第1讲:不可忽视的小词-冠词、代词和介词(短语)之冠词 -高考英语二轮专题复习语法讲与练-教师版
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专题一不可忽视的小词——冠词、代词和介词(短语)
第一讲冠词
1.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ·语法填空)The plum trees are________first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).解析:考查冠词。
句意:雪还在融化时,梅花是第一个开花的。
这里表示特指,所以序数词first前要加定冠词the。
答案:the
2.(2020·浙江卷·语法填空)Then,with________rise of science,changes began.
解析:考查冠词。
with the rise of译为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。
故填the。
答案:the
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·语法填空)Of________nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six are stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.
解析:考查冠词。
此处为特指,意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”,故填the。
答案:the
4.(2019·浙江卷·语法填空)Everybody wears________same style of clothes.
解析:考查冠词。
句意:每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。
same是形容词,意思是“相同的”,常与the连用修饰名词。
故填the。
答案:the
5.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ·语法填空)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over________past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.
解析:考查冠词。
句意:玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%,而大米只增长了7%。
特指在过去的25年里,应填the。
答案:the
6.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ·语法填空)Unexpectedly,I'm face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at________top of her lungs.That makes her baby scream,and then a 400-pound male appears.
解析:考查冠词。
此处为固定短语at the top of,在此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。
答案:the
考点一不定冠词a,an的用法
1.不定冠词的基本用法(八个“一”)
(1)用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前,表示泛指。
My friend John is a handsome young man,a young man everyone likes to work with.
我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人,一个人人都喜欢与他共事的年轻人。
(2)用在序数词前,表示“再一,又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump,but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌,但是在跳远比赛中他还有一次机会。
(3)用在形容词的比较等级前,表示“一个更……的”。
If we sit near the front of the bus,we'll have a better view.
如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部,视野就会更好些。
(4)“a most+形容词”表示“很……,非常……”,most在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very,而“the+most +多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式,表示“最……”。
Ne Zha is a most interesting cartoon film.
《哪吒》是一部很有趣的卡通电影。
Ne Zha is the most interesting cartoon film that I have ever seen.
《哪吒》是我看过的最有趣的卡通电影。
[特别提醒]判断用a还是an的依据是紧跟不定冠词的词的第一个音素是不是元音音素,而不是第一个字母是不是元音字母。
如:
a university student一个大学生
a European writer一个欧洲作家
an honest boy一个诚实的男孩
2.不定冠词的固定搭配
as a result因此,结果as a rule通常
as a whole大体上as a matter of fact事实上
at a loss不知所措in a hurry匆忙
in a word总之in a sense在某种意义上
in a way在某种程度上in a short while不久
pay a visit to拜访keep an eye on照看,留意
put an end to结束once in a while偶尔
once upon a time从前all of a sudden突然
be on a diet节食have a gift for在某方面有天赋
have/catch a cold感冒make a living谋生
have/take a rest休息give sb a lift让某人搭便车
3.抽象名词具体化
不定冠词可以用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,使之具体化。
这样的物质名词有:rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名词有:success,failure,surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger,shock等。
考点二定冠词the的用法
1.定冠词的基本用法
(1)特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。
I went to a university in New Zealand.The university was founded in the early twentieth century.
我在新西兰的一所大学就读,这所大学建于20世纪初。
(2)用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等之前。
Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.
在中国,杨利伟是第一个进入太空的人。
Now,years later,this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental clean-up.
在数年以后的今天,这条河成为环境治理的最突出的范例之一。
(3)用于表示朝代、年代的名词前,或用于整十的数词复数前,表示某个年代。
As is well known to us all,the Second World War broke out in the thirties.
众所周知,二战爆发于30年代。
(4)用于表示姓氏的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇俩。
The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.
史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。
(5)用于世界上独一无二的事物前。
No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence,as it happened so long ago. 没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的,因为这发生在很久以前。
(6)用在“by+the+单位计量词”中。
I hired the car by the hour.
我按小时租了车。
(7)用在表示身体部位的名词前,表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。
The police caught the thief by the arm.
警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
2.定冠词的固定搭配
make the most/best of充分利用
in the end最后
by the way顺便说一下
in the distance在远处
in the way挡道
on the whole总的来说
at the same time同时
on the other hand另一方面
to tell the truth说实话
for the time being暂时
on the spot在现场
not in the least一点也不
the other day前几天
take the place of代替
at the moment此刻,目前
to the point中肯,切题
in the middle of在……中间
all the best一切顺利
冠词确定“三步走”
第一步:语法填空中,若“(形容词+)名词”前没有其他限定词时,很可能就是填冠词。
第二步:判断空格后的名词是可数还是不可数。
若是可数名词,是单数还是复数。
第三步:根据语境或语法结构确定是泛指还是特指。
复数名词或不可数名词表泛指,其前不加任何冠词;单数可数名词表泛指时其前需要加不定冠词,表特指要用定冠词the;名词后有of短语、不定式或定语从句等,一般用定冠词。
[语法填空典例1]________village where I was born has grown into________town.
分析:由句子结构可知,village后有定语从句where I was born修饰,故第一空为特指,用定冠词The;由句意可知,我出生的小村庄已经发展成了一个小镇,故第二空为泛指,且town以辅音音素开头,所以用不定冠词a,表示“一个”。
[语法填空典例2](2020·贵州黔东南州联考)From the aspects of culture and history,the Great Wall is ________ancient masterpiece that you can fully enjoy.
分析:ancient masterpiece前没有其他限定词,因此确定填冠词;此处表示“一个古老的杰作”,表示泛指,确定用不定冠词;ancient为以元音音素开头的词,因此填an。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(用冠词填空)
1.(2020·湖南浏阳六校联考)The wedding ceremony is usually hosted warmly and the wedding ceremony very often ends with________unique banquet.
2.(2020·吉林市一次调研)But naps can actually be________double-edged sword because while we're awake during the day,we're building up sleepiness or sleep pressure.
3.(2020·湖北鄂东南教育教学改革联盟期中考试)Produced by China Central Television (CCTV) and the Ministry of Education (MOE),“First Class for New Semester” has become________mandatory viewing activity for parents and students on the first day of the fall semester.
4.(2020·浙江金丽衢十二校二次联考)10% of life is made up of what happens to you and 90% of life is decided by how you react.What does this mean?Let us use________example.
5.(2020·山东师大附中五次模拟)Whether you are interested in basic communication,scholarly research,or pursuing a career in China,standard Mandarin is________necessary tool for communication.
6.(2020·闽粤赣“三省十校”联考)Jinan,the capital city of East China's Shandong Province,will host________international winter swimming competition at Daming Lake Scenic Area on Jan.12 and 13.
7.(2020·湖北孝感二次联考)Xu Jin was born in a medical family.Under________influence of his family,he chose his medical specialty without hesitation.
8.(2019·吉林长春实验中学月考)A taxi is often________most convenient means of travel in the city.
9.(2020·平遥中学高三质检)It is more than an old cliche,but________good way to live your life.
10.(2020·石家庄质检)It suggests we may have done some damage to________environment and that we're treating life like fast food.
1.解析:句意:婚礼总是被主持得很温馨,并且婚礼往往以独特的宴会结束。
考查冠词。
设空处修饰名词banquet,表泛指概念,故填不定冠词;unique的第一个音素为辅音音素,故填不定冠词a。
答案:a
2.解析:句意:但实际上,小睡是一把双刃剑,因为当我们在白天醒着的时候,睡意或睡眠压力是不断累积的。
考查冠词。
设空处后的double-edged sword在本句中表泛指,意为:一把双刃剑,故填不定冠词a。
答案:a
3.解析:句意:由中国中央电视台和教育部(联合)制作的节目《开学第一课》已经成了家长和学生在秋季学期开学第一天强制性的观看活动。
设空处后的mandatory viewing activity表泛指,故设空处填不定冠词a。
答案:a
4.解析:句意:发生在你身上的事情占生活的10%,生活的90%则由你的反应而决定。
这意味着什么?让我们举例说明。
设空处后的名词example作宾语,example在本句中表示泛指,需与不定冠词连用;example 以元音音素开头,故填an。
答案:an
5.解析:句意:无论你是对在中国的基本交流、学术研究还是就业感兴趣,标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。
设空处后的名词tool在本句中表示泛指,故填不定冠词a。
答案:a
6.解析:句意:在1月12日和13日,华东的山东省的省会——济南,将在大明湖景区举办国际冬泳比赛。
设空处后的“international winter swimming competition”在本句中表示泛指,故设空处填不定冠词;
international的第一个音素为元音音素,故填an。
答案:an
7.解析:句意:徐进出生在一个医学世家,在其家人的影响下,他毫不犹豫地选择了医学专业。
设空处后的influence在本句中表示特指,故设空处填the。
答案:the
8.解析:句意:出租车通常是这个城市最方便的交通工具。
此处的most convenient为最高级,故前面要加定冠词the。
答案:the
9.解析:句中表泛指且修饰可数名词way,故用a。
答案:a
10.解析:句中名词environment为特指,故用the。
句意:它表明,我们可能对环境造成了一些破坏,我们对待生活就像对待快餐一样。
答案:the
Ⅱ.语篇填空(用冠词填空)
When I walked down 1.________Third Avenue,as 2.________rule,I used to look into the windows of 3.________old shop that sold old and beautiful things.Since I often took my walk after the closing time,I cupped my hands against 4.________windows to get 5.________small look at the treasures inside.
Some things looked as if they had not been cared for 6.________long time,but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface.I even thought they were 7.________most beautiful that I had ever seen.That was how I felt about old people,too.I knew their value,and it hurt me when others missed it.I was raised by my grandmother and given 8.________deep sense of the value of experience.Taught to behave well,my sister and I respected other people,regardless of their age or color.My grandmother was loved by all 9.________people around her.She was known to be 10.________wise and kind woman,who was able to do things well even in her last years.
Old people should be treated as fine gold.They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age,but they can be polished with respect.You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.
答案:1.the 2.a 3.an 4.the 5.a 6.a7.the8.a9.the10.a
Ⅲ.语法与写作
1.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)然而,这个改编是一个相当大的挑战。
However,the adaption______________________.
2.[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ(山东卷)]伯纳德长大后成了一个了不起的人。
Bernard grew up to be______________________.
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)为了赢得比赛,我们决定每天放学后训练两个小时。
________________________that we train for two hours after school every day.
4.(2019·浙江卷)尽管表扬有助于鼓励孩子取得进步,但不要从一个极端走向另一个极端。
Though praise helps to encourage children to make progress,________________________________.
5.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)这部英文短片不仅有意义,而且很有趣。
______________________but also interesting.
答案:1.is quite a challenge 2.a remarkable man 3.In order to win the match,we have made a decision 4.don't go from one extreme to the other 5.The English short film will be not only meaningful
Ⅲ语法填空专练两篇:
【2020·浙江卷】
Some time after 10,000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 56.,through agriculture. Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on 57.could be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
Farming produced more food per person 58.hunting and gathering,so people were able to raise more children. And,as more children were born,more food 59.(need). Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60.(change)lives.
By about 6000 BC,people 61.(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise. Later,they learned to work with the 62.(season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas,63.(make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then,with 64.rise of science,changes began. New methods 65.(mean)that fewer people worked in farming. In the last century or so,these changes have accelerated. New power machinery and artificial fertilizers(化肥)have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age.
【答案】
56.in57.what58.than59.was needed60.to change61.had discovered62.seasons63.making64.the65.meant.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。
文章讲述了农业的发展历史。
56.考查介词。
句意:公元前10000年以后,人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。
分析可知,“they lived _____”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句,定语从句引导词被省略,可推知先行词应
是在从句中作宾语,即:they lived in the world. live in+名词,意为“居住在某地”。
故填in。
57.考查名词性从句。
句意:在几千年的时间里,他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖,而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。
分析句子,宾语从句部分缺主语,所以引导词应为“连接代词”。
根据句意,此处缺“什么”之意。
故填what。
58.考查固定搭配。
句意:农业比狩猎和采集的人均粮食产量更高。
结合句意可知,此句中将农业生产与狩猎和采集相比,应用比较连词than。
more… than,意为“比……更”故填than。
59.考查时态语态。
句意:随着越多的小孩出生,越多的食物被需要。
分析句子,逻辑主语和need之间表示被动逻辑。
同时此处描述的是过去的时间,所以时态应用过去时。
故此处应用过去时的被动语态。
food 为不可数名词。
故填was needed。
60.考查非谓语动词。
句意:农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。
分析句子,简单句中已有动词gave故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。
分析句意,此处需用不定式作定语。
故填to change。
61.考查时态。
句意:大约在公元前6000年,人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。
分析句子,简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词,故此处需用动词的时态。
逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。
by + 过去时间译为“到…为止”,后面的句子用过去完成时。
故填had discovered.
62.考查名词复数。
句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。
分析句子,提示词的词性为为可数名词,应用复数形式。
故填seasons。
63.考查非谓语动词。
句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。
分析句子,make所处的分句中无主语,故此处需用非谓语动词。
make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。
所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)形式做状语。
故填making。
64.考查定冠词。
句意:随着科学的崛起,事情发生了变化。
with the rise of 译为“随着......的崛起”是固定短语。
故填the。
65.考查时态。
句意:新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。
分析句子,主句部分无其他动词,故此处需填时态。
文章的整体时态是过去时,根据时态一致原则此处也应为过去时。
逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。
所以此处填过去时的主动形式。
故填meant。
【2021届山东师范大学附属中学高三第一次模拟】阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Hip hop is getting its very own museum in its birthplace in New York State. The Bronx, the permanent home
of the Universal Hip Hop Museum, set to open in 2023, is56.(celebrate) the history of hip hop, which was created
by57.(Africa)Americans, Latino Americans and Caribbean Americans.
Rocky Bucano is the museum's director. He noted that until now there hasn't been a physical place that is devoted to 58.(preserve) hip hop history and culture. He said that the museum started as 59.idea about eight years ago when some hip hop singers hoped the stories of hip hop could be 60.(accurate) told and passed down.
When the museum 61.( finish) , the 5, 570-square-meter space will have interactive (互动的)exhibits, live shows, film screenings and conferences. One room will have a high-tech console(控制台) 62.interactive characteristic will take visitors on a hip hop history trip based on their reactions63.different characters in a game.
The exhibits will include hip pop64.( music)Kurtis Blow's original beatbox machine, and the first and second rap65.( record)ever released.
【答案】56.to celebrate57.African58.preserving59.an60.accurately61.is finished62.whose63.to64.musician 65.records
【解析】这是一篇说明文。
文章主要讲述嘻哈文化的诞生地将建造一座有关嘻哈文化的博物馆的事情。
56.考查非谓语动词。
句意:布朗克斯,是于2023年准备开放的环球嘻哈博物馆永久的家园,计划庆祝嘻哈的历史,嘻哈是由非裔美国人,拉丁裔美国人和加勒比裔美国人创造的。
be to do sth.表示“按计划或安排要做的事”,故此处用动词不定式。
故填to celebrate。
57.考查形容词。
所填词修饰名词Americans作定语,故用形容词形式。
故填African。
58.考查非谓语动词。
句意:他指出,直到现在还没有一个实体的地方,致力于保护嘻哈历史和文化。
短语be devoted to中的to是介词,其后用动名词形式。
故填preserving。
59.考查冠词。
句意:他说,这个博物馆始于八年前的一个想法,那时一些嘻哈歌手希望嘻哈故事可以被准确地讲述并流传下去。
idea是可数名词,根据语境可知,此处表示泛指“作为一个想法、构思”,且idea 发音是以元音因素开头,故需填不定冠词an。
故填an。
60.考查副词。
所填词修饰动词told,故填accurate的副词形式。
故填accurately。
61.考查时态语态。
句意:当博物馆完成时,5570平方米的空间将有互动的展览,现场表演,电影屏幕和会议。
根据“主将从现”原则可知从句需用一般现在时,且主语museum与complete之间是被动关系,故用一般现在时的被动语态。
故填is finished。
62.考查定语从句。
句意:一个房间里将有一个高科技控制台,以游客对游戏里不同人物角色的反应为基础,控制台的互动特征将把游客带入一个嘻哈历史之旅。
此处引导一个定语从句,先行词为console,关系词在从句中修饰characteristic作定语,故填whose。
63.考查介词。
reaction(s) to sb./sth.为固定搭配,意为“对……的回应”。
故填to。
64.考查名词。
句意:展览将包括嘻哈音乐家Kurtis Blow的原装打鼓机,和曾经发行的第一和第二张唱片。
根据空后Kurtis Blow可知,此处指“音乐家”,故填musician。
65.考查名词复数。
record作“唱片”讲为可数名词,根据空前the first and second rap可知,此处用record的复数形式。
故填records。