《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案

I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers: 1. One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/shehas never heard before. This property of language is called _______ .A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2. The _____ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphereor maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3. From a functional approach, the ______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicatedof the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4. When -ng in gangling 's removed to get a verb gangle ； we call this way of creating wordsA. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5. ______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6. As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing hisideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called _____ .A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7. When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they arecollectively known as _______ .A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8. ______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9. Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese andKorean are two languages in the _____ fa m i l y .A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-PolynesianKey: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11. All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic wordswhich consist wholly of free morphemes are called ________ .A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically markedcategory or categories is called _______ .A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案 本科A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of‘ linguistic potential ' and ‘ actual linguistic behavior ' is prop A. N. Chomsky B. F. de Saussure C. M. A. Halliday D. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called ___ __ meaning. A. denotative B. connotative C. collective D. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing with addressee relationship —continually categorized as “ _______ ”.Key: D21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed bya. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. Austin Key: b22. Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of languagea. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s] a. voiceless b. oral c. alveolar d.lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are _______ .a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodental Key: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [ g] are ________a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stops Key: d26. Which of the following statements about allophone isNOT correcta. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific. Key: c27. Which of the following words is not a free morphemea. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28. How many morphemes are there in the worddischargeda. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29. Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlyA. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words structures, Turkish is a typical language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativerefer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.D. Adjacency pairs 18. A. Minimal pairsKey: D19. The relation betweenA. gradability Key: B 20. The wordsA. French Key: AB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialects “ dead ” andlab “eleadlivaes _”__i_s___ B. complementarity C.hyponymyD. homonymy encore B. German” and ”“ a rueploaiarnwords from C. Italian D. Spanisha. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct.This property of language is called ____ .a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31. The famous quotation from Shakespear'es play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other name would smell asswee't well illustrates _______ .A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only ______ is permissible according to the sequential rules inEnglish.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be show n in a ______ formuS^ NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Caserecipient should stayadjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent Parameter Key: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze ______ m eaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future courseof action are called ______ .A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, ______ , and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech, and speech as “”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40. Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisitionA. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words ko“wtow ” andtea“” are loanwords from _____ .A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term ______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is calledA. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compounding Key: A44. According to words ' structLuarteins,is a typical ___ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinative Key: B45. The relation between animal“” andlam“b” is labeled as ______ .A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymy Key: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called _______ .A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The ______ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The ______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocative Key: D49. When -or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creati ng words _______.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymy Key:50. The relation between “rose ” and “flower ” is labeled as __________________ .A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by _________ .A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a ______ fu n ct i o n .A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ______ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance ” was made by ___________ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [I], and[z] can be labeled as on es.A. den talB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word nationalism ” s H tintdrbe regarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “ telex ” and “workfare ” are created through ____________________ .A. affixati onB. compo undingC. conv ersi onD. ble ndingKey: D58. Accordi ng to the syn tactc con struct ion an alysis, simple sentence such as “ Joh n is a stude nt_________ con structio n.A. en doce ntricB. exoce ntricC. coord in ateD. subord in ateKey: B59. The sense relati on ship betwee n “ male ” and “ female ” is _______A. compleme ntarityB. gradabilityC. relati onal oppositesD. hyp onymyKey: A60. Comp onen tial an alysis is a method of analyzing ______ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. uttera neeKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utteranee can be a word or a fragment ofa senten ce. T/FKey: T2. It doesn ' t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongsFto.Key: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or comb in ati on of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.T/FKey: T4. Every word in a Ianguage can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/FKey: F5. In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms andcollocati ons. T/FKey: T6. The use of the term ‘ implicatureis different from ‘ implication in fhat it usually indicates a rather n arrowlydefi ned logical relati on ship betwee n two propositi ons. T/FKey: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequenee, intended to have meaning, that form a syntactic unit that isless tha n a complete sen ten ce. It is actually synonym ous with word group. T/FKey: F8. Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrencesof in dividuallexical items, or collocates. This relatio n of co-occurre nce usually cannot be acco un ted for. T/FKey: T9. In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maxim actually worksand how people observe these maxims in daily com muni cati on. T/FKey: T10. Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to makegrammatical sentencesin a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures.T/FKey: T11. Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact that children acquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal. Key: T12. The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication aretermed design features.Key: T13. There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, solanguage is only one aspectof semiotics.Key: T14. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary. Key: T15. Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ‘ correct ' language use, i.e., to tell peshould say and what should not say.Key: F16. Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and their patterns. Key: F17. The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between wordsin a sentence.Key: T18. Language is genetically transmitted.Key: F19. The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive. Key: F20. All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds. Key: F21. Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study that deals with the factorsthat govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.Key: T22. [f], [v], [s], [z], [ ] and [ ] are all fricative in English, but [ ] and [ ] are alveolar while [f] and [v] are dental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24. Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure, andit has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25. The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, and N. Trubetzkoymade the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26. A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of aword from another.Key: T27. Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs. Key: T28. Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction where constituents havebeen linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29. Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31. Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words.Key: T32. Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are called tones. Languagesusing tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33. The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships, rather than lexicalones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34. The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts. Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the Cooperative Principle, heproduces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance. Key: T36. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. T/F Key: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.T/FKey: T38. A compound is the combination of only two words.T/FKey: F39. “The student”in the sentence“The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence“The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic categoryT. /FKey: T40. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sensTe/.FKey: F41. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/F Key: T42. The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: F43. Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racismT/.FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. T/FKey: T45. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach theTm/F. Key: F 46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and lin guistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are give n an adequate specificati on of the sema ntic properties of the con text in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syn tactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Ono matopoeia in dicates a non-arbitrary relati on ship betwee n form and mea ning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The dist in cti on of 'li nguistic pote ntial ' and ‘ actual li nguistic behavior ' is prop Key: F52. In En glish there are three n asal soun ds. They are [m], [n], and [I].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a Ianguage.Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compo unding is the formatio n of new words by joi ning two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the cha nge of a sound as a result of the in flue nee of an adjace nt sound.Key: F57. The requireme nt that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which sta nd in specific syntactic relati on ship with one ano ther shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically markedcategory or categories is called con cord.Key: T58. Accord ing to Searle, those illocutio nary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of actio n are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies Ian guage cha nge over various periods of time and at various historical stages.Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [ g] are affricatesKey: FIII. Fill in the bla nks:1. It is gen erally believed that J. Aust in and _____ made the greatest con tributio n to the propositi on ofSpeech Act Theory, an importa nt theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ f alls into prefixation and suffixation.Key: affixati on3. The sig ns “ &” , “ @ , “ % and “ $” widely used today are examples of _______ writi ng.Key: word4. Two methods can be used to rec on struct an older form of a Ian guage: internal recon structio n and therec on structi on.Key: external5. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______ .Key: relativity6. In the course of com muni cati on, a speaker may cha nge from the sta ndard Ian guage to the non-sta ndardIanguage, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point.This lin guistic behavior is referred to as _________ .Key: code switch7. The different types of a Ianguage as different forms to realize a mere generalization of the Ianguage arecalled '-subguages ” or _______ .Key: (la ng uage) varieties8. _________con struct ion refers to a con struct ion in which the distributio n of words is fun ctio nallyequivale nt to that of one or more of its con stitue nts.Key: En doce ntric_9. It ' s commonly believed that the basic function of Ianguage is that it ' s used for ____Key: huma n com muni cation10. The degree to which a test measureswhat it is meant to measure is termed ___________ in Ianguagetesting, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.Key: validity11. By ______is meant that la nguage can refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati on of thespeaker.Key: displaceme nt12. Language is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structure of ___________ .Key: meaning13. The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and ______________phon etics. Key: acoustic14. There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and _______ stress.Key: sentence15. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________ .Key:[];16. Morphology is divided in two branches: _________ morphology and derivational morphology.Key: .in flect ional17. According to H. Paul Grice ' Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurity and ambiguityaccords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18. The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point ofthe vocal tract are called ______ .Key: consonants19. A linguistic study is _____ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of Ianguage.Key: prescriptive20. The sentence “H married a blonde heiress'. _____ the senten ce He married a bion de”Key: en taills21. In the course of time, the study of Ianguage has come to establish close links with other branchesof ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.Key: social22. Clear [ 1 ] and dark [ 1] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same positionin sound comb in ati ons, thus they are said to be in ______ distributio n.Key: compleme ntary23. A _______is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning.Key: root24. A _______sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is in corporated in the other.Key: complex25. That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of_______ antonyms.Key: complementary26. ____________________________________________________________________ While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ___________________________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utterance27. _______________________ Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string toanother. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as .Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As acharacteristic of societies, __________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people withdifferent cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic _______ , which is specific tohuman beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge inlearning a second language. This is known as language ______ .Key: transfer31. _____ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the ______ of vowels of languages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ___________ variation.Key: free34. The principal ______ features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all of them can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35. ______ is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ______ words to which new members are not regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence“ Ipromise to come here earlier tomorrow morning. ”can be used as an example to indicate the function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without ______________ are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “ gentlemanly ” consists of 4 sylldab_l_e_s_a_n___morphemes.Key: 341. Positional _____ , or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and they are mainly of the _______ gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _____ components.Key: semantic44. ______ refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in the sentence(main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ______ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _____ function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions and attitudes ofthe speaker.Key: expressive47. As language is a product and capacity of the human brain, many psychologists and linguists have tried to examine the relation between language and the brain, developing a new branch of science called .Key: psycholinguistics48. The production of any speech sound involves the movement of an airstream. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by _________ egressive airstream mechanism.。