毕业设计(论文)文献翻译封面
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
中国石油大学(北京)本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范
中国石油大学（北京）本科生毕业设计（论文）撰写规范本科生毕业设计(论文)是实现人才培养目标的重要实践性环节，对巩固、深化和升华学生所学理论知识，培养学生创新能力、独立工作能力、分析和解决问题能力、工程实践能力起着重要作用。
毕业设计(论文)同时也是记录科研成果的重要文献资料，是申请学位的基本依据。
为了规范我校本科生毕业设计(论文)的管理，保证毕业设计(论文)质量，特制定《中国石油大学（北京）本科生毕业设计（论文）撰写规范》。
撰写内容要求1. 毕业设计（论文）工作量要求1.1 总体要求1.1.1 论文篇幅论文(不包括附录及文献目录)篇幅：除外语专业和留学生外，一般使用汉语简化文字书写，字数在1.5万左右，有创新的论文，字数不受限制。
1.1.2 文献查阅查阅与毕业设计（论文）相关的文献（不含教科书）不少于10篇，其中外文文献不少于2篇。
1.1.3 文献翻译翻译与毕业设计（论文）有关的外文资料不少于5000汉字。
1.2 具体要求1.2.1 对我校理工科各类型毕业设计（论文）的具体要求(1) 工程设计类此类题目侧重于对学生设计、计算、绘图能力训练。
主要对应于机械类、电类专业的产品、部件、控制系统等设计型题目和建筑工程类专业的建筑设计型题目。
做此类题目的学生要完成1万字以上的设计说明书（论文），查阅参考文献不少于10篇，包括2篇以上外文文献；其中机械专业类学生还必须独立完成至少折合一号图不少于2张的工程设计图，工程图中必须要有不少于1张是计算机绘图；电类专业的学生要独立完成全部或相对独立的局部设计和安装调试工作，要有完整的系统电气原理图或电气控制系统图。
(2) 理论研究类原则上不提倡工科各专业过多选做此类课题，除非题目确实有实际意义。
做该类型题目的学生应根据课题提出问题、分析问题，提出方案、并进行建模、仿真和设计计算等，要完成1.5万字左右的论文，查阅参考文献不少于15篇，包括4篇以上外文文献。
(3) 实验研究类学生要独立完成一个完整的实验，取得足够的实验数据，实验要有探索性，而不是简单重复已有的工作；要完成1万字以上的论文，其中包括文献综述、实验部分的讨论与结论等内容，查阅参考文献不少于10篇，包括2篇以上外文文献。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。
（空一行，字体同正文）5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。
译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。
普通A4纸打印即可。
第二部分：外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗2.正文小四号字，宋体。
第三部分：版面要求论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边距：18mm字符间距：标准行距：1.25倍页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。
软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照
软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文学生姓名: 学号专业名称:软件工程译文标题(中英文):Qt Creator白皮书(Qt Creator Whitepaper)译文出处:Qt network 指导教师审阅签名: 外文译文正文:Qt Creator白皮书Qt Creator是一个完整的集成开发环境(IDE)，用于创建Qt应用程序框架的应用。
Qt是专为应用程序和用户界面，一次开发和部署跨多个桌面和移动操作系统。
本文提供了一个推出的Qt Creator和提供Qt开发人员在应用开发生命周期的特点。
Qt Creator的简介Qt Creator的主要优点之一是它允许一个开发团队共享一个项目不同的开发平台(微软Windows?的Mac OS X?和Linux?)共同为开发和调试工具。
Qt Creator的主要目标是满足Qt开发人员正在寻找简单，易用性，生产力，可扩展性和开放的发展需要，而旨在降低进入新来乍到Qt的屏障。
Qt Creator 的主要功能，让开发商完成以下任务: , 快速，轻松地开始使用Qt应用开发项目向导，快速访问最近的项目和会议。
, 设计Qt物件为基础的应用与集成的编辑器的用户界面，Qt Designer中。
, 开发与应用的先进的C + +代码编辑器，提供新的强大的功能完成的代码片段，重构代码，查看文件的轮廓(即，象征着一个文件层次)。
, 建立，运行和部署Qt项目，目标多个桌面和移动平台，如微软Windows，Mac OS X中，Linux的，诺基亚的MeeGo，和Maemo。
, GNU和CDB使用Qt类结构的认识，增加了图形用户界面的调试器的调试。
, 使用代码分析工具，以检查你的应用程序中的内存管理问题。
, 应用程序部署到移动设备的MeeGo，为Symbian和Maemo设备创建应用程序安装包，可以在Ovi商店和其他渠道发布的。
, 轻松地访问信息集成的上下文敏感的Qt帮助系统。
论文及外文翻译格式(标准)
附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例附录1 内封格式示例（设置成小二号字，空3行）我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究（黑体，加粗，小二，居中，空2行）The Research on Status and Future of Inhabitants’Investment and Financial Management in China （Times New Roman体，加粗，小二，居中，实词首字母大写，空5行）院系经济与管理学院（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）专业公共事业管理（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）班级 6408101 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）学号 200604081010 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）姓名李杰（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）指导教师张芸（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）职称副教授（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）负责教师（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）（空7行）沈阳航空航天大学（宋体，四号，居中）2010年6月（宋体，四号，居中）附录2 摘要格式示例（设置成三号，空2行）摘要（黑体，加粗，三号，居中，两个字之间空两格）（空1行）我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪，随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化，我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。
一方面，投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广，不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财，居民也逐步进入到金融市场中，开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理，以达到资产保值、增值，更好的用于消费、养老等的目的；另一方面，我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化；同时，其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。
本论文以我国居民投资理财为研究对象，综合运用现代经济学、金融学和管理学的理论；统计学、概率学的方法和工具，主要对我国居民投资理财的历史演变、发展现状、意识观念、存在的问题和主要投资理财工具进行了分析和探讨，并提出了改善和促进我国居民理财现状的对策和建议，指出了普通居民合理化投资理财的途径。
论文及英文翻译格式
六、毕业设计(论文)的撰写1、内容与要求毕业设计(论文)的内容一般依次由以下部分组成：封面、任务书、中文摘要、英文摘要、目录、(符号说明)、前言、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢、(附录)、外文资料译文、外文原文。
毕业设计(论文)应采用汉语(外语专业用外语)撰写。
要求内容层次分明、文理通顺、数据可靠、文字简练、说明透彻、立论正确、推理严谨。
2、毕业设计(论文)的格式及规范毕业设计(论文)的格式、图纸绘制、实验数据、各种标准的运用和引用都要符合各学科、各专业国家标准的规定。
毕业设计(论文)一律使用计算机编辑，用A4规格纸输出，页面设置上、下页边距2.54厘米，左、右页边距2.5厘米，装订线1厘米，文档网格设为小四号宋体，指定行网格和字符网格，每行33个字符，每页31行，栏数为1。
外文资料译文页面设置、格式规范及字体同正文要求一样，装订时外文资料译文在前，外文原文在后。
除封面、任务书、外文资料译文、外文原文外，毕业设计(论文)其余部分均设置页眉，页眉为“河南科技大学毕业设计(论文)”五号宋体居中。
毕业设计(论文)正文页码用“1、2、3……”小五号宋体居中设置，封面、任务书、外文原文及外文资料译文不设页码，目录及中、英文摘要的页码用“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ……”小五号宋体居中设置。
各部分的具体要求如下：(1) 封面：由学校统一印制；封面填写课题名称，作者姓名，指导教师姓名，院系专业等内容；题目不得超过36个汉字。
学院统一填写全称：材料科学与工程学院；专业填写全称，专业方向统一规范，如材料成型及控制工程（铸造）。
(2) 毕业设计任务书(3) 中英文摘要①毕业设计(论文)中文题目为三号黑体字，可以分成1或2行居中打印。
②题目下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(三号黑体)，字间空一格。
③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(小四号宋体)。
每段开头空二格。
④中文摘要内容下空一行打印“关键词”三字(小四号黑体)，其后为关键词(小四号宋体)。
文献翻译参考
毕业设计（论文）译文及原稿译文题目一贸易能带来经济增长？原稿题目一Does Trade Cause Growth？原稿出处一Frankel J , and Romer D .Does Trade Cause Growth ? [J] . American Economic Review . 1999,89 (3): 379 -399.贸易能带来经济增长？1.构建模型A背景我们基本的想法可以表述为使用三个简单的等式模型。
首先，国家i的平均收入的函数包括：与其他国家经济交往（简称“国际贸易”），国内经济交往（“国内贸易”）和其他相关因素。
（1）.这里是个人收入，是国际贸易，是国内贸易，是与收入相关的其他影响因素。
已正如大量的文献对贸易描述的那样，贸易可以通过很多途径影响收入，贸易通过比较优势，开发来自大市场的递增收益，通过交流和旅游交换思想，通过投资和开发新产品传播科技，从而使得专业分工更加显著。
因为各种因素相互作用共同促进，我们的方法不能确定具体是哪种贸易方式影响收入。
另外两个方程式包含了国际贸易和国内贸易的决定因素。
国际贸易的函数包括，是一个国家与另一个国家的接近度和其他因素。
（2）类似的，国内贸易的函数包括国家大小，和其他因素。
（3）三个等式中的剩余因素，和，很有可能相互关联。
比如说，那些拥有良好的交通系统或者政府的政策的国家，能够促进竞争并能够依赖市场分配资源，具有地理优势给他们带来大量的国际和国内贸易，贸易又给他们带来了大量的收入。
我们假设分析的关键是判定国家的地理特征（他们的和）与另外的等式（1）和（3）是没有关联的。
相似度和规模不会被收入或者其他因素影响，而政府政策可以影响收入。
我们回顾引言，除了作用于该国居民人数与外国人或者其他人之间的相互影响，我们很难想出有效的方法证明相似度和规模可以影响收入。
给出P和S与不相关联的假设。
通过变量Y,T,W,P和S，我们可以计算公式（1）：P，S与T，W有关[通过公式(2)和公式 (3)] ，并且与无关（通过鉴别假设）。
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑⼤学毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译及原⽂毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献、资料中⽂题⽬：现代建筑⽂献、资料英⽂题⽬：Modern Architecture⽂献、资料来源：⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译⽇期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外⽂⽂献及译⽂⽂献、资料题⽬：《Advanced Encryption Standard》⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：2004.10.25外⽂⽂献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中⽂译⽂：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是⼀个词给了⼀些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并⼤量造就了⼀些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第⼆次⼤战后的三⼗年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源⼀些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为⼀个社会问题, 息息相关的⼯程中的现代性,从⽽影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治⾰命.另⼀些⼈认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和⼯程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝⼟和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为⼯业⾰命的⼀部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage⾸先⽤他的'⽕'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与⽯材地板. 这些建设⼤⼤加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更⼤的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,⼀些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致⼴泛使⽤钢架建设，⼯业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的⾯貌,英国北部领导的描述, "⿊暗魔⿁作坊"的地⽅如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. ⽔晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重⼤展览, 1851年,是⼀个早期的例⼦,钢铁及玻璃施⼯; 可能是⼀个最好的例⼦,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利⽂在芝加哥附近发展的⾼层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采⽤混凝⼟作为⾏政⼿段的建筑表达(⽽⾮纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统⼀宫, 建于1926年瑞⼠巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第⼆哥特堂,.但⽆论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑⽅法,将传统的先例(⽐如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利⽂和赖特在芝加哥⼯作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼⾼迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托⽡格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之⼀可以看作是⼀个新与旧的共同⽃争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要⼈物,在现代建筑⾥确⽴了⾃⼰的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和⽡尔特格罗⽪乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗⽪乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和⼯艺和传统⼯业技术.赖特的建筑⽣涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过⽡斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗⽪乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重⼤的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有⼀个共同的⽬的,巩固了他们融⼊国际化风格这是⼀个重要的转折点. 在⼆战的时间包豪斯的代表⼈物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛⼤学设计⿊⼭书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单⼀的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯⼀可接受的, 设计解决⽅案,从约1932年⾄约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
驱动桥毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译系别自动化系专业班级机械电子工程0603班姓名评分指导教师2010 年4月29日毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译要求：1．外文文献翻译的内容应与毕业设计/论文课题相关。
2．外文文献翻译的字数：非英语专业学生应完成与毕业设计/论文课题内容相关的不少于2000汉字的外文文献翻译任务（其中，汉语言文学专业、艺术类专业不作要求），英语专业学生应完成不少于2000汉字的二外文献翻译任务。
格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计/论文撰写规范》的要求撰写。
3．外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。
本附件为封面，封面上不得出现页码。
4．外文文献翻译原文由指导教师指定，同一指导教师指导的学生不得选用相同的外文原文。
驱动桥设计随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。
驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。
驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。
驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。
驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求：1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。
2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。
3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。
4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。
5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。
6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。
智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。
毕业文 献 翻 译
毕业设计(论文)文献翻译题目人工神经网络改进经典的坐标转换学院测绘科学与技术学院检验人工神经网络改进经典大地测量参考框架下的坐标转换A.Tierra,R.Dalazoana,S.De Freitas摘要随着大地测量参考系统的改善，坐标转换的技术也在改进。
根据不同的大地参考系统由于传统的转换程序所导致的当地椭球的异常变形不同，必须选择适当的转换参数之后才能进行应用。
传统网的建立是应用三角测量和导线测量的手段进行，它存在这前面所说过的变形，所以我们需要寻找新转换手段的来进行坐标转换。
本论文评估了人造神经网在大地测量参考框架下作为一种转换手段的可能性。
本论文选用在巴西仍在使用的南美1969（SAD69）坐标系统和旧Co'rrego 里港的已知经纬度的公共点作为研究对象。
首先将SAD69系统下的坐标转换成Co'rrego系统下的坐标，并利用转换后的坐标与已知坐标进行比较。
为了转换坐标，总共进行了四次讨论。
第一次实验使用的是官方的转换参数和莫洛金斯基模型。
第二次试验使用的是新的转换参数。
第三次实验即可求出新的地区转换参数，而第四次实验则使用一个人工神经网络点来与Co'rrego里港的检核点作比较。
结果表明人工神经网络下的点坐标转换精度最高，并且证明它们可以被应用于在传统的网中建立变形模型。
© 2版权所有关键词：人工神经网络；坐标变换；学习；径向基函数的参照系目录1.引言............................................................................2.大地测量参考系统及框架........................................3.巴西大地测量参考系统..............................................4.研究内容和应用方法.............................................4.1 使用转换参数的坐标转换............................4.2 利用人造神经网络进行的坐标转换..................4.2.1 径向基函数的参照系.......................................4.2.2 实验................................................................5.结论.............................................................................6.总结............................................................................参考文献......................................................................1.引言新技术的发展使得大地测量坐标系统的定义（大地测量参考系统）和实现（大地测量参考框架）都有所改进。
外文翻译模板
本科生毕业论文(设计)外文参考文献译文本译文题目出处：作者单位作者姓名专业班级作者学号指导教师（职称）年月译文要求一、译文内容须与课题（或专业内容）联系，并需在封面注明详细出处。
二、出处格式为图书：作者.书名.版本（第×版）.译者.出版地：出版者，出版年.起页～止页期刊：作者.文章名称.期刊名称，年号，卷号（期号）：起页～止页三、译文不少于2000汉字。
四、翻译内容用小四号宋体字编辑，采用A4号纸双面打印，封面与封底采用浅蓝色封面纸（卡纸）打印。
要求内容明确，语句通顺。
五、译文及其相应参考文献一起装订，顺序依次为封面、译文、文献。
六、翻译应在第七学期完成。
译文评阅导师评语应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生译文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等做具体的评价后，再评分。
评分：___________________（百分制）指导教师（签名）：___________________年月日题 目（黑体3号, 字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman5号加粗，居中，段前3行，段后2行）1.前言（黑体小3号, 字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 小3号加粗）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××× （宋体小4号，行间距固定1.5倍行距，字符间距为标准）2. ×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××，其×××××可表示如下：)2sin(101111path t f A E ϕϕπ++= (2-1） )2sin(202222path t f A E ϕϕπ++= (2-2）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××× (如表2-1所示)表2-1□××××××××××××××× ××× ××× ××× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ×××××××××××（表标题：位于表格上方，宋体5号，字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号，表内容：宋体5号，字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号）××××××××××××××××××××××××××× (如图2-1所示)图2-1□××××××××××（图标题：位于图下方，宋体5号，字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号）............................陕西师范大学本科生毕业论文(设计)外文参考文献译文本参考文献原文(纸质版可打印附后，电子版可截图附后)。
外文翻译格式及规范
嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文（设计）外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上，一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文，译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸，页面设置：上：2.8；下：2.6；左：3.0；右：2.6；页眉：1.5；页脚：1.75。
段落格式为：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示：正式提交“嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分（红字部分）。
嘉兴学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：（指毕业论文题目）学院名称：服装与艺术设计学院专业班级：楷体小四学生姓名：楷体小四一、外文原文见附件（文件名：12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文．文件扩展名）。
二、翻译文章翻译文章题目（黑体小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）作者（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，加粗，1.5倍行距，居中）工作单位（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，1.5倍行距，居中）摘要：由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高，汽车检测标准越来越高。
现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。
(内容采用宋体五号，1.5倍行距)关键词：汽车产业纺织品，测试，控制，标准，材料的耐用性1 导言（一级标题，黑体五号，1.5倍行距，顶格）缩进两个字符，文本主体内容采用宋体（五号），1.5倍行距参考文献（一级标题，黑体五号， 1.5倍行距，顶格）略（参考文献不需翻译，可省略）资料来源：AUTEX Research Journal, V ol. 5, No3, September 2008*****译****校（另起一页）三、指导教师评语***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。
大连理工大学本科毕业设计(论文)模板
大连理工大学本科毕业设计（论文）大连理工大学本科毕业设计（论文）题目业：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：评阅教师：完成日期：大连理工大学Dalian University of Technology摘要“摘要”是摘要部分的标题，不可省略。
标题“摘要”选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，再居中；或者手动设置成字体：，居中，字号：小三asdasd，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为0。
摘要是毕业设计（论文）的缩影，文字要简练、明确。
内容要包括目的、方法、结果和结论。
单位采用国际标准计量单位制，数字一律用阿拉伯数码。
文中不允许出现插图。
重要的表格可以写入。
正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，i1每段落首行缩进2个汉字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2个汉字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距 1.25，间距：段前、段后均为0行，取消网格对齐选项。
摘要篇幅以一页为限，字数为400-500字。
摘要正文后，列出3-5个关键词。
“关键词：”是关键词部分的引导，不可省略。
关键词请尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。
关键词与摘要之间空一行。
关键词词间用分号间隔，末尾不加标点，3-5个；黑体，小四，加粗。
The Subject of Undergraduate Graduation Project (Thesis) of DUTAbstract外文摘要要求用英文书写，内容应与“中文摘要”对应。
使用第三人称，最好采用现在时态编写。
“Abstract”不可省略。
标题“Abstract”选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，再居中；或者手动设置成字体：Times New Roman，居中，字号：小三，多倍行距1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为0行。
标题“Abstract”上方是论文的英文题目，字体：Times New Roman，居中，字号：小三，行距：多倍行距 1.25，间距：段前、段后均为0行，取消网格对齐选项。
Abstract正文选用设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距 1.25，间距：段前、段后均为0行，取消网格对齐选项。
外文文献翻译范例
StatusComplete
Type：Office
Location：Hong Kong
Construction started：18 April 1985
Completed：1990
Opening：17 May 1990
HeightAntenna spire：367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
2011年6月8日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）：
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出 版 社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文）
原文网址：/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_sears.htm
译文
建筑师：Bruce Graham, design partner, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
地点：Chicago
甲方：Sears Roebuck and Company
工程师：Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.项目年份：2008
香港1985年4月18日开工建设1990年完成1990年5月17日开幕高度天线尖顶三百六十七点四米2418英尺屋顶三百一十五点米10335英尺顶层二百八十八点二米九百四十五点五英尺技术细节地上楼层数724层楼建筑面积一十三点五万平方米1450000平方英尺电梯数45由奥的斯电梯公司生产的设计与施工主要承建商香港建设控股有限公司引文需要熊谷组香港贝聿铭建筑师事务所建筑师事务所谢尔曼西贡有限公司sl的托马斯博阿达莱斯利罗伯逊结构工程师协会rllp参考文献对中国塔简称中银大厦银行是中环香港最知名的摩天大楼之一
毕业生毕业论文(设计)的规范要求
西昌学院教务处关于本科毕业生毕业论文（设计)的规范要求一、毕业论文、毕业设计的装订顺序１、封面 2、毕业论文(设计)任务书３、开题报告 4、目录 5、毕业论文(设计)正文6、致谢词７、独撰声明 8、翻译资料 9、毕业论文(设计）指导教师指导记录表 1０、指导教师的成绩评定表 1１、评阅人的成绩评定表 12、答辩记录表１3、答辩小组的成绩评定表１4、总评成绩评定表二、毕业论文、毕业设计各项内容的要求1、封面。
由文头、论文(设计)标题、作者、专业、年级、指导教师、提交日期等项目组成。
封面采用学院编制的统一格式(见附件1)。
2、毕业论文（设计)任务书。
毕业论文(设计）任务书由指导教师填写,论文题目应确切、恰当、鲜明、简短，能概括整个论文中最主要和最重要的内容。
论文题目中所用的词一般不宜超过2０字，若语意未尽,可用副标题补充说明。
副标题应处于从属地位，一般可在题目的下一行用破折号“——”引出。
毕业论文（设计)任务书按学院的统一样式填写（见附件2)。
3、开题报告。
开题报告采用学院编制的统一格式(见附件3)。
4、目录。
列出正文一二级标题、参考文献、致谢词、独撰声明及对应的页码。
“目录”两字用黑体小二号字居中,字与字之间空4个字距。
目录内容：中文全部用宋体小4号字;英文全部用times new ｒoman小四号字。
层次标题序号一律左对齐，并标注页码,页码右对齐。
目录要求层次清晰，必须与正文标题一致。
层次标题具体格式为：文科：一理科:1(一)1.15、毕业论文、毕业设计说明书正文（其具体要求见后）。
6、致谢词。
致谢词中主要感谢指导教师和对毕业论文、设计工作有直接贡献及帮助的人员和单位。
致谢词应谦虚诚恳,实事求是，切忌浮夸与庸俗之词。
“致谢词”用小三号黑体居中，字与字之间空２个字距。
致谢内容另起行,用小四号宋体。
7、独撰声明。
独撰声明是作者对自己在论文、设计中所引用的资料所作的保证。
独撰声明采用学院编制的统一格式（见附件7)。
三维建模毕业论文英文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文)文献翻译Constructing Rules and Scheduling Technology for 3DBuilding ModelsZhengwei SUI, Lun WU, Jingnong WENG, Xing LIN, Xiaolu JIAbstract3D models have become important form of geographic data beyond conventional 2D geospatial data. Buildings are important marks for human to identify their environments, because they are close with human life, particularly in the urban areas. Geographic information can be expressed in a more intuitive and effective manner with architectural models being modeled and visualized in a virtual 3D environment. Architectural model data features with huge data volume, high complexity, non-uniform rules and so on. Hence, the cost of constructing large-scale scenes is high. Meanwhile, computers are lack of processing capacity upon a large number ofmodel data. Therefore, resolving the conflicts between limited processing capacity of computer and massive data of model is valuable. By investigating the characteristics of buildings and the regular changes of viewpoint in virtual 3D environment, this article introduces several constructing rules and scheduling techniques for 3D constructing of buildings, aiming at the reduction of data volume and complexity of model and thus improving computers’ efficiency at sc heduling large amount of architectural models. In order to evaluate the efficiency of proposed constructing rules and scheduling technology listed in the above text, the authors carry out a case study by 3D constructing the campus of Peking University using the proposed method and the traditional method. The two results are then examined and compared from aspects of model data volume, model factuality, speed of model loading, average responding time during visualization, compatibility and reusability in 3D geo-visualization platforms: China Star, one China’s own platform for 3D global GIS manufactured by the authors of this paper. The result of comparison reveals that models built by the proposed methods are much better than those built using traditional methods. For the constructing of building objects in large-scale scenes, the proposed methods can not only reduce the complexity and amount of model data remarkably, but can also improving computers’ efficiency.Keywords:Constructing rules, Model scheduling, 3D buildingsI. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, with the development of 3D GIS (Geographical Information System) software like Google Earth, Skyline, NASA World Wind, large-scale 3D building models with regional characteristics have become important form of geographic data beyond conventional 2D geospatial data, like multi-resolution remote sensing images and vector data [1].Compared to traditional 2D representation, geographic information can be expressed in a more intuitive and effective manner with architectural models being modeled and visualized in a virtual 3D environment. 3D representation and visualization provides better visual effect and vivid urban geographic information, and thus plays an important role in people's perceptions of their environment. Meanwhile, the 3D building data is also of great significance for the construction of digital cities.But how to efficiently visualize thousands of 3D building models in a virtual 3D environment is not a trivial question. The most difficult part of the question is the conflicts between limited processing capacity of computer and massive volume of model data, particularly in the procedure of model rendering. Taking the 3D modeling of a city for the example using traditional 3D modeling method, suppose there are 100 000 buildings to model in the urban area and the average size of model data for eachbuilding is roughly 10 M. So the total data volume of building models in the city could reach a TB level. However, the capacity of ordinary computer memory is only in the GB scale. Based on this concern, the authors proposed the scheduling technology for large-scale 3D buildings models in aspects of model loading and rendering. Due to the lack of building constructing rules and standard, models of buildings vary in aspects of constructing methods, textures collection and model data volume, especially in aspects of model reusability and factuality. Such a large amount of data without uniform constructing rules becomes a huge challenge for data storage, processing and visualization in computers. It also brings the problem of incompatibility among different 3D GIS systems.After years of research in GIS (Geographic Information System), people have accumulated a number of ways to solve the above problems [3]. However in virtual 3D environment, because of the difference in data organization and manners of human computer interaction (HCI), we need to apply a new standardized method of modeling and scheduling for 3D models. At present, there is no such a uniform method as the constructing specification or standard for the modeling of 3D buildings. Existing approaches are insufficient and inefficient in the scheduling of large-scale building models, resulting in poor performance or large memory occupancy. In response to such questions, the authors proposed a new method for the construction of 3D building models. Models built using the proposed methods could be much better than those built using traditional methods. For the 3D modeling of building objects in scenes of large scale, the proposed methods can not only remarkably reduce the complexity and amount of model data, but can also improving the reusability and factuality of models. Concerning the scheduling of large-scale building models, the Model Loading Judgment Algorithm (MLJA) proposed in this paper could solve the optimal judgment problem of model loading in 3D vision cone, particularly in circumstance with uncertain user interactions.This paper first examines and analyzes existing problems in constructing and scheduling steps of 3D building models. Then the authors propose a set of constructing rules for 3D building models together with methods of modeloptimization. Besides, special scheduling technology and optimization method for model rendering is also applied in this paper for large-scale 3D building models. In order to evaluate the efficiency of proposed rules and methods, a case study is undertaken by constructing a 3D model for the main campus of Peking University and Shenzhen using both the proposed method and the traditional method respectively. The two resulting 3D models of Peking University campus and Shenzhen are then examined and compared with one other in aspects of model data volume, model factuality, speed of model loading, average responding time during visualization, compatibility and reusability in various 3D geo-visualization platforms like China Star (one China’s own platform for 3D global GIS manufactured by the authors), Skyline, etc. Result of comparison tells that provided similar factuality of models, using the proposed method of us, the data volume of models was reduced by 86%; the speed of model loading was increased by 70%; the average responding time of model during visualization and interaction speed was reduced by 83%. Meanwhile, the compatibility and reusability of 3D model data are also improved if they are constructed using our approach.II. MODELING RULES OF 3D BUILDINGS 3D scene is the best form of visualization for digital city systems. While constructing 3D models for buildings objects, proper methods and rules should be used, which are made with full concerns of the characteristics of 3D building models [2]. The resulting models should be robust, reusable and suitable enough for transmission over computer network, and should at the same time be automatically adapted to system capability.Generally speaking, methods of constructing 3D building models can be classified into three types: wireframe modeling, surface modeling and solid modeling. In normal circumstances, to model buildings in 3D format, the framework of building should be constructed first according to the contour features, number of floors, floor height, aerial photograph and liveaction photos of buildings. Then, gather the characteristics of scene that the buildings to model are representing. Importantcharacteristics include buildings aerial photograph or liveaction shooting photos. Finally, map the gathered texture to model framework, optimize the model and create database of the 3D building models.Although there have already been many approaches for the construction of 3D building models, a unified modeling method and rules are still needed to improve the efficiency, quality, facilitate checking, reusability and archiving of constructed models. By investigating the characteristics of buildings, we found that buildings have regular geometric solid for modeling, similar texture on the surfaces of different directions, high similarity in small-scale models of buildings, etc. According to these, this article gives a discussion on the modeling rules from three aspects, including constructing rules of the 3D building models, texture mapping rules of 3D building models and optimization method for constructed models based on mentioned constructing rules.A. Constructing rules of the 3D building modelsThe 3D building modeling refers to the procedure of representing true buildings from the real world into computer in the form of 3D objects [4]. Human beings, as the creator and at the same time potential users of models, play a key role in this procedure. People are different from each other in the understanding of the building objects, methods of modeling and the software tools they use for modeling. Such differences among people who carry out modeling work at the same time lead to the 3D models of diverse quality and low efficiency. So the 3D building constructing rules proposed in this article become necessary and helpful to solve the above problems.1) Combine similar floors as a whole and keep the roof independent2) Share similar models and process the details especially3) Constructing in the unit of meters4) Define central point of the model5) Unified model codes6) Reduce number of surfaces in a single model7) Reduce combination of the models8) Rational split of modelsB. Texture mapping rules of 3D buildingsBased on the framework of 3D models, we need to attach these models with proper textures to create a better visualization effect for 3D buildings. The quality of texture mapping has a direct impact on the visual effect of the scene whiling being rendered [5]. Since the graphics card of computer will load all the textures together when rendering a model, texture mapping rules and the quality of the texture mapping can directly influence the efficiency of rendering as well.C. Optimization of models based on constructing rulesBased on constructing rules and the characteristics of 3D building models, the authors develop a software tool to optimize the 3D building models automatically. The optimizations implemented in the software tool contain the deletion of models’ internal textures, merging adjacent vertices/lines/surfaces, removing un-mapped framework and so on. Besides, the software can enhance the shape of the whole model, texture position and model facticity in the procedure of model optimization.III. SCHEDULING TECHNOLOGY OF LARGE-SCALE 3DBUILDING MODELSFor the 3D visualization of large-scale architectural models, a series of measures could be applied to ensure the efficient rendering of models. Important measures includes the scene organization, vision cone cutting, elimination of textures on the backside of models, Shader optimization, LOD Algorithm, math library optimization, memory allocation optimization, etc..How to display thousands of 3D city buildings’ models in a virtual 3D environment is not trivial. The main problem is the scheduling of models [7]. It determines when and which models to be loaded. This problem can be divided into two smaller problems: Find visible spatial region of models in 3D environment, and optimization method of model rendering efficiency.A. Find visible spatial region of models in 3D environmentAccording to operating mechanism of computers during 3D visualization and thecharacteristics of large-scale 3D scene, we need to determine the position of current viewpoint first before loading signal models or urban-unit models. Then in response to the regular changes of viewpoint in virtual 3D environment, the system will preload the 3D model data into memory automatically. In this way, frequent IO operations can be reduced and thus overall efficiency of system gets improved. A new algorithm named MLJA (Model Loading Judgment Algorithm) is proposed in this paper in order to find out visible region of models in the 3D environment. The algorithm integrates the graticules and elevation information to determine the current viewpoint of users in the 3D space. And with the movement of viewpoint, the algorithm schedules the loading of model correspondingly and efficiently.B. Optimization method of model rendering efficiencyThe scheduling method of large-scale 3D building models proposed above is an effective way to solve the problem caused the contradiction between large model data volume and limited capacity of computers. According to the algorithm, we can avoid loading the whole large-scale 3D building models at one time for the sake of limited computer memory, and then improve system efficiency in the procedure of model loading and abandoning. Due to the limited capacity of GPU and local video memory, we need a further research on how to display the loaded model data in more efficient manner. In the remaining part of this paper, the authors will continue to introduce several methods on the optimization of model rendering in the vision cone.1) Elimination of textures on the backside of modelsThe backside of the 3D model is invisible to the users. If we omit the texture mapping for the 3D model on the backside, the processing load of graphic card will be reduced as much as at least 50%. Besides, according to an investigation on procedure of actual model rendering, the authors found that on the backside of the 3D model, the invisible texture is rendered in a counter-clockwise manner against the direction of eyesight, while the visible texture mapping is rendered in clockwise manner. So we can omit the rendering of models which is intended to be rendered in counterclockwise manner. Therefore, the textures won’t exist on the back of 3D models. The graphic card could then work more rapidly and efficiently.2) Eliminate the shielded modelBy calculating the geometric relationship between 3D models in the scene, the shielded models can be omitted while displaying the scene with appropriate shielding patches. Through this way, we can effectively reduce the usage of graphics card memory, and thus achieve higher rendering efficiency and faster 3D virtual system.In the virtual 3D geographic information system, we often observe 3D models from a high altitude. It is especially true for large-scale outdoor 3D models. The usual arrangement of 3D building models are always sparse, however the real block is very small. Therefore, establishing an index for visual control, which is similar to the BSP tree, doesn’t amount to much. Through carefully studying DirectX, we found that we can take advantage of the latest Z-buffering technology of DirectX to implement the shielding control of models.3) Optimization method of the Shader instructionsIn shader 3.0 technology, SM (Shader Model) is a model which can optimize the rendering engine. A 3D scene usually contains several shaders. Among these shaders, some deal with the surfaces and skeletons of buildings, and others deal with the texture of 3D building models.Geometry can be handled quickly by shader batch process. The shader can combine similar culmination in 3D building models, deal with the correlation operation of a single vertex, determine the physical shape of the model, link the point, line, triangle and other polygons for a rapid processing while create new polygons, etc. We can assign the computing task to shader and local video memory directly in a very short time without bothering the CPU. In this case, visual effects of smoke, explosions and other special effects and complex graphics are no longer necessary to be processed by the CPU of computer. Such features of shader can speed up both the CPU and graphic card in processing huge amount of 3D models.4) LOD algorithm of large-scale 3D sceneLOD (Level of Detail) is a common and effective solution to resolve the conflicts between real time visualization and the authenticity of models [8]. By investigating the main features and typical algorithms of LOD technology, the authorsproposed a new structure for dynamic multi-level display. This structure not only can be applied to the mesh simplification of models with many different but fixed topologies, but also can be applied to the mesh simplification of models with variable topology. Therefore, the LOD technology can be applied to any grid model. Based on the above concerns, the authors also design a mesh simplification algorithm for variable topology through vertices merge. Via the dual operations of vertex merging and splitting, we can achieve smooth transition across different LOD levels of models, and automatically change the model topology.These above techniques plays important role in 3D scene. It can not only enable a rapid visualization of large-scale scene, but also can provide a high-resolution display of scene at a local scale with plenty of architectural details.IV. CONCLUDING REMARKSConstructing rules and scheduling technology plays an important role in the application of large-scale 3D buildings. Since people’s demand for 3D expression brings a challenge of high-efficiency and high-quality to virtual 3D environment, the methods proposed in this article give a good try in these aspects. According to the authors’ research and case studies in this paper, integration of constructing rules and scheduling technology is promising in providing powerful tools to solve the conflicts between limited processing capacity of computer and massive data of models. The result of our case study on Peking University indicates that the proposed new method on constructing rules and scheduling technology for large-scale 3D scene is highly feasible and efficient in practice. The proposed methods can not only standardize the procedure of model construction, but also can significantly shorten the time taken in scheduling large-scale 3D buildings. It introduces a new effective way to develop applications for large-scale three-dimensional scene.构建三维建筑模型的规则和调度技术隋正伟，邬伦, 翁敬农，林星,季晓璐摘要三维模型已成为超越了传统的二维地理空间数据的一种重要的地理数据形式。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
xxxx大学xxx学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部xxxx专业xxxx学生姓名xxxx 学号xxxx指导教师xxxx 职称xxxx2013年3 月Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe Spring Framework: a popular open source application framework that addresses many of the issues outlined in this book. This chapter will introduce the basic ideas of Spring and dis-cuss the central “bean factory” lightweight Inversion-of-Control (IoC) container in detail.Spring makes it particularly easy to implement lightweight, yet extensible, J2EE archi-tectures. It provides an out-of-the-box implementation of the fundamental architectural building blocks we recommend. Spring provides a consistent way of structuring your applications, and provides numerous middle tier features that can make J2EE development significantly easier and more flexible than in traditional approaches.The basic motivations for Spring are:To address areas not well served by other frameworks. There are numerous good solutions to specific areas of J2EE infrastructure: web frameworks, persistence solutions, remoting tools, and so on. However, integrating these tools into a comprehensive architecture can involve significant effort, and can become a burden. Spring aims to provide an end-to-end solution, integrating spe-cialized frameworks into a coherent overall infrastructure. Spring also addresses some areas that other frameworks don’t. For example, few frameworks address generic transaction management, data access object implementation, and gluing all those things together into an application, while still allowing for best-of-breed choice in each area. Hence we term Spring an application framework, rather than a web framework, IoC or AOP framework, or even middle tier framework.To allow for easy adoption. A framework should be cleanly layered, allowing the use of indi-vidual features without imposing a whole worldview on the application. Many Spring features, such as the JDBC abstraction layer or Hibernate integration, can be used in a library style or as part of the Spring end-to-end solution.To deliver ease of use. As we’ve noted, J2EE out of the box is relatively hard to use to solve many common problems. A good infrastructure framework should make simple tasks simple to achieve, without forcing tradeoffs for future complex requirements (like distributed transactions) on the application developer. It should allow developers to leverage J2EE services such as JTA where appropriate, but to avoid dependence on them in cases when they are unnecessarily complex.To make it easier to apply best practices. Spring aims to reduce the cost of adhering to best practices such as programming to interfaces, rather than classes, almost to zero. However, it leaves the choice of architectural style to the developer.Non-invasiveness. Application objects should have minimal dependence on the framework. If leveraging a specific Spring feature, an object should depend only on that particular feature, whether by implementing a callback interface or using the framework as a class library. IoC and AOP are the key enabling technologies for avoiding framework dependence.Consistent configuration. A good infrastructure framework should keep application configuration flexible and consistent, avoiding the need for custom singletons and factories. A single style should be applicable to all configuration needs, from the middle tier to web controllers.Ease of testing. Testing either whole applications or individual application classes in unit tests should be as easy as possible. Replacing resources or application objects with mock objects should be straightforward.To allow for extensibility. Because Spring is itself based on interfaces, rather than classes, it is easy to extend or customize it. Many Spring components use strategy interfaces, allowing easy customization.A Layered Application FrameworkChapter 6 introduced the Spring Framework as a lightweight container, competing with IoC containers such as PicoContainer. While the Spring lightweight container for JavaBeans is a core concept, this is just the foundation for a solution for all middleware layers.Basic Building Blockspring is a full-featured application framework that can be leveraged at many levels. It consists of multi-ple sub-frameworks that are fairly independent but still integrate closely into a one-stop shop, if desired. The key areas are:Bean factory. The Spring lightweight IoC container, capable of configuring and wiring up Java-Beans and most plain Java objects, removing the need for custom singletons and ad hoc configura-tion. Various out-of-the-box implementations include an XML-based bean factory. The lightweight IoC container and its Dependency Injection capabilities will be the main focus of this chapter.Application context. A Spring application context extends the bean factory concept by adding support for message sources and resource loading, and providing hooks into existing environ-ments. Various out-of-the-box implementations include standalone application contexts and an XML-based web application context.AOP framework. The Spring AOP framework provides AOP support for method interception on any class managed by a Spring lightweight container.It supports easy proxying of beans in a bean factory, seamlessly weaving in interceptors and other advice at runtime. Chapter 8 dis-cusses the Spring AOP framework in detail. The main use of the Spring AOP framework is to provide declarative enterprise services for POJOs.Auto-proxying. Spring provides a higher level of abstraction over the AOP framework and low-level services, which offers similar ease-of-use to .NET within a J2EE context. In particular, the provision of declarative enterprise services can be driven by source-level metadata.Transaction management. Spring provides a generic transaction management infrastructure, with pluggable transaction strategies (such as JTA and JDBC) and various means for demarcat-ing transactions in applications. Chapter 9 discusses its rationale and the power and flexibility that it offers.DAO abstraction. Spring defines a set of generic data access exceptions that can be used for cre-ating generic DAO interfaces that throw meaningful exceptions independent of the underlying persistence mechanism. Chapter 10 illustrates the Spring support for DAOs in more detail, examining JDBC, JDO, and Hibernate as implementation strategies.JDBC support. Spring offers two levels of JDBC abstraction that significantly ease the effort of writing JDBC-based DAOs: the org.springframework.jdbc.core package (a template/callback approach) and the org.springframework.jdbc.object package (modeling RDBMS operations as reusable objects). Using the Spring JDBC packages can deliver much greater pro-ductivity and eliminate the potential for common errors such as leaked connections, compared with direct use of JDBC. The Spring JDBC abstraction integrates with the transaction and DAO abstractions.Integration with O/R mapping tools. Spring provides support classesfor O/R Mapping tools like Hibernate, JDO, and iBATIS Database Layer to simplify resource setup, acquisition, and release, and to integrate with the overall transaction and DAO abstractions. These integration packages allow applications to dispense with custom ThreadLocal sessions and native transac-tion handling, regardless of the underlying O/R mapping approach they work with.Web MVC framework. Spring provides a clean implementation of web MVC, consistent with the JavaBean configuration approach. The Spring web framework enables web controllers to be configured within an IoC container, eliminating the need to write any custom code to access business layer services. It provides a generic DispatcherServlet and out-of-the-box controller classes for command and form handling. Request-to-controller mapping, view resolution, locale resolution and other important services are all pluggable, making the framework highly extensi-ble. The web framework is designed to work not only with JSP, but with any view technology, such as Velocity—without the need for additional bridges. Chapter 13 discusses web tier design and the Spring web MVC framework in detail.Remoting support. Spring provides a thin abstraction layer for accessing remote services without hard-coded lookups, and for exposing Spring-managed application beans as remote services. Out-of-the-box support is inc luded for RMI, Caucho’s Hessian and Burlap web service protocols, and WSDL Web Services via JAX-RPC. Chapter 11 discusses lightweight remoting.While Spring addresses areas as diverse as transaction management and web MVC, it uses a consistent approach everywhere. Once you have learned the basic configuration style, you will be able to apply it in many areas. Resources, middle tier objects, and web components are all set up using the same bean configuration mechanism. You can combine your entireconfiguration in one single bean definition file or split it by application modules or layers; the choice is up to you as the application developer. There is no need for diverse configuration files in a variety of formats, spread out across the application.Spring on J2EEAlthough many parts of Spring can be used in any kind of Java environment, it is primarily a J2EE application framework. For example, there are convenience classes for linking JNDI resources into a bean factory, such as JDBC DataSources and EJBs, and integration with JTA for distributed transaction management. In most cases, application objects do not need to work with J2EE APIs directly, improving reusability and meaning that there is no need to write verbose, hard-to-test, JNDI lookups.Thus Spring allows application code to seamlessly integrate into a J2EE environment without being unnecessarily tied to it. You can build upon J2EE services where it makes sense for your application, and choose lighter-weight solutions if there are no complex requirements. For example, you need to use JTA as transaction strategy only if you face distributed transaction requirements. For a single database, there are alternative strategies that do not depend on a J2EE container. Switching between those transac-tion strategies is merely a matter of configuration; Spring’s consistent abstraction avoids any need to change application code.Spring offers support for accessing EJBs. This is an important feature (and relevant even in a book on “J2EE without EJB”) because the u se of dynamic proxies as codeless client-side business delegates means that Spring can make using a local stateless session EJB an implementation-level, rather than a fundamen-tal architectural, choice.Thus if you want to use EJB, you can within a consistent architecture; however, you do not need to make EJB the cornerstone of your architecture. This Spring feature can make devel-oping EJB applications significantly faster, because there is no need to write custom code in service loca-tors or business delegates. Testing EJB client code is also much easier, because it only depends on the EJB’s Business Methods interface (which is not EJB-specific), not on JNDI or the EJB API.Spring also provides support for implementing EJBs, in the form of convenience superclasses for EJB implementation classes, which load a Spring lightweight container based on an environment variable specified in the ejb-jar.xml deployment descriptor. This is a powerful and convenient way of imple-menting SLSBs or MDBs that are facades for fine-grained POJOs: a best practice if you do choose to implement an EJB application. Using this Spring feature does not conflict with EJB in any way—it merely simplifies following good practice.Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe main aim of Spring is to make J2EE easier to use and promote good programming practice. It does not reinvent the wheel; thus you’ll find no logging packages in Spring, no connection pools, no distributed transaction coordinator. All these features are provided by other open source projects—such as Jakarta Commons Logging (which Spring uses for all its log output), Jakarta Commons DBCP (which can be used as local DataSource), and ObjectWeb JOTM (which can be used as transaction manager)—or by your J2EE application server. For the same reason, Spring doesn’t provide an O/R mapping layer: There are good solutions for this problem area, such as Hibernate and JDO.Spring does aim to make existing technologies easier to use. For example, although Spring is not in the business of low-level transactioncoordination, it does provide an abstraction layer over JTA or any other transaction strategy. Spring is also popular as middle tier infrastructure for Hibernate, because it provides solutions to many common issues like SessionFactory setup, ThreadLocal sessions, and exception handling. With the Spring HibernateTemplate class, implementation methods of Hibernate DAOs can be reduced to one-liners while properly participating in transactions.The Spring Framework does not aim to replace J2EE middle tier services as a whole. It is an application framework that makes accessing low-level J2EE container ser-vices easier. Furthermore, it offers lightweight alternatives for certain J2EE services in some scenarios, such as a JDBC-based transaction strategy instead of JTA when just working with a single database. Essentially, Spring enables you to write appli-cations that scale down as well as up.Spring for Web ApplicationsA typical usage of Spring in a J2EE environment is to serve as backbone for the logical middle tier of a J2EE web application. Spring provides a web application context concept, a powerful lightweight IoC container that seamlessly adapts to a web environment: It can be accessed from any kind of web tier, whether Struts, WebWork, Tapestry, JSF, Spring web MVC, or a custom solution.The following code shows a typical example of such a web application context. In a typical Spring web app, an applicationContext.xml file will reside in the WEB-INF directory, containing bean defini-tions according to the “spring-beans” DTD. In such a bean definition XML file, business objects and resources are defined, for example, a “myDataSource” bean, a “myInventoryManager” bean, and a “myProductManager” bean. Spring takes care of their configuration, their wiring up, and their lifecycle.<beans><bean id=”myDataSource” class=”org.springframework.jdbc. datasource.DriverManagerDataSource”><property name=”driverClassName”> <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</value></property> <property name=”url”><value>jdbc:mysql:myds</value></property></bean><bean id=”myInventoryManager” class=”ebusiness.DefaultInventoryManager”> <property name=”dataSource”><ref bean=”myDataSource”/> </property></bean><bean id=”myProductManager” class=”ebusiness.DefaultProductManage r”><property name=”inventoryManager”><ref bean=”myInventoryManager”/> </property><property name=”retrieveCurrentStock”> <value>true</value></property></bean></beans>By default, all such beans have “singleton” scope: one instance per context. The “myInventoryManager” bean will automatically be wired up with the defined DataSource, while “myProductManager” will in turn receive a reference to the “myInventoryManager” bean. Those objects (traditionally called “beans” in Spring terminology) need to expos e only the corresponding bean properties or constructor arguments (as you’ll see later in this chapter); they do not have to perform any custom lookups.A root web application context will be loaded by a ContextLoaderListener that is defined in web.xml as follows:<web-app><listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class></listener>...</web-app>After initialization of the web app, the root web application context will be available as a ServletContext attribute to the whole web application, in the usual manner. It can be retrieved from there easily via fetching the corresponding attribute, or via a convenience method in org.springframework.web. context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils. This means that the application context will be available in any web resource with access to the ServletContext, like a Servlet, Filter, JSP, or Struts Action, as follows:WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(servletContext);The Spring web MVC framework allows web controllers to be defined as JavaBeans in child application contexts, one per dispatcher servlet. Such controllers can express dependencies on beans in the root application context via simple bean references. Therefore, typical Spring web MVC applications never need to perform a manual lookup of an application context or bean factory, or do any other form of lookup.Neither do other client objects that are managed by an application context themselves: They can receive collaborating objects as bean references.The Core Bean FactoryIn the previous section, we have seen a typical usage of the Spring IoC container in a web environment: The provided convenience classes allow for seamless integration without having to worry about low-level container details. Nevertheless, it does help to look at the inner workings to understand how Spring manages the container. Therefore, we will now look at the Spring bean container in more detail, starting at the lowest building block: the bean factory. Later, we’ll continue with resource setup and details on the application context concept.One of the main incentives for a lightweight container is to dispense with the multitude of custom facto-ries and singletons often found in J2EE applications. The Spring bean factory provides one consistent way to set up any number of application objects, whether coarse-grained components or fine-grained busi-ness objects. Applying reflection and Dependency Injection, the bean factory can host components that do not need to be aware of Spring at all. Hence we call Spring a non-invasive application framework.Fundamental InterfacesThe fundamental lightweight container interface is org.springframework.beans.factory.Bean Factory. This is a simple interface, which is easy to implement directly in the unlikely case that none of the implementations provided with Spring suffices. The BeanFactory interface offers two getBean() methods for looking up bean instances by String name, with the option to check for a required type (and throw an exception if there is a type mismatch).public interface BeanFactory {Object getBean(String name) throws BeansException;Object getBean(String name, Class requiredType) throws BeansException;boolean containsBean(String name);boolean isSingleton(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;String[] getAliases(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;}The isSingleton() method allows calling code to check whether the specified name represents a sin-gleton or prototype bean definition. In the case of a singleton bean, all calls to the getBean() method will return the same object instance. In the case of a prototype bean, each call to getBean() returns an inde-pendent object instance, configured identically.The getAliases() method will return alias names defined for the given bean name, if any. This mecha-nism is used to provide more descriptive alternative names for beans than are permitted in certain bean factory storage representations, such as XML id attributes.The methods in most BeanFactory implementations are aware of a hierarchy that the implementation may be part of. If a bean is not foundin the current factory, the parent factory will be asked, up until the root factory. From the point of view of a caller, all factories in such a hierarchy will appear to be merged into one. Bean definitions in ancestor contexts are visible to descendant contexts, but not the reverse.All exceptions thrown by the BeanFactory interface and sub-interfaces extend org.springframework. beans.BeansException, and are unchecked. This reflects the fact that low-level configuration prob-lems are not usually recoverable: Hence, application developers can choose to write code to recover from such failures if they wish to, but should not be forced to write code in the majority of cases where config-uration failure is fatal.Most implementations of the BeanFactory interface do not merely provide a registry of objects by name; they provide rich support for configuring those objects using IoC. For example, they manage dependen-cies between managed objects, as well as simple properties. In the next section, we’ll look at how such configuration can be expressed in a simple and intuitive XML structure.The sub-interface org.springframework.beans.factory.ListableBeanFactory supports listing beans in a factory. It provides methods to retrieve the number of beans defined, the names of all beans, and the names of beans that are instances of a given type:public interface ListableBeanFactory extends BeanFactory {int getBeanDefinitionCount();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames(Class type);boolean containsBeanDefinition(String name);Map getBeansOfType(Class type, boolean includePrototypes,boolean includeFactoryBeans) throws BeansException}The ability to obtain such information about the objects managed by a ListableBeanFactory can be used to implement objects that work with a set of other objects known only at runtime.In contrast to the BeanFactory interface, the methods in ListableBeanFactory apply to the current factory instance and do not take account of a hierarchy that the factory may be part of. The org.spring framework.beans.factory.BeanFactoryUtils class provides analogous methods that traverse an entire factory hierarchy.There are various ways to leverage a Spring bean factory, ranging from simple bean configuration to J2EE resource integration and AOP proxy generation. The bean factory is the central, consistent way of setting up any kind of application objects in Spring, whether DAOs, business objects, or web controllers. Note that application objects seldom need to work with the BeanFactory interface directly, but are usu-ally configured and wired by a factory without the need for any Spring-specific code.For standalone usage, the Spring distribution provides a tiny spring-core.jar file that can be embed-ded in any kind of application. Its only third-party dependency beyond J2SE 1.3 (plus JAXP for XML parsing) is the Jakarta Commons Logging API.The bean factory is the core of Spring and the foundation for many other services that the framework offers. Nevertheless, the bean factory can easily be used stan-dalone if no other Spring services are required.Derivative：networkSpring 框架简介Spring框架：这是一个流行的开源应用框架，它可以解决很多问题。