologies, making effective communication and integration of ideas challenging.2. Funding and Career Paths: Traditional funding mechanisms and career paths may not fully support interdisciplinary research in emerging fields, hindering its progress.3. Balancing Depth and Breadth: Researchers must strike a balance between deep knowledge in their respective disciplines and a broad understanding of other fields to effectively contribute to interdisciplinary research.Conclusion:Interdisciplinary research in emerging fields holds significant promise for addressing complex challenges and driving innovation. It offers a holistic approach, fostering collaboration, creativity, and real-world impact. With proper support and recognition, interdisciplinary research can play a vital role in shaping the future of science and society.。

JAP论文接收,分享我的投稿经历-酸甜苦辣

that this is exac
tly at the center of the device.
3) At the end of the same paragraph is '... once the bias is below ...'
Should this not be the gate instead of the bias voltage?
4) Page 4, paragraph starting with 'As we know, in the ...'
'... To be different from previous calculati***** ...' replace by
voltage compare with experiments? There exists at least one
report to determine the potential height of quantum-point contacts
below pinch-off as function of gate voltage (Gloos et al., Phys.
However, the authors do not show or even discuss how this can
be achieved. Therefore I believe that in the present form the paper
is not suitable for publication.
For your guidance, I append the reviewyou for giving us the opportunity to c*****ider your work.

江苏省南通市海安市2024-2025学年高三上学期开学考试英语

2025届高三期初学业质量监测试卷英语第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面的5段对话。

每段对话后都有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1．Why is the woman making changes?A．To work at the office.B．To follow her dream.C．To go to university.2．Where does the conversation probably take place?A．In a taxi.B．In a train station.C．In the speakers’ home.3．Why does Geoff think it was a bad start?A．He mistook the woman’s identity.B．He didn’t help the receptionist.C．He was late for work.4．What time is Cathy’s interview?A．At 2:00 p.m.B．At 3:00 p.m.C．At 4:00 p.m.5．What does the man want to do?A．Repair the roads.B．Cut back the trees.C．Examine the bird boxes.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

湖南省长沙市长郡中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试题

2023-2024-2长郡中学高二下期中考试英语时量：120分钟满分：150分第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）略第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AFrom December 1st, 2023 to November 30th, 2024, visitors can stay in China for up to 15 days without a visa. Below are several easy steps for planning a first China tour.Decide How Many Days to StayWe suggest you take at least a week for your first trip to see the highlights in the top three cities: Beijing (3–4 days), Xi’an (2 days), and Shanghai (1–2 days).To discover more of China, like charming Guilin and lovely Chengdu pandas, you would need a few more days.Consider When to Travel to ChinaThings to do in Beijing, Xi’an, and Shanghai are seldom affected by the season s.Spring (April–May) and autumn (September–October) are generally the most comfortable and recommended times for a China tour. They are neither too hot nor too cold, but fall is generally drier and warmer than spring.A more ideal travel time for you could be March and early April or September when there are smaller crowds, favorable prices, and still good weather.China is a good summer holiday destination too.Consider Your BudgetThe biggest cost could be international airfares. The cost of airfares from the US or Europe to China varies a lot depending on when you fly and which airline you use, from around US$1,200 to US$3,000 for an economy round trip.The biggest price difference between the off and peak seasons is in the price of hotels and airfares. Prices in peak seasons can go up by 50 to 100%.For a private tour, the average cost per day is about US$220–350 per person, including flights/trains within China, 4- or 5-star hotels, lunches, attractions, guides, and private transport.We Believe Private and Tailor-Made Tours Are BestWith our private tours, you would have much more personal choice in how your tour goes. You could have more hand-picked and interactive experiences, like visiting a local family with your own local guide.With private guiding and transport, we would make full use of your time. You could focus on the sightseeing you want to do, skipping what’s not of interest and the long queues in the most crowded attractions.21. If you have a tour in China in winter, which places are suitable for you?A. Beijing and Guilin.B. Xi’an and Chengdu.C. Shanghai and Chengdu.D. Beijing and Xi’an.22. What can we know from the text?A. A visa is needed for a 12-day tour.B. The highest expense is the accommodation fee.C. Travelling in March can save tourists money.D. Prices in peak seasons usually go up by 150%.23. Which of the following is NOT the reason why a tailor-made tour is recommended?A. You have more choices about your route.B. Your time will be maximized.C. You are likely to interact with locals in person.D. You will spend less on the tour.BThree years into my postdoc(博士后), I started to wonder whether I needed a new career plan. After applying for more than two dozen teaching jobs, I h adn’t landed a single interview.I had once considered going to art school but had put that idea to the side when I decided to pursue chemistry as an undergraduate. In the years that followed, I kept up my interest in art by taking painting classes at night. My family was bursting with mathematicians, computer programmers, and engineers, so it felt natural to have my daily life center around science.But in the spring after my failed job search, that started to change after a friend excitedly showed me proofs of a review article. She was astonished by what the j ournal’s scientific illustrator had done with her fundamental sketches(速写). “That would be such a fun job.” I thought.I decided to test out a new career direction by volunteering to create similar illustrations for my institute’s newsletters. I spent my nights and weekends reading scientific papers and thinking about how to illustrate the results. It was a fun task. I felt I was perhaps on the right path. But could I make a full-time career?Searching online, I tracked down people who had that kind of job. I found many had training through scientific illustration master’s degree programs. After living on graduate student and postdoctoral salaries for years, I didn’t have enough money saved up for the programs, so I decided to get a certificate in digital design.I now work as a visual designer at a biomedical research institute where I spend my days working with research to communicate their work visually. I love the fact that I get to combine my scientific and artistic sides.24. Why did the author attend classes at night?A. To please her family.B. To pass her undergraduate tests.C. To pursue her hobby.D. To complete optional courses in art.25. What effect did the proofs have on the author?A. They shook her belief in science.B. They tested out what she learned in class.C. They gave her inspiration for her scientific paper.D. They motivated her to find a new career direction.26. What prevented the author seeking a scientific illustration master’s degree?A. Her busy schedule.B. Her financial difficulties.C. Her new interest in digital design.D. Her lack of confidence.27. How does the author feel about her current job?A. Pressured.B. Desperate.C. Curious.D. Satisfied.CAdministrators of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, Gansu province, are striving to harmonize tourists’ exploration of the site with the need to safeguard murals and artifacts, through innovative measures such as digital presentations.Sandstorms, rainfall and tourist visits constitute the most severe threats to the UNESCO World Heritage Site, said Wang Xiaowei, director of the Dunhuang Grottoes Monitoring Center at the Dunhuang Academy.Since the Mogao Caves opened to the public in 1979, the number of visitors has been growing at an average annual rate of around 20 percent, reaching 2.15 million in 2019 before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thisyear, the site is expected to receive a record 3 million visitors.“If you enter the caves during the peak tourism months of July, August and September, you’ll find it hard to breathe,” Wang said. The carbon dioxide and moisture exhaled by visitors accumulate inside the caves and cause damage to the murals, Wang said.To preserve the caves, the duration of visits is limited and sometimes stopped during rain or dust storms. To try and ensure visitors aren’t disappointed when restrictions are in place, the center provides a digital exhibition, he said.Currently, the center is being expanded to cater for an additional 3,000 visitors on top of the existing capacity of 6,000.The Dunhuang Academy began digitally recording and storing images of murals and painted sculptures over 30 years ago. The digitization project has successfully covered over 200 caves, with a dedicated team of 110 experts currently undertaking the work.The Mogao Caves are immovable, and transporting them is impossible, according to Su Bomin, head of the Dunhuang Academy. And he added, “However, with digitization, we can perfectly replicate Dunhuang art and showcase it worldwide, introducing Eastern culture to the world.”In 2016, the Digital Dunhuang repository went live, sharing high-definition images and panoramic tours of the most exquisite 30 caves globally. Currently, visitors from 78 countries have accessed the repository, totaling over 16.8 million visits.Su said Dunhuang can provide diverse cultural exchanges through its cultural relics. “By digitizing these relics, we enable people worldwide to understand Dunhuang’s culture, th ereby gaining a deeper appreciation for China’s historical commitment to diverse cultural exchanges — that is, an ethos of inclusivity, mutual learning and a shared future,” he said.28. Which of the following is NOT the reason for providing a digital exhibition?A. The factors related to COVID-19 put the caves in grave danger.B. The increasing number of tourists visiting Dunhuang might harm the caves.C. The authority is aimed to balance tourism and relics conservation.D. The duration of visits is limited and sometimes stopped during rain or dust storms.29. What does the underlined word “replicate” probably mean?A. Copy.B. Safeguard.C. Access.D. Transport.30. What does Su Bomin think of digitization?A. It records and stores images of murals and painted sculptures.B. It shares high definition and panoramic tours of the most exquisite caves.C. It allows for an international exchange of cultures through the relics.D. It enables people to appreciate the lasting beauty of the murals.31. What can be the best title for the text?A. The Significance of the Mural PaintingsB. The Restoration in Mogao CavesC. The Innovation on Mogao Caves’ PreservationD. The Dunhuang Spirit in Chinese CultureDThe road to Mars is long and fraught with peril. One challenge is getting humans to the red planet; another is ensuring that once they’ve arrived, they’ll be able to manage life there.To prepare astronauts for an extended stay on Mars, NASA’s latest simulated mission, CHAPEA — Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog — will isolate four people inside a mock-Mars base in Texas for 378 days — roughly the time a manned mission to Mars would spend on the surface.Once inside they will adopt a pre-planned schedule taking part in simulated activities and science work, eating like astronauts, and dealing with maintenance and equipment failures, while undergoing strenuous psychological and physiological testing.The first simulation will begin in June, and will be followed by two more, each with a different crew in identical conditions, with the last simulation starting in 2026.“We’ve built a high-accuracy Mars surface mission scenario,”says Scott M. Smith, co-investigator for CHAPEA. The participants will experience a 22-minute delay in external communications, as astronauts would on Mars. Ambient noise will be played through speakers around the base, ensuring no outside sounds can be heard by participants.Aiming for accuracy has resulted in a habitat that could be feasibly built on Mars, Smith adds. The base, called “Mars Dune Alpha”, is a custom design by Bjarke Ingels Group and 3D-printing company ICON, and resides inside a hangar at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Printed in a month from ICON’s concrete formula dubbed “Lavacrete”, on Mars, the idea is to build using Martian soil.“NASA has evaluated a tremendous number of options for off-world habitat construction — repurposed rockets and landers, inflatables, assembled buildings, etc.,”explains ICON CEO Jason Ballard. “They’v e come to believe what we believe: that when you evaluate it from a financial, safety and flexibility standpoint, robotic construction using local materials is far and away the best option.”32. What’s the purpose of NASA’s latest simulated mission?A. To get astronauts to Mars.B. To isolate four people inside a base in Mars.C. To help astronauts to do experiments in Mars.D. To prepare astronauts for managing life in Mars.33. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. The last simulation will end in 2026.B. Each stimulation has a different crew in the same conditions.C. The participants can hear outside sounds.D. The participants will do things different from those that astronauts do.34. What’s Smith’s attitude to the sim ulated mission?A. Indifferent.B. Pessimistic.C. Optimistic.D. Skeptical.35. What is the most commonly used technique in the text?A. Making comparison.B. Giving examples.C. Analyzing causes and effects.D. Listing figures.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

(超详细答案)综合学术英语教程2 答案上海交通大学出版蔡基刚

综合学术英语教程2 答案之相礼和热创作Unit 1 Multidisciplinary EducationKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to becomeexperts in their field of interest.2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with peoplefrom a diverse set of disciplines.3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach.4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who areinterdisciplinary problem solvers.2. 1) f2) d3) a4) e5) g6) m7) j8) k9) l10) i11) b12) h13) c4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach(6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies.2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinarystudies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problemsolvers.3) Open.4) Open.5) Open.Reading about the Topic3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy,ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc.2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT.3) Names of intellectual giants.4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner andarchitect.4.Set 1: 1) c2) e3) d4) h5) a6) g7) f8) bSet 2: 1) e2) a3) h4) b5) c6) f7) d8) g5.(b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D(f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard indesign.2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ieldsof knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascinationwith nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand forhands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real world.3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as manydifferent cultures and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F)4) Because by doing so, the students can engage themselves in new intellectual adventures so as touse their time at MIT to its fullest potential.5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting backand letting things happen to them.”7. Set 1: 1) h2) d3) a4) g5) f6) e7) b8) cSet 2: 1) c2) g3) d4) a5) h6) f7) e8) b8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics that particularly f itwith the value of MIT.2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiringrole models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds andparticipate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of theirMIT education.3) The three of Da Vinci’s characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by thestudents. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great manyextraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential.4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries inorder to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor moreto the purpose than Nature does. (Para. A)2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design.(Para. B)3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci — and you will use your time atMIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F)4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most importantproblems of the world. (Para. G)5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let thingshappen to them. (Para. H)10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development oftechnologies.Exploring the Topic4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance.2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals.3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participating in turning out the future thinkers.4) How about examining our problems about science and technology froma liberal artsperspective.5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventionaldivisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work.5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“College education has always had the responsibility to ...However, ... we also see the growing importance of producing ...”. The introduction of Reading2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers’ interest to go on reading.Integrated Exercises2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent(7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generate(6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical4. (1) D(2) A(3) C(4) B(5) D(6) A(7) B(8) C(9) A(10) C5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine.(2) The scientists’ experiment generated an unexpected outcome.(3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into theglobal economy.(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head.(5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention.(6) The aspiration for college education inspires people in remote areas to work hard.(7) He inherited his parents’ fortune after their death.(8) He disregarded his father’s advice and left college.(9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join thecampaign.(10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables.7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.(2) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck.(3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological andmedical studies.(4)It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher’s belief, which he claimed notto have heard about before.(5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possibleemergencies.(6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by theenvironmentalist.(7) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way oflife.(8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adaptingto the fast-paced modern life.(9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.(10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interestswell beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning.8.A. (1) B(2) C(3) B(4) B(5) DB. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for moreemphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role intraining individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to facemultifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities andcolleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinarywork being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom.C. 1) F2) T3) F4) T5) TD. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject(4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired(7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive(13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadershipUnit 2 The Scientific MethodKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiringknowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gatheringobservable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observationand experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.2)Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experimentsto test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication andthe results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis.3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our sensescan be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presenceaffects what is being studied.5) ① Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.② Science is exciting.③ Science is useful.④ Science is ongoing.⑤ Science is reliable.⑥ Science is a community endeavor.2. 1) c2) g3) e4) f5) a6) d7) h8) k9) b10) i11) j4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle(6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional6. 1) Science.2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peeringthrough a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on.3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science movestowards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity withinthe scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas.5) Open.Reading about the Topic3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which“verified”the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to befalse, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at theprice of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted andwere always confirmed.4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possibleresults of observation —in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would haveexpected.4. Set 1: 1) c2) a3) d4) b5) f6) e7) h8) gSet 2: 1) b2) e3) a4) f5) d6) c7) h8) g5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e)Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem.3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrongwith your original hypothesis.4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once youdevelop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of yourexperiment show that you were wrong.5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way.7. Set 1: 1) c2) a3) d4) b5) f6) e7) h8) gSet 2: 1) e2) g3) a4) f5) c6) b7) d8) h8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting informationfrom any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In thisprocess, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through beingrefuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified,which ref lects its truescientific virtue.2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while atheory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied toevery situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory.3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory fromrefutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivableevent is non-scientific.9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn moreabout what makes plants grow. (Para. B)2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para.D)3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlightappear to grow bigger. (Para. H)4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’tmatch up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that youmade a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a researchproject you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and isfollowed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defineswhat you think the outcome of your experiment will be.Exploring the Topic4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices,misapprehensions, and bias.3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is mostlikely to be correct currently.5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that amistake was made somewhere in the process.Integrated Exercises2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve(7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research(12) support(6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity4. (1) A(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) A(6) B(7) C(8) A(9) D(10) B5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity.(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective.(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives ofsociology.(4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon.(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge.(6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a much broader view in the matter.(7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to theWest.(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render thecomputer useless.(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will beultimately integrated into the global economy.7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge.2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from countrydistricts.3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly.4) Something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did.5) My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses.6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer.7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning.8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life.9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university.10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.8. A. (1) B(2) A(3) C(4) A(5) BB. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientificmethod is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool thathelps scientists solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format.There are two forms of scientific method: the experimental method and the descriptivemethod. The former employs numerical data and graphs, used in physical sciences, whilethe latter gathers Information through visual observation and interviewing, employed inzoology and anthropology. The scientific method involves five steps, namely, identifying aproblem, researching the problem, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment andreaching a conclusion.C. (1) The process of science, in contrast to the linear steps of the simplified scientific method,is iterative.(2) Science circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to learn evenmore about the natural world.(3) Gregor Mendel showed that inheritance is particulate that information is passed along indiscrete packets that cannot be diluted.(4) Any point in the process leads to many possible next steps, and where that next stepleads could be a surprise.(5) Science may involve many different people engaged in all sorts of different activities indifferent orders and at different points in time.D. (1) natural world (2) investigations (3) basic question(4) information (5) Experiments (6) detailed understanding(7) built upon (8) deepen and extend (9) in the process(10) testing (11) observation (12) new direction(13) in different orders (14) represent (15) less importantUnit 3 Ancient China’s Contribution to ScienceKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic1. 1) Needham is the world’s famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization inChina.2) The European people just take these inventions for granted. All originated in China buthave long since been adopted by the West.3) They helped to inspire the European agricultural and industrial revolutions.4) It has won five literary awards in America and been translated into 43 languages.5) His book, The Spirit of Chinese Invention, was approved by the Chinese Ministry ofEducation for use in connection with the national secondary curriculum in China.2. 1) f 2) k 3) c 4) a 5) o 6) n 7) g8) e9) d10) m 11) i12) h13) j14) l15) b4. (1) credit (2) considerable (3) befriended (4) breakthroughs (5) thoroughly(6) flown (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in ancient China.2)Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on the history of Chinese science and technologywould have a wide bearing on the general history of thought and ideas. 3) He helped to bring due credit to China’s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation.4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide bearing onthe general history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was tooacademic.Reading about the Topic3. 1) Both Westerners and Chinese people are ignorant of the fact that the West imported a lot ofinventions from ancient China.2) Because more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the“modernworld”rests come from China.3) Because they take many great achievements for granted, and even the Chinese themselveslost sight of the truth, so their western inheritors wouldn’t trouble themselves to know thetruth.4) Because it is always more satisfying to the ego to think that they have reached theirpresent position alone and unaided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities andall crafts.4. Set 1: 1) d2) e3) a4) b5) c6) g7) f8) hSet 2: 1) d2) g3) e4) h5) b6) a7) c8) f5. Para. A (e)Para. B (b)Para. C (f)Para. D (a)Para. E (a)Para. F (a) Para. G (c) Para. H (g) Para. I (h) Para. J (d)6. 1) The three inventions transform-ed completely the modern world and mark-ed it off fromthe ancient and the Middle Ages.2) The European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution,came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions.3) The truth that half of the basic inventions and discoveries originated from China needs tobe imparted to schoolchildren. The purpose is to let them know the truth and then tobridge the chasm between the East and the West.4) The bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science togrow; only in its later ones did it inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented abreakthrough which has occurred in Europe.5) The author points out the reasons why China was developed in the past but backward atpresent and why the West was underdeveloped in the past but advanced at present.7. Set 1: 1) c2) g3) h4) b5) f6) d7) a8) eSet 2: 1) c2) d3) g4) e5) a6) b7) f8) h8. 1) The two readings both list a series of great inventions and discoveries that originated inancient China. Reading 1 tends to be factual, while Reading 2 is more critical of the factthat the Chinese are ignorant of their ancient achievements and the Westerners simply takethem for granted.2) The argument in Reading 2 is more reasonable and acceptable since the author uses a lot ofexamples and examines the question from both the Chinese and Western perspectives toillustrate his point.3) Reading 2 holds more obvious negative attitudes towards Westerners.4) It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understandingof each other, allowing the mental gap between East and West to be bridged. (Reading 2)The discoveries and inventions made in Europe in the seventeenth century and thereafterdepended so much in so many cases on centuries of previous Chinese progress in science,technology and medicine. (Reading 3)9. 1) He regarded the origins of these inventions as “obscure”and he died without everknowing that all of them were Chinese. (Para. B)2) Chauvinistic Westerners, of course, always try to minimize the indebtedness of Europe toChina in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but often the circumstantial evidence iscompelling. (Para. C)3) In many cases we simply cannot identify the channels through which knowledge wasconveyed from East to West. (Para. C)4) Modern science which developed in the seventeenth century was a mathematization ofhypotheses about nature, combined with experimentation. (Para. D)5) One factor which must have great relevance here is the circumstancethat the feudalism ofEurope and China were fundamentally different. (Para. E)10.The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucraticorganization promoted the growth of science in ancient China but inhibited its furtherdevelopment later on.Exploring the Topic4. 1) Increasingly being bewitched by the advanced European technology, the Chinese haveforgotten their own achievements.2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would nevertheless have afar-reaching influence on the general history of thought and ideas.3) The lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance ofthe egoistic westerners.4) The Chinese and Westerners are equally surprised when they realize that modernagriculture, modern shipping and even the essential design of the steam engine alloriginated from China.5) A clear understanding among the nations and the peoples of the world would be welcomedto bridge the gap between East and West.5. 2) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicatelungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally suddenrush into full daylight, would cause great damage to the eyesight.3) What was it that enabled them to become great or successful? Were they born withsomething special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and,perhaps, an uncompromising personality? The answer is a never surrender attitude. If greatachievers share anything, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to thinkthat they are endowed with something super-normal.Integrated Exercises2. (1) insight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward(5) undertake (6) ignorant (7) acknowledge (8) essential(9) minimize (10) shatter (11) fading (12) illustration(5) resurgent(6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary 4. (1) C(2) D(3) A(4) B(5) A(6) A(7) C(8) D(9) B (10) D5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range ofleadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.(2) You’ll never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimizethem.(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women.(4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation.(5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success.(6) The project was held back by budget restraints.(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms.(8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the UnitedNations Security Council.(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might bereversible.7. (1) It must be realized that China experienced a great transformation in the last century.(2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truthabout China and Chinese people.(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs.(4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world.(5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China.(7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economicdevelopment.(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the fact thatmany university graduates have become the leaders in various f ields. (10) The demand for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recognition of their success asfor more money.8. A. (1) C(2) B(3) D(4) D(5) CB. China’s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of themodern technologies, both enhance the quality of human life and change Chinese historyof science. The most signif icant ones are papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing.Paper, one of the most widely used and indispensable materials, led to subsequentinnovations like paper currency, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing.The most important invention of gunpowder triggered a series of related discoveries likefireworks, land mine-s，naval mine-s, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket-s, etc. The。

类实验性研究

亦称半实验研究，与实验性研究的区别是设计内容缺少
按随机原则分组或没有设对照组，或两个条件都不具备，
但一定有对研究对象的护理干预内容(操纵)。类实验性研究结果虽对因果关系论述较弱，不如实验性研究可信度高，但类实验性研究结果也能说明一定问题，在护理研究中比较实用。由于在实际对人的研究中，很难进行完全的实验性研究，特别要达到随机分组比较困难，故选择类实验性研究的可行性较高。
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二、常用的类实验性设计
（一）无相等对照组设计（二）自身实验前后对照设计（二）时间连续性设计
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三、类实验性研究的优点和局限性
优点
类实验性研究在实际人群中进行人为干预因素研究的可行性高，同实验性研究相比更为实用。特别是在护理实践中当无法严格控制干扰变量而不能采用实验性研究来回答因果关系时，类实验性研究是较好的研究方法。
局限性
由于类实验性研究无法随机，已知的和未知的干扰因素就无法向随机实验那样均衡分布在各组中，特别是对于无对照组的类实验，效果的判断更是很难完全归因于干预措施，故结果不如实验性研究的可信度高。
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一、类实验性研究的特点
类实验性研究同样具备有人为地施加影响因素的特点。同实验性研究的根本区别是类实验性研究缺少实验性研究的另外两个特点中的一个。也就是
2. Strategy
或者没有相பைடு நூலகம்的对照组，或者不是用随机的原则分的组。在个别情况下，也有两个条件都不具备的。

高二英语询问研究单选题50题

高二英语询问研究单选题50题1. In a research about the eating habits of high school students, the first step is to clearly define _____.A. what the research aims to achieveB. how to collect dataC. who will participate in the researchD. where to conduct the research答案：C。

解析：这道题考查研究的相关要素。

选项A是研究目的，虽然在研究中很重要，但第一步是确定研究对象，所以A错误。

选项B是关于数据收集的方式，这不是研究开始的第一步，B错误。

选项C，在研究高中生饮食习惯时，首先要确定谁来参与研究，也就是研究对象，C正确。

选项D是研究地点，这也不是研究开始首先要确定的内容，D错误。

2. A research on the influence of mobile phones on teenagers' study, we need to consider _____ as a key factor in the early stage.A. the types of mobile phonesB. the age range of teenagersC. the cost of mobile phonesD. the brand of mobile phones答案：B。

解析：对于研究手机对青少年学习的影响，在早期阶段关键因素是确定青少年的年龄范围，因为不同年龄段可能受影响的程度不同。

选项A手机类型不是早期关键因素，A错误。

选项C手机成本与对学习的影响关联不大，C错误。

选项D手机品牌也不是研究早期要考虑的关键，D错误。

3. When conducting a research on the effectiveness of a new teaching method, the researchers should first focus on _____.A. the popularity of the old teaching methodB. the characteristics of the students who will be taughtC. the cost of implementing the new teaching methodD. the time needed to complete the research答案：B。

汉语普通话词重音的音系学研究

汉语普通话词重音的音系学研究一、本文概述Overview of this article《汉语普通话词重音的音系学研究》是一篇深入探讨汉语普通话中词重音现象的音系学研究论文。

词重音，作为汉语语音韵律的重要组成部分，对于语言的表达和理解具有重要作用。

本文旨在通过音系学的理论框架，对汉语普通话的词重音进行系统性、科学性的分析，以期揭示其内在规律和特点。

"A Phonological Study on Word Stress in Mandarin Chinese" is a phonological research paper that delves into the phenomenon of word stress in Mandarin Chinese. Word stress, as an important component of Chinese phonetic rhythm, plays a crucial role in language expression and understanding. This article aims to systematically and scientifically analyze the word stress in Mandarin Chinese through the theoretical framework of phonetics, in order to reveal its inherent laws and characteristics.本文首先回顾了词重音研究的背景和现状，指出了现有研究中存在的问题和不足。

在此基础上，明确了本文的研究目标和任务，即通过对汉语普通话词重音的音系学研究，揭示其分布规律、功能作用以及与其他语音成分的关系。

This article first reviews the background and current status of research on word stress, pointing out the problems and shortcomings in existing research. On this basis, the research objective and task of this article are clarified, which is to reveal the distribution pattern, functional role, and relationship with other phonetic components of Mandarin word stress through phonological research.为了实现这一目标，本文采用了多种研究方法，包括文献综述、实验研究和数据分析等。

英国硕士毕业论文

英国硕士毕业论文AbstractThis thesis explores the impact of social media on mental health in the UK, focusing on young people aged 18-30. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study examines the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. The findings indicate that there are both positive and negative effects of social media on mental health, with higher levels of social media use associated with increased risk of mental health problems, particularly depression and anxiety. However, social media use can also have positive effects on mental health, including providing social support and access to information and resources. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further research on the complex relationship between social media and mental health, and suggesting approaches for promoting positive mental health outcomes among young people who use social media.Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 BackgroundSocial media has become an integral part of modern life, with an estimated 45 million people in the UK using social media regularly in 2021 (Statista, 2021). It is a powerful tool for communication, self-expression, and social connection, and has revolutionised the way we interact with each other and the world around us. However, social media use has also been linked to a range of negative outcomes, particularly concerning mental health. There is growing concern about the impact of social media on mental health, particularly among young people who are frequent users of social media platforms.Depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are among the most commonly reported mental health problems experienced by young people in the UK (NHS, 2018). These problems are often linked to social factors, such as social isolation, loneliness, and lack of social support. Social media could potentially exacerbate these problems or offer new opportunities for social connection and support. The nature of this relationship is complex, and requires further research to fully understand.1.2 Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between social media use and mental health among young people aged 18-30 in the UK. The objectives of this study are to:- Explore the extent and nature of social media use among young people in the UK- Investigate the impact of social media use on mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and self-esteem- Identify potential mechanisms through which social media use impacts mental health- Assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at promoting positive mental health outcomes among young people who use social media1.3 Research questionsThis study addresses the following research questions:- What are the patterns of social media use among young people in the UK?- What is the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes among young people in the UK?- What mechanisms underlie the relationship between social media use and mental health?- What interventions are effective in promoting positive mental health outcomes among young people who use social media?1.4 Significance of the studyThis study has several significant implications for research and practice. It contributes to the growing body of literature on the impact of social media on mental health, particularly among young people, and provides insights into the mechanisms through which social media may impact mental health outcomes. This study also has practical implications for promoting positive mental health outcomes among young people who use social media, by identifying effective interventions that can be implemented in real-world settings.Chapter 2: Literature review2.1 Patterns of social media use among young peopleSocial media use among young people has increased rapidly in recent years. In the UK, 91% of 16-24 year olds use social media, with Facebook, Instagram, andSnapchat being the most commonly used platforms (Ofcom, 2020). Social media use is often characterised by high frequency and intensity, with young people spending an average of 2 hours and 22 minutes on social media per day (Ofcom, 2020). Peer pressure and social norms are important drivers of social media use, with young people feeling the need to keep up with their peers and present a certain image of themselves online.2.2 The impact of social media on mental healthThe relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes is complex and multifaceted. On the one hand, social media use can promote social connection, social support, and positive affect (Vannucci et al., 2021). On the other hand, social media use can have negative effects on mental health, including increased risk of depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem (Lin et al., 2020). The negative effects of social media use may be particularly pronounced among vulnerable populations, such as those with pre-existing mental health problems or who are socially isolated (Naslund et al., 2020).2.3 Mechanisms underlying the relationship between social media use and mental healthSeveral mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes. These include:- Social comparison: Social media provides a constant stream of updates and posts from other people's lives, which can lead to social comparison and feelings of inadequacy (Fardouly et al., 2018).- Cyberbullying: Social media can be a platform for cyberbullying, which has been linked to increased risk of mental health problems (Kowalski et al., 2021).- Sleep disturbance: Social media use can disrupt sleep patterns, which has been linked to poor mental health outcomes (Chou et al., 2019).- Reduced face-to-face social interaction: Social media use can lead to decreased face-to-face social interaction, which is an important protective factor for mental health (Primack et al., 2017).2.4 Interventions aimed at promoting positive mental health outcomes among social media usersSeveral interventions have been developed to promote positive mental health outcomes among social media users. These include:- Social media education programs: Educational programs aimed at increasing young people's awareness of the potential risks and benefits of social media use have been found to promote positive mental health outcomes (Hale et al., 2019).- Social media-based interventions: Interventions delivered via social media platforms, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), have been found to be effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety (Ellis et al., 2020).- Social media detox: Taking a break from social media has been found to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety (Hunt et al., 2018).Chapter 3: Methodology3.1 Research designThis study employs a mixed-methods design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The quantitative component involves a survey of young people aged 18-30 in the UK, exploring patterns of social media use, mental health outcomes, and potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between social media use and mental health. The qualitative component involves in-depth interviews witha subset of survey respondents, exploring their experiences and perceptions of social media and mental health.3.2 ParticipantsParticipants for this study were recruited through social media platforms, online forums, and university email lists. Participants were eligible if they were aged 18-30 and resided in the UK. A total of 500 participants completed the survey, and a subset of 20 participants were selected for interviews.3.3 MeasuresThe survey included measures of social media use (including frequency, duration, and platform use), mental health outcomes (including depression, anxiety, and self-esteem), and potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between social media use and mental health (including social comparison, cyberbullying, sleep disturbance, and reduced face-to-face social interaction). The qualitative interviews explored participants' experiences and perceptions of social media and mental health, including the benefits and challenges of social media use for mental health.3.4 Data analysisQuantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and regression analyses. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis, involving the identification of patterns and themes in participants' responses.Chapter 4: Results4.1 Patterns of social media useThe survey results indicated that social media use is highly prevalent among young people in the UK, with 98% of participants reporting regular social media use. The most commonly used platforms were Instagram (70%), Facebook (60%), and Snapchat (55%). Participants reported spending an average of 3 hours per day on social media.4.2 The relationship between social media use and mental health outcomesRegression analyses revealed a significant positive relationship between social media use and depression and anxiety. Higher levels of social media use were associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety. Self-esteem was not significantly associated with social media use.4.3 Mechanisms underlying the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomesThematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed several themes related to the mechanisms underlying the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes. These included:- Social comparison: Participants reported feeling pressure to present a certain image of themselves online, which led to social comparison and feelings of inadequacy.- Cyberbullying: Several participants reported experiencing cyberbullying on social media, which had a negative impact on their mental health.- Sleep disturbance: Participants reported that social media use disrupted their sleep patterns, which led to decreased mood and increased anxiety.- Social support: Despite the potential negative effects of social media on mental health, many participants also reported that social media provided social support and connection, particularly during periods of social isolation.4.4 Interventions aimed at promoting positive mental health outcomes among social media usersThe survey results suggested that social media education programs and social media-based interventions may be effective in promoting positive mental health outcomes among young people who use social media. Participants who reported engaging in these types of interventions reported higher levels of self-esteem and lower levels of depression and anxiety.Chapter 5: DiscussionThe findings of this study highlight the complex relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes. While social media use can provide social connection and support, it can also have negative effects on mental health, particularly in the context of social comparison and cyberbullying. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at promoting positive mental health outcomes among social media users should focus on increasing young people's awareness of the potential risks and benefits of social media use, and providing support and resources for those who experience negative effects.Chapter 6: ConclusionThis study provides important insights into the relationship between social media use and mental health among young people in the UK. The findings suggest that there are both positive and negative effects of social media on mental health, and highlight the need for further research on the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The study also identifies potential interventions for promoting positive mental health outcomes among social media users, and highlights the importance of social support and resources for those who experience negative effects of social media use.。

学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 8

UNIT 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 8, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:To know the boundaries between medical research and practice To have a clear understanding of the moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and medical practice To understand the boundaries drawn between medical research and practice To know three basic ethical principles of research involving human subjects To learn the requirements when basic principles are properly applied in research To be more prepared for a life-or-death decision in medical practice To get more insights into the ethical justification of dilemmas in medical practice To know some building blocks in medical terminologyTo be familiar with expressions used to define key termsTo further develop awareness of formal and informal language To get familiar with the Cornell note-taking system To know the two approaches to medical decisions: traditional paternalistic mode and more recent collaborative modeTo learn how to develop a strong conclusion To know the format requirements of the reference listTo be able to make a reference list according to style requirements To be aware of the balance between medical authority and patients ’ autonomyProfessionalknowledgeReadingAcademic vocabulary anddiscourseViewingSpeakingWritingResearchingTeaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1. To draw Ss’ attention and to raise their awareness of the importance ofbiomedical ethics, T is advised to relate the discussion of this unit to the real-world happenings.Before starting the class,search the media for the latest news reports,either at home or abroad,about controversial events in medicine community or healthcare settings.2. Start the class by doing Task / Lead-in and relate the content of the video clip toyour findings in the pre-class searching.Key to the task2) Death4) Patient rightsScriptWell,advancements in medical science have afforded us the opportunity to live decades longer than in previous generations.For every new possibility offered, we now face an equal number of challenges and we find ourselves confronting decisions that are unprecedented in human history.When does life begin?When should life end? How do we define death when we have the ability to keep people technically alive,or we should say,technologically alive long after their discrete body parts no longer function? Welcome to “Matter and Beyond . ” I’m your host MaryLynn Schiavi.In this program we’re going to explore issues around medical science that are forcing us to define life, death, quality of life, patient rights, and confront the moral and ethical questions that arise when facing critical healthcare decisions.3. Introduce the topic of Text A as a natural continuum of Lead-in .Text Comprehension1. Make good use of Lead-in video clip as it serves as a perfect introduction to thetopic of this unit. Elaborate on the connection of its content with the latest events in the real world. Naturally, ask Ss how medicine differs from other branches of natural science, especially when human subjects are involved in the research. Here are some hints:2. Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of presentation topics.3. Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when a careful definition ofkey terms is covered.4. When analyzing the text, ask Ss to pay special attention to the sentences listed inLanguage focus below.5. If time allows, ask Ss to do Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text A inabout five minutes. Check out the task by asking one or two Ss to read their answers. This is done to get an overview about the text.Language focus 1. … described in a formal protocol that sets forth an objective … (P185, Para.2)set forth 是动词词组，表示用清晰、具体的方式解释或描述，多用于正式的书面语中。