专题8.必过语法---定语从句-2023年高中英语学业水平考试必备考点归纳与测试

定语从句
定语从句是高考的重点和热点，备考焦点主要集中在以下几个方面：
①正确使用关系代词(which, that, who, whom, whose, as)和关系副词(when, where, why)
①介词＋which/whom引导的定语从句
①that不能引导非限制性定语从句
高频考点突破
考点1概念
1.在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

被定语从句所修饰的词、短语或句子叫先行词。

This is the place which is worth visiting.(一个词)这是值得参观的地方。

Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.(一个短语)
许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题是现在的大家庭无力解决的。

I took an old man to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.(一个完整的句子)我乘出租车立即把一个老人送到了医院，这就是那天早上我迟到的原因。

2．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。

关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。

Beijing，which is the capital city of China，is a very.
↓
代指Beijing，在从句中作主语
beautiful city.
考点2限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别
People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人长寿。

(限制性定语从句，说明要长寿需进行体育锻炼。

先行词是people，若把从句who take physical exercise去掉，句子就失去所表达的意义“进行体育锻炼的人”)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。

(非限制性定语从句，who is in Boston now对先行词daughter进行补充说明，若把其去掉，主句意义“他的女儿下周将来家”仍然完整)
单句语法填空/单句写作
①Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere 5 to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
①Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.
①昨天晚上所发生的事情，我一点儿也不知道。

(限制性定语从句)
.
①他十分慷慨地给予我时间，为此我非常感激。

(非限制性定语从句)
.
【答案】1.that/which2.which3.I know nothing that happened last night4.He was generous with his time，which I was grateful for
考点3正确使用关系词
1.关系代词
关系代词在句中代替指人或事物的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。

Do you know the man that/whom Mr.White introduced just now?
怀特先生刚才介绍的那个人你认识吗？
Our monitor is the boy whose father is a lawyer.
我们的班长是父亲做律师的那个男孩。

【名师指津】关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。

Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.
汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。

2．关系副词
关系副词代替表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语，不能省略。

The time when (at which) I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.
第一次见纳尔逊·曼德拉的时候，是我一生中非常困难的时期。

The school where (at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.
那所学校离这里有3 千米远，我仅在那里读过两年书。

There are various reasons (for which) why people write poetry.
人们写诗有各种各样的理由。

【名师指津】先行词为抽象地点的名词(situation，case，stage，point，activity等)，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。

如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。

They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。

单句语法填空
①In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
①Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to earth.
①Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am. to 5 pm. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，she opened with her late husband Les.
①They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
①On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
①The students benefiting most from college are those are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.【答案】1.whose 2.where 3.which4.who that5.that/which
3．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。

Recently，I bought an ancient vase，the price of which was very reasonable.
最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。

4．as, which与that的用法区别
(1)七种只用that而不用which的情况
①当先行词是all，much，little，few，everything 等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。

There is nothing that we can do now.现在我们什么也做不了。

①当先行词被the only，the last，the very 等修饰时。

This is the very book that I want.这正是我想要的书。

①当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

The present time is the best gift that you can give yourself.当前的时光是你能给自己的最好的礼物。

①当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

Don’t trust the first sign that you see.不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。

①当先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。

My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
我妈妈和她的老朋友们谈论了一些她们记忆中学校里的人和事。

①当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。

Which is the car that you bought last week?你上周买的哪辆车？
①当先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。

Jack is not the man that he was.杰克不是过去的他了。

用正确的关系词填空
①We all like our English teacher, from we have learned a lot.
①I will never forget the day on we went to buy guitars in the guitar store.
①The food was for her mother, couldn’t go down to meet him.
①For instance，in Lima，the capital of Peru，there are more than 50 Chinese medicine clinics，about 70 percent of
were set up by local doctors.
【答案】1.whom 2.which 3.who 4.which
(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别
She married again，which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。

She married again，as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。

用as或which填空
① is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
①Her performances on the stage were perfect, made a lot of people admire her.
①In the past few years，more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down，is the result of the competition with online bookstores.
【答案】1.As 2.which3.which
考点4定语从句和分词短语作定语之间的相互转化
如果定语从句中先行词是从句的主语(即关系代词作从句的主语)，则这个定语从句可以转化为以过去分词或现在分词作定语的形式。

同样的，分词作定语也可以转化为一个定语从句。

谓语动词用主动语态的，用现在分词作定语；用被动语态的，用过去分词作定语。

如：
This is the factory which was built in 1980.
→This is the factory built in 1980.这就是1980年所建的那个工厂。

We live in a house facing the south.
→We live in a house which faces the south.我们居住在一所朝南的房子里。

单句写作
①我们学校有四千多名学生，大多数都努力学习。

(the majority of，非限制性定语从句)
.
①我为我们的学校而感到自豪。

我相信，在这里我们一定会考上名牌大学。

(be proud of, be admitted to，非限制性定语从句)
.
①站在那里的那个男孩正在看着一棵断了树枝的树。

(现在分词，非限制性定语从句)
.
【答案】1.There are more than 4，000 students in our school, the majority of whom study hard.
2.I am proud of our school, where I am sure we can be admitted to one of the top universities.
3.The boy standing there is looking at a tree, whose branches are broken.
综合精练
一.单句语法填空
1．There they met people from other parts of the country, had also volunteered to help.
2．Bob is in a hopeless situation, we will keep a very close eye on.
3．The only thing is slower than before is the way we drive.
4．Lily took a few friends to my birthday party, none of I was familiar with.
5．Drinking milk also helps reduce the things cause garlic breath.
6．For this people should choose an egg about 4 or 5 days old, yolk is inclined to sink down.
7．I knew we mistakenly went to the administration office, the two staffers worked.
8．Later I practiced reading and writing every day, I used to avoid as much as
9．There are paint－throwing parties at music festivals and races like the five－kilometre ‘Colour Run’，is celebrated in more than 35 different countries.
10．Known as the Newbery Medal, the award got started back in 1921, Frederic Melcher suggested the American Library Association set up an annual award for the best known children’s book.
【答案】1.who 2.which 3.that 4.whom 5.that/which6.whose 7.where 8.which 9.which 10.when
二.语法填空
In La Paz, Boliva, zebras dance among the cars.Well, all right, they are actually people 1.____________ are dressed up in zebra clothes.They are Las Cebras de la Paz (“The Zebras of Peace”) and they are much loved in the Bolivian capital.
The zebras can be seen waving, hugging children，and high－fiving pedestrians.Their joy is endless.The program 2.____________ (create) in 2001 to address two of La Paz’s most serious problems：noisy traffic and a high accident s Cebras, 3.____________ was named after the zebra crossings on streets, trained its participants to educate and talk 4.____________ (driver) into better habits—but to do so in 5.____________ playful and joyful way.
The program handles a second problem as well.It is a chance for underemployed young people 6.________ (earn) a small amount of money and make a positive 7.____________ (contribute) to the community.
The original 24 zebras have now expanded to 265 working 8.____________ (active) in La Paz.They have both calmed traffic and improved the mood of their city.They may be dressed up 9.____________ zebras, but they
defend what 10.____________ (be) human about the city.
【语篇解读】本文是说明文。

在玻利维亚的拉巴斯，你会看到装扮成斑马的人在车流之间跳舞，这实际上是为了解决拉巴斯最严重的两个问题：交通噪音和高事故率。

1．who/that【解析】考查限定性定语从句。

分析可知空格处引导限定性定语从句，先行词people指人，引导词在从句中做主语，故要用who或that引导这个限定性定语从句。

故填who/that。

2．was created【解析】考查语态和时态。

分析可知所给动词在句中做谓语，与主语the program之间是被动关系，根据时间状语in 2001可知时态用一般过去时，主语the program为单数，谓语动词也要用单数。

故填was created。

3．which【解析】考查非限定性定语从句。

分析可知空格处所在的句子是非限定性定语从句，先行词是Las Cebras，故填which。

4．drivers【解析】考查名词单复数。

driver为可数名词，根据句意这里指的不只是某一个司机，而是司机们，要填其复数形式，故填drivers。

5．a【解析】考查不定冠词。

way为可数名词，结合句意这里泛指“一种好玩和快乐的方式”，故用不定冠词修饰，且playful为辅音开头。

故填a。

6．to earn【解析】考查不定式。

it is a chance for sb to do sth是一个固定句型，意为“对某人来说这是一个做某事的机会”，故填to earn。

7．contribution【解析】考查名词。

空格处做make的宾语且由a和positive修饰，要填所给词的名词形式。

由a修饰要填名词的单数形式。

故填contribution。

8．actively【解析】考查副词。

空格处修饰动词work要填副词。

故填actively。

9．like/as【解析】考查介词。

根据句意这里要表达的是“穿得像斑马一样(或打扮成斑马)”，介词as和like 用在这里符合句意，故填like/as。

10．is【解析】考查be动词。

分析可知所给词在what引导的宾语从句中做谓语动词。

根据defend和全文时态可知这里要用一般现在时。

主语为what表示单数意义，谓语动词也要用单数。

主语What与be之间是主动关系。

故填is。

三．写作运用
根据汉语提示补全短文，并注意本部分语法的使用
Dear Mr Pick，
The website 1. (你向我推荐的) is very beneficial to my English study.It has abundant reading materials 2. (我最需要的)，
3. (这极大地拓宽了我的视野)．Now I have become more interested in English.Besides，I’ve made many new friends，and I exchange a lot with them about school life，cultures，science，and so on.Now I can express myself much better than ever.The reason
4. (我取得进步的原因) in English study is that you’ve helped me a lot.I owe all my achievements to you.I’m looking forward to more advice from you!
Yours，
Li Hua 【答案】1.that/which you’ve recommended to me2.that/which I need most3.which greatly broadens my horizons4.why I have made rapid progress。