tuberculosis肺结核

TuberculosisIntroductionTuberculosis is an infection disease of lung which is caused by tubercle bacillus. It is a serious threat to human health. Tubercle bacillus’ sources of infection are mainly tuberculosis patients that discharge bacteria through respiratory tract. Healthy people won’t get it unless they are lack of immunity. Tuberculosis is one of the communicable diseases that make the most people to death since people paying less attention on hygiene. This article shows people four main parts of tuberculosis: transmission, symptom, treatment and prevention. Those will make people understand more about tuberculosis from how it’s spread out to the ways preventing that.TransmissionWhen people with active pulmonary tuberculosis cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they may transmit tubercle bacillus, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is verylow.People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with tuberculosis are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 or even more other people per year. Transmission should only occur from people with active tuberculosis; however, those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. If someone does become infected, it typically takes about a month before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.Tuberculosis is transmitted mainly through droplet infection. The routes transmissions of tuberculosis are in Respiratory tract, enteron, skin and uterus, But mainly through the respiratory tract.The digestive tract of tuberculosis bacterium have larger resistance,if one tuberculosis bacterium get into the stomach,it's easy to be killedby the strong stomach acid, unless there are a lot tuberculosis bacterium, otherwise it’s not easy to be infected, but it is different for the respiratory tract, as long as there is 1 ~ 2 tuberculosis bacterium sucked into the alveolar, once the body is low, it may cause tuberculosis. The digestive tract mostly caused by drinking the not boiled milk with tuberculosis bacterium inside. In the Inner Mongolia survey, people found that 10.6% of tuberculosis farmers’patients which caughtcattle type tuberculosis had the habit of drinking raw milk. Tuberculosis is a disease of both human beings and livestock such as pigs, dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, deer, monkey, etc. can be infected by tuberculosis bacteria. As humans and these animals often contact, they could infect each other the tuberculosis bacteria. The Beijing zoo had watched rhino is diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis, its phlegm germ classics appraisal is type tuberculosis bacilli, says that it is transmitted to their audience.SymptomTuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs and that’s called pulmonary tuberculosis. If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs. Symptoms may include chest pain and a long cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms. Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts in the early stage. Then the patients may feel tired especially in the morning and afternoon, but feel excited at night, sometimes feel fidgety insomnia. People could lose weight without any other possible reasons because they feel no appetite invariably and think the foods have not tastes. Chronic cough may happen after noon and get a little fever at night and it’s going up and down like tide with feeling tired at night time and appears repeatedly.Chest pain, choking sensation in chest, sometimes may cause choking sensation in chest.For women, the amount of blood in period is getting less or even no period. It’s in very rare cases the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery, resulting in massive bleeding called Rasmussen's aneurysm. Then it’s hard for people breathing. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not totally clear. It may be due either to better air flow, or to poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs. In 15–20% of active cases of tuberculosis, the infection spreads outside the respiratory organs, causing other kinds of tuberculosis which is collectively called "extrapulmonary tuberculosis". Extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura, the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the genitourinary system, and the bones and joints among others. When it spreads to the bones, it is also known as "osseous tuberculosis" a form of osteomyelitis. A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated" tuberculosis, commonly known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliarytuberculosis makes up about 10% of extra pulmonary cases. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis may co-exist with pulmonary tuberculosis as well. General signs and symptoms are includingfever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue, and significant finger clubbing may also occur.TreatmentFor the treatment of tuberculosis, we should keep the air fresh for those tuberculosis patients since the disease is happening in the respiratory tract. Patients should keep warm. They could have folk prescription treatment: Aspartic, radix ophiopogonis, raw land, cultivated land, newly cultivated land donkey-hide gelatine (change blunt), fritillary, sites and sweet almond each 9 g. Use water to boil it and take it once per day. They should not smoke, drink beer and patients need to strengthen nutrition and do more exercises. Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of tuberculosis. A person with fully impressionable tuberculosis may develop secondary resistance during treatment because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately, or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-tuberculosis is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line tuberculosis drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Widely drug-resistant tuberculosis is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis, which was first observed in 2003 in Italy but not widely reported until 2012, is resistant to all currently used drugs.PreventionTuberculosis prevention and control efforts basically rely on the vaccination of babies and the perception and appropriate treatment of active cases. The World Health Organization has achieved some success with improved treatment methods, and a small decrease in case numbers. People need to avoid staying so close with patients and the patients need to not speak in a loud voice as well as coughing to people. Also, if there is a patient in your house, do sterilization every day in your house and make it often ventilated. People should not use the same tableware as the patients. Things that have been touched by tuberculosis patients should be boiled or disinfected. In addition, people could also prevent it by taking a type of vaccine called BCG Vaccination which is mainly used in infants.ConclusionOn the whole, tuberculosis is not a serious or terrible disease if people know it well. People should know more knowledge about tuberculosis so that there will be less people suffering from this disease that is easy causing people to death. The transmission of tuberculosis makes people catch this disease and have some symptoms. Knowing symptoms may make people know whether they get the disease on time. Less people would get this tuberculosis if they know the way to prevent it./wiki/Tuberculosis#Signs_and_symptoms/question/241058444.html/question/68010020.html/question/10384379.html/view/5abe7336f111f18583d05a0d.html。