托福阅读tpo 2 Desert Formation 沙漠的形成原题解析

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托福阅读tpo 2 Desert Formation 沙漠的形成原题解析

阅读原文：The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.沙漠已经占据了地球陆地面积约四分之一，而且最近几十年正以惊人的速度扩张。

沙漠化是指类似沙漠的环境漫延到原本并非沙漠的区域。

据估计，地球表面另外四分之一的地方正面临沙漠化威胁。

Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.沙漠化主要通过以下过程实现：首先自然植被不断减少，随后风力和雨水加速了土壤的腐蚀。

托福阅读经典加试：沙漠的形成

托福阅读经典加试：沙漠的形成托福阅读加试分为经典加试和非经典加试，一般情况下考生遇到的情况都是经典加试，即所加试的题目都是固定的几篇。

这里小编为就为大家整理了阅读经典加试：沙漠的形成分享给大家，希望对大家托福备考有帮助。

托福阅读经典加试：沙漠的形成托福阅读经典加试题：沙漠的形成举了Sahara，说那里以前也不是沙漠，地下有河流的痕迹。

有一段说了形成的原因，提到温差巨大导致岩石破裂(是个考点)。

还有一段提到了Sahara 反反复复的过程(考点)。

最后还提到了研究地球的沙漠和究其他行星的关系，(也是一道题)托福阅读经典加试题：沙滩的形成包括形成的条件，有一段说beach 的构成(composition)和size，beach 的底部的组成。

有的 beach 底部是珊瑚，有的是石头，有的是沙子，但像加州海岸会随季节变化而变化。

另一段讲好沙滩的形成需要smooth 的地理条件，美国东海岸有的地方外围有什么保护，所以里面的beach还不错。

并拿欧洲作了对比。

最后几段还提到了水对beach 形成的作用。

托福阅读背景知识之始祖鸟古生物学是生命科学和地球科学汇合的交叉科学。

既是生命科学中唯.具有历史科学性质的时间尺度的一个独特分支，研究生命起源、发展历史、生物宏观进化等历史生物学的重要基础和组成部分：又是地球科学的一个分支，研究保存在地层中的生物遗体、遗迹、化石，用以确定地层的顺序、时代，了解古生物的发展历史，推断地质史上水陆分布、气候变迁和沉积矿产形成与分布的规律。

托福阅读机经要点：(1)始祖鸟的化石保存得十分完整。

(2)动物学家认为始祖鸟属于鸟类。

(3)古生物学家认为始祖鸟属于恐龙。

(4)教授更赞成古生物学家的观点。

背景拓展：(一)始祖鸟化石始祖鸟化石都是在德国的巴伐利亚州的石灰岩层中发现的，距现在已有1.5亿年了，这些化石被证明为始祖鸟。

这些化石上有清晰的羽毛印痕，而且分为初级和次级飞羽，还有尾羽。

它的前肢退化成飞行的翅膀，后足。

托福阅读OG Desert Formation答案与解析

Desert Formation1.核心词汇总结occupy 占据approximately 大约previously 以前desertification 沙漠化estimate 估计vegetation 植被typically 作为特色地substantial 大量的impact 影响，效果，撞击particle 颗粒seal 密封penetration 渗透absorption 吸收consequently 因此，结果erosion 侵蚀diminish 减弱deterioration 恶化primarily 主要地semiarid 半干旱的delicate 脆弱的devoid 缺乏的salinization 盐碱化evaporation 蒸发millennia 千年rigorously 严格地2.长难句总结(1)The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.(2)Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.(3)The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.(4)During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.(5)The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil.P1：introductionThe deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.P2：Cause-1 erosion-windDesertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing naturalIn other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.P3：Cause-1 erosion-watertiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.P4：Cause-2 climate-global warmingIn some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming hasP5：Cause-3 peopleThere is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that areP6：Cause-3 people- overcultivationFour specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failuresP7：Cause-3 people- overgrazingThe raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil(9-D). This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.P8：Cause-3 people- firewood gatheringFirewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.P9：Cause-3 people- overirrigationThe final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If noP10：conclusionThe extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.Paragraph 1: The deserts, which already occupy(占据) approximately(大约)a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace(以惊人的速度). The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where theydid not previously(以前) exist is called desertification(沙漠化). It has been that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is1. The word “threatened 威胁” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○ restricted 限制○ endangered danger 危险enlarge○ prevented 阻止○ rejected 拒绝Paragraph 3: Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation(植被) typically(作为特色地) results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial(大量的) quantities of water. The impact(影响，效果) of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles(颗粒) into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing(密封) them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration(渗透). Water absorption(吸收) is greatly reduced; consequently(因此，结果) runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion(侵蚀) rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished(减弱的) ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration(恶化) is established.2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil? 细节题○ Increased stony content○ Reduced water absorption○ Increased numbers of spaces in the soil○ Reduced water runoffParagraph 5: There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily(主要地) from human activities rather thansemiarid(半干旱的) lands bordering the deserts exist in aecological balance and are limited in their potential toenvironmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of (超过) its diminished capacity, and desertification results.3. The word “delicate” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○ fragile○ predictable○ complex○ valuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficulty 细节题○ adjusting to stresses created by settlement○ retaining their fertility after desertification○ providing water for irrigating crops○ attracting populations in search of food and fuelParagraph 6: Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the natural vegetation,crop failures) of a plant cover and susceptible(易受影响的) to wind and water erosion.5. The word “progressively” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○ openly○ impressively○ objectively○ increasingly6.According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?细节题○ Lack of proper irrigation techniques○ Failure to plant crops suited to the particular area○ Removal of the original vegetation○ Excessive use of dried animal waste7. The phrase “devoid of” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○ consisting of○ hidden by○ except for○ lacking inParagraph 9: The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization(盐碱化) resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates (蒸发) and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.8. According to paragraph 9, the ground’s absorption of excess wate r is a factor in desertification because it can 细节题○ interfere with the irrigation of land○ limit the evaporation of water○ require more absorption of air by the soil○ bring salts to the surface9.All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPT选非题○ soil erosion○ global warming○ insufficient irrigation○ the raising of livestockParagraph 10: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia(千年) will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously(严格地) enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 句子简化题○ Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.○ Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.○ The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.○ Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification? 推断题○ Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.○ The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future. ○ Desertification will continue to increase.○ Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world.Paragraph 7: ■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. ■12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.Where would the sentence best fit? 句子插入题13.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. 归纳总结题P1-Many factors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recent decades.●●●Answer Choices○ Growing human populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth have upset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.○ As periods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of a number of different crops have increased.○ Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.○ Extensive irrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a process that reduces water and air absorption.○ Animal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.○ Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands. Key: B B A A D C D D C A C B ACD。

托福TPO阅读真题及译文：Savanna Formation

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO阅读真题及译文：Savanna Formation摘要：本篇小编大家分享托福TPO阅读真题及译文：Savanna Formation，最后附有中文翻译，希望考生们可以参考使用!扫描二维码下载→_→ 托福 TPO阅读真题及译汇总一手掌握小马机经APP新版福利上线了！绝对堪称托福学子备考必备利器，扫描左侧二维码下载DUANG的一下托福机经、录音、解析、答案参考、历年真题全部出来啦！光是独立口语机经就有60套重点题目，心动就赶快下载吧！第一段：托福TPO阅读原文：Located in tropical area at low altitudes, savannas are stable ecosystems, some wet and some dry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered tree or shrubs. They occur on a wide range of soil types and in extremes of climate. There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given site will be a savanna, but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation.托福TPO阅读翻译：热带草原或热带稀树草原位于热带低海拔地区，干湿气候皆有。

稀疏分布着树木和灌木的广阔大草原，其为一个稳定的生态系统。

气候极端，涵盖了广泛的土壤种类。

对于热带草原的形成原因，虽无单一的解释，但似乎仍有一些因素对其形成起到了重大作用。

第二段：托福TPO阅读原文：Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season. One theory behind savanna formation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season, and thus savanna, rather than rain forest, is favored on the site. Savannas experience an annual rainfall of between 1000 and 2000 millimeters, most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season. Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses. Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern. In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.托福TPO阅读翻译：热带草原通常会经历十分漫长的旱季。

托福TPO2阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

▉托福TPO2阅读Passage1原文文本： Desert Formation The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process. Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand. Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established. In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results. Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to thedesertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land. The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. ▉托福TPO2阅读Passage1题目： Question 1 of 13 The word “threatened ” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. restricted. B. endangered.。

托福阅读文章分类(OG+TPO1-31)

托福阅读文章分类（更新至TPO 30）1. 自然科学1.1地质学1.1.1冰川类1OG：Green Icebergs2TPO 15：Glacier Formation3TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages1.1.2地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2TPO 01：Groundwater3TPO 02：Desert Formation4TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6TPO 12：Water in The Desert7TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8TPO 21：Geothermal Energy 9TPO 24：Lake Water10TPO27：The Formation of Volcanic Islands11TPO28：Groundwater1.2天文学1.2.1火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2TPO 25：The Surface of Mars1.2.2其他行星类1TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite2. 生物科学2.1植物学1Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2TPO01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 5TPO 22：Spartina6TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 2.2动物学2.2.1动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3TPO04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4TPO 13：Biological Clock5TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship2.2.2动物变化1Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4TPO 15：Mass Extinctions2.2.3动物行为1TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest 5TPO27：Predator-Prey Cycles6TPO28：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 2.3生态/环境学2.3.1生态系统1TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4TPO29：Competition5TPO30：The Pace of Evolutionary Change 2.3.2环境特点1Sample：Electricity from Wind2TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4TPO 18：Lightning5TPO 23：Urban Climates3. 社会科学3.1艺术3.1.1绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2TPO04：Cave Art in Europe3TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6TPO27：Crafts in the Ancient near East7TPO29：Characteristics of Roman Pottery 3.1.2建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3TPO02：Early Cinema4 TPO03：Architecture5TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography7TPO30：The Role of Play in Development 3.2历史/考古学3.2.1工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5TPO29：The History of waterpower6TPO30：The Invention of the Mechanical Clock3.2.2贸易/经济介绍1TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia 5TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping 3.2.3农业发展介绍1TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture3.2.4国家/城市特点1OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan 4TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East3.2.5人口变化特点1TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3TPO 20：Westward Migration4TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6TPO28：Early Saharan Pastoralists3.3心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep3.4社会学1 TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching2TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3TPO 14：Children and Advertising4. 其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?。

12月13日托福阅读答案解析

12月13日托福阅读答案解析Obviously=clearlyWidespread=commonDense=thickThus=consequentlyresultantShallow=smalldepthexerciseProfound=very strongEmergence=riseTactic=strategyAdjacent to=near toParallel=match12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动可以改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。

比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。

一个山脉可以把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。

或者一个障碍的形成可以把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的可以到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。

相似TPO练习推荐TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations相关背景知识：Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term ‘speciation’ for the splitting of lineages or “cladogenesis,” as opposed to “anagenesis” or “phyletic evolution” occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last glacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between different genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as: (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures;(b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galápagos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other differing Galápagos birds were all species of finches. Though the finches were less important for Darwin, more recent research has shown the birds now known as Darwin’s finches to be a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation.12月13日托福阅读第二篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：主要讲关于夏威夷岛上的Noendemic animals and plants是如何移民到岛上的，主要通过风，动物皮毛和消化，以及通过人类的船只等。

TPO2阅读解析-Passage2

Q1答案：B解析：threatened的意思是“受到威胁的”，与之意思一致的是B选项Endangered，表示“有生命危险的，濒临灭绝的”，A“受到限制的”，C“被阻止”，D“被拒的”这里意思都不符合。

Q2答案：B解析：第三段详细解释了植被的锐减导致了水分吸收的减少。

选项A中的信息在第三段中没有提及，错误；选项C中的信息在第三段中没有提及，错误；D选项，减少水分流失，与第三段中的内容相冲突，错误。

只有B选项的内容正确。

Q3答案：A解析：正确答案是A，“fragile”，意为“容易被损坏的”，“delicate”同样意为“脆弱的，易受损的”。

B“可预言的”，C“复杂的”，D“有价值的”意思都不符合。

Q4答案：A解析：题干询问当干旱季节时，边缘地区会在哪些方面遇到问题。

A选项说边缘地区将会在适应定居人口造成的压力方面遇到问题，这是正确的。

第五段中提到，人口在不断膨胀，即定居人口不断增长，使得人们施加给土地的压力变大，因此在消化这部分压力方面有困难。

B选项不正确，因为第五段并没有提到沙漠化后恢复土壤肥力的问题。

C选项不正确，因为第五段没有提到灌溉问题。

D选项不正确，因为第五段虽然提到了不断增长的人口，但是并没有涉及到食物和燃料的问题。

Q5答案：D解析：progressively意思是“日益增多地”，意思一致的是D选项。

也表示“逐渐增多的”，A“公开地”，B“感人地”，C“客观地”意思都不正确。

答案选D。

Q6答案：C解析：题干问与不断增长的农作物种植面积有关系的选项是哪一个，可以通过排除法来逐个判断。

A选项，缺乏正确的灌溉技术，并没有在第六段中提到；B选项，农作物没有种植到合适的区域，也没有提到；C选项农作物种植面积增大导致植被覆盖率的降低，第六段最后一句话中提到了；D选项过量使用干燥的动物粪便并没有提及。

Q7答案：D解析：这个词组在文中已经被高亮出来了。

这个词组意为“没有……；缺乏……”，因此正确答案是D选项。

托福阅读中能读懂却做错现象解答

托福阅读中能读懂却做错现象解答新托福考试中题目取消了老托福中的语法的单项考察，但在考试之中又将对于语法的考察融合在了新托福考试之中，下面我就和大家共享托福阅读中能读懂却做错的怪现象解答，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读中能读懂却做错的怪现象解答The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

许多人在看到这句话的时候，常常翻译为沙漠化是源于或者翻译为沙漠化导致许多的土地与许多的人去影响的缘由。

这里面有两个点特殊简单犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。

二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是被影响，这里许多人又怀疑了，由于我们以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的是这么认为的就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文身上呢?这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告知许多考生许多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

以上就是我为同学们整理的托福阅读中能读懂却做错的怪现象解答的内容。

新托福阅读中假如你常常有看得懂文章，但不对题的感叹消失，考生们最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法，假如觉得不知道从哪里下手，究竟该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下，然后根据里面给出的译文去检查一下自己究竟哪里理解错了，盼望以上这些方法可以帮到大家。

沙漠的形成说明文作文

沙漠的形成说明文作文英文回答：Deserts, vast and desolate landscapes characterized by extreme temperatures, aridity, and sparse vegetation, are intriguing natural phenomena that evoke images of hardship and resilience. Their formation is a complex process influenced by a multitude of factors, including plate tectonics, atmospheric circulation patterns, and surface conditions.Plate tectonics play a pivotal role in the formation of deserts. When tectonic plates collide, one plate may be forced beneath the other in a process known as subduction. As the subducting plate descends into the Earth's mantle,it releases water and other volatile substances that ascend through the overlying plate and reach the surface. These emissions can lead to increased precipitation and the formation of mountains. However, in some cases, the subducted plate material may block the upward movement ofthese volatiles, creating a rain shadow effect. This phenomenon occurs when moisture-laden air is forced to rise over the mountains, cooling and condensing as it does so. As the air descends on the leeward side of the mountains,it becomes warmer and drier, resulting in a rain shadow and the development of desert conditions.Atmospheric circulation patterns also contribute to the formation of deserts. The Hadley cells, which are large-scale atmospheric convection cells that circulate air between the tropics and the subtropics, play a significant role in determining precipitation patterns. In the subtropics, where deserts are commonly found, the descending branch of the Hadley cells leads to the formation of stable, high-pressure systems that inhibit the development of clouds and precipitation. This subsidence results in clear skies, low humidity, and the evaporation of moisture from the ground, further exacerbating the arid conditions.Surface conditions can also influence the formation and maintenance of deserts. Factors such as soil type,vegetation cover, and topography can affect the local water balance and climate. Sandy soils, for example, have poor water retention capacity, allowing water to percolatequickly through the ground and reducing the availability of moisture for plant growth. Sparse vegetation cover can also contribute to desertification, as plants play a crucialrole in intercepting rainfall, reducing evaporation, and stabilizing the soil. The absence of vegetation can lead to increased erosion, further degrading the soil and exacerbating the arid conditions.In summary, the formation of deserts is a complex and multifaceted process influenced by a variety of factors, including plate tectonics, atmospheric circulation patterns, and surface conditions. These factors interact to create unique and often harsh environments that challenge the survival of life. However, deserts also possess a unique beauty and ecological significance, providing habitats for specialized flora and fauna that have adapted to theextreme conditions.中文回答：沙漠，广袤而荒凉的景观，以极端温度、干旱和稀疏植被为特征，是令人着迷的自然现象，让人联想到艰辛与韧性。

新托福阅读背景知识：植物适应沙漠(下)

新托福阅读背景知识：植物适应沙漠（下）托福阅读想要拿到高分，大家在复习的过程中，还是需要多进行各种知识的储备。

今天三立为大家分享的是最新的托福阅读的背景知识，这样能够帮助大家更好地了解托福阅读的文章内容。

The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.Some plants have fur; sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive tosunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 meters from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.。

TPO-28 Reading 2解析

Q1正确答案：A解析：第一段前2句大意是“在公元前6000年左右，沙漠的南边界位于现在是干旱的平原的靠北端，当时这里是各种羚羊和原始牛繁多的地方”，也就是说当时那个地方还不全是沙漠，A项的“当时沙漠要比现在少”正确。

B错在现在没有grassland；C错在文中没有说气候改变发生在公元前6000年；D错在通过“野生的牛和羚羊是生活在一起的，而不是separate。

Q2正确答案：C解析：通过albeit前后两个词higly diverse和dry可以推出转折意义，前面是多样性的，后面是干燥的，两者有褒贬对比，所以albeit近义词是though，虽然，尽管，即使。

Q3正确答案：C解析：根据all arid region定位到第4句，like all arid regions, very susceptible to cycles of…rainfall, resulting in…distributions of plants and animals，C项是对该句大意的同义改写。

段落未提及freshwater lakes，排除A；原文虽然提到了distribution of plants and animals，但是并没说二者分布类似，排除B；段落最后一句说人们manage wild resources，但并未说干旱make it difficult to manage，排除D。

Q4正确答案：A解析：根据after the drought took hold定位到第二段第3句和第4句。

两句话的大意是Bos primigenius（原始牛）的牧群更小了，繁殖的单位更小，更加驯化，所以狩猎者更会预测它们的习惯从而进行捕猎。

根据定位句确定A正确；根据定位句意思排除B、D；原文没有提到这种牛体型非常小，排除C。

Q5正确答案：B解析：根据close association定位到最后一句，这一句表述的是一个结果，原因在前一句，B对应前一句中的staying much closer to permanent water supplies for long periods of time。

TPO2阅读解析-Passage1

Q1答案：B解析：这道题本质上是在考察对第一段信息的另一种表达。

文章第一段提到，cetaceans-whales, porpoises和dolphins都是哺乳动物，虽然它们有流线体型、没有后肢、并且有呼气孔，但是它们都是是陆上哺乳动物的近亲。

B 选项正确，其余三个选项都是错误的结论，与第一段提供的信息有冲突。

Q2答案：A解析：题干问，通过文章第一段，可以推断出与early sea otters相关的信息是哪一个。

选项A是最佳答案。

第一段中提到，sea otters与mammals不同，早期mammals的形态很难推断出来。

由此可知，早期sea otter的形态应该是比较容易被推断描绘出来的。

Q3答案：C解析：Precious意思是“珍贵的”，只有C选项与其符合，其中A“准确的”，B “稀有的”，D“首要的”在这里意思都不符合，所以答案选C。

Q4答案：C解析：第三段着重讨论了Pakicetus与现代cetaceans之间的相同和不同。

该段第三句指出，它们的颅骨是相似的。

C选项正确，另外三个选项均是两者的不同点，而不是两者的相同点。

Q5答案：A解析：“It”在这里代指的是某种很可能在陆地上产育并哺乳后代的生物。

Palicetus 是四个选项中唯一一个符合题意的。

Q6答案：B解析：Exposed意为“没有遮挡的”，没有遮挡的骨骼是可以被看到的。

Visible意为“可以被看到”。

所以正确答案是B。

A“解释”，C“被识别的”，D“处于”都不正确。

Q7答案：D解析：骨骼中的后肢显示，体型庞大的Basilosaurus完全无法靠这样的后肢在陆地行走，因此这个发现的意义是重大的。

选项A的叙述没有问题，但它并不是我们发现的后肢所提供给我们的最重要信息。

选项C并没有提到，选项B是错误的。

答案是D，它是唯一一个与第四段中提到的the skeleton of Basilosaurus 相关的有用细节。

Q8答案：D解析：第四段最后一句话提到，Basilosaurus是完全的海鲸，而海鲸是在水里生育和哺乳下一代的，因此D选项正确，它在海洋环境里哺育下一代。