文化建设过程中应注意的关键问题探析中英文翻译
英汉翻译在翻译转换理论视角下的探究
校园英语 / 翻译研究英汉翻译在翻译转换理论视角下的探究泰州学院外国语学院/吕雯【摘要】随着我国经济的不断发展和进步，人们的日常生活水平一直在呈直线发展，也正是因为经济上的发展迅速，所以经济产业快速发展也带动了我国各项工作的发展，其中英汉翻译救得到了飞速的发展和进步。
本文通过翻译转换理论的概念及意义、文化和翻译之间的联系进行了分析和探讨，总结归纳出了英汉翻译在翻译转换理论视角下的具体影响和分析，以供相关专业人员参考或采纳。
【关键词】英汉翻译 翻译转换理论视角 探究前言提高翻译质量、传播中国优秀文化的需要和翻译活动研究状况，通过对中国人社会行为取向与翻译活动之间关系的系统研究，进而帮助译者在翻译活动中更好把握自己的翻译方向和风格，使中国人对翻译活动能够发挥更为积极的作用，以利于中华文化的优化和传播，服务国家的文化建设需要，从而为我国翻译事业提供强有力的基础和支撑。
一、翻译转换理论的概念及意义Halliday认为语言可以分成四种不同的层次，这四种四种层次就是语法、语音、词汇以及词形，而由于任何一个层次比如语音和另外一个层次之间是不可能进行翻译的，所以Halliday认为层次的转换仅仅限于同层次之间。
而Catford却认为翻译完全可以分为等级限制的翻译和不限制等级的翻译，所以Catford将这种不受限制的翻译统称为翻译转换理论。
译者的翻译活动中最难的一点就是国家与国家之间的文化差异，这种文化之间的差异是翻译、交流和理解的困难所在，但是翻译是国家与国家之间交流的必然通道，所以只有克服文化之间的差异，才能够使译者的翻译活动整体水平的得到有效提升。
客观世界是复杂的，但是语言却是有一定的局限性，所以在这其中存在着模糊语言，模糊语言的存在就为译者的翻译活动提供了较大的空间。
译者的翻译活动属于“权力话语”的一种表现形式，译者要将两种不同的语言进行很准确的理解，不仅仅是对两种语言，还要对两个国家的文化有较深的了解，只有这样才能够做到“忠于原文”。
地方高校校园文化建设中公示语翻译合理性研究——以浙江省台州地区的高校为例
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文学作品汉译英过程中文化因素的处理
文学作品汉译英过程中文化因素的处理汉译英是一种跨文化交流的重要方式，而文学作品汉译英更是一项艰巨的任务。
汉译英文学作品时，翻译者不仅要把原文的意思准确地传达出去，还要注意文化因素的处理。
因为，文学作品汉译英过程中，文化因素的处理是翻译的关键。
文学作品汉译英过程中，文化因素的处理包括以下几个方面：首先，翻译者要熟悉汉语和英语的文化背景，把握汉语和英语文化的不同点，避免将汉语文化的特点强行翻译成英语。
例如，汉语中有“四面楚歌”这个成语，指的是环境压力特别大，毫无出路，无处可逃，英语中没有这样的成语，因此，在汉译英时，应该用更加恰当的英语表达来表达这个意思，而不是直接翻译成“four sides of Chu song”。
其次，文学作品汉译英过程中，文化因素的处理也包括文字的处理。
文字是文化的载体，汉译英时，翻译者要注意保留原文的文字特色，以免影响原文的文化特色。
例如，汉语中有“儿女情长”这个成语，指的是父母和子女之间的亲情，英语中没有这个成语，因此，在汉译英时，应该用更加恰当的英语表达来表达这个意思，而不是直接翻译成“long-lasting affection between parents and children”。
再次，文学作品汉译英过程中，文化因素的处理还包括语言文字的处理。
由于汉语和英语的语法结构有很大的不同，因此，在汉译英时，翻译者要注意保留原文的语言文字特色，以免影响原文的文化特色。
例如，汉语中有“一字千金”这个成语，指的是一句话的价值很高，英语中没有这个成语，因此，在汉译英时，应该用更加恰当的英语表达来表达这个意思，而不是直接翻译成“a word is worth a thousand gold”。
最后，文学作品汉译英过程中，文化因素的处理还包括情感的处理。
文学作品中的情感是文化的重要组成部分，汉译英时，翻译者要注意把握原文的情感，不能将汉语的情感直接翻译成英语的情感，而要用更加恰当的英语表达来表达原文的情感。
翻译中的文化问题及解决方法
翻译中的文化问题及解决方法简析英语语言翻译中的文化障碍及对策译者在对文化因素进行处理时，应该分析实际情况，那么，英语语言翻译中的文化障碍及对策是什么?文学与语言这两者是互相依存的，文化依靠语言进行交流以及传播，语言又在文化传播过程中逐渐完善。
翻译不单单只是复制原文的内容和语义，它可谓是“移植”一个民族的文化传统与思维方式到另外一种语言文化之后，重新进行整合后展现出来的新面貌。
对此，笔者探究了应用语言翻译中存在的文化障碍和解决方案，具体探究见文。
一、英语语言翻译之中存在的文化障碍1.不同的思维方式致使原语无法与目的语语境相连接。
思维方式不同是文化差异中的重点表现。
思维即人们在概念以及表象基础上进行判断、分析、推理等构成一种思想过程。
每一个民族都具有其独特的文化环境，所以，形成的思维方式是不同的.。
汉语蕴含的哲学背景是对佛、道、儒的感悟，组词、造句与文章抒写主要提倡“形散而神不散”。
汉语语句言简意赅，富有弹性，给广大读者留有广阔的想象空间。
所以，我国人们的思维通常属于“螺旋式”。
而英美民族一直都生活在比较开放的环境中，他们较为重视个人的利益，说话做事直截了当。
所以，西方人形成的思维方式属于“直线式”。
上述这两种不同的思维方式影响了语言的实际表达方式。
汉语通常将推理、判断和观点放在句子和句群后边，以便让人留下深刻印象;英语却将强调部分放置在语句的开头。
这样人们在翻译时就会出现障碍，进而使原语和目的语语境间发生断裂。
2.民族文化可能导致语言翻译中的空缺和文化冲突。
每个民族都有自己独特的发展过程，这导致了不同的文化背景和社会习俗。
任何语言都有许多与本民族特有事物相关的词汇，这就导致了语言翻译中的空缺和文化冲突。
二、克服文化障碍的方案1.译者应该增强自身的文化意识。
其一，译者必须掌握中西方各自的思维方式与表达方式;其二，译者必须大量的进行阅读，了解中西方所具有的用语环境和社会习俗;其三，译者一定要经常进行换位思考，应用西方人的思维去表达和观察我国的变化以及发展。
翻译中的文化自信及其构建对策
翻译中的文化自信及其构建对策摘要：文化自信是一个民族对自身文化价值的充分认可，对文化生命力的坚定信念，文化自信不仅关乎着文化安全，还与民族精神独立有着重要的联系。
中国文化历史悠久，优秀的传统文化是树立文化自信的重要基础，如何将中国元素翻译成其他语言，更好地弘扬中国优秀传统文化，则需要在翻译中构建文化自信，只有增强文化自信，做到文化自觉，才能够承担起文化传播的艰巨任务。
关键词：翻译中；文化自信；构建对策1、翻译中文化自信的构建对策1.1坚持文化包容与文化尊重首先，对文化有正确的认识。
文化之间没有优劣、强弱之分，在实际文化交流过程中，应从思想层面做到平等对待，做到文化包容与文化尊重。
其次，在翻译实践过程中应承认其多样性这一特点。
由于地域、宗教、经济等多种因素的影响，翻译过程中具有一定的多样性，同一个翻译对象可能有多种翻译形式，或者部分翻译对象在其他文化中没有相应的翻译形式等等，翻译人员应认清这些客观事实。
最后，在长期实践中，西方文化中心论影响较深，并且在很长时间内存在，想要将自己的文化进行传播与推广，就需要增强文化自信，借助当前的翻译理论体系，通过不断实践，探索出一个适合自己的理论体系。
1.2建立文化自信观念随着文化的全球化，各国间的交流越来越频繁。
中西文化差异很大，各有优势，因此，译者应该树立文化自信，从理性、科学的角度看待自己的文化，不能盲目追崇外来文化，也不能够盲目遵从我国的传统文化，应学会取长补短，以包容、开放的姿态面对。
在翻译过程中，文化自信并非一人独尊，而是在认同和肯定本土文化价值观的前提下，进行深入反思，体现出一种大国风范和大国责任。
在翻译过程中，要建立起文化自信，就必须建立起理性的文化自信心。
1.3探索适合中国文化翻译的理论体系第一，了解文化翻译本质，即在经济保障基础上，在对外交流过程中由专业的翻译人员开展互动，加深文化了解。
西方文化中心论对人们的影响很深，所以，在构建翻译中的文化自信的同时，应认清文化翻译的本质，这对翻译实践起着重要的作用。
翻译中应注意的文化因素
翻译中应注意的文化因素
在中文翻译中，需要注意以下文化因素：
1.礼貌和尊重：中文翻译中，应保持尊重的语气和礼貌的用词，尤其
是在商务或正式场合的翻译中，要注意使用适当的敬语。
2.禁忌词汇：中文有一些敏感或禁忌的词汇，在翻译时需要特别小心。
比如，与政治、宗教或敏感历史事件相关的词汇可能需要避免直接翻译，
或使用文雅的说法。
3.婉转表达：在中文中，常常使用婉转、间接的表达方式来避免直接
否定或冲突。
在翻译时，要注意传达文化上的含义和情感，而不仅仅是字
面意思。
4.身份和地位：中文社会注重身份和地位的尊重，这种尊重体现在称呼、对待和措辞上。
在翻译中，要注意准确传达原文中的称呼和身份差异。
5.谚语和成语：中文中有很多谚语和成语，这些短语通常有特定的文
化背景和意义。
在翻译时，要注意保留原文的意境和意义，尽量寻找对应
的表达方式。
6.节日和传统习俗：中国有丰富多彩的传统节日和习俗，这些都是中
国文化的一部分。
在翻译中，要注意传达节日祝福、习俗和文化内涵。
7.形象和象征：中文中常常使用一些象征性的表达方式，比如以动物、颜色或物体代表其中一种含义。
在翻译时，要注意传达原文的形象或象征
意义。
总之，在中文翻译中，除了注意语言的准确性和流畅性外，还要考虑
到文化差异和特点，确保翻译的准确传达原文的意义和情感。
理解当代中国汉英翻译
理解当代中国汉英翻译介绍汉英翻译作为一种重要的跨文化交流工具，在当代中国发挥着重要的作用。
随着中国的崛起和国际合作的不断增多，翻译成为了不可或缺的一环。
本文将探讨当代中国汉英翻译的特点、挑战以及发展方向，希望能够帮助读者更好地理解这个领域。
当代中国汉英翻译的特点1.文化差异：中英两种语言和文化体系存在着较大的差异。
在翻译过程中，需要充分考虑语言和文化的差异，以确保译文的准确性和表达的恰当性。
2.多样性：中国拥有众多的地方方言和少数民族语言，这种多样性也体现在翻译中。
在进行汉英翻译时，需要根据不同地区和语言背景的差异进行适当的调整和翻译。
3.技术工具的应用：随着科技的进步，翻译工具和软件的应用在汉英翻译中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
互联网和机器翻译的快速发展为翻译提供了更多的便利和资源。
当代中国汉英翻译的挑战1.文化差异：中英两种语言和文化的差异给翻译带来了挑战，涉及到习惯用语、地方俚语、文化隐喻等方面的翻译需要更多的思考和判断。
2.语言表达的差异：中英两种语言的语法结构、词汇用法等方面存在较大的差异，这就需要译者具备良好的语言表达能力和专业知识。
3.专业领域的翻译：随着科技和经济的发展，专业领域的翻译需求也越来越大。
长期以来，中国的翻译人才在专业领域的翻译上相对不足，这也给翻译带来了挑战。
当代中国汉英翻译的发展方向1.提高翻译质量：为了提高翻译质量，译者需要加强对两种语言和文化的了解，不断学习和提升自己的综合素质。
2.发展机器翻译：随着科技的发展，机器翻译在汉英翻译中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
未来，机器翻译的发展将成为汉英翻译的一个重要方向。
3.多元化翻译团队的建设：为了更好地满足汉英翻译的需求，建设一支多元化的翻译团队十分必要。
团队中应包括不同地区和文化背景的翻译人才，以确保翻译的准确性和适应性。
总结当代中国汉英翻译作为一门复杂而重要的跨文化交流工具，具有巨大的挑战和发展潜力。
在全球化时代，理解和掌握汉英翻译对于中国与世界的相互理解和交流至关重要。
翻译中国文化需要注意什么
翻译中国文化需要注意什么翻译中国文化需要注意以下几个要点：1. 文化背景：了解中国的历史、地理、政治、社会和宗教等方面的背景信息非常重要。
中国文化有着悠久的历史和丰富的内涵，其中包含了许多特定的概念和价值观，这些都是翻译中需要理解和传达的重要内容。
2. 语言：中文是中国的官方语言，其中包含了许多方言和口语。
在翻译过程中，需要使用准确、恰当的词语和表达方式，确保准确地传递中国文化的细微差别和独特性。
3. 礼仪：在中国文化中，重视礼仪和尊重他人是非常重要的。
在翻译过程中，需要注意使用恰当的称谓和敬称，以及避免使用可能冒犯他人的词语或表达方式。
4. 象征和比喻：中国文化中有许多象征和比喻的表达方式。
在翻译中，需要理解这些文化符号的含义，并适当地传达给目标语言的读者，以确保文化差异不会影响信息的传递和理解。
5. 文学和诗歌：中国文化以其丰富的文学和诗歌传统而闻名。
这些文学作品包含着深刻的思想和情感，翻译时需要注意保留原作的意境和意义，同时适配目标语言的文化背景和读者的习惯。
6. 图像和符号：中国文化中有很多与图像和符号有关的表达方式，比如传统的画作、书法和印章等。
在翻译中，需要理解这些图像和符号的意义，以便准确地传达给目标语言的读者。
7. 文化差异：中国和其他国家的文化差异是不可忽视的。
在翻译中，需要意识到这些差异，并在适当的情况下进行调整和解释。
例如，中国和西方对时间、个人空间和人际交往等方面都有不同的看法和标准。
总之，翻译中国文化需要广泛的知识和理解，不仅包括语言的技巧，更涉及到文化的内涵和价值观的传递。
只有充分了解中国文化，才能准确地传递其独特性和深厚的文化底蕴。
文化建设过程中应注意的关键问题探析 中英文翻译
文化建设过程中应注意的关键问题探析中英文翻译Cultural construction should be paid attention to in the process of analysis the key problems in Chinese and English translation【论文摘要】中国是一个有着悠久文化历史的国家，会计的发展深受传统文化发展的影响与制约。
会计生存在一个特定的文化环境中，文化对会计的作用会形成特定的会计理论、会计意识、会计行为，这就形成了特定的会计文化。
会计文化对会计理论、会计实务有着深刻的影响。
因此研究中国会计文化，对于建设具有中国特色的会计管理理论和方法体系，指导会计管理实践，深化会计制度改革，具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。
Paper pick to 】【China is a country with a long cultural history, the development of accounting under the influence of traditional culture development and restriction. Accounting existence in a specific cultural environment, the role of culture on accounting can form specific accounting theory, accounting, accounting behavior consciousness, this creates a specific accounting culture. Accounting culture has a profound impact on accounting theory, accounting practice. So the Chinese accounting culture, for the construction of accounting management theory and method system with Chinese characteristics, guide the accounting practice, deepen the reform of the accounting system and has important practical significance and far-reaching historical significance.一、要形成独特的会计文化氛围A, to form the unique accounting culture atmosphere会计文化建设离不开和谐的会计文化环境，而和谐的会计文化氛围是会计文化建设中的关键问题之一。
企业文化建设外文翻译文献
企业文化建设外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Enterprise culture:necessary in promoting enterpriseSteven CarterThe paper investigates the effects of the Zimbabwean national culture on enterprise development. In-depth interviews were carried out with fifteen entrepreneurs and seven members of the community whose role was to support entrepreneurs. It was established that the national culture impeded enterprise development and the factors identified are: bad debt culture, let's-pull-him-downsyndrome, dependency syndrome, high living, and absence of role models, refusal to accept entrepreneurship, employing relatives and poor quality goods and services. To promote enterprise development, countries need to identify factors that make up the national culture. The paper also identifies the desired enterprise culture.INTRODUCTIONEarlier research on enterprise development mainly focused on the personal characteristics/traits of the individual, such as the need for achievement, locus of control, the ability to take risk, etc (McClelland, 1962; McClelland and Winter, 1969; Bellu, 1988; Rotter, 1966). Curran (1994) argued that traits alone were inadequate to explain entrepreneurship, and some found no direct link between traits and entrepreneurial behaviour (Bird, 1988; Guth, 2001). Hence, further research moved on to considering the environmental factors (political, cultural, economic, regulations and policies) that affect enterprise development. It was argued that countries desiring to promote enterprise development need to address these environmental factors (Telantino, 1995; UNCTAD, 1995; Gnyawaii, 1994; Bird, 1989; Chell, 1985; Vaselainen, 1999).Enterprise development has been viewed as a means of reducing unemployment, easing other social problems and as the best way of creating wealth in a country (Nolan, 2003; Storey, 2000). As a result of the above reasons, both developing and developed countries have embraced enterprise development.Like many other countries, Zimbabwe has run enterprise development programmes, created and adopted policies aimed at creating a conducive environment for enterprise development. Unfortunately, the efforts to promote enterprise development in Zimbabwe have not been successful(Mlambo, 2000; UNDP, 2000).The paper explores the factors that make up the Zimbabwean national culture relating to enterprise development. It also establishes the effects that these factors have had on enterprise development.LITERATURE REVIEWCulture is defined as a set of historically evolved, learned values, attitudes and meanings shared by the members of a given community, that inlluence their material and non-material way of life (Tayeb, 1988). These evolve through different stages of socialisation, through institutions like family, religion, formal education etc. It was further asserted that different cultures influence enterprise development differently (Hofstede, 1991). Furthermore, others believe that the national culture should be included when discussing enterprise development of the country (Wortzel, 1997; Morrison,2000). For example, it was believed that enterprise development success in USA was as a result of its culture that promotes individualism (De Pillis eta/, 1998; Wong, 2001), while failure of enterprise development in Ireland was as a result ofa culture that promotes conformity to the status quo (DePillis, 1998). In India, enterprise development encountered problems due to a culture that promoted spiritual harmony and acceptance of destiny (Dana, 2000). Similarly, entrepreneurship has not succeeded in countries where it has a bad image, where entrepreneurs are viewed as greedy, unkind, thieves, exploiters of people etc (Joyant and Warner, 1996; Morrison, 2000; Bateman, 1997). On the other hand, entenrise development succeeds in a nation that embraces it, where it is viewed as a noble way of life and especially where failure is not demonised by the society (Morrison, 2000; Wong 2001; De Pillis, 1998; Nolan, 2003). Enterprise success has also been recorded in countries where there are role models who would inspire others (De Pillis, 1998). Role models can even be members of one's immediate or extended family (Gibb, 1996). Therefore, countries can attempt to promote enterprise development by accepting and elevating the societal rolemodels and raising the practical support given to entrepreneurs (Raynolds, 1991; Specht, 1993).Entrepreneurs who enjoy 'high-living' at the expense of their enterprises have difficulties in succeeding (Spring, 1998). In both developed and developing countries, some graduates dislike being associated with working for Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and self-employment. This makes it difficult for some countries to promote enterprise as it is not accepted by the very people who have the best capacity to succeed as business people and Morrison (2000) argues that formal education system is to be blamed for producing conformists and not entrepreneurs. To address this, Stevenson (1996) argues that entrepreneurship should be taught from a young age, in schools and colleges.Meyanathan (1994) demonstrated the difficulties in promoting enterprise in a country that favours a certain group of people over others; because the ones favoured will develop a sense of entitlement, whilst the neglected resent the entire system.Literature researched has discussed different aspects of culture that have affected enterprise development, but there has not been a comprehensive catalogue of these factors that make up a national culture relating to enterprise development. Hence, this paper explores the factors that make up the national culture, and, in particular, those relating to enterprise development in Zimbabwe.RESEARCH METHODThe paper seeks to explore and explain the cultural factors that have negatively affected enterprise development in Zimbabwe. There is need to answer the questions, what are the national cultural factors that have affected enterprise development in Zimbabwe, how have they affected it and why? Hence, an interpretive approach was adopted (Carson, 2001). Within interpretivism, a qualitative research approach was used. This approach allows the inclusion of tacit knowledge and experience of the researcher throughout the research process. Based on the qualitative research method,non-probabilistic (purposeful) sampling was carried out, where the respondents pointed the researcher to the next respondent (Remenyi, 2001).This is called snowballing.The sample was made up of twenty-two respondents (elites). All respondents were 'elites' chosen for their expert knowledge (Remenyi,1998; Lincoln and Guba, 1990) of enterprise development in Zimbabwe.Among them were fifteen entrepreneurs and seven respondents whose occupations or activities supported entrepreneurs. The purpose for sampling the other seven'elites' was triangulation (Remenyi, 1998;Lincoln and Guba 1990; Carson 2001). There was needed to get a different view from that of entrepreneurs, that is, those who supported the work of entrepreneurs (from financial organisations, development and training organisations and the government). These respondents had supported entrepreneurs through financing, training etc. for at least six years. All entrepreneurs interviewed were business people who had started and managed their enterprises for more than six years.Consistent with this research approach, face-to-face in-depth interviews were carried out using an interview guide. The interview guide was based on the themes that had been obtained from literature and needed further exploration. Respondents were asked to identify and discuss all factors they believed had negatively affected enterprise development in Zimbabwe.The collected data was analysed using the thematic analysis, as described by Miles and Huberman (1994), and Wengraf (2001). The research was conducted in two phases. The initial phase culminated in establishing a list of cultural factors that have affected enterprise development. After the first round ofinterviews with the 22 respondents, their responses were analysed. The results were then subjected to further scrutiny by nine respondents who had taken part in the first round of interviews, and who were hence familiar with this research and considered able to provide the sound scrutiny. Furthermore, a programme that was established to promote enterprise development was also evaluated as a way of triangulation. It was a way to find if there was any convergence on the cultural factors mentioned by the entrepreneurs as having negatively affected enterprise development and those that had affected the programme. Therefore, the second round ofinterviews and an evaluation of the enterprise developing programme were to provide further verification, a way of improvingtrustworthiness and rigour.The research methodology adopted allows the researcher to use tacit knowledge and experience throughout the process; hence there will be instances (in presenting the findings) where some assertions are not sourced,but are attributed to the researchers' knowledge and experience of Zimbabwe.Consistent with the research method, in presenting findings of this research, a summary of the respondents' views is provided and to emphasise this position some quotations are included in the text and a sample of others can be found in.One respondent said: remember, our culture does not necessarily promote people who succeed. Success is not very much part of our culture.From the respondents' point of view, one of the reasons why enterprise development did not flourish in Zimbabwe was its national culture.The factors that make up the Zimbabwean national culture and have negatively affected enterprise development are: bad-debt culture, absence of role models, let's pull-him-down syndrome, dependency syndrome, poor quality goods and service delivery, refusing to accept entrepreneurship as a way of life, employing relatives (kith and kin) and high living.The above factors will now be elaboratedBad-debt CultureOne entrepreneur said: people do not payback because there is bad debt culture; it is bad debt culture, which we need to jight. United Merchant Bank (UMB) went under, it went down because people were not paying back, though the owner had wanted to help fellow indigenous people.Although some respondents held this view, it should be noted that non-payment was not the only reason why UMB went into liquidation.UMB was established at the height ofindigenisation and by an indigenous entrepreneur. UMB considered itself a champion ofindigenisation and accused the traditional multinational banks of failing to support indigenous entrepreneurs. On a weekly basis, this bank advertised in the national press, the need to indigenise and made the accusations mentioned above.According to UMB, the traditional banks' lending conditions were too strict and their demands could not be easily met by most indigenous entrepreneurs; for example,collateral and own contribution. Consequently,UMB urged them to follow its example of relaxing the borrowing requirements, where collateral was less emphasised than other aspects likeproject viability and management. As a result, good project proposals (on paper) were produced, received funding; unfortunately, money was not paid back and without collateral the bank could not recover its debts and it went into liquidation. As a result, depositors' funds were lost. In short,UMB did not follow prudent lending practice; hence, it is as much to blame as the borrowers who failed to pay back. UMB failed to take into cognisance the bad-debt cultural dimension among its borrowers.Enterprise Culture: Necessary In Promoting EnterpriseThere has been ample evidence to support this assertion. The research established that in 1992, the government made available Z$100 million to support indigenous businesses and the default rate for this money was about twenty eight percent (28%). In 1994, the government provided $400 million for indigenous enterprises and the default rate for this facility was about thirty two percent (32%). In 1997, the World Bank and the government made another 2$700 million available and the default rate was about thirty one percent (31%). In 2000, the government availed 2$4 billion as a revolving fund for enterprise development and by 2002 0nly $2billion could be revolved, the rest was lost to bad debtors. There are other examples, where certain individuals have borrowed from banks and not paid back. For example, Mr. Sibanda (not his real name) who is now a well known property mogul in Zimbabwe; has borrowed huge amounts from different banks to buy several companies (one company was a shoe making company, another manufacturing conglomerate, bought shares in a cement making company and others) and has been a bad debtor. Through his property developing company, he developed properties using borrowed money from a building society and did not pay back. The building society later on went into financial difficulties (not necessarily because of him alone) and had to be rescued by the Central Bank.The aspect of bad debt culture relates to the fact that entrepreneurs likeborrowing, but not paying back what they borrow. It was established that those who lend to the entrepreneurs face major challenges in collecting their debts from the borrowers. Respondents believed that many entrepreneurs are under the impression that one can borrow but not necessarily need to pay back. As a result of this culture and resultant behaviour, some programmes (including donor money mentioned above) that lent money to SMEs have had high default rates.Date Source: Steven Carter.Enterprise culture:necessary in promoting enterprise;less- ons from enterprise development in Zimbabwe[J]. Journal of Enterpring Culture,2006 (3):P177-198译文：企业文化：促进企业的必备要素史蒂文·卡特本论文研究的是津巴布韦国家文化对企业发展方面的影响。
英语 中高级口译 专业术语 中英翻译对照
1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development（也有一说outlook 应为conception，有兴趣自己去查字典了解了解两词的区别2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national 现译draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化 a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; socialist culture with Chinese appeal9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nationis also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。
翻译文化建设浅释
社会进步重要 的手 段和途径之一 。无论是 东方还是西方 ， 可
以说 ， 一部 生动 的翻译史 ， 就是 一部人类 社会 的交流与发 展 史。翻译活动 与社会 的发展 、 文化的积累和 丰富以及 世界文 明的进步有着密切的关 系。
义， 值得我们认真思考 、 深入研究。
一… ， ． ． 一 、 译 文化 翻 首先 ， 我们有必要对 “ 翻译文化 ” 进行一下界定 。 中国大 《
百科全书》 社会学卷为 “ 文化” 的定义是 ：广 义的文化是指 下 “ 人类创 造 的一 切物质产 品和精 神产 品的总和 。狭义 的文化
专指语言 、 文学 、 艺术及一切意识形态在 内的精神产 品。 由 ［” ｓ Ｊ 此可见 ， 翻译 文化 ” “ 具有 显著 的狭 义文化 特征 ， 应该 属于狭 义文化范畴 。 就本文所论 之“ 翻译文化 ” 而言 ， 我们更倾 向于将其表述 得更为 “ 狭义 ” 一些 ， 即围绕“ 翻译 ” 这一社会 文化现象而形成 的趋 同性反应 或态度 、 遍的社 会认知或 普遍 的价 值认 同。 普 抑或看作是 围绕 翻译活动而产生 的“ 社会 氛围” 。
Ｖｏ ． ５ Ｎｏ４ １ ２ ． Ａｐ ．０１ ｒ ２ ２
翻 译 文化 建设 浅 释
李 同良
（ 嘉兴职业技术学院 ，浙江嘉兴 ，３４ ３ ） １０ ６
［ 摘
要 ］ 翻译是人 类最 为古老 的社会 文化 活动之一，在促进 世界 民族 之间的文化交流以及社会进 步方面发 挥 了巨大的作
第２ 卷第４ ５ 期 ２ １ 年 ４月 ０２
长 春理 工大 学学报 （ 社会 科学版 ）
Ｊｕ ａｏ Ｃ ａ ｇｈ ｎＵｎｖ ｒｉ ｆ ｃｅｃ ｎ ｅｈ ｏｏ ｙ （ ｏ ｉｌ ｃｅ ｃｓ ｉｏ ｏ ｒ ｌ ｆ ｈ ｎ ｃ ｕ ｉｅｓｔ ｏ Ｓ ｉｎｅａ ｄＴ ｃｎ ｌｇ Ｓ ｃａ ｉｎ ｅ ｔ ｎ） ｎ ｙ Ｓ Ｅｄ ｉ
Chinese Cultural Factors in C-E Translation
“吾恐季孙之忧，不在颛臾，而在萧墙之内 也。” A: “The grandson of Li was always in dread, if not of Chuan, then he was in dread of Hsiao Chiang.” B: I am afraid that the sorrow of the Jisun family will not be on account of Zhuanyu, but will be found within the screen of their own court.
我们要高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻 “三个代表”重要思想。
• We must hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping theory and carry out the important thoughts of "Three Represents". Note: “三个代表” is a political term in contemporary China. We better translate literally first and then add an explanatory note: Three Represents, meaning the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China. Otherwise it will be hard for foreign readers to understand.
文化建设策略英文作文
文化建设策略英文作文Cultural Construction Strategy。
Cultural construction is an important aspect ofnational development. It is a process of enhancing the cultural values of a society through various activities and programs. It is a long-term process that requires the participation of all members of society. The cultural construction strategy is a plan that outlines the stepsthat need to be taken to achieve cultural development goals.The cultural construction strategy should focus on the following areas:1. Promoting Cultural Diversity。
Cultural diversity is an important aspect of any society. It is important to promote cultural diversity through the preservation and promotion of different cultures. This can be achieved through the promotion ofcultural events and festivals, the establishment ofcultural centers, and the preservation of cultural heritage sites.2. Strengthening Cultural Education。
为开设中国文化专栏提建议英语作文
为开设中国文化专栏提建议英语作文As for the suggestions for setting up a column on Chinese culture in English, I believe it is important to have a clear and well-defined theme for the column. Chinese culture is diverse and rich, so it would be beneficial to focus on specific aspects such as history, art, literature, philosophy, or even modern cultural trends. This will help to provide a clear direction for the column and attract readers who are interested in these particular aspects of Chinese culture.Another important suggestion is to ensure that the content is accurate and well-researched. Chinese culture is a complex and nuanced subject, and it is important to present information in a way that is respectful and true to the culture. This may involve consulting with experts or scholars in the field, as well as conducting thorough research to ensure the accuracy of the content.In addition, it would be beneficial to incorporate a variety of perspectives and voices in the column. Chinese culture is not monolithic, and it is important to reflect the diversity of experiences and viewpoints within theculture. This may involve featuring guest writers, conducting interviews with individuals from different backgrounds, or exploring different regional or ethnic traditions within Chinese culture.Furthermore, it would be helpful to engage with the readers and encourage interaction. This could be done through the use of social media, hosting Q&A sessions, or inviting readers to submit their own stories or experiences related to Chinese culture. This will help to create a sense of community around the column and foster a deeper connection with the readers.Overall, setting up a column on Chinese culture in English is a wonderful opportunity to share the richness and diversity of this culture with a wider audience. By having a clear theme, ensuring accuracy and diversity, and engaging with the readers, the column can become a valuable resource for those interested in learning more about Chinese culture.就开设中国文化专栏提供建议，我认为专栏的主题应该明确且有针对性。
中国传统文化面临问题英语作文
中国传统文化的困境与挑战**The Dilemma and Challenges of Chinese Traditional Culture**In the modern era, Chinese traditional culture, rich in history and profound in wisdom, faces numerous challenges and dilemmas. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and technology rapidly evolves, traditional values and practices are often pushed to the sidelines, replaced by new trends and外来文化influences. This shift presents a significant challenge to the preservation and promotion of Chinese culture.Firstly, the rapid pace of modernization has led to a decrease in interest in traditional culture among younger generations. With the rise of Western culture and popular culture, many young people are more attracted to modern forms of entertainment and lifestyle, such as Western music, fashion, and technology. This shift away from traditional culture can lead to a loss of understanding andappreciation for the values and wisdom embedded in Chinese culture.Secondly, the globalization of culture has resulted in the blending and mixing of various cultural elements. While this cultural exchange has brought new opportunities for understanding and appreciation, it has also led to the dilution of traditional Chinese culture. As foreign influences permeate Chinese society, there is a concernthat traditional values and practices may be lost in the melding of cultures.Moreover, the digital revolution has brought about profound changes in the way people consume and interact with culture. The internet and social media platforms have become the primary sources of information and entertainment for many people, especially younger generations. However, this digital shift has also led to a fragmentation of culture, with traditional practices and values often overshadowed by digital content and virtual interactions. To address these challenges, it is crucial to reinvigorate interest in traditional culture among younger generations. Educational institutions and cultural organizations should promote the study and understanding of Chinese culture, including its history, values, andpractices. By integrating traditional culture into modern education and daily life, we can foster a new generation of individuals who are proud of their cultural heritage and committed to its preservation.Additionally, it is important to strike a balance between globalization and localization. While embracing cultural exchange and foreign influences, we should also safeguard our unique traditional values and practices. This balance can be achieved by promoting cultural innovation that draws inspiration from traditional culture while also incorporating modern elements.Finally, to harness the power of technology for the preservation and promotion of traditional culture, we need to develop innovative digital platforms and tools. These platforms can be used to showcase traditional practices, share stories and wisdom embedded in culture, and connect people interested in Chinese culture from around the world. By leveraging technology, we can bring traditional culture into the digital age, making it more accessible and engaging for younger generations.In conclusion, while Chinese traditional culture faces numerous challenges in the modern era, there are also opportunities for renewal and growth. By fostering interest in traditional culture, striking a balance between globalization and localization, and harnessing the power of technology, we can ensure that Chinese culture remains vibrant and relevant in the 21st century.**中国传统文化的困境与挑战**中国传统文化，历史悠久，智慧深厚，但在现代时代却面临着众多挑战和困境。
如何维护和发展中国文化英文作文
如何维护和发展中国文化英文作文To maintain and promote Chinese culture, we can start by preserving traditional practices and values. This includes passing down knowledge of ancient Chinese philosophies such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. These teachings emphasize values such as filial piety, respect for elders, and harmony with nature. By educating the younger generation about these beliefs, we can ensure that they continue to be valued and practiced in modern society.Another way to preserve Chinese culture is to support and participate in traditional Chinese arts, such as calligraphy, painting, music, and dance. These art forms have been passed down through generations and are an important part of Chinese cultural heritage. By attending performances, exhibitions, and workshops, we can help to keep these traditions alive and ensure that they continue to be appreciated by future generations.In addition, we can also promote Chinese culture through language. Mandarin Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world, and by encouraging more people to learn and speak Mandarin, we can help to spread Chineseculture and values. Language is an important part of identity, and by maintaining and promoting the Chinese language, we can help to preserve our cultural heritage.Overall, by preserving traditional practices and values, supporting traditional arts, and promoting the Chinese language, we can maintain and promote Chinese culture for future generations.保持和发展中国文化需要我们从多个方面入手。
文化古迹遭到了破坏提些建议英语作文
Safeguarding Our Cultural Heritage:Suggestions for Combating DestructionCultural heritage is a vital component of any society, representing its rich history, traditions, and values. However, with the onslaught of urbanization, development, and neglect, many of these invaluable monuments and sites are facing the threat of destruction. It is imperative that we take action to preserve our cultural heritage, ensuring that future generations can appreciate and learn from our past. Here are some suggestions to address the issue of cultural heritage destruction:**1. Enforce Strict Protection Laws**Governments should enforce strict laws and regulations to protect cultural heritage sites. Penalties for violating these laws should be severe enough to deter potential vandals. Additionally, authorities should conduct regular inspections of heritage sites to ensure their integrity and safety.**2. Raise Awareness and Education**Educating the public about the importance of cultural heritage and its role in shaping a nation's identity is crucial. Schools, communities, and government agencies should organize campaigns and workshops to inform the masses about the value of these sites and the need to conserve them.**3. Promote Sustainable Tourism**Tourism can be a double-edged sword for cultural heritage sites. On one hand, it can generate revenue and awareness, but on the other hand, it can lead to overcrowding and damage. To balance this, governments and tourism organizations should promote sustainable tourism practices that prioritize the protection of heritage sites. This includes limiting visitor numbers, providing educational materials, and enforcing strict guidelines for visitors.**4. Involve Local Communities**Local communities often have a deep connection to cultural heritage sites and can play a crucial role intheir preservation. Governments and non-profit organizations should involve local communities in heritageprotection efforts, such as by hiring local residents as site managers or guides, or by funding community-led restoration projects.**5. Utilize Modern Technology**Modern technology, such as drones, 3D scanning, and virtual reality, can be leveraged to monitor and preserve cultural heritage sites. These technologies can help create digital archives of sites, allowing for their restoration in case of damage, and can also be used to create virtual tours for those unable to visit in person.**6. Encourage Private Sector Investment**Private sector investment can provide crucial funding for the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage sites. Governments should offer incentives, such as tax breaks or grants, to encourage private companies to invest in heritage protection projects.In conclusion, safeguarding our cultural heritage is a responsibility that we all share. By enforcing protection laws, raising awareness, promoting sustainable tourism, involving local communities, utilizing modern technology,and encouraging private sector investment, we can ensure that our cultural heritage is preserved for future generations to appreciate and learn from.**保护我们的文化遗产：对抗破坏的建议**文化遗产是每个社会的重要组成部分，代表其丰富的历史、传统和价值观。
中国文化建设 英语
Promoting Chinese Culture through English: Bridging Languages and CulturesIn today's interconnected world, the importance of cultural exchange and understanding has become increasingly significant. China, with its rich and diverse cultural heritage, has much to contribute to this global dialogue. However, the challenge lies in effectively communicating China's cultural essence to a global audience, especially through the medium of English. This article explores the strategies and approaches for promoting Chinese culture through English, aiming to bridge the language barrier and foster mutual understanding and respect.**1. Translating Cultural Nuances**The first step in promoting Chinese culture through English is accurate and sensitive translation. Chinese culture is deep-rooted and often contains complex historical, philosophical, and artistic references that can be challenging to translate into English. It is crucial to find skilled translators who are not only proficient in both languages but also have a deep understanding of Chinese culture. These translators must be able to conveythe nuances and subtleties of Chinese culture while maintaining the original's authenticity.**2. Leveraging Modern Technology**With the advent of modern technology, promoting Chinese culture has become more accessible and innovative. Digital platforms such as social media, online videos, andinteractive websites offer unprecedented opportunities to reach a global audience. By utilizing these platforms, we can share Chinese stories, art, music, and traditions in a dynamic and engaging way. Additionally, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies can createimmersive experiences that allow people to virtually visit Chinese landmarks, participate in cultural events, and interact with Chinese art and history.**3. Curating Cultural Events and Exhibitions**Organizing cultural events and exhibitions is another effective way to promote Chinese culture. These events can range from art exhibitions, music performances, and dance shows to film screenings and literary festivals. Byinviting local and international artists, performers, and cultural experts, we can showcase the breadth and depth ofChinese culture. These events not only provide an opportunity for people to experience Chinese culture firsthand but also foster cultural exchange and understanding.**4. Collaborating with International Partners**Collaborating with international partners can significantly enhance the reach and impact of Chinese culture promotion efforts. Partnering with cultural institutions, universities, and organizations in other countries can provide access to a wider audience and resources. Through joint projects, exchange programs, and collaborative events, we can share Chinese culture with a broader international community and learn from their own cultural experiences.**5. Educating the Next Generation**Investing in education is crucial for sustainable cultural promotion. By integrating Chinese culture and language into school curricula, we can cultivate a new generation of global citizens who are culturally literate and have a deep understanding of Chinese culture. Additionally, scholarships and exchange programs canprovide opportunities for students to study in China, experience its culture, and become ambassadors of Chinese culture in their home countries.In conclusion, promoting Chinese culture through English requires a multifaceted approach that combines translation, technology, cultural events, international collaboration, and education. By bridging the language barrier and fostering mutual understanding and respect, we can share the richness and diversity of Chinese culture with the world and contribute to a more connected and inclusive global community.**中国文化通过英语传播：跨越语言与文化的桥梁** 在当今互联互通的世界，文化交流与理解的重要性日益凸显。
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文化建设过程中应注意的关键问题探析中英文翻译Cultural construction should be paid attention to in the process of analysis the key problems in Chinese and English translation【论文摘要】中国是一个有着悠久文化历史的国家，会计的发展深受传统文化发展的影响与制约。
会计生存在一个特定的文化环境中，文化对会计的作用会形成特定的会计理论、会计意识、会计行为，这就形成了特定的会计文化。
会计文化对会计理论、会计实务有着深刻的影响。
因此研究中国会计文化，对于建设具有中国特色的会计管理理论和方法体系，指导会计管理实践，深化会计制度改革，具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。
Paper pick to 】【China is a country with a long cultural history, the development of accounting under the influence of traditional culture development and restriction. Accounting existence in a specific cultural environment, the role of culture on accounting can form specific accounting theory, accounting, accounting behavior consciousness, this creates a specific accounting culture. Accounting culture has a profound impact on accounting theory, accounting practice. So the Chinese accounting culture, for the construction of accounting management theory and method system with Chinese characteristics, guide the accounting practice, deepen the reform of the accounting system and has important practical significance and far-reaching historical significance.一、要形成独特的会计文化氛围A, to form the unique accounting culture atmosphere会计文化建设离不开和谐的会计文化环境，而和谐的会计文化氛围是会计文化建设中的关键问题之一。
对会计物质文化建设而言，会计人员的办公场所等硬件设施己今非昔比，相对于传统的办公场所，会计人员的工作条件有所改善，但这还不够，为了更好的凝聚会计人员的向心力及作为会计人员的自豪感，对办公场所会计文化氛围的营造是推进会计文化建设的途径之一。
比如将会计人员工作的建筑物设计时体现会计的行业特色，这是一个间断性的工程。
对会计制度文化建设而言，制度环境是会计文化建设的保障，这就需要加快对规章制度的制定，监督会计制度的执行，因为有了制度才可以更好的约束会计人员的不规范行为。
对会计精神文化建设而言，会计人员的心理环境和内心精神状态的文化氛围营造更为不易，它是由情感认同到共同价值观的认同的一个循序渐进的过程，这可以通过培养会计人员的自豪感、幸福感，比如周期性的会计人员的互动交流学习，创造会计人员的发展空间及工作舞台。
会计文化建设中要消解和克服劣势的会计文化氛围，营造和优化和谐的会计文化氛围，这将有利于会计人员的自由成长以及会计人员能动性的发挥。
Accounting culture construction cannot leave the harmonious culture environment, and harmonious accounting culture is one of the key issues in accounting culture construction. For accounting material cultural construction, accounting personnel office space and other hardware facilities has changed, compared with traditional offices, accounting personnel's working conditions have improved, but it is not enough, in order to better cohesion centripetal force and the accounting personnel in accounting personnel of pride, to the offices of accounting culture construction is one of the ways to develop accounting culture construction. Such as accounting personnel work of building design reflect the accounting industry characteristics, this is a discontinuity in the project. For accounting system culture construction, the institutional environment is the guarantee of accounting culture construction, this needs to speed up the establishment of rules and regulations, and supervise the implementation of accounting system, because of the system can better the irregularities of the members of the accounting. For accounting spiritual culture construction, accounting personnel's psychological environment and inner culture mental state construction more difficult, it is recognized by affective commitment to the Shared values of a gradual process, this can be achieved by training of accounting personnel a sense of pride and happiness, such as interactive learning periodic accounting personnel, accounting personnel to the development of space and working stage. To deal in the construction of accounting culture and overcome the disadvantage of accounting culture, build and optimize the harmonious accounting culture atmosphere, which will be conducive to freedom growth of accountants and accounting staff initiative.二、会计文化是一个发展的动态组合Second, the development of accounting culture is a dynamic combination会计文化是由会计物质文化、会计制度文化和会计精神文化组成的一个动态系统。
一方面不能孤立的对待会计文化的每一个要素，另一方面要用发展的观点和事物普遍联系的观点来研究会计文化的每一个要素。
就研究内容和角度而言，每一个会计文化的要素又是一个系统，以会计精神文化中的会计价值观为例，会计价值观是会计人员的世界观、人生观、利益观、理性、情感等多维的价值关系和价值观念的组合体。
Accounting culture is composed of material culture, the accounting system culture and spiritual culture of a dynamic system. On the one hand, cannot be isolated to each element of accounting culture, on the other hand to use the ideas of the development, and things of widespread contact to study every element of accounting culture. In terms of research contents and Angle of each element is a system of accounting culture, spirit culture of accounting values, for example, is accounting personnel accounting values of world outlook, the outlook on life, values, rationality, emotion and so on multi-dimensional value relation and the combination of values.一个时代有一个时代的文化特征，而文化的特征又影响着会计文化的发展，因而会计文化也具有时代性。